The document describes 5 studies that examine dishonest behavior among those high in the Dark Triad personality traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Study 1 found that all 3 traits predicted cheating on a coin-flipping task when there was little risk of being caught. The studies aimed to distinguish the motivations and tactics of dishonesty for each trait by varying the level of risk and type of deception involved.
1) The study investigated how priming thoughts of human-animal similarities and reminding people of their own mortality (mortality salience or MS) would affect people's evaluations of companion animals.
2) Participants who owned pets completed an online survey that manipulated thoughts about human-animal similarities (creatureliness) and mortality. They then rated their attitudes toward pets and treating pets like people.
3) Based on prior research showing that reminding people of their creaturely nature and mortality led to more negative attitudes toward animals, the researchers hypothesized that the mortality and creatureliness primes would lead to less favorable evaluations and attitudes toward pets among pet owners.
Stereotype threat refers to being at risk of confirming, as self.docxdessiechisomjj4
Stereotype threat refers to being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group (Steele & Aronson, 1995).This term was first used by Steele and Aronson (1995) who showed in several experiments that Black college freshmen and sophomores performed more poorly on standardized tests than White students when their race was emphasized. When race was not emphasized, however, Black students performed better and equivalently with White students. The results showed that performance in academic contexts can be harmed by the awareness that one's behavior might be viewed through the lens of racial stereotypes.
Similar effects had been reported earlier by Katz, Roberts, and Robinson (1965), but Steele and Aronson's (1995) paper prompted a renewed exploration of the causes and consequences of stereotype threat. To date, over 300 experiments on stereotype threat have been published in peer-reviewed journals (see Nguyen & Ryan, 2008 and Walton & Cohen, 2003 for meta-analyses). The purpose of the website is to provide a summary and overview of published research on this topic in the hope that increasing understanding of the phenomenon may reduce its occurrence and impact (Johns, Schmader, & Martens, 2005).
Since Steele and Aronson's (1995) paper, research in stereotype threat has broadened in several important respects. First, research has shown that the consequences of stereotype threat extend beyond underachievement on academic tasks. For example, it can lead to self-handicapping strategies, such as reduced practice time for a task (Stone, 2002), and to reduced sense of belonging to the stereotyped domain (Good, Dweck, & Rattan, 2008). In addition, consistent exposure to stereotype threat (e.g., faced by some ethnic minorities in academic environments and women in math) can reduce the degree that individuals value the domain in question (Aronson, et al. 2002; Osborne, 1995; Steele, 1997). In education, it can also lead students to choose not to pursue the domain of study and, consequently, limit the range of professions that they can pursue. Therefore, the long-term effects of stereotype threat might contribute to educational and social inequality (Good et al., 2008a; Schmader, Johns, & Barquissau, 2004). Furthermore, stereotype threat has been shown to affect stereotyped individuals’ performance in a number of domains beyond academics, such as white men in sports (e.g., Stone, Lynch, Sjomerling, & Darley, 1999), women in negotiation (Kray, Galinsky, & Thompson, 2002), homosexual men in providing childcare (Bosson, Haymovitz, & Pinel, 2004), and women in driving (Yeung & von Hippel, 2008).
Second, research has given us a better understanding of who is most vulnerable to stereotype threat. Research has shown that stereotype threat can harm the academic performance of any individual for whom the situation invokes a stereotype-based expectation of poor performance. For example, stereotype threat has been shown t.
1. The document explores how social identity processes may play an important role in cognitive appraisal of stress. A survey was administered to 163 students measuring personality, coping strategies, social support, and gender. Students rated scenarios as more stressful if they were student-specific versus general.
2. Females and those reporting higher levels of emotion-focused coping rated scenarios as more stressful, regardless of whether the scenarios were student-specific or general. No other relationships were found between the predictor variables and ratings of stressfulness.
3. The findings suggest that social identity may not impact cognitive appraisal of stress as expected based on self-categorization theory. Gender and emotion-focused coping were the only significant predictors of perceived
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and risk-need-responsivity theory published v...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Breach of probation is one of the most common judicial offences for those with FASD.
Risk assessments are carried out daily. The risk assessment tools that forensic psychiatry uses have never been validated for those with FASD: their cognitive, memory, information, and executive function disabilities are rarely taken into account.
This paper suggests ways to promote natural justice for those with FASD
Wallace, Grotzinger, Howard, & Parkhill (2015)Tyler Howard
Three studies examined how evaluations of others are influenced by the narcissism levels of both the evaluator and the target. In Study 1, participants rated targets described by single narcissistic or non-narcissistic traits from a narcissism inventory. Narcissistic targets were rated less positively than non-narcissistic targets. However, narcissistic evaluators were less impacted by targets' narcissism levels in their ratings compared to non-narcissistic evaluators. Study 2 used more complex target profiles described by multiple traits and found similar results. Study 3 presented targets' Facebook profiles and again found narcissistic evaluators were less influenced by targets' narcissism in their evaluations.
current trends in criminal justice systemPATRICK MAELO
The document discusses several topics related to criminal justice including:
1) The balance between public safety and individual privacy with new technologies, requiring transparency and accountability in their use.
2) How population growth and demographics can impact future crime rates, with some groups like black males facing higher risks of criminal involvement.
3) The roles of social science in public policy and law enforcement, through understanding human behavior but also requiring care to avoid bias.
4) Debates between trait theorists and social structure theorists around the influences of genetics versus environment on human behavior and crime. Both factors are seen as interacting to shape behavior.
Women take fewer risks than men across many domains according to research. This study examined gender differences in risk perceptions and preferences among 657 college students. It assessed perceptions of probability and severity of negative outcomes, expected enjoyment, and likelihood of engaging in risky activities in domains like gambling, health, recreation, and social situations. It also examined a "positive domain" of low-probability, high-payoff activities. The study found gender differences in risk perceptions that partially explained women's lower likelihood of risky choices, and that women were more optimistic about positive outcomes in the "gain" domain.
1) The study investigated how priming thoughts of human-animal similarities and reminding people of their own mortality (mortality salience or MS) would affect people's evaluations of companion animals.
2) Participants who owned pets completed an online survey that manipulated thoughts about human-animal similarities (creatureliness) and mortality. They then rated their attitudes toward pets and treating pets like people.
3) Based on prior research showing that reminding people of their creaturely nature and mortality led to more negative attitudes toward animals, the researchers hypothesized that the mortality and creatureliness primes would lead to less favorable evaluations and attitudes toward pets among pet owners.
Stereotype threat refers to being at risk of confirming, as self.docxdessiechisomjj4
Stereotype threat refers to being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group (Steele & Aronson, 1995).This term was first used by Steele and Aronson (1995) who showed in several experiments that Black college freshmen and sophomores performed more poorly on standardized tests than White students when their race was emphasized. When race was not emphasized, however, Black students performed better and equivalently with White students. The results showed that performance in academic contexts can be harmed by the awareness that one's behavior might be viewed through the lens of racial stereotypes.
Similar effects had been reported earlier by Katz, Roberts, and Robinson (1965), but Steele and Aronson's (1995) paper prompted a renewed exploration of the causes and consequences of stereotype threat. To date, over 300 experiments on stereotype threat have been published in peer-reviewed journals (see Nguyen & Ryan, 2008 and Walton & Cohen, 2003 for meta-analyses). The purpose of the website is to provide a summary and overview of published research on this topic in the hope that increasing understanding of the phenomenon may reduce its occurrence and impact (Johns, Schmader, & Martens, 2005).
Since Steele and Aronson's (1995) paper, research in stereotype threat has broadened in several important respects. First, research has shown that the consequences of stereotype threat extend beyond underachievement on academic tasks. For example, it can lead to self-handicapping strategies, such as reduced practice time for a task (Stone, 2002), and to reduced sense of belonging to the stereotyped domain (Good, Dweck, & Rattan, 2008). In addition, consistent exposure to stereotype threat (e.g., faced by some ethnic minorities in academic environments and women in math) can reduce the degree that individuals value the domain in question (Aronson, et al. 2002; Osborne, 1995; Steele, 1997). In education, it can also lead students to choose not to pursue the domain of study and, consequently, limit the range of professions that they can pursue. Therefore, the long-term effects of stereotype threat might contribute to educational and social inequality (Good et al., 2008a; Schmader, Johns, & Barquissau, 2004). Furthermore, stereotype threat has been shown to affect stereotyped individuals’ performance in a number of domains beyond academics, such as white men in sports (e.g., Stone, Lynch, Sjomerling, & Darley, 1999), women in negotiation (Kray, Galinsky, & Thompson, 2002), homosexual men in providing childcare (Bosson, Haymovitz, & Pinel, 2004), and women in driving (Yeung & von Hippel, 2008).
Second, research has given us a better understanding of who is most vulnerable to stereotype threat. Research has shown that stereotype threat can harm the academic performance of any individual for whom the situation invokes a stereotype-based expectation of poor performance. For example, stereotype threat has been shown t.
1. The document explores how social identity processes may play an important role in cognitive appraisal of stress. A survey was administered to 163 students measuring personality, coping strategies, social support, and gender. Students rated scenarios as more stressful if they were student-specific versus general.
2. Females and those reporting higher levels of emotion-focused coping rated scenarios as more stressful, regardless of whether the scenarios were student-specific or general. No other relationships were found between the predictor variables and ratings of stressfulness.
3. The findings suggest that social identity may not impact cognitive appraisal of stress as expected based on self-categorization theory. Gender and emotion-focused coping were the only significant predictors of perceived
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and risk-need-responsivity theory published v...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Breach of probation is one of the most common judicial offences for those with FASD.
Risk assessments are carried out daily. The risk assessment tools that forensic psychiatry uses have never been validated for those with FASD: their cognitive, memory, information, and executive function disabilities are rarely taken into account.
This paper suggests ways to promote natural justice for those with FASD
Wallace, Grotzinger, Howard, & Parkhill (2015)Tyler Howard
Three studies examined how evaluations of others are influenced by the narcissism levels of both the evaluator and the target. In Study 1, participants rated targets described by single narcissistic or non-narcissistic traits from a narcissism inventory. Narcissistic targets were rated less positively than non-narcissistic targets. However, narcissistic evaluators were less impacted by targets' narcissism levels in their ratings compared to non-narcissistic evaluators. Study 2 used more complex target profiles described by multiple traits and found similar results. Study 3 presented targets' Facebook profiles and again found narcissistic evaluators were less influenced by targets' narcissism in their evaluations.
current trends in criminal justice systemPATRICK MAELO
The document discusses several topics related to criminal justice including:
1) The balance between public safety and individual privacy with new technologies, requiring transparency and accountability in their use.
2) How population growth and demographics can impact future crime rates, with some groups like black males facing higher risks of criminal involvement.
3) The roles of social science in public policy and law enforcement, through understanding human behavior but also requiring care to avoid bias.
4) Debates between trait theorists and social structure theorists around the influences of genetics versus environment on human behavior and crime. Both factors are seen as interacting to shape behavior.
Women take fewer risks than men across many domains according to research. This study examined gender differences in risk perceptions and preferences among 657 college students. It assessed perceptions of probability and severity of negative outcomes, expected enjoyment, and likelihood of engaging in risky activities in domains like gambling, health, recreation, and social situations. It also examined a "positive domain" of low-probability, high-payoff activities. The study found gender differences in risk perceptions that partially explained women's lower likelihood of risky choices, and that women were more optimistic about positive outcomes in the "gain" domain.
An Examination of the Early Strains” of Imprisonment Among .docxgalerussel59292
An Examination of the Early “Strains” of Imprisonment Among Young
Offenders Incarcerated for Serious Crimes
Adrienne M. F. Peters and Raymond R. Corrado
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
Adrienne M. F. Peters, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University; Raymond R. Corrado, School of Criminology,
Simon Fraser University and Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, Norway.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Adrienne M. F. Peters, School of Criminology, 8888
University Dr., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada; E-mail: [email protected]
KEYWORDS: incarcerated juveniles; risk factors; juvenile rehabilitation; needs assessment; coping
Abstract
The research described in this article examined the impact of general strain theory on young offenders’ institutional
adjustment, as measured using self-reported experiences in custody. Utilizing a sample of young offenders
incarcerated for serious crimes in British Columbia, Canada, this study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to
explore the effects of noxious stimuli, the removal of positively valued stimuli, and vicarious strain on young offenders’
general institutional adjustment, as mediated by negative emotions including anger, depression, and anxiety. Our
results support the following putative relationship: the prior experiences of these young offenders moderately, but
significantly, influence negative emotionality and continued adjustment problems (i.e., victimization and environmental
stressors) in an institutional setting. We present implications for custodial screening and programming that should be
extended to the community, and propose areas for continued research.
Introduction
Agnew’s general strain theory characterizes strain as “relationships in which others are not treating the individual as he
or she would like to be treated” (Agnew, 1992, p. 48). He divides strain into three types: the failure to achieve positively
valued goals; the removal of positively valued stimuli; and the presence of noxious stimuli. General strain theory posits
that youth who experience these negative relationships turn to delinquency (e.g., drug use and violence) if they are
unable to articulate their problems and/or if they are unable to develop acceptable coping mechanisms. It is highly likely
that such strains continue to impact youth when they are incarcerated for such behaviors.
According to strain theory, strain has the greatest influence on the development of antisocial behavior when it is severe
and occurs often; is seen as unjust; is associated with low levels of self-control; and motivates the individual to cope in
a criminal way (Agnew, 2001, 2009). The specific strains theorized and empirically tested to have the greatest influence
on youth, both emotionally and in relation to ensuing negative responses, include the following: parental rejection (e.g.,
instability at home or being in .
ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY, 2016VOL. 24, NO. 3, 248–260ht.docxdaniahendric
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationships between attachment dimensions, spirituality, and mood disorders in substance abuse clients. The study found that insecure attachment was associated with higher rates of mood disorders like depression. It also found that spirituality, specifically purpose and meaning in life, acted as a mediating factor between attachment and mood disorders. The study concluded that addressing spirituality could be important for treating comorbid substance abuse and mood disorders.
ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY, 2016VOL. 24, NO. 3, 248–260ht.docxSALU18
ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY, 2016
VOL. 24, NO. 3, 248–260
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2015.1119267
An empirical study of attachment dimensions and mood disorders in inpatient
substance abuse clients: The mediating role of spirituality
Naelys Lunaa, Gail Hortona, David Newmanb and Tammy Malloyc
aSocial Work, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA; bCollege of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA;
cBehavioral Health of the Palm Beaches, North Palm Beach, FL, USA
ABSTRACT
Adult attachment style has been related to both spirituality and psychopathology. This study aimed
to test the possible mediating role of two dimensions of spirituality (purpose and meaning in life
and perceived relationship with God/higher power) between two attachment dimensions (anxiety
and avoidance) and three mood disorders (major depressive disorder, dysthymia and bipolar). In
total, 305 clients receiving inpatient substance abuse treatment completed a battery of self-report
questionnaires. Path analyses revealed negative associations between the anxiety attachment and
all the mood disorders. No significant associations were found for attachment avoidance and the
mood disorders. Results also indicated negative associations between the two attachment
dimensions and purpose and meaning in life. Concerning the perceived relationship with God/
higher power, attachment avoidance was the only dimension that showed a significant negative
association. Mediating effects of meaning in life and the perceived relationship with God/higher
power were found between both attachment dimensions and two of the mood disorders: major
depressive disorder and dysthymia. Further analyses of the mediating effects revealed that purpose
and meaning in life was the factor accounting for the mediating effects. Clinical implications and
future direction for research were discussed.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 22 June 2015
Revised 5 November 2015
Accepted 9 November 2015
Published online
7 December 2015
KEYWORDS
Attachment dimensions;
spirituality; mediating effect;
depressive disorders; sub-
stance use disorders
Introduction
Research has established high comorbidity rates between
substance use disorders (SUDs) and mood disorders
(Brienza et al. 2000; Grant et al., 2004; Diaz et al. 2012).
Individuals who struggle with these comorbid disorders
are more likely to relapse once they experience depres-
sive symptoms (Miller et al. 1996; Strowig 2000). In
addition, the severity of the drug abuse has been shown
to be greater in the presence of co-occurring disorders
(Tate et al. 2004). Other researchers have indicated that
more frequent injection use, sustained drug use, and
higher rates of relapse are found among those individuals
who experience SUDs and mood disorders (Marlatt and
Gordon 1985; Stein et al. 2003).
Considering the pervasive effects of these co-occurring
disorders and the potential influence of mood state on
relapse risk (Strowig 2000; Stein et al.
This study tested a model of modern homonegativity by examining the relationships between affective characteristics (anger and disgust), cognitive characteristics (religious beliefs and conservative ideology), exposure to queer individuals, and levels of modern homonegativity. The researchers hypothesized that anger, disgust and cognitive characteristics would be associated with higher modern homonegativity, while direct (but not indirect) exposure would be associated with lower homonegativity by impacting cognitive characteristics. Structural equation modeling supported the hypotheses and revealed that direct exposure reduced cognitive characteristics and modern homonegativity, while indirect exposure increased anger.
This document discusses research on the effects of incarceration and rehabilitation programs on recidivism. It outlines how rehabilitation was originally the goal of prisons but the "Nothing Works" doctrine in the 1970s claimed rehabilitation programs were ineffective. Later research refuted this, finding cognitive behavioral therapies and skills training programs reduced recidivism. However, more research is needed on how prison subcultures and negative peer influences may undermine rehabilitation efforts, and on carefully assigning inmates to appropriate security levels to foster better treatment outcomes.
This study examined the relationships between psychological traits, psychiatric traits, and types of impulsivity. 84 participants completed surveys measuring the Big Five personality traits, personality disorders, and functional and dysfunctional impulsivity. Results showed functional impulsivity was related to aspects of Extraversion and Openness, while dysfunctional impulsivity correlated with Neuroticism and reports of various personality disorders. Aspects of Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness positively correlated with personality disorders, while Extraversion and Openness showed negative correlations. This provides insight into links between normal personality variation and maladaptive traits.
This document summarizes two research studies on social groups and intergroup relations. The first study examined how presenting an in-group as resilient to threats can strengthen group identification and life satisfaction. The second study compared theories of prejudice and stereotyping in relations between Japanese, North Korean, and South Korean groups. It found that negative stereotypes lead to feelings of threat that then mediate levels of prejudice between groups, rather than stereotypes directly causing threat themselves. The document also includes the author's opinions agreeing and critiquing aspects of both studies.
Discussion 1 Attachment TheoryThe adolescent stage can be d.docxtheresiarede
Discussion 1: Attachment Theory
The adolescent stage can be described as a time where there is a loss of innocence and a preentry into adulthood. A large part of being an adolescent is beginning that process of stepping out into the world and learning about oneself as a unique and autonomous individual. This movement out into the world is contingent upon the knowledge that this young person will have a safe and secure home to return to at the end of the day. If a traumatic loss or event has occurred in the adolescent’s life, there may be no safe base to which this individual can return. Attachment theory teaches us that a young person’s ability to attach/engage with peers, family, and other potential support systems is an important aspect of the developmental process. During the adolescent stage of development, assessing attachment styles is important because it provides a window into how the adolescent relates to others, which allows the clinician to choose the appropriate intervention.
For this Discussion, choose either the program case study for the Bradley family or the course-specific case study for Brady.
Post
an application of the attachment theory to the case of either Tiffani or Brady. Discuss the connection between his or her attachment style and the exhibiting behavior.
References (use 2 or more)
Gutiérrez, L., Oh, H. J., & Gillmore, M. R. (2000). Toward an understanding of (em)power(ment) for HIV/AIDS prevention with adolescent women.
Sex Roles, 42
(7–8), 581–611.
Springer, D. W., & Powell, T. M. (2013). Assessment of adolescents. In M. J. Holosko, C. N. Dulmus, & K. M. Sowers (Eds.),
Social work practice with individuals and families: Evidence-informed assessments and interventions
(pp. 71–95). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen, S. M. (Eds.). (2014a).
Sessions: case histories
. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].
The Bradley Family (pp. 17–19)
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen, S. M. (Eds.). (2014b).
Social work case studies: Concentration year
. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].
Working With Families: The Case of Brady (pp. 26–28)
Discussion 2: Developmental Stages
Understanding an adolescent’s behavior can be at times elusive and even frustrating. Due to the multiple aspects of the developmental tasks during these years, it can be at times quite challenging to clearly define the issue(s) at hand. Assessment during this stage will include an evaluation of whether an adolescent’s actions are indicative of unhealthy behavior or merely representative of being an adolescent. A comprehensive assessment that includes an evaluation of the client’s developmental stage is a priority when working with this age group.
For this Discussion, choose the opposite case from Discussion 1 and use Erikson’s developmental theory.
Post
an assessment of whether the client is maste ...
300 words agree or disagree to each questionQ1.There are.docxpriestmanmable
300 words agree or disagree to each question
Q1.
There are several different approaches when conducting collection and data analysis: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. While questionnaires are very helpful in many different forms of research studies, researchers can also observe phenomena by using one of their senses such as sight or sound. Collecting data of this type is called direct observation and there are two categories of direct observation: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative observations differ from quantitative observations in that they cannot be recorded using numbers and facts. Qualitative observations are unstructured and broad, focusing on anything the researchers deems credible to a study (Ellis, et all., 2009). There are six types of qualitative observations: participant observations, ethnographic observations, case studies, archaeological data, focus groups, and naturalistic animal studies.
Participant observations consist of a researcher integrate themselves in their own study’s environment, an example of this would be a researcher living with the homeless to determine how certain facets of their lives differ from home-owners or renters. There are few guidelines on how to conduct participant observation studies, however it is important for participant observers “not to influence the course of events being observed” (Ellis, et all., 2009). Ethnographic observations are typically carried out to learn more about certain cultures and societies. Observing a certain ritual amongst an Amazonian tribe would be considered an ethnographic observation. Ethnographic observations have also had issues with reliability for a variety of reasons, such as bias by researchers or too small of a sample size. Case studies are simply written studies on a specific individual or group. An example of this would be researching the effects of CTE in in former professional football player Aaron Hernandez in an effort to determine if his brain damage affected his impulse to commit murder. Focus groups consist of a group of about a dozen participants being led by a facilitator to discuss a particular subject (Ellis, et all., 2009). Archaeological data collection consists of fossils and artifacts of the deceased. Naturalistic animal studies can be both qualitative and quantitative.
Quantitative direct observations focus on numbers and facts for summary purposes and “emphasize data that cannot be disputed because it can objectively measured” (APUS, 2016). One of the major advantages of quantitative direct observations is that differences between studies on the same phenomena can be clarified more easily with repetitive studies. Furthermore, quantitative observations can be broken down into two categories: laboratory/clinical and field observations. In a laboratory observation, the researcher has control over the physical space (Ellis, et all., 2009). Field observations take place outside a laboratory and can be non-manipulativ.
10.11770146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLSantosConleyha
10.1177/0146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETINCozzolino et al. / GREED, DEATH, AND VALUES
Greed, Death, and Values:
From Terror Management to Transcendence
Management Theory
Philip J. Cozzolino
University of Minnesota
Angela Dawn Staples
Lawrence S. Meyers
Jamie Samboceti
California State University, Sacramento
Research supporting terror management theory has shown that
participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit
more greed than do control participants. The present research
attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of
mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of
near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal
that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and
possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports,
a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In
Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death
reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipu-
lation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mor-
tality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed
that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to mani-
fest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic,
unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is dis-
cussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipu-
lation and mortality salience.
Keywords: greed; death reflection; mortality salience
Despite generations of poets, philosophers, and reli-
gious leaders decrying the “deadly sin” of greed, much of
humanity is presently engaged in a consumer-based eco-
nomic system that is most successful when citizens want
and seek to have. Public revelations of greed on the part
of a few corporate executives have recently left indivi-
duals asking, “What is it that makes some people strive
for excessive gains while knowingly leaving less for oth-
ers?” In attempts to distinguish the psychological fac-
tors that drive greed, recent research has focused on two
concepts: value orientation and reactions to death
awareness.
VALUE ORIENTATION
Early humanistic theorists such as Maslow (1954) and
Rogers (1963) first addressed the motives that fuel and
guide attempts to fulfill goals and needs. Maslow (1954)
suggested that human existence could only make sense
when individuals sought to achieve goals tied to their
inherent developmental promise. These goals include
personal growth, good health, a sense of autonomy, and
a desire to know oneself. Maslow went further, compar-
ing “healthy individuals” who seek inner freedom in
favor of external approval to “sick, neurotic people who
make the wrong choices” (p. 278). This humanistic per-
spective posits that when focusing on goals stemming
from external instead of internal forces (e.g., pursuits of
wealth instead of desires for insight) people are likely to
falter along the path to self-actualization. Expanding this
278
Authors ...
10.11770146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLBenitoSumpter862
10.1177/0146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETINCozzolino et al. / GREED, DEATH, AND VALUES
Greed, Death, and Values:
From Terror Management to Transcendence
Management Theory
Philip J. Cozzolino
University of Minnesota
Angela Dawn Staples
Lawrence S. Meyers
Jamie Samboceti
California State University, Sacramento
Research supporting terror management theory has shown that
participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit
more greed than do control participants. The present research
attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of
mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of
near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal
that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and
possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports,
a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In
Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death
reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipu-
lation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mor-
tality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed
that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to mani-
fest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic,
unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is dis-
cussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipu-
lation and mortality salience.
Keywords: greed; death reflection; mortality salience
Despite generations of poets, philosophers, and reli-
gious leaders decrying the “deadly sin” of greed, much of
humanity is presently engaged in a consumer-based eco-
nomic system that is most successful when citizens want
and seek to have. Public revelations of greed on the part
of a few corporate executives have recently left indivi-
duals asking, “What is it that makes some people strive
for excessive gains while knowingly leaving less for oth-
ers?” In attempts to distinguish the psychological fac-
tors that drive greed, recent research has focused on two
concepts: value orientation and reactions to death
awareness.
VALUE ORIENTATION
Early humanistic theorists such as Maslow (1954) and
Rogers (1963) first addressed the motives that fuel and
guide attempts to fulfill goals and needs. Maslow (1954)
suggested that human existence could only make sense
when individuals sought to achieve goals tied to their
inherent developmental promise. These goals include
personal growth, good health, a sense of autonomy, and
a desire to know oneself. Maslow went further, compar-
ing “healthy individuals” who seek inner freedom in
favor of external approval to “sick, neurotic people who
make the wrong choices” (p. 278). This humanistic per-
spective posits that when focusing on goals stemming
from external instead of internal forces (e.g., pursuits of
wealth instead of desires for insight) people are likely to
falter along the path to self-actualization. Expanding this
278
Authors ...
Narcissism, bullying, and social dominance in youth a longitamit657720
This study examines the longitudinal relationship between narcissism and bullying in youth over 3 years. It uses person-centered analysis to identify distinct trajectories of narcissism and two forms of bullying (direct and indirect) and relates these trajectories. The study finds:
1) For girls, higher narcissism was not related to more intense bullying or higher social dominance.
2) For boys, highly narcissistic boys were more likely than peers to show elevated direct and indirect bullying.
3) Among narcissistic youth, only those who engage in high bullying were high in social dominance.
This lecture - given at the Colombo Institute of Research and Psychology - covers the philosophical underpinnings of key debates in psychology, including nature versus nurture, nomothetic versus idiography, free will versus determinism and reductionism versus holism.
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docxvannagoforth
Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting political ideology when people make environmental decisions. In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
Handbook of child and adolescent anxiety disordersSpringer
This chapter discusses issues in differentially diagnosing specific phobias, social phobia, panic disorder, and separation anxiety disorder in children. It summarizes research on the clinical features, course, and prognosis of each disorder. Specific phobias are the most common anxiety disorder in children and involve an excessive, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. Research shows specific phobias have a prevalence rate of around 5% in children and often co-occur with other anxiety disorders or depression. Genetic factors play a role in the development of specific phobias, though environmental influences are also important. Differential diagnosis of specific phobias from typical childhood fears requires the fear to cause significant impairment.
This document summarizes a student paper that examines how the emotion of disgust may impact people's views on accepting Syrian refugees into the United States. The paper presents three hypotheses: 1) Those primed to feel disgust will be less willing to accept Syrian refugees, 2) The impact of disgust on attitudes will be stronger for conservatives than liberals, and 3) The impact will be stronger for males than females. It reviews literature on the evolutionary role of disgust and implications for ethnocentrism, political ideology, and gender differences. The paper then describes the author's survey experiment methodology to test the hypotheses.
During this time when the Internet provides essential communicat.docxinfantkimber
During this time when the Internet provides essential communication between literally billions of people and is used as a tool for commerce, social interaction, and the exchange of an increasing amount of personal information, security has become a tremendously important issue for every user to deal with.
There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting health care information. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient.
In your
initial discussion post
, please
describe the hashing security mechanism
and its relationship to the encryption mechanism.
Respond substantively to at least two other students' posts. Please discuss
how these mechanisms work to provide password security
in today's organizations when responding to the posts of your peers.
.
During this period, the Impressionists became very interested in Jap.docxinfantkimber
During this period, the Impressionists became very interested in Japanese art. Among those who collected Japanese prints were Monet, Degas, and Cassatt. Examine the works of Cassatt for influences of Japanese prints and describe these influences. Good examples to look at are The Letter and The Bath
.
During this Module, you will be required to complete a Discussio.docxinfantkimber
During this Module, you will be required to complete a Discussion Board Assignment that will task you with viewing excerpts from two documentaries that have segments that perspectives on Booker T. Washington's impact on Black America. The first of these documentaries is
Tell Them We Are Rising: The Story of Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Watch the segment between the 08:45-23:02 minute marks of documentary. Then, write brief responses to the following prompts:
1. How did the historians and other commentators featured in the documentary characterize the type of education Booker T. Washington provided his black students and desired to provide black Americans have broadly? What adjectives did the commentators use to describe the kind of labor that Booker T. Washington promoted?
2. What impact did the historians and other commentators suggest that Booker T. Washington had on black people?
3. Based on the commentators’ descriptions, how did whites view Booker T. Washington?
4. Based on the commentators’ descriptions, how did blacks view Booker T. Washington?
SOURCE:
Tell Them We Are Rising: The Story of Historically Black Colleges and Universities
. Films On Demand. 2017. Accessed May 29, 2020.
https://fod.infobase.com/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=166851
.
Afterword, click on the hyperlink to watch a segment of the documentary
Rosenwald: The Remarkable Story of A Jewish Partnership with African-American Communities
. Then, write brief responses to the following prompts:
5. How did the historians and other commentators featured in the documentary characterize the type of education Booker T. Washington provided his black students and desired to provide black Americans have broadly? What adjectives did the commentators use to describe the kind of labor that Booker T. Washington promoted?
6. What impact did the historians and other commentators suggest that Booker T. Washington had on black people?
7. Based on the commentators’ descriptions, how did whites view Booker T. Washington?
8. Based on the commentators’ descriptions, how did blacks view Booker T. Washington?
9.
What are the differences between the two documentaries’ characterizations? Why do you think that the characterizations are different? And, which characterization, if either, do you find most convincing, and why?
Post your responses in the proper link in the Discussion Board.
Tell Them We Are Rising
:
https://fod.infobase.com/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=166851
Rosenwald
:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ks5vmx-KLEVaQSWQ4OnyNdBKofEJwYqD/view
.
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An Examination of the Early “Strains” of Imprisonment Among Young
Offenders Incarcerated for Serious Crimes
Adrienne M. F. Peters and Raymond R. Corrado
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
Adrienne M. F. Peters, School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University; Raymond R. Corrado, School of Criminology,
Simon Fraser University and Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, Norway.
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KEYWORDS: incarcerated juveniles; risk factors; juvenile rehabilitation; needs assessment; coping
Abstract
The research described in this article examined the impact of general strain theory on young offenders’ institutional
adjustment, as measured using self-reported experiences in custody. Utilizing a sample of young offenders
incarcerated for serious crimes in British Columbia, Canada, this study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to
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Agnew’s general strain theory characterizes strain as “relationships in which others are not treating the individual as he
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ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY, 2016VOL. 24, NO. 3, 248–260ht.docxdaniahendric
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationships between attachment dimensions, spirituality, and mood disorders in substance abuse clients. The study found that insecure attachment was associated with higher rates of mood disorders like depression. It also found that spirituality, specifically purpose and meaning in life, acted as a mediating factor between attachment and mood disorders. The study concluded that addressing spirituality could be important for treating comorbid substance abuse and mood disorders.
ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY, 2016VOL. 24, NO. 3, 248–260ht.docxSALU18
ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY, 2016
VOL. 24, NO. 3, 248–260
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2015.1119267
An empirical study of attachment dimensions and mood disorders in inpatient
substance abuse clients: The mediating role of spirituality
Naelys Lunaa, Gail Hortona, David Newmanb and Tammy Malloyc
aSocial Work, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA; bCollege of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA;
cBehavioral Health of the Palm Beaches, North Palm Beach, FL, USA
ABSTRACT
Adult attachment style has been related to both spirituality and psychopathology. This study aimed
to test the possible mediating role of two dimensions of spirituality (purpose and meaning in life
and perceived relationship with God/higher power) between two attachment dimensions (anxiety
and avoidance) and three mood disorders (major depressive disorder, dysthymia and bipolar). In
total, 305 clients receiving inpatient substance abuse treatment completed a battery of self-report
questionnaires. Path analyses revealed negative associations between the anxiety attachment and
all the mood disorders. No significant associations were found for attachment avoidance and the
mood disorders. Results also indicated negative associations between the two attachment
dimensions and purpose and meaning in life. Concerning the perceived relationship with God/
higher power, attachment avoidance was the only dimension that showed a significant negative
association. Mediating effects of meaning in life and the perceived relationship with God/higher
power were found between both attachment dimensions and two of the mood disorders: major
depressive disorder and dysthymia. Further analyses of the mediating effects revealed that purpose
and meaning in life was the factor accounting for the mediating effects. Clinical implications and
future direction for research were discussed.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 22 June 2015
Revised 5 November 2015
Accepted 9 November 2015
Published online
7 December 2015
KEYWORDS
Attachment dimensions;
spirituality; mediating effect;
depressive disorders; sub-
stance use disorders
Introduction
Research has established high comorbidity rates between
substance use disorders (SUDs) and mood disorders
(Brienza et al. 2000; Grant et al., 2004; Diaz et al. 2012).
Individuals who struggle with these comorbid disorders
are more likely to relapse once they experience depres-
sive symptoms (Miller et al. 1996; Strowig 2000). In
addition, the severity of the drug abuse has been shown
to be greater in the presence of co-occurring disorders
(Tate et al. 2004). Other researchers have indicated that
more frequent injection use, sustained drug use, and
higher rates of relapse are found among those individuals
who experience SUDs and mood disorders (Marlatt and
Gordon 1985; Stein et al. 2003).
Considering the pervasive effects of these co-occurring
disorders and the potential influence of mood state on
relapse risk (Strowig 2000; Stein et al.
This study tested a model of modern homonegativity by examining the relationships between affective characteristics (anger and disgust), cognitive characteristics (religious beliefs and conservative ideology), exposure to queer individuals, and levels of modern homonegativity. The researchers hypothesized that anger, disgust and cognitive characteristics would be associated with higher modern homonegativity, while direct (but not indirect) exposure would be associated with lower homonegativity by impacting cognitive characteristics. Structural equation modeling supported the hypotheses and revealed that direct exposure reduced cognitive characteristics and modern homonegativity, while indirect exposure increased anger.
This document discusses research on the effects of incarceration and rehabilitation programs on recidivism. It outlines how rehabilitation was originally the goal of prisons but the "Nothing Works" doctrine in the 1970s claimed rehabilitation programs were ineffective. Later research refuted this, finding cognitive behavioral therapies and skills training programs reduced recidivism. However, more research is needed on how prison subcultures and negative peer influences may undermine rehabilitation efforts, and on carefully assigning inmates to appropriate security levels to foster better treatment outcomes.
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Discussion 1: Attachment Theory
The adolescent stage can be described as a time where there is a loss of innocence and a preentry into adulthood. A large part of being an adolescent is beginning that process of stepping out into the world and learning about oneself as a unique and autonomous individual. This movement out into the world is contingent upon the knowledge that this young person will have a safe and secure home to return to at the end of the day. If a traumatic loss or event has occurred in the adolescent’s life, there may be no safe base to which this individual can return. Attachment theory teaches us that a young person’s ability to attach/engage with peers, family, and other potential support systems is an important aspect of the developmental process. During the adolescent stage of development, assessing attachment styles is important because it provides a window into how the adolescent relates to others, which allows the clinician to choose the appropriate intervention.
For this Discussion, choose either the program case study for the Bradley family or the course-specific case study for Brady.
Post
an application of the attachment theory to the case of either Tiffani or Brady. Discuss the connection between his or her attachment style and the exhibiting behavior.
References (use 2 or more)
Gutiérrez, L., Oh, H. J., & Gillmore, M. R. (2000). Toward an understanding of (em)power(ment) for HIV/AIDS prevention with adolescent women.
Sex Roles, 42
(7–8), 581–611.
Springer, D. W., & Powell, T. M. (2013). Assessment of adolescents. In M. J. Holosko, C. N. Dulmus, & K. M. Sowers (Eds.),
Social work practice with individuals and families: Evidence-informed assessments and interventions
(pp. 71–95). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen, S. M. (Eds.). (2014a).
Sessions: case histories
. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].
The Bradley Family (pp. 17–19)
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen, S. M. (Eds.). (2014b).
Social work case studies: Concentration year
. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].
Working With Families: The Case of Brady (pp. 26–28)
Discussion 2: Developmental Stages
Understanding an adolescent’s behavior can be at times elusive and even frustrating. Due to the multiple aspects of the developmental tasks during these years, it can be at times quite challenging to clearly define the issue(s) at hand. Assessment during this stage will include an evaluation of whether an adolescent’s actions are indicative of unhealthy behavior or merely representative of being an adolescent. A comprehensive assessment that includes an evaluation of the client’s developmental stage is a priority when working with this age group.
For this Discussion, choose the opposite case from Discussion 1 and use Erikson’s developmental theory.
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There are several different approaches when conducting collection and data analysis: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. While questionnaires are very helpful in many different forms of research studies, researchers can also observe phenomena by using one of their senses such as sight or sound. Collecting data of this type is called direct observation and there are two categories of direct observation: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative observations differ from quantitative observations in that they cannot be recorded using numbers and facts. Qualitative observations are unstructured and broad, focusing on anything the researchers deems credible to a study (Ellis, et all., 2009). There are six types of qualitative observations: participant observations, ethnographic observations, case studies, archaeological data, focus groups, and naturalistic animal studies.
Participant observations consist of a researcher integrate themselves in their own study’s environment, an example of this would be a researcher living with the homeless to determine how certain facets of their lives differ from home-owners or renters. There are few guidelines on how to conduct participant observation studies, however it is important for participant observers “not to influence the course of events being observed” (Ellis, et all., 2009). Ethnographic observations are typically carried out to learn more about certain cultures and societies. Observing a certain ritual amongst an Amazonian tribe would be considered an ethnographic observation. Ethnographic observations have also had issues with reliability for a variety of reasons, such as bias by researchers or too small of a sample size. Case studies are simply written studies on a specific individual or group. An example of this would be researching the effects of CTE in in former professional football player Aaron Hernandez in an effort to determine if his brain damage affected his impulse to commit murder. Focus groups consist of a group of about a dozen participants being led by a facilitator to discuss a particular subject (Ellis, et all., 2009). Archaeological data collection consists of fossils and artifacts of the deceased. Naturalistic animal studies can be both qualitative and quantitative.
Quantitative direct observations focus on numbers and facts for summary purposes and “emphasize data that cannot be disputed because it can objectively measured” (APUS, 2016). One of the major advantages of quantitative direct observations is that differences between studies on the same phenomena can be clarified more easily with repetitive studies. Furthermore, quantitative observations can be broken down into two categories: laboratory/clinical and field observations. In a laboratory observation, the researcher has control over the physical space (Ellis, et all., 2009). Field observations take place outside a laboratory and can be non-manipulativ.
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10.1177/0146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETINCozzolino et al. / GREED, DEATH, AND VALUES
Greed, Death, and Values:
From Terror Management to Transcendence
Management Theory
Philip J. Cozzolino
University of Minnesota
Angela Dawn Staples
Lawrence S. Meyers
Jamie Samboceti
California State University, Sacramento
Research supporting terror management theory has shown that
participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit
more greed than do control participants. The present research
attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of
mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of
near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal
that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and
possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports,
a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In
Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death
reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipu-
lation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mor-
tality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed
that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to mani-
fest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic,
unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is dis-
cussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipu-
lation and mortality salience.
Keywords: greed; death reflection; mortality salience
Despite generations of poets, philosophers, and reli-
gious leaders decrying the “deadly sin” of greed, much of
humanity is presently engaged in a consumer-based eco-
nomic system that is most successful when citizens want
and seek to have. Public revelations of greed on the part
of a few corporate executives have recently left indivi-
duals asking, “What is it that makes some people strive
for excessive gains while knowingly leaving less for oth-
ers?” In attempts to distinguish the psychological fac-
tors that drive greed, recent research has focused on two
concepts: value orientation and reactions to death
awareness.
VALUE ORIENTATION
Early humanistic theorists such as Maslow (1954) and
Rogers (1963) first addressed the motives that fuel and
guide attempts to fulfill goals and needs. Maslow (1954)
suggested that human existence could only make sense
when individuals sought to achieve goals tied to their
inherent developmental promise. These goals include
personal growth, good health, a sense of autonomy, and
a desire to know oneself. Maslow went further, compar-
ing “healthy individuals” who seek inner freedom in
favor of external approval to “sick, neurotic people who
make the wrong choices” (p. 278). This humanistic per-
spective posits that when focusing on goals stemming
from external instead of internal forces (e.g., pursuits of
wealth instead of desires for insight) people are likely to
falter along the path to self-actualization. Expanding this
278
Authors ...
10.11770146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLBenitoSumpter862
10.1177/0146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETINCozzolino et al. / GREED, DEATH, AND VALUES
Greed, Death, and Values:
From Terror Management to Transcendence
Management Theory
Philip J. Cozzolino
University of Minnesota
Angela Dawn Staples
Lawrence S. Meyers
Jamie Samboceti
California State University, Sacramento
Research supporting terror management theory has shown that
participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit
more greed than do control participants. The present research
attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of
mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of
near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal
that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and
possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports,
a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In
Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death
reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipu-
lation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mor-
tality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed
that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to mani-
fest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic,
unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is dis-
cussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipu-
lation and mortality salience.
Keywords: greed; death reflection; mortality salience
Despite generations of poets, philosophers, and reli-
gious leaders decrying the “deadly sin” of greed, much of
humanity is presently engaged in a consumer-based eco-
nomic system that is most successful when citizens want
and seek to have. Public revelations of greed on the part
of a few corporate executives have recently left indivi-
duals asking, “What is it that makes some people strive
for excessive gains while knowingly leaving less for oth-
ers?” In attempts to distinguish the psychological fac-
tors that drive greed, recent research has focused on two
concepts: value orientation and reactions to death
awareness.
VALUE ORIENTATION
Early humanistic theorists such as Maslow (1954) and
Rogers (1963) first addressed the motives that fuel and
guide attempts to fulfill goals and needs. Maslow (1954)
suggested that human existence could only make sense
when individuals sought to achieve goals tied to their
inherent developmental promise. These goals include
personal growth, good health, a sense of autonomy, and
a desire to know oneself. Maslow went further, compar-
ing “healthy individuals” who seek inner freedom in
favor of external approval to “sick, neurotic people who
make the wrong choices” (p. 278). This humanistic per-
spective posits that when focusing on goals stemming
from external instead of internal forces (e.g., pursuits of
wealth instead of desires for insight) people are likely to
falter along the path to self-actualization. Expanding this
278
Authors ...
Narcissism, bullying, and social dominance in youth a longitamit657720
This study examines the longitudinal relationship between narcissism and bullying in youth over 3 years. It uses person-centered analysis to identify distinct trajectories of narcissism and two forms of bullying (direct and indirect) and relates these trajectories. The study finds:
1) For girls, higher narcissism was not related to more intense bullying or higher social dominance.
2) For boys, highly narcissistic boys were more likely than peers to show elevated direct and indirect bullying.
3) Among narcissistic youth, only those who engage in high bullying were high in social dominance.
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Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docxvannagoforth
Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting political ideology when people make environmental decisions. In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
Handbook of child and adolescent anxiety disordersSpringer
This chapter discusses issues in differentially diagnosing specific phobias, social phobia, panic disorder, and separation anxiety disorder in children. It summarizes research on the clinical features, course, and prognosis of each disorder. Specific phobias are the most common anxiety disorder in children and involve an excessive, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. Research shows specific phobias have a prevalence rate of around 5% in children and often co-occur with other anxiety disorders or depression. Genetic factors play a role in the development of specific phobias, though environmental influences are also important. Differential diagnosis of specific phobias from typical childhood fears requires the fear to cause significant impairment.
This document summarizes a student paper that examines how the emotion of disgust may impact people's views on accepting Syrian refugees into the United States. The paper presents three hypotheses: 1) Those primed to feel disgust will be less willing to accept Syrian refugees, 2) The impact of disgust on attitudes will be stronger for conservatives than liberals, and 3) The impact will be stronger for males than females. It reviews literature on the evolutionary role of disgust and implications for ethnocentrism, political ideology, and gender differences. The paper then describes the author's survey experiment methodology to test the hypotheses.
Similar to Duplicity Among the Dark Triad Three Faces of DeceitDanie.docx (19)
During this time when the Internet provides essential communicat.docxinfantkimber
During this time when the Internet provides essential communication between literally billions of people and is used as a tool for commerce, social interaction, and the exchange of an increasing amount of personal information, security has become a tremendously important issue for every user to deal with.
There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting health care information. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient.
In your
initial discussion post
, please
describe the hashing security mechanism
and its relationship to the encryption mechanism.
Respond substantively to at least two other students' posts. Please discuss
how these mechanisms work to provide password security
in today's organizations when responding to the posts of your peers.
.
During this period, the Impressionists became very interested in Jap.docxinfantkimber
During this period, the Impressionists became very interested in Japanese art. Among those who collected Japanese prints were Monet, Degas, and Cassatt. Examine the works of Cassatt for influences of Japanese prints and describe these influences. Good examples to look at are The Letter and The Bath
.
During this Module, you will be required to complete a Discussio.docxinfantkimber
During this Module, you will be required to complete a Discussion Board Assignment that will task you with viewing excerpts from two documentaries that have segments that perspectives on Booker T. Washington's impact on Black America. The first of these documentaries is
Tell Them We Are Rising: The Story of Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Watch the segment between the 08:45-23:02 minute marks of documentary. Then, write brief responses to the following prompts:
1. How did the historians and other commentators featured in the documentary characterize the type of education Booker T. Washington provided his black students and desired to provide black Americans have broadly? What adjectives did the commentators use to describe the kind of labor that Booker T. Washington promoted?
2. What impact did the historians and other commentators suggest that Booker T. Washington had on black people?
3. Based on the commentators’ descriptions, how did whites view Booker T. Washington?
4. Based on the commentators’ descriptions, how did blacks view Booker T. Washington?
SOURCE:
Tell Them We Are Rising: The Story of Historically Black Colleges and Universities
. Films On Demand. 2017. Accessed May 29, 2020.
https://fod.infobase.com/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=166851
.
Afterword, click on the hyperlink to watch a segment of the documentary
Rosenwald: The Remarkable Story of A Jewish Partnership with African-American Communities
. Then, write brief responses to the following prompts:
5. How did the historians and other commentators featured in the documentary characterize the type of education Booker T. Washington provided his black students and desired to provide black Americans have broadly? What adjectives did the commentators use to describe the kind of labor that Booker T. Washington promoted?
6. What impact did the historians and other commentators suggest that Booker T. Washington had on black people?
7. Based on the commentators’ descriptions, how did whites view Booker T. Washington?
8. Based on the commentators’ descriptions, how did blacks view Booker T. Washington?
9.
What are the differences between the two documentaries’ characterizations? Why do you think that the characterizations are different? And, which characterization, if either, do you find most convincing, and why?
Post your responses in the proper link in the Discussion Board.
Tell Them We Are Rising
:
https://fod.infobase.com/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=166851
Rosenwald
:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ks5vmx-KLEVaQSWQ4OnyNdBKofEJwYqD/view
.
During this module, we review the concept of technology structures a.docxinfantkimber
During this module, we review the concept of technology structures and social boundaries for organizations. Provide an overview of the technical and social terminology for organizations today. Within your discussion be sure to address the following areas:
How do each of these apply to the three perspectives (natural, rational, and open)?
What areas of technology are an issue for participants?
What are the issues with organizational boundaries for participants?
Personal perspectives
.
During the two decades following WWII, significant political, social.docxinfantkimber
During the two decades following WWII, significant political, social and economic developments took place within the United States. The global triumph against virulent racism associated with the fascist Axis Alliance along with the liberation of colonial regimes, most particularly within Africa, highlighted the blatant prejudice inherent in racial segregation. Due to military service abroad, many members of the armed forces were cognizant of the disparity between American ideals and reality as the nation became absorbed with the pent up desire to improve individual's quality of life. While prosperity increased for most Americans, subsequent evidence revealed many residents did not share in the affluent society. Racial and ethnic prejudice remained acutely visible. As a tragic consequence of the virulent McCarthyism spectacle, citizens who overtly criticized fundamental inequality were viewed with profound suspicion. The Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v Board of Education forced apathetic Americans to confront the horrifying edifice of institutional discrimination. With extensive media attention, a persistent civil disobedience campaign was coordinated by Dr. Martin Luther King’s Southern Leadership Conference. As the scope of public protest expanded, it led to the enactment of legislation during the early 1960s that was designed to fundamentally eradicate the political vestiges of racial discrimination and broaden opportunities for women, veterans and people with disabilities.
Explain the achievements and controversies of domestic conditions within the United States during this time frame and analyze the circumstances that allowed complacency to block meaningful progress to resolve these conditions for so long.
Below are the essay instructions and resources of which 3 should be used.
.
During the unprecedented times caused by the novel coronavirus d.docxinfantkimber
During the unprecedented times caused by the novel coronavirus disease, information and guidance from health organizations is rapidly evolving. However, a focus must also be on proper and effective risk management and communication. This is especially the case during pandemics that have high rates of infection, significant morbidity, lack of therapeutic measures, and rapid increases in cases.
1. As a risk assessor with the World Health Organization (WHO) in England, UK, you have been charged with communicating the risk of COVID 19 to residents living in the city of London. Please create a sample risk communication material that will include pertinent information for your target population.
2. Considering the significance of your risk communication efforts, you may be faced with different constraints. Please discuss at least 3 categories of constraints you may face while completing your task.
.
During the time of the High Renaissance, culture and values varied d.docxinfantkimber
During the time of the High Renaissance, culture and values varied depending on the location and with it would usher in a new period known as the Reformation. Examine how the Reformation impacted the culture and values introduced during the Renaissance and the lasting impact it would make. Provide 3-5 clear examples of changes to culture or values noted during this time and why it was important.
This paper should be 2 pages in length and you may use your textbook as a resource.
.
During the Reconstruction Era, the Southern states created many .docxinfantkimber
During the Reconstruction Era, the Southern states created many laws and policies of their own. These “Black Codes” either tried to minimize federal laws and policies or were in retaliation to them.
Suppose you were a former slave during this era, which one of the following restrictions would you find the most offensive?
Restrictions or prohibitions on voting
Restrictions such as those on job, land purchase, and mobility
Inability to serve on juries or accuse a white person in court
Then, in a full paragraph or two:
Discuss the immediate and long-term consequences from your chosen restriction.
Identify any lessons we can learn today from this restriction and its impact.
Identify the source(s) where you read about the restriction.
.
During the semester in which the student is enrolled in MUL2380, o.docxinfantkimber
During the semester in which the student is enrolled in MUL2380
, one VIRTUAL musical event will be attended and you will critique the performance you view. Choose from one of the musical events below to watch a virtual concert and write a Virtual Music Event Critique on the concert you watch.
For proof of attendance
, provide a screen shot of you watching the event on your device.
Click on links below for some concerts from which to choose:
Jazz:
National Jazz Big Band Workshop--Live at Kennedy Center
Monterey Jazz Festival on Tour Live in New York
Chuck Loeb Trio at the Firehouse Cafe
Blues:
Concert Autour du Blues with Robben Ford and Larry Carlton
Buddy Guy Live from Red Rocks
Techno:
Charlotte de Witte Tomorrowland in Belgium
David Guetta Miami Ultra Music Festival
Pop Music:
Post Malone Reading
Taylor Swift Live Concert
Beyonce Live 2019
Country Music:
Miranda Lambert Concert Live 2020
Zac Brown Band Coors Field
Rock:
Bon Jovi Rock in Rio 2017
Live in Texas Linkin Park
Instructions:
Write about your experience to include the following:
Include answers to the journalistic questions of "who, what, when, where, and why."
Be specific about when and where the event occurred. Describe the setting for the event and type of venue where the event took place.
Describe the performers and include information about the name of the band or performers, instrumentation, setting, costuming, and stage behavior.
Please make sure to answer the following questions in your paper:
Were the musicians "engaged" or did they appear to be just going through the motions of performing?
Did they communicate subtly with each other while performing?
Did they simply provide music, or did they actively communicate with their audience?
Did they seem polished and skilled? Describe in detail two songs that you especially liked.
Were particular musicians featured in instrumental of vocal solos?
What was the style of the music?
What was it that you enjoyed about these songs?
Describe the make-up and behavior of the audience.
Did the audience attend to the music or treat it indifferently?
With regard to the event, was the music the primary or secondary focus?
Did you enjoy the event?
What was it that made it enjoyable or not enjoyable?
What do you recall most vividly about the experience?
Your paper should be three (3) full pages in length (approximately 280 words per page), double-spaced, written in 12 pt font, and must conform to
MLA
guidelines. Do not use extra spaces between paragraphs. Remember to begin with your thesis statement and purpose and end with a summary that restates your opening statement, using different words. Remember to use your own words--paraphrase all work and cite all sources. Your work will run through SafeAssign to check for plagiarism.
Type your paper into a Microsoft Word document, save the file and then upload the file.
.
During the Reconstruction period, Congress became consumed with part.docxinfantkimber
During the Reconstruction period, Congress became consumed with partisanship and as such, ultimately failed in Southern Reconstruction. When you look at the process of today's legislative acts, what, if anything, has changed? Compare and contrast the issues Congress has to deal with to pass legislation in today's society versus those in the Reconstruction era.
discuss the modern day issues faced by Congress.
200-300 words
.
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, cognitive psychology rese.docxinfantkimber
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, cognitive psychology researchers conducted studies that offered new information about how memory is stored and processed. Findings suggested that memory is first encoded based on sensory data from the environment (sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell), moved to short-term memory, where it can be easily retrieved, and, when rehearsed (i.e., repeated thinking about the memory), moved to long-term memory, where it is stored and can be retrieved at a later date (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968; Craik & Lockhart, 1972).
The basic structural information about memory that arose from these early studies, along with the emergence of brain imaging technology, has led to major advancements in our understanding of cognition and cognitive neuroscience. For example, there is a body of literature on the association between PTSD and memory dysfunction. Traumatic memories are thought to be encoded differently than other memories, which helps explain symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, and anxiety. In addition, experiencing a traumatic event and then consistently reliving it through flashbacks and nightmares can damage the hippocampus, the area of the brain responsible for memory encoding, leading to deficits in short-term memory (Hays, VanElzakker, & Shin, 2012; MacIntosh & Whiffen, 2005). Fortunately, exciting new research on neuroplasticity suggests that the brain is malleable and that it is possible to reverse the damage to certain parts of the brain (Kays, Hurley, & Taber, 2012).
In this discussion, you will examine other studies on memory and consider how the findings contribute to our understanding of cognition and cognitive neuroscience.
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. Spence & J.T. Spence (Eds.),
Psychology of learning and motivation
(Vol. 2, pp. 89–195). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,
11(6), 671–684.
Hayes, J. P., VanElzakker, M. B., & Shin, L. M. (2012). Emotion and cognition interactions in PTSD: A review of neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies.
Frontiers in integrative neuroscience,
6(89), 1–14.
Kays, J. L., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2012). The dynamic brain: Neuroplasticity and mental health.
The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences,
24(2), 118–124.
MacIntosh, H. B., & Whiffen, V. E. (2005). Twenty years of progress in the study of trauma.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence,
20(4), 488–492.
To prepare
Review this week’s Learning Resources on cognitive evolution, memory, and cognitive neuroscience.
Locate a peer-reviewed journal article on memory related to one of the following topics:
Improving memory
Aging
Amnesia
Cognitive mapping
Consider how the article you selected relates to cognition and cognitive neuroscience.
.
During the Renaissance and Baroque periods the type of patron divers.docxinfantkimber
During the Renaissance and Baroque periods the type of patron diversified beyond the church to include private individuals, city governments, and corporate commissions, sponsored by entities such as the Wool Guild. These patrons that were outside of the church were essential to artists to ensure their financial livelihood. Often artists, like Michelangelo, were forced to take commissions and complete works that they did not want to undertake. In 3 well developed paragraphs, discuss:
Michelangelo’s version of David was a public monument commissioned by the Florentine city council. How do you see the context of a city government as patron influencing how Michelangelo visualized the biblical hero David?
The biblical hero David was a popular subject for sculpture and painting throughout the Renaissance and into the Baroque period. By studying, comparing, and contrasting sculptures of David created in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, you can begin to see the stylistic changes that occurred across these centuries. compare and contrast the following 3 sculptures of David:
Early Renaissance: Donatello. David
1430s.
High Renaissance: Michelangelo. David 1504.
Baroque. Gian Lorenzo Bernini. David
1
624–1624.
In your comparison, discuss:
What specific visual similarities do you observe in these three sculptures?
What specific differences do you see?
How has the attitude of David changed between these three representations of David?
Be sure to explain your ideas clearly and support them
Question 2:
In Northern Europe, the group portrait was a popular genre of painting in the Dutch Republic, and Rembrandt was in high demand as a portraitist. In 3 well developed paragraphs, discuss:
How did Rembrandt revolutionize the group portrait? Examine his wor
ks The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. N
icolaes Tulp and The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq(The Night Watch)
Artists like Rembrandt and the other successful Dutch portrait artists laid the foundation for what today is seen as a proper or successful portrait. From the official portrait of Kate Middleton (2013) in England, to the portraits of US presidents, to those of CEOs in major corporations all owe a debt to the work of Rembrandt, Hals, and other seventeeth-century portrait painters. Locate 2 contemporary portraits and discuss the visual characteristics that are inspired by Rembrandt's style.
.
During the Reagan Bush years there were many changes in America. P.docxinfantkimber
During the Reagan / Bush years there were many changes in America. Pick two from the list and discuss how America would be different if these events or people had not occurred or existed, or had events happened differently.
APA STYLE
Reagan and the “Evil Empire”
"Operation Cyclone"
Reaganomics
John Hinckley
The Religious Right
Iran-Contra Affair
End of the Cold War
“Read My Lips”
Anita Hill
NAFTA
Technological Revolution
First Gulf War
.
During the quarter, you should keep a typed or handwritten journal r.docxinfantkimber
During the quarter, you should keep a typed or handwritten journal reflecting on all of the readings and documentaries assigned for each module (not including your textbook). Excellent journal entries will include critical reflections about the writing and its topic, as well as how it fits within the broader context of your textbook readings. This will be due at the end of the quarter and should be submitted electronically through Canvas (scans of handwritten journals are acceptable). There is no limit on the length of your reflections on the readings, however, on average, I would estimate that reflecting on each module's material would need a minimum of 500 words. I will happily review your initial journal entries if you would like feedback. Reflections from each module will be worth 10 points for a total of 50 points.
Module 1 (foundations): Chapter 1-3
Bureau of Justice Statistics Criminal Justice System Flowchart (bjs.gov)
Reliable Research. Real Results. | Crime
Solution
s, National Institute of Justice (ojp.gov)
Easy Access to the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Reports (ojjdp.gov)
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) - All Data Analysis Tools
Mini TOC: Title 12A - CRIMINAL CODE | Municipal Code | Seattle, WA | Municode Library
Title 9A RCW: WASHINGTON CRIMINAL CODE
OLRC Home (house.gov)
Module 2 (Law enforcement): Chapter 4-6
Police Funding by Stephen Rushin, Roger Michalski :: SSRN
An Abolitionist Horizon for (Police) Reform by Amna A. Akbar :: SSRN
(17) Policing the Police 2020 (full film) | FRONTLINE - YouTube
(17) Future of Public Safety: Kickoff Session - A Path Forward - YouTube
The City that Really Did Abolish the Police - POLITICO
Camden police reboot is being misused in the debate over police reform - The Washington Post
What Disbanding the Police Really Meant in Camden, New Jersey | WIRED
The “Camden Model” Is Not a Model. It’s an Obstacle to Real Change. (jacobinmag.com)
Chief's Letter to City Council in Response to Decriminalize Seattle/King County Equity Now Proposals - SPD Blotter
Legislation Details (With Text) - Res 31962 (legistar.com)
Module 3 (courts): Chapter 7-9
How the 'Truth and Justice' Podcast Army Helped Free Ed Ates (texasmonthly.com)
Thousands of U.S. judges who broke laws or oaths remained on the bench (reuters.com)
Who Polices Prosecutors Who Abuse Their Authority? Usually Nobody — ProPublica
The Plea | Watch S2004 E15 | FRONTLINE | PBS | Official Site
Module 4 (Corrections): Chapter 10-12
Is Prison Necessary? Ruth Wilson Gilmore Might Change Your Mind - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
The Prison-Industrial Complex - The Atlantic
How Private Equity Is Turning Public Prisons Into Big Profits | The Nation
Will the Coronavirus Make Us Rethink Mass Incarceration? | The New Yorker
The New Asylums | Watch S2005 E13 | FRONTLINE | PBS | Official Site
Solitary Nation | Watch S2014 E9 | FRONTLINE | PBS | Official Site
Life on Par.
During the quarter, Andronache Inc. collected $100 of cash from cust.docxinfantkimber
During the quarter, Andronache Inc. collected $100 of cash from customers, paid $60 of cash to suppliers, paid $30 of cash to employees and other creditors, and recorded a $5 loss on sale of equipment. There were no other cash flows related to operating activities.
What was Andronache’s Cash Flow from Operations during the quarter?
.
During the previous 30 years, the airline industry has experienced m.docxinfantkimber
During the previous 30 years, the airline industry has experienced many mergers and bankruptcies.
For this discussion, provide at least one specific example of an operational change that occurred as the result on an airline merger or acquisition. Possible sources include
Securities and Exchange Commission (Links to an external site.)
filings, airline websites, biographies, NTSB reports, etc.
APA format applies to references and citations (Approximately 250 words)
.
During the previous weeks, you have developed your public speaki.docxinfantkimber
This document asks the student to select one of three public speaking skills - actively listening, conducting research, or creating an outline - that they plan to further develop in the remainder of the term. They are to thoroughly explain why they chose that skill and share specific actions they will take to improve it.
During the previous weeks, you have developed your public speaking s.docxinfantkimber
During the previous weeks, you have developed your public speaking skills. As you evaluate your progress at midterm, which
one
of the skills listed below do you plan to further develop during the remainder of the quarter? Thoroughly explain why you selected this skill and share specific actions you will take to further develop it.
Actively listening
Conducting research
Creating an outline
.
During the last quarter of the century before 1900, a great movement.docxinfantkimber
During the last quarter of the century before 1900, a great movement in American society was taking place. Cities were becoming populated, cultural changes were occurring and the beginnings of new social thought and reform were being awakened. Against this background of change, the Jim Crow "laws" were firmly in place in the South which continued to abuse and discriminate against those freed slaves, now American citizens, but clearly without rights or dignity. Discuss this time in US history.
250 words. At least 1 reference.
.
DueApr 25 by 11pmPoints50Submittinga file .docxinfantkimber
Due
Apr 25
by
11pm
Points
50
Submitting
a file upload
INTRODUCTION
This week we will work with Windows Processes, Services, and the Event log.
YOUR TASKS
Write a script that contains the following functionality
Starts any service that has a startup type of automatic and prompts the user to stop any service that is not set to automatic.
Checks to see if Outlook.exe is running, if not, start it
Access the Security log in the Event Log. Return interactive logon events. These have an event id of 4624 and a logon type of 2.
WORK TO SUBMIT0
.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Duplicity Among the Dark Triad Three Faces of DeceitDanie.docx
1. Duplicity Among the Dark Triad: Three Faces of Deceit
Daniel N. Jones
University of Texas at El Paso
Delroy L. Paulhus
University of British Columbia
Although all 3 of the Dark Triad members are predisposed to
engage in exploitative interpersonal
behavior, their motivations and tactics vary. Here we explore
their distinctive dynamics with 5 behavioral
studies of dishonesty (total N � 1,750). All 3 traits predicted
cheating on a coin-flipping task when there
was little risk of being caught (Study 1). Only psychopathy
predicted cheating when punishment was a
serious risk (Study 2). Machiavellian individuals also cheated
under high risk— but only if they were
ego-depleted (Study 3). Both psychopathy and
Machiavellianism predicted cheating when it required an
intentional lie (Study 4). Finally, those high in narcissism
showed the highest levels of self-deceptive bias
(Study 5). In sum, duplicitous behavior is far from uniform
across the Dark Triad members. The
frequency and nature of their dishonesty is moderated by 3
contextual factors: level of risk, ego depletion,
and target of deception. This evidence for distinctive forms of
duplicity helps clarify differences among
the Dark Triad members as well as illuminating different shades
of dishonesty.
Keywords: cheating, Dark Triad, deception, honesty
2. Supplemental materials:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000139.supp
Concern about others’ honesty is among the strongest
situational
influences on social behavior (Rauthmann et al., 2014), and
hon-
esty attribution is the single most influential factor in person
perception (Paunonen, 2006). However, the measurement of
hon-
esty as a trait is characterized by a fractured history reaching
back
to Hartshorne and May (1928). After assessing diverse forms of
dishonest behaviors (e.g., lying, cheating, stealing) on large
sam-
ples of children, those seminal researchers dismissed the notion
of
a unitary trait construct. When properly interpreted, however,
their
data do indicate significant convergence across various forms of
duplicity (Burton, 1963). Such tendencies also tend to converge
at
the virtuous pole (Jayawickreme, Meindl, Helzer, Furr, &
Fleeson,
2014). In contemporary personality research, Ashton and Lee
(2001) have been relentless in confirming this trait notion by
isolating an Honesty-Humility (H-H) factor in their HEXACO
model of personality. The incremental value of adding this
factor
in the prediction of personal integrity appears to be well
supported
(e.g., Lee, Ashton, Morrison, Cordery, & Dunlop, 2010; Spain,
Harms, & Lebreton, 2014).
Under the broad umbrella of the H-H factor, three narrower
3. traits—narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy— have
re-
ceived extensive theoretical and empirical attention. Paulhus
and
Williams (2002) coined the term Dark Triad to encourage re-
searchers to study these three traits as a constellation.1 Their
rationale was that only a concurrent analysis can clarify any
unique
contributions of the triad members to outcome variables. Many
researchers have taken up that challenge and the body of
research
has expanded geometrically (for the most recent review, see
Paul-
hus, 2014). Of particular interest to the current report is that, in
a
series of factor analyses, all three of the Dark Triad loaded on
the
H-H factor (Book, Visser, & Volk, 2015; Lee & Ashton, 2005;
Lee
et al., 2013). Given that scores on the H-H factor predict honest
behavior in the workplace (Lee, Ashton, & de Vries, 2005), we
were encouraged to tease apart distinctive forms of dishonesty
linked with the Dark Triad members (See also Mededovic,
2012).
One handicap to Dark Triad research has been the excessive
length of the original measures: They add up to a taxing 124
items!
Fortunately, two brief inventories tapping all three traits have
become available. First is the Dirty Dozen (DD) (Jonason &
Webster, 2010), a 12-item instrument. Although a significant
body
of research has exploited this measure (Jonason, Webster,
Schmitt,
Li, & Crysel, 2012), the consequences of its brevity have raised
4. criticism (Carter, Campbell, Muncer, & Carter, 2015; Lee et al.,
2013; Miller et al., 2012; Rauthmann & Kolar, 2012). The
second
combination measure is the 27-item Short Dark Triad (SD3) de-
veloped by Jones and Paulhus (2014). When the two measures
are
compared head-to-head, the SD3 validities tend to be higher and
more closely match the original Dark Triad measures (Lee et
al.,
2013; Maples, Lamkin, & Miller, 2014; Jones & Paulhus, 2014).
To confirm this previous pattern, we used the traditional
measures
as well as both brief measures of the Dark Triad in several of
the
studies detailed below.
1 Note that the present research concerns subclinical levels of
these
variables (LeBreton et al., 2006) not clinical levels, where the
term per-
sonality disorder applies (see Campbell & Miller, 2011).
This article was published Online First March 2, 2017.
Daniel N. Jones, Department of Psychology, University of
Texas at El
Paso; Delroy L. Paulhus, Department of Psychology, University
of British
Columbia.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Delroy L.
Paulhus, Department of Psychology, University of British
Columbia, 2136
West Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada. E-mail:
[email protected]
10. the triad members manifest distinctive patterns of interpersonal
malevolence (see Paulhus, 2014, Jones & Paulhus, 2010).
A critical point for the present paper is that previous work has
linked all three Dark Triad members to a predisposition to
deceive
(Baughman et al., 2014; Giammarco, Atkinson, Baughman, Ve-
selka, & Vernon, 2013; Jonason, Lyons, Baughman, & Vernon,
2015; O’Boyle et al., 2012). To date, however, only two studies
on
the Dark Triad have exploited behavioral measures of
dishonesty
(Jones, 2013, 2014a). All five studies presented below maintain
the
rigor and objectivity maximized by the use of behavioral out-
comes.
The Present Research
Dishonesty has long been linked to callousness, that is, lack of
empathy (Davis, 1996; Brown et al., 2010; Frick, 2009; Giam-
marco & Vernon, 2015; Trout, 2009). Absent of concern for its
effect on others, achievement striving is unmitigated and
cheating
behavior is unconstrained. Given our assumption that
callousness
is a common element of the Dark Triad (Jones & Paulhus,
2011a),
all three should show a predisposition to dishonesty—at least,
when repercussions are unlikely (i.e., low risk)
Under more risky conditions, however, the dynamics of cheat-
ing may play out in a different way for each Dark Triad
member.
Individuals with psychopathic traits have difficulty resisting an
immediate reward— even when risk of punishment is high
11. (Crysel,
Crosier, & Webster, 2013; Jones, 2014b). Hence, in the studies
below, we predict that the dishonesty of those with
psychopathic
traits will continue even under high risk conditions.
By contrast, the hallmark of those high in Machiavellianism is
strategic manipulation (Christie & Geis, 1970). To exploit scho-
lastic situations, for example, they opt for surreptitious
plagiarism
rather than opportunistic copying during exams (Williams, Na-
thanson, & Paulhus, 2010). Such strategic thinking requires
cog-
nitive resources. When depleted of these resources, individuals
high in Machiavellianism may lose their strategic advantage and
behave more like those high in psychopathy.
Finally, those high in narcissism have a grandiose belief in their
superiority to others (Kohut, 1966). Rather than an instrumental
motivation to acquire resources, their egoistic motivation
requires
repeated confirmation of their intellectual superiority (Campbell
&
Foster, 2007; Jones & Paulhus, 2011a). In short, their
dishonesty is
self-deceptive in nature (Paulhus et al., 2003; von Hippel &
Trivers, 2011). Even when confronted with contradictory evi-
dence, narcissistic individuals tend to exaggerate their general
knowledge (Paulhus et al., 2003) and group performance
(Robins
& John, 1997). Psychopathic individuals also showed this ten-
dency, but to a lesser degree (Paulhus & Williams, 2002).
To summarize these qualitative differences in dishonesty, we
have laid them out in Table 1. Three distinctions loom large in
the
12. present set of studies on dishonesty: (a) instrumental versus
ego-
istic motivation, (b) impulsivity versus caution, and (c) self-
versus
other-deception. Those broad themes were highlighted in five
studies of deceptive behavior. Study 1 examined which traits
predicted dishonesty when there was minimal risk of being
caught.
Study 2 examined which individuals would continue to cheat
when
punishment was a serious risk. Study 3 examined the effects of
ego
depletion on dishonesty. Study 4 examined who was most likely
to
engage in blatant misrepresentation for financial benefit.
Finally,
Study 5 examined which individuals would exhibit self-
deception
on an anonymous overclaiming task.
Study 1: All Three Show (Low-Risk) Dishonesty
Method
Power analysis. Although power analysis is challenging with
novel research, we took guidance from the meta-analysis by
Rich-
ard, Bond, and Stokes-Zoota (2003). Across the body of social
psychology and personality research, their meta-analysis
yielded a
mean correlation effect size of .21. They deduced that achieving
80% power of reaching significance with that effect size would
require 173 participants. To be conservative, we aimed at a sub-
stantially larger sample.
13. Participants. The collection of human subjects data was ap-
proved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of
Texas – El Paso. The protocol number and title were as follows:
[391743–7] Moral Machiavellianism survey. The same approval
was used to collect data for all the studies presented in this
article.
Participants were 292 adults from MTurk (51% women, Mean
age � 32.86, SD � 11.78). Overall, 68% reported European
Heritage, 7% African Heritage, 6% East Asian, 7% South Asian,
7% Latino, 5% other mixed ethnicities. Unless otherwise indi-
cated, participants were compensated at a rate typical for
MTurk
(i.e., $0.25; see Buhrmester, Kwang, & Gosling, 2011).
Measures. Across all studies, personality scales were col-
lected on Likert-type scales anchored by 1 (strongly disagree)
and
5 (strongly agree). The only exception is the NPI-16 used in
Study
3, which used a dichotomous response format.
Short Dark Triad. To assess the Dark Triad traits in an effi-
cient fashion, we used the Short Dark Triad (SD3) inventory
(Jones & Paulhus, 2014). Although recent in appearance, the
distinctive construct validity of this inventory has already been
supported by over 100 studies. Although not interchangeable,
the
SD3 tends to yield results that run parallel to those with the
original Dark Triad measures (Jones & Olderbak, 2014; Jones &
Paulhus, 2014). The three subscales have predicted unique
patterns
of interpersonal malevolence in dozens of studies: Using self-
reports, those outcomes include partner aggression (Hamel,
Jones,
Dutton, & Graham-Kevan, 2015), racism (Jonason, 2015), bully-
14. ing (Baughman et al., 2012), cyber-aggression (Pabian, De
Backer,
& Vandebosch, 2015), malevolent intentions (Veselka, Giam-
marco, & Vernon, 2014), and immorality (Jonason, Strosser,
Krull,
Duinefeld, & Baruffi, 2014).
A number of behavioral studies have also added to the construct
validity of the SD3: These behaviors included distinctive
patterns
2 The distinction is even supported by behavior genetics
research (Ver-
non, Villani, Vickers, & Harris, 2008; Veselka, Schermer, &
Vernon,
2011).
T
hi
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t
is
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ri
gh
19. aggression (Buckels, Jones, & Paulhus, 2013). In all of these
studies, the triad members, as operationalized with the SD3,
man-
ifested distinctive patterns of malevolence.
The SD3 inventory measures the Dark Triad with nine items per
trait. In the present sample, the subscales showed typical means
and acceptable alpha reliabilities: Machiavellianism (M � 3.31,
SD � .60, � � .74); psychopathy (M � 2.14, SD � .70, � �
.81);
narcissism (M � 2.76, SD � .57, � � .71). Subscale intercorre-
lations were in the usual range: Machiavellianism with psychop-
athy (r � .54); psychopathy with narcissism (r � .41); Mach
with
narcissism (r � .27).
Dirty Dozen. We also included a second brief inventory,
namely, the so-called ‘Dirty Dozen’ (DD) (Jonason & Webster,
2010). Using only four items per subscale, the Dirty Dozen has
nonetheless generated a large body of research (see Jonason,
Webster, Schmitt, Li, & Crysel, 2012). The inevitable tradeoff
of
fidelity for efficiency is discussed by Maples et al. (2014) as
well
as Jonason, Li, and Czarna (2013).
In the present sample, internal consistencies for the Dirty Dozen
subscales were all strong: narcissism (� � .82):
Machiavellianism
(� � .78), and psychopathy (� � .76). The subscale
intercorrela-
tions were as follows: Machiavellianism with narcissism (r �
.44);
Machiavellianism with psychopathy (r � .60); psychopathy with
narcissism (r � .31). More detailed descriptives on the Dirty
Dozen are provided in the Supplementary Materials.
20. Procedure. Participants completed an online package of ques-
tionnaires: It comprised the SD3, DD, the Ten Item Personality
Inventory (TIPI; Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003) as well as
several questions about luck and gambling. The purpose of the
TIPI and gambling questions were to obfuscate the true purpose
of
the study, that is, to examine the link between the Dark Triad
and
cheating.
After completing the questionnaires, participants were sent to a
new page, which had instructions in the center that read: “On
the
next page is a coin flipping task – if you win, you get a bonus!
Unfortunately, there’s a glitch in the software, so it’s possible
to
flip the coin multiple times. So please only flip the coin once to
be
fair.” Participants then went to the next page, which had (a)
choice
buttons labeled “heads” and “tails”, (b) a “flip” button” repre-
sented by a rotating coin and (c) a heading that read “Are you a
lucky person?” This procedure was developed by Quoidbach and
Chakroff (2011) in order to study dishonesty in a virtual
environ-
ment.
Participants had to press “heads” or “tails” and were then asked
to press the flip button. The result of the coin flip, however,
was
preprogrammed as follows: (a) on the first flip, it did not match
participant’s choice, (b) a similar mismatch occurred on the
second
flip, and (c) on the third flip, it finally matched the participant’s
21. choice. This process allowed dishonest participants the chance
to
flip until they obtained the desired outcome. Our primary
depen-
dent variable was whether or not participants flipped the coin
more
than once in order to obtain the bonus.
Results and Discussion
Overall, 13% of the sample cheated. As predicted, SD3
narcissism, r � .21, p � .001, Machiavellianism, r � .18, p �
.001, and psychopathy, r � .23, p � .001 all had significant
point-biserial correlations with dishonesty. A series of z tests
provided no evidence that the three correlations were different
(all ps � .10). Note from Table 2, however, that when entered
simultaneously into a logistic regression, no one trait reached a
.05 significance. In other words, the three correlations with
dishonesty were so similar that claiming predominance for any
one of them would be arbitrary. This preliminary result suggests
that the three members of the Dark Triad were equally likely to
cheat in this study.
A similar but weaker pattern was found for the Dirty Dozen
scales: narcissism, r � .19, p � .002, Machiavellianism, r �
.11, p � .07, and psychopathy, r � .17, p � .004. Such weaker
results are consistent with recent criticisms leveled against the
scale (Carter et al., 2015; Jones & Paulhus, 2014; Kajonius,
Persson, Rosenberg, & Garcia, 2015; Maples, Lamkin, &
Miller, 2014; Miller et al., 2012). Not only do DD results tend
to be weaker than SD3 results, they tend to be misaligned with
the gold standard measures. Therefore, we relegate further
results for the Dirty Dozen to our Supplementary Materials and
will focus on the SD3 in the subsequent studies. Finally, none
of the Big Five factors, as measured by the TIPI, showed any
correlation with coin flip cheating (r values ranged from �.11
22. to .09, all p � .06). Therefore, we did not include the TIPI in
any of the subsequent studies.
Table 1
Summary of Predictions
D3 trait
Low-risk
deception
High-risk
deception
Ego-depleted
deception
Intentional
fraud Self deception
Machiavellianism Yes No Yes Yes No
Psychopathy Yes Yes Yes Yes Somewhat
Narcissism Yes No No No Yes
Table 2
Cheating as a Function of the Dark Triad Under Low Risk in
Study 1
Predictors r rx.y B WALD OR 95% CI p
Machiavellianism .18� .06 .23 1.07 1.26 .81, 1.97 .301
Narcissism .21� .12 .37 3.16 1.45 .96, 2.19 .076
Psychopathy .23� .12 .41 3.15 1.50 .96, 2.34 .076
Note. N � 292. The tabled values emerged from a logistic
regression.
� p � .05, two-tailed.
27. in
at
ed
br
oa
dl
y.
331DUPLICITY AMONG THE DARK TRIAD
Study 2: Under High-Risk, Only Psychopathy
Predicts Dishonesty
Method
Power analysis. Instead of the meta-analysis (Richard et al.,
2003), we used the effect sizes from Study 1 to calculate the
sample needs of Study 2. The lowest simultaneous OR obtained
in
the Binary Logistic Regression from Study 1 was for
Machiavel-
lianism (OR � 1.47). Using this effect size, a power analysis
suggested 340 participants were needed to achieve 80% power.
Because Study 2 also examined an interaction, we collected an
even larger sample of 441 participants. Note that we sampled
545
to achieve this final sample size after exclusion based on
attention
checks.
28. Overview. Study 2 used a similar coin-flip paradigm but
varied the risk of getting caught. Based on the previous
literature,
key differences among the Dark Triad should emerge under
high-
risk conditions. On MTurk, the most serious risk to workers is
having their efforts “rejected”: They are fully aware that com-
plaints about bad work are documented as a bad reputation and
may limit their ability to find future work on MTurk (see
Paolacci
& Chandler, 2014).
Perceived risk of getting caught was manipulated by randomly
assigning participants to one of two warning conditions. As in
Study 1, most participants under low risk should be tempted to
coin-flip more than once. Under high risk, however, only
individ-
uals high in psychopathy should persist in cheating— because
of
their inability to delay gratification (Jonason, 2015; Jones,
2014a;
Jones & Paulhus, 2011b).
An interaction should emerge such that individuals high in
Machiavellianism will cheat at low levels but not at high levels
of
risk. This prediction was based on previous literature showing
the
strategic flexibility of Machiavellians (Bereczkei et al., 2013;
Christie & Geis, 1970; Esperger & Bereczkei, 2012; Jones &
Paulhus, 2011a). For psychopathy, no such interaction should
emerge: Individuals high in psychopathy should be just as likely
to
cheat in high and low risk conditions (see Jones, 2014b). We
made
no strong predictions for narcissism in the high risk condition,
29. but
along with most participants, individuals high in narcissism
should
cheat in the low risk condition.
Participants. Participants were 545 adults solicited from Am-
azon’s MTurk. A total of 104 participants were removed for
failing
attention checks or for taking the survey twice. Note that these
rates of attention check failure are within the typical parameters
for
MTurk samples (Deetlefs, Chylinski, & Ortmann, 2015). The
final
sample was 441 workers (46% women, Mean age � 34.52, SD �
11.18; 77% European Heritage, 4% African Heritage, 7% East
Asian, 6% Latino(a), 6% other).
Dark Triad. As in Study 1, we used the Short Dark Triad or
SD3 (Jones & Paulhus, 2014). The SD3 had significant (all p �
.001) and moderate size intercorrelations: Machiavellianism
with
psychopathy � .58, Machiavellianism with narcissism � .37,
and
narcissism with psychopathy � .45). Means and internal consis-
tencies were similar to those in Study 1: psychopathy (M �
2.11,
SD � .64, � � .79); Machiavellianism (M � 3.09, SD � .68, �
�
.82); narcissism (M � 2.63, SD � .64, � � .77).
Measures and procedure. Participants first completed the
SD3 and were randomly assigned to one of two messages: The
low
risk message was identical to that of Study 1. The high risk
message read, “We will be conducting random checks to see if
30. anyone flipped the coin more than once. Those who do will have
their work rejected.” In both messages, however, participants
were
alerted to the computer glitch and the fact that the coin could be
flipped more than once.
Results
The warning manipulation was successful, with a higher per-
centage of participants cheating (i.e., performing more than one
coin-flip) in the low risk condition (17%) than in the high risk
condition (10%), �2 � 5.09, p � .02. We then examined
cheating
as a function of condition and the Dark Triad, as well as the
three
Dark Triad � condition interactions in a binary logistic
regression.
As displayed in Table 3, results indicated a main effect for psy-
chopathy, and an interaction between Machiavellianism and
con-
dition (p � .05, two-tailed).
We went on to examine the point-biserial correlations of cheat-
ing within conditions. As expected, both Machiavellianism, r �
.21, p � .002 and psychopathy, r � .17, p � .01 were associated
with cheating in the low risk condition. Unexpectedly,
narcissism
failed to reach significance. As predicted, only psychopathy, r
�
.15, p � .03 was significant in the high risk condition; Machia-
vellianism, r � .05, p � .46, and narcissism, r � .10, p � .16
were
not.
We went further to conduct logistic regressions within
condition.
31. The results indicated that under low risk, Machiavellianism and
psy-
chopathy were the best predictors of cheating
(Machiavellianism: B �
.87, Wald � 5.91, OR � 2.39, 95% CI for OR � 1.18, 4.81, p �
.015;
narcissism: B � �.68, Wald � 3.50, OR � 0.51, 95% CI for OR
�
0.25, 1.03, p � .506; psychopathy: B � .67, Wald � 3.23, OR �
1.94,
95% CI for OR � 0.94, 4.01, p � .072).
In the high-risk condition, only psychopathy showed an odds
ratio �1.00 and the only significant B coefficient:
(Machiavellian-
ism: B � �.32, Wald � 0.45, OR � 0.73, 95% CI for OR �
0.29,
1.84, p � .503; Narcissism: B � .36, Wald � 0.85, OR � 1.44,
95% CI for OR � 0.67, 3.10, p � .356; Psychopathy: B � .89,
Wald � 3.30, OR � 2.43, 95% CI for OR � 0.93, 6.35, p �
.069).
Finally, we tested the difference in strength between the cheat-
ing correlations (Machiavellianism vs. psychopathy) in the high
risk condition. Results indicated that, as predicted, the
correlation
Table 3
Cheating as a Function of Dark Triad and Instructions in Study
2: Logistic Regression
Predictors r rx.y B WALD OR 95% CI p
Condition �.10� �.10� �.27 2.79 .76 .55, 1.05 .095
Machiavellianism .15� .07 .19 .87 1.21 .81, 1.79 .351
Narcissism .05 �.04 �.10 .35 .90 .65, 1.26 .552
32. Psychopathy .16� .10� .50 6.41 1.65 1.12, 2.43 .011
Mach � Cond �.09 �.10� �.40 4.01 .67 .45, .99 .045
Narcissism � Cond �.03 .08 .33 3.80 1.40 .99, 1.95 .051
Psychopathy � Cond .04 .00 .07 .38 1.08 .73, 1.58 .715
Note. N � 441. The tabled values emerged from a logistic
regression.
Columns 7– 8 provide confidence intervals and significant
levels for the
odds ratios in Column 6.
� p � .05, two-tailed.
T
hi
s
do
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en
t
is
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py
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gh
te
d
by
36. is
no
t
to
be
di
ss
em
in
at
ed
br
oa
dl
y.
332 JONES AND PAULHUS
of cheating with psychopathy was (marginally) higher than that
with Machiavellianism, based on a two-tailed test, t � 1.89, p �
.08. The cheating correlation with narcissism, however, was not
significantly different from that with psychopathy or
Machiavel-
lianism (ps � .20).
Discussion
37. The results of Study 2 extend those from Study 1 in demon-
strating the tenacious link between psychopathy and dishonesty.
Even in the high risk condition, those with psychopathic traits
persisted in risking their MTurk reputation for minimal gain
($0.25). This finding supports the risk-taking element of
psychop-
athy, well-known even from early writings on the topic (Hare &
Neumann, 2008). This failure to consider long-term
consequences
puts such individuals at risk for self-destructive as well as inter-
personally malevolent behavior (e.g., Lynam, 1996).
By contrast, individuals high in Machiavellianism hesitated to
cheat under risk (see Figure 1). For them, the long-term reputa-
tional loss was not worth the short-term financial gain. The
finding
is consistent with evidence for the adaptive flexibility of
Machi-
avellians (Adams et al., 2014; Bereczkei et al., 2013; Jones &
Paulhus, 2011b).
Although not predicted, narcissism showed a marginally signif-
icant interaction. Hence it may be the case that, although less
than
Machiavellianism, narcissism may also entail some degree of
flexibility (e.g., Wallace & Baumeister, 2002). Overall, these
findings support the idea that the Dark Triad members can show
distinct behavioral patterns, consistent with their distinct
theoret-
ical roots (Jones & Paulhus, 2011a).
Study 3: Ego Depletion Induces
Psychopathic Behavior
Among Machiavellians
38. To implement their strategic planning, individuals of a Machi-
avellian character require higher-level cognitive resources
(Jones
& Paulhus, 2011a). Any context that blocks or undermines exec-
utive functioning should serve to impair their impulse control
(Gino et al., 2011). By contrast, temporary reductions in
executive
functioning should have little effect on psychopathic
individuals:
After all, their impulse control is chronically low (Hare & Neu-
mann, 2008), even for those at the subclinical levels (LeBreton,
Binning, & Adorno, 2006).
A straightforward method for testing such a hypothesis would
be to experimentally undermine the executive resources of re-
search participants. If this manipulation changed the behavior of
those high in Machiavellianism, but not those high in
psychopathy
or narcissism, it would provide strong evidence that
Machiavellian
individuals rely on those executive resources more than do indi-
viduals high in other dark traits.
One approach to impairing executive resources is to apply a
cognitive load during the target behavior (e.g., Finn, Gunn, &
Gerst, …
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IntimatelyConnected: The Importance of
40. Partner Responsiveness for Experiencing
Sexual Desire
Article in Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology · July 2016
DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000069
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44. CITATION
Birnbaum, G. E., Reis, H. T., Mizrahi, M., Kanat-Maymon, Y.,
Sass, O., & Granovski-Milner, C.
(2016, July 11). Intimately Connected: The Importance of
Partner Responsiveness for
Experiencing Sexual Desire. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology. Advance online
publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000069
Intimately Connected: The Importance of Partner
Responsiveness for
Experiencing Sexual Desire
Gurit E. Birnbaum
Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya
Harry T. Reis
University of Rochester
Moran Mizrahi and Yaniv Kanat-Maymon
Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya
Omri Sass
Cornell Tech
Chen Granovski-Milner
Bar-Ilan University
Sexual desire tends to subside gradually over time, with many
couples failing to maintain desire in their
long-term relationships. Three studies employed complementary
methodologies to examine whether
partner responsiveness, an intimacy-building behavior, could
45. instill desire for one’s partner. In Study 1,
participants were led to believe that they would interact online
with their partner. In reality, they
interacted with either a responsive or an unresponsive
confederate. In Study 2, participants interacted
face-to-face with their partner, and judges coded their displays
of responsiveness and sexual desire. Study
3 used a daily experiences methodology to examine the
mechanisms underlying the responsiveness–
desire linkage. Overall, responsiveness was associated with
increased desire, but more strongly in
women. Feeling special and perceived partner mate value
explained the responsiveness– desire link,
suggesting that responsive partners were seen as making one
feel valued as well as better potential mates
for anyone and thus as more sexually desirable.
Keywords: gender differences, mate value, responsiveness,
romantic relationships, sexual desire
Sexual desire is among the strongest forces in human nature—
one that may induce overwhelming pleasures and intensely
mean-
ingful experiences or profound yearning and disappointment. As
such, it plays a major role not only in attracting potential
partners
to each other but also in promoting an enduring bond between
them. Indeed, the absence of sexual desire, which is prevalent in
both subclinical samples and clinical practice (e.g., Laumann,
Gagnon, Michael, & Michaels, 1994; Rosen, 2000), has long
been
considered as an important index of disrupted relational
harmony
(Kaplan, 1979; Leiblum & Rosen, 1988), depriving relationships
of intimacy (McCarthy, Bodnar, & Handal, 2004) and often
46. lead-
ing to breakup and divorce (e.g., Regan, 2000). It is therefore of
little surprise that both clinicians and researchers have searched
for
effective strategies to prevent against the waning of sexual
desire
in long-term relationships (e.g., McCarthy & Farr, 2012; Muise,
Impett, Kogan, & Desmarais, 2013).
Because sex is a prominent pathway through which people seek
a sense of felt understanding and caring (Birnbaum & Reis,
2006),
it is easy to understand why scholars have acknowledged the
contribution of intimacy-related processes to sexual desire.
How-
ever, the relevant literature has been largely based on clinical
impressions rather than systematic research (see review by Fer-
reira, Narciso, & Novo, 2012). Furthermore, findings from the
few
studies that have focused on the intimacy– desire linkage (e.g.,
Birnbaum, Cohen, & Wertheimer, 2007; McCabe, 1997; Patton
&
Waring, 1985) are hard to interpret because of several method-
ological issues, such as the use of correlational designs, which
preclude causal conclusions about the link between intimacy
and
the desire for sex, and the possibility of motivated distortion in
participants’ reports of sensitive topics like sexual desire (de
Jong
& Reis, 2015). To be sure, no prior research examining the
intimacy– desire link has used an experimental manipulation of
intimacy displays or has assessed behavioral expressions of
sexual
desire, which would rule out a motivated construal process
expla-
47. Gurit E. Birnbaum, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology,
Interdisciplin-
ary Center (IDC) Herzliya; Harry T. Reis, Department of
Clinical and
Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester; Moran
Mizrahi
and Yaniv Kanat-Maymon, Baruch Ivcher School of
Psychology, Interdis-
ciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya; Omri Sass, Jacobs Institute,
Cornell Tech;
Chen Granovski-Milner, Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan
University.
This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation
(Grant
86/10 awarded to Gurit E. Birnbaum) and by the Binational
Science
Foundation (Grant 2011381 awarded to Gurit E. Birnbaum and
Harry T.
Reis). We thank Noam Segal, Reut Bivas, May Recanati, Romi
Orr, Or
Dvir, Amit Ben-Zvi, Efrat Na’aman, Sapir Damti, Shiran
Halavi, Adi
Harel, Noa Hoss, Sivan Got, Michal Gazit, Adi Manvich, Yulia
Bogdanov,
Yuval Gilad, Zach Gerber, Maya Trajtenberg, Gal Lazarovich,
Lital Lib-
erty, and Shir Kogan for their assistance in the collection and
coding of the
data.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Gurit E.
Birnbaum, Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology,
Interdisciplinary Center
(IDC) Herzliya, P.O. Box 167, Herzliya 46150, Israel. E-mail:
53. intimacy (e.g., familiarity, comfort with each other’s company)
to
engender a sense that the partner is valuable and that the
relation-
ship is special, both of which seem conductive to increasing
desire.
In line with this reasoning, in the present set of studies, we
aimed
to investigate the contribution of partner responsiveness to the
desire to have sex with that partner. Our research extends
previous
research in several ways. First, we sought to establish a causal
connection between expressions of responsiveness and sexual
de-
sire in ongoing relationships. Second, in an attempt to delineate
the
mechanisms underlying this connection, we focused on whether
the sense of uniqueness and perceptions of a partner’s mate
value
that partner responsiveness might evoke explain its expected
effect
on sexual desire. Third, given that women’s sexual responses
are
more attuned to the relational context than those of men (e.g.,
Baumeister, 2000; Birnbaum & Laser-Brandt, 2002), we also
examined whether men and women diverge in their sexual reac-
tions to a responsive partner, and we addressed the role of
unique-
ness and perceived partner mate value as potential mechanisms
for
understanding these gender differences.
The Contribution of Expressions of Intimacy to
Sexual Desire
Perceived partner responsiveness is inherent to the development
54. of intimacy in sexual contexts, in which people seek
understand-
ing, validation, and caring (Birnbaum & Reis, 2006). People
who
perceive that their partners understand and appreciate their
needs
can view sexual interactions as one way to enhance intimate
experiences with responsive partners and, accordingly, may
expe-
rience greater desire for sex with them. In contrast, people who
perceive that their partners are unresponsive to their needs may
avoid sexual activity with them, thereby forgoing the potential
intimacy provided by sex. This reasoning aligns with the
conten-
tion that passion is fueled by cues of rising intimacy (e.g.,
displays
of affection and understanding; Baumeister & Bratslavsky,
1999),
and is corroborated by cross-sectional studies showing that in
established relationships, intimacy relates positively to sexual
de-
sire (e.g., Birnbaum et al., 2007; Štulhofer, Ferreira, &
Landripet,
2014). It is also supported by a diary study indicating that daily
increases in intimacy reported by both partners predicted higher
relationship passion and a higher probability of engaging in sex
(Rubin & Campbell, 2012).
Challenging this view, recent studies have revealed that during
the earliest phase of acquaintanceship, a responsive potential
part-
ner, who seems to want to be close, is less likely than a
relatively
nonresponsive partner to arouse sexual interest in some people
(Birnbaum, Ein-Dor, Reis, & Segal, 2014; Birnbaum & Reis,
2012). Still, it is not known whether findings about
55. responsiveness
and sexual desire based on the early stages of romantic relation-
ships apply to established relationships, given that the
contextual
meaning of partner responsiveness likely changes across
different
stages of relationship development. In initial encounters, which
tend to be suffused with uncertainty (Afifi & Lucas, 2008),
some
people may be cautious when interpreting a stranger’s
expressions
of responsiveness. For example, they may attribute
responsiveness
to ulterior motives (e.g., as a manipulation to obtain sexual
favors,
a self-presentation strategy) or to neediness, and thus perceive a
responsive potential partner as less sexually desirable than an
unresponsive partner (Birnbaum et al., 2014; Birnbaum & Reis,
2012).
However, as relationships develop, responsiveness may acquire
a different meaning and signal to partners that one genuinely
understands, values, and supports important aspects of their
self-
concept and is willing to invest resources in the relationship
(Birnbaum & Reis, 2012; Reis & Clark, 2013), and therefore
may
become more uniformly desired in a partner (Clark & Lemay,
2010). Indeed, unlike less intimate expressions that signal one’s
general intention to “act nice,” which may be more typical of
initial encounters, a partner’s provision of responsiveness in on-
going relationships not only signifies general communal tenden-
cies but also indicates the partner’s specific awareness of who
one
is at a relatively deep level, and what one truly wants. That is,
56. in
social relations model terminology (Kenny, 1990),
responsiveness
in an established relationship may signify relationship-specific
caring and concern, above and beyond dispositional tendencies
to
be responsive (“You don’t just care about people, you care
about
me in particular”). Recognizing this specific awareness in a
partner
makes the relationship feel special (Birnbaum & Reis, 2012;
Kenny, 1990; Reis & Clark, 2013), which is, at least in Western
life, what people seek from their romantic relationships
(Eastwick,
Finkel, Mochon, & Ariely, 2007). This recognition thereby in-
creases the responsive partner’s perceived mate value and thus
desirability (Birnbaum et al., 2014; Clark & Lemay, 2010).
In line with this theorizing, extensive evidence indicates that in
established relationships, perceived partner responsiveness is
as-
sociated with relationship well-being (see Reis & Clark, 2013,
for
a review). For example, among committed romantic couples, re-
sponsiveness during videotaped discussions of negative and
posi-
tive events predicts changes in relationship well-being over 2
months (Gable, Gonzaga, & Strachman, 2006). In other studies,
perceived partner responsiveness has been shown to foster trust
and commitment in romantic relationships (Wieselquist,
Rusbult,
Foster, & Agnew, 1999; see Clark & Lemay, 2010, for a
review).
Theorists generally agree that perceived partner responsiveness
benefits relationship well-being because it signifies the belief
that
57. a partner can be counted on to reliably support and promote
important personal needs— one of the major functions of close
relationships (Clark & Lemay, 2010; Reis & Clark, 2013).
The Present Research
This research demonstrates that responsiveness can have bene-
ficial effects on many aspects of ongoing relationships.
Neverthe-
less, that work virtually ignores sexuality in long-term partner-
ships. One study that has tackled the sexual arena is provided
by
Muise, Impett, Kogan, et al. (2013), who found that the
motivation
to meet a partner’s sexual needs (i.e., sexual communal
strength)
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2 BIRNBAUM ET AL.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258189622_Day-to-
Day_Changes_in_Intimacy_Predict_Heightened_Relationship_P
assion_Sexual_Occurrence_and_Sexual_Satisfaction_A_Dyadic
_Diary_Analysis?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-
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63. ozODMxNDYxNzc2NDY1OTZAMTQ2ODM2MDU3NTI2Mg==
predicts heightened feelings of sexual desire in long-term
relation-
ships. Although sexual communal strength is conceptually
relevant
to responsiveness, it is focused specifically on sexual
responsive-
ness rather than general responsiveness. Even though these two
constructs are somewhat correlated (Birnbaum & Reis, 2006),
they
are not isomorphic; a partner who understands one’s needs in
the
bedroom may not be willing to meet one’s needs outside of it,
and,
vice versa, a partner who is responsive in ordinary social
interac-
tion may not be sexually responsive. Such divergences may
cause
frustration that adversely affects sexual interactions over time.
In the present research, we used complementary methods, in-
cluding experimental and daily diary designs, to examine
whether
and why partner responsiveness outside the bedroom affects
sexual
desire in ongoing relationships. In doing so, we took into
account
that sexual reactions to a partner’s responsiveness might vary,
reflecting gender-specific differences in the meaning of
provision
of responsiveness. This possibility is consistent with the
assertion
that women, who typically have more to lose from a poor
mating
64. choice than men do (i.e., because of greater investment in each
offspring; Buss & Schmitt, 1993; Trivers, 1972), have evolved
relatively greater sensitivity to cues of partners’ willingness to
provide care and invest resources in the relationship than men
(Buss, 1989; Kenrick, Sadalla, Groth, & Trost, 1990).
Women should therefore have a better appreciation of a current
partner’s cues of investment (i.e., expressions of
responsiveness,
which are inherently geared toward promoting a partner’s
welfare)
than men, and they should value responsiveness somewhat
more.
To be sure, although both men and women who pursue long-
term
mating value “good partner” and “good parent” indicators (e.g.,
being loving, kind, and understanding; Li, Bailey, Kenrick, &
Linsenmeier, 2002), women’s perceptions of partner’s
attractive-
ness are more influenced than those of men by evidence of a
partner’s willingness to invest in the relationship (Bleske-
Rechek,
Remiker, Swanson, & Zeug, 2006; Brase, 2006). For example,
both sexes are negatively affected by seeing a potential long-
term
partner ignore a baby in distress, but this effect is stronger in
women (Bleske-Rechek et al., 2006).
Based on these findings, we hypothesized that a partner’s re-
sponsiveness would have a differential effect on men’s and
wom-
en’s relationship and partner perceptions, and consequently on
their desire for sex with this partner. More specifically, because
responsiveness signals that a partner has “special” (that is, over
and above that of casual acquaintances) concern with one’s wel-
fare in a way that is informed about one’s needs and wishes
65. (Reis
et al., 2004), it is expected to make both men and women feel
valued and cared for and appreciate their responsive partner
more
as a mate. These perceptions, in turn, should lead them to desire
their partner more. However, to the extent that women
emphasize
behaviors that signify caregiving and investment more than men
do (Bleske-Rechek et al., 2006; Brase, 2006), provision of
respon-
siveness should have a stronger effect on their relationship-
specific
perceptions and desires.
This article reports three studies examining the contribution of
partner responsiveness to sexual desire directed toward this
part-
ner. In all studies, participants rated their partners’
responsiveness
during a recent interaction and their desire to have sex with
them.
In Study 1, participants were led to believe that they would
interact
online with their partner. In reality, they discussed a recent per-
sonally meaningful life event with a confederate who sent either
responsive or unresponsive standardized messages. In Study 2,
participants discussed a personal event face-to-face with their
partner, thereby allowing interactions to unfold in a natural,
spon-
taneous way. Following this procedure, partners were invited to
express physical intimacy (e.g., caressing, kissing) with each
other.
These interactions were videotaped and coded by independent
judges for displays of responsiveness and desire. Study 3
investi-
66. gated the processes by which partner responsiveness affects
men’s
and women’s desire to have sex with this partner. For this
purpose,
over a span of 42 consecutive days, we asked both members of
romantic couples to complete daily measures of their partner’s
responsiveness and mate value, feelings of being special, and
sexual desire. Our specific predictions were as follows:
1. Partner responsiveness would be associated with in-
creased desire.
2. Feeling special and perceiving that one’s partner has high
mate value would explain the responsiveness– desire link,
such that responsive partners would enhance participants’
feeling valued and would be seen as better mates and as
more sexually desirable.
3. Provision of responsiveness would have a stronger effect
on women’s self- and partner perceptions and desire than
on men’s perceptions and desire.
Study 1
Study 1 was designed to establish a causal link between partner
responsiveness and the desire to engage in sex with this partner.
To
do so, we employed an experimental design in which
participants
were led to believe that they would interact online with their
partner. In reality, they discussed with a confederate over
Instant
Messenger a recent personal negative or positive event. The
con-
federate responded to this disclosure by sending either
responsive
67. or unresponsive standardized messages. Following this
discussion,
participants rated how understood, validated, and cared for they
felt during the interaction (i.e., perceived partner
responsiveness;
Reis et al., 2004) and their desire to engage in sexual activity
with
their partner.
Asking participants to disclose either a positive or a negative
event enabled us to explore the potential contribution of event
type to the desire to have sex with one’s partner. In doing so,
we
followed previous research indicating that responses to positive
event discussions were more strongly associated with
relationship
well-being than were responses to negative event discussions,
possibly because of the diminished sense of self-worth implied
by
the need for support (Gable et al., 2006; Rafaeli & Gleason,
2009).
We hypothesized that a similar pattern would be observed in
sexual desire, because of the potential dampening effect of
respon-
siveness to negative event disclosures on sexual desire, such
that
responsiveness to positive events disclosures would be more
likely
to instigate desire than responsiveness to negative events
disclo-
sures.
In this study, as well as in Study 2, sample size was determined
via a priori power analysis using G�Power software package
(Faul,
Erdfelder, Buchner, & Lang, 2009) to ensure 80% power to
68. detect
a medium effect size, f, of 0.25 at p � .05. All data were
collected
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3PARTNER RESPONSIVENESS AND SEXUAL DESIRE
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280798613_A_Multiv
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e_Within_Married_Couples?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247233476_Cues_of_p
arental_investment_as_a_factor_in_attractiveness?el=1_x_8&en
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247233476_Cues_of_p
arental_investment_as_a_factor_in_attractiveness?el=1_x_8&en
richId=rgreq-cc30770839814aebbe6d4cad1aa1362a-
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237536985_Women_
More_than_Men_Attend_to_Indicators_of_Good_Character_Tw
o_Experimental_Demonstrations?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-