This document summarizes the dynamics of the electricity supply industry (ESI) in ASEAN countries. It discusses key challenges facing the ESI, including depleting energy resources, high demand growth, investment needs, and increasing fuel prices. It also examines strategies countries are taking to ensure energy supply security, such as fuel diversification, developing domestic resources like natural gas and hydroelectric power, and investing in infrastructure like LNG import facilities. Maintaining a balance between factors like supply security, costs, sustainability, and safety is important for utilities to meet responsibilities of delivering reliable electricity.
Infrastructural issues being addressed in the energy sector of pakistanAyesha Majid
Pakistan is facing key challenges and issues in
the development of social sector mainly in
education, health, energy, security and the
environment due to lack of policy framework,
lack of governance, lack of technological
advancement, unstable strategies, lack of
leadership, poor project management, lack of
innovation and inefficient utilization of
resources. Pakistan’s world ranking as per GCI
is as follows infrastructure (121st)—particularly
for electricity (135th)—remains in a dire state.
Moreover, the country displays some of the
lowest education enrolment rates in the world
and basic education is poor (137th).
Prospects of renewable energy resources and regional grid integration for fut...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Presentation on global and Philippine energy industry update and outlook for the Asian Institute of Technology-organized "Design and Delivery of a Professional Development Course on Effective Negotiation and Strategic Management for Gas, Oil and Coal Industries" for senior officials of the Bangladesh energy and power industry
The Development of the Renewable Energy Market in Latin America and the Carib...Worldwatch Institute
This presentation aims to identify the strengths and challenges related to renewable energy development in Latin America and the Caribbean and to develop recommendations to guide future IDB activity.
This document summarizes renewable energy challenges in Oman. It notes that Oman depends heavily on oil and gas for electricity generation, but these resources are limited. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind show potential, but developing renewable energy in Oman faces challenges due to a lack of policy and limited funding. The document reviews Oman's energy infrastructure and electricity grid network, which are currently based on fossil fuels. It identifies the need to diversify energy sources to meet future demand and reduce dependence on limited oil and gas resources.
This document discusses Pakistan's energy sector. It notes that Pakistan faces energy deficiencies despite having natural resources. The two main power suppliers are WAPDA and KE. Pakistan's total installed capacity is around 37,000 MW but demand is around 25,000 MW. The government is promoting renewable energy sources like solar and wind to meet its goal of 30% renewable energy by 2030. Current renewable capacity is only around 1,100 MW. The primary energy sources in Pakistan are gas, oil, hydro, and coal.
This document discusses energy management in Malaysia. It covers:
1. Definitions of energy management and its objectives to optimize energy use and minimize costs and environmental impacts.
2. Malaysia's national energy policy which aims to ensure adequate, secure, and cost-effective energy supplies through developing resources and fuel diversification, as well as promoting efficient utilization and minimizing environmental impacts.
3. Examples of Malaysia's energy resources like oil, gas, coal, and electricity generation, as well as initiatives to increase renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Issues and challenges with renewable energy in omaneSAT Journals
Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive review of energy sources in Oman as well as looking into the structures of the electricity sector in the Sultanate of Oman. The growing population and the spacing between housing units in the territory of Oman has became a major challenges to the government in generation planning due to its limited energy resources in the country. Hence, energy has become an important sector in Omani vision 2020. Renewable energy (RE) sources form a vital and strategic solution for the provision of electric power in the Sultanate; few studies have indicated that Oman is rich in solar and wind energy. However, this sector faces many challenges, and the development of RE is at a slow pace. This paper identify the issues and challenges of RE in Oman Index Terms: Renewable Energy, Solar Power, Wind Energy, Oil and Gas, Electricity.
Infrastructural issues being addressed in the energy sector of pakistanAyesha Majid
Pakistan is facing key challenges and issues in
the development of social sector mainly in
education, health, energy, security and the
environment due to lack of policy framework,
lack of governance, lack of technological
advancement, unstable strategies, lack of
leadership, poor project management, lack of
innovation and inefficient utilization of
resources. Pakistan’s world ranking as per GCI
is as follows infrastructure (121st)—particularly
for electricity (135th)—remains in a dire state.
Moreover, the country displays some of the
lowest education enrolment rates in the world
and basic education is poor (137th).
Prospects of renewable energy resources and regional grid integration for fut...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Presentation on global and Philippine energy industry update and outlook for the Asian Institute of Technology-organized "Design and Delivery of a Professional Development Course on Effective Negotiation and Strategic Management for Gas, Oil and Coal Industries" for senior officials of the Bangladesh energy and power industry
The Development of the Renewable Energy Market in Latin America and the Carib...Worldwatch Institute
This presentation aims to identify the strengths and challenges related to renewable energy development in Latin America and the Caribbean and to develop recommendations to guide future IDB activity.
This document summarizes renewable energy challenges in Oman. It notes that Oman depends heavily on oil and gas for electricity generation, but these resources are limited. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind show potential, but developing renewable energy in Oman faces challenges due to a lack of policy and limited funding. The document reviews Oman's energy infrastructure and electricity grid network, which are currently based on fossil fuels. It identifies the need to diversify energy sources to meet future demand and reduce dependence on limited oil and gas resources.
This document discusses Pakistan's energy sector. It notes that Pakistan faces energy deficiencies despite having natural resources. The two main power suppliers are WAPDA and KE. Pakistan's total installed capacity is around 37,000 MW but demand is around 25,000 MW. The government is promoting renewable energy sources like solar and wind to meet its goal of 30% renewable energy by 2030. Current renewable capacity is only around 1,100 MW. The primary energy sources in Pakistan are gas, oil, hydro, and coal.
This document discusses energy management in Malaysia. It covers:
1. Definitions of energy management and its objectives to optimize energy use and minimize costs and environmental impacts.
2. Malaysia's national energy policy which aims to ensure adequate, secure, and cost-effective energy supplies through developing resources and fuel diversification, as well as promoting efficient utilization and minimizing environmental impacts.
3. Examples of Malaysia's energy resources like oil, gas, coal, and electricity generation, as well as initiatives to increase renewable energy and energy efficiency.
Issues and challenges with renewable energy in omaneSAT Journals
Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive review of energy sources in Oman as well as looking into the structures of the electricity sector in the Sultanate of Oman. The growing population and the spacing between housing units in the territory of Oman has became a major challenges to the government in generation planning due to its limited energy resources in the country. Hence, energy has become an important sector in Omani vision 2020. Renewable energy (RE) sources form a vital and strategic solution for the provision of electric power in the Sultanate; few studies have indicated that Oman is rich in solar and wind energy. However, this sector faces many challenges, and the development of RE is at a slow pace. This paper identify the issues and challenges of RE in Oman Index Terms: Renewable Energy, Solar Power, Wind Energy, Oil and Gas, Electricity.
The document outlines a roadmap for accelerating development of new and renewable energy in Indonesia from 2015-2025. It discusses Indonesia's changing energy situation from being an oil exporter to importer, and the need to develop alternative energy sources like geothermal, solar, and bioenergy. The roadmap estimates that achieving 23% renewable energy by 2025 will require an investment of 1.6 trillion rupiah. It identifies policy, technology, funding, and capacity challenges across different renewable sectors and argues that business as usual approaches will not work. Paradigm shifts and innovative solutions are needed across areas like planning, financing, and governance to successfully implement the roadmap's goals.
This document discusses international trends and scenarios for future energy systems. It notes that long-term energy forecasts often prove inaccurate due to changing conditions. Energy systems are closely tied to global economic cycles, which typically follow short 5-10 year cycles and longer 50-60 year cycles. Over the past centuries, primary energy sources have tracked these economic cycles, transitioning from wood pre-Industrial Revolution to coal and oil in later cycles. The chapter examines expectations for energy demand, sources, technologies, and overall energy systems in the coming decades.
The Energy Resilience Fund (DKE) is a new funding mechanism established in Indonesia to accelerate renewable energy development and energy security. DKE aims to raise IDR 200 trillion by 2025 through various sources to provide incentives and financing for renewable energy and oil/gas projects. It will operate as a public service agency and work with the Center of Excellence for Clean Energy and financial institutions to analyze projects and channel low-cost financing through mechanisms like viability gap funding, guarantees, and interest subsidies. Initial estimates indicate DKE could facilitate around IDR 1 trillion in subsidies until 2019 to cover gaps between renewable energy project costs and the electricity tariffs paid by state utilities.
Power Sector Analysis Report 2017_Sultanate of Oman Shoby P.Jacob
This document provides an overview of Oman's power sector. It discusses the rapid growth in power demand driven by population growth and economic development. To meet this rising demand, Oman is pursuing projects to increase gas-fired generation capacity as well as expanding renewable energy such as solar and wind power. It also describes the key companies involved in power generation, transmission and distribution across Oman's Main Interconnected System and Dhofar Power System. The sector is transitioning to include more private sector participation through independent power producers while still being overseen by the state-owned utilities and regulator.
Myanmar’s Hydropower Strategy and Its Impact on Industry PlayersDr. Oliver Massmann
This document summarizes Myanmar's hydropower strategy and its impact on industry players. It provides background on Myanmar's electricity sector and hydropower potential. Myanmar has significant untapped hydropower potential of over 200 TWh per year, mostly located along its major river basins. The government's hydropower strategy involves increasing installed capacity from 3 GW in 2012 to over 27 GW by 2030 through state-led projects and public-private partnerships. This expanded hydropower development is expected to meet projected electricity demand growth and transform Myanmar's industrial sector.
Bhutan - Utility Scale Solar Power AssessmentVikas Lakhani
Preliminary Assessment of Utility Scale Solar Power in Bhutan, including screening of potential regions for economically and technically viable Solar Projects
Mining and green field opportunities and a detailed business planÂrîtrô Çhàttèrjéé
The document discusses opportunities for renewable energy and mining investments across Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. It outlines the renewable energy potential and targets across various European countries, as well as the opportunities in Ukraine, Russia, and other CIS countries. Key sectors of focus proposed by the platform include wind, solar, hydropower, and biomass/biofuels. Challenges around scaling renewable energy deployment in the region are also discussed.
Transportation is one of the main consumer of energy, worldwide. In this presentation, an overview on how energy is being used for transportation is presented. The concept of energy security is also presented briefly.
The document discusses key priorities and strategies for India's 12th Five Year Plan related to ensuring adequate energy availability and access. It aims to substantially increase power generation capacity through both public and private investment while promoting energy efficiency. Reforms are needed to improve distribution systems and address high transmission and distribution losses. Ensuring access to modern cooking fuels like LPG for rural populations and developing more efficient biomass cookstoves is also a priority. Fuel supplies must be increased through greater domestic production and imports of coal, oil and gas while moving fuel pricing to market-based systems.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an overview of Armenia's energy sector, including its energy production, regional integration efforts, and renewable energy potential. Some key points:
- Armenia relies heavily on nuclear power (30-40% of production) and hydroelectric plants (20-35%), with thermal power making up the remainder. Renewables like solar and wind currently provide less than 1% of energy.
- Regional cooperation includes gas pipelines from Iran, hydroelectric projects on shared rivers, and participation in organizations like the Energy Charter and CIS Energy Council.
- Armenia has significant potential for renewable energy like solar and wind due to its geography and climate. Solar capacity is estimated at 650 MW currently and potentially 3,500 MW in the
The 3rd ASEAN Energy Outlook (ppt final v.3)benisuryadi
The 3rd ASEAN Energy Outlook provides projections for energy demand, supply, and CO2 emissions in Southeast Asia between 2007-2030. It finds that under a business-as-usual scenario, primary energy consumption and emissions would triple due to strong economic growth. However, an alternative policy scenario that incorporates greater energy efficiency, renewable energy, and nuclear power could reduce projected primary energy use and emissions by 18-24% compared to business-as-usual. Key challenges for the region include increasing reliance on imported fuels if domestic production does not rise and the need for aggressive efficiency policies to curb carbon emissions from strong coal demand growth.
This document discusses India's energy scenario in the year 2020. It analyzes India's primary energy resources and their development over time. Coal is India's most abundant resource but reserves are limited. The document also examines India's energy supply infrastructure including electricity generation and oil refining. Three scenarios for India's energy demand in 2020 are considered: Business as Usual, Efficiency-Oriented, and Environmentally Constrained. The methodology for projecting long-term energy demand under each scenario is also described.
This report provides an overview and analysis of Vietnam's energy sector. It finds that energy demand is surging as the economy grows rapidly. Coal currently makes up 35% of primary energy supply but renewable energy sources accounted for over 50% in 2000. The environment is significantly impacted by the growing use of fossil fuels. Energy imports are rising as Vietnam shifts from an energy exporter to importer. Electricity demand is projected to grow 8% annually, requiring major new generation capacity. Renewable energy development strategies aim to increase renewable energy's share of power generation. Energy efficiency presents large untapped potential to reduce emissions and energy imports. Biomass is also an underutilized domestic energy source that could substitute for coal.
This document summarizes a study exploring sustainable low-carbon expansion pathways for Kenya's power sector through 2035 using a capacity expansion model. The model considers uncertainties in load projections, technology costs and performance, and policies. Key findings include: 1) Geothermal adoption is more sensitive to operational degradation than capital costs, suggesting maintenance subsidies are important. 2) Cost-effective solutions include storage, diesel, and transmission to enable up to 50% wind power penetration. 3) A zero-carbon scenario by 2030 is possible with modest $3-7/MWh cost increases and reliability benefits. Existing diesel and gas can provide flexibility while limiting emissions increases with more research on pollutants needed.
Arusha | Jun-14 | Ir Ahmad Zaidee, Off-Grid Renewable Energy SystemsSmart Villages
The workshop in Arusha explored the East African/Tanzanian environment for village energy, local case studies, challenges and opportunities, with a view to formulating policy recommendations for policymakers, funders, NGOs and other stakeholders the region. An important part of the workshop, and indeed the whole Smart Villages initiative work programme, was to gather evidence from existing projects that have provided or facilitated sustainable off-grid energy solutions in the developing world.The workshop gathered more than 50 experts, including policymakers, NGOs, off-grid energy entrepreneurs and others to look for solutions to providing energy to villages off the grid.
PowerGen Africa Manuscript, Africa Energy Project Development Challengesronmiller74
The document discusses challenges for developing energy projects in Africa. It identifies key challenges as: 1) rapidly growing energy demand driven by high GDP growth in some African nations, 2) assessing available fuel resources such as fossil fuels, hydro, wind, and solar, and 3) developing reliable transmission infrastructure to transport energy to demand centers. Additional challenges include securing financing, obtaining government support and addressing regulatory/environmental policies, and ensuring sufficient non-transmission infrastructure and labor. The document provides detailed analysis of different energy resources and considerations for assessment and development.
The document discusses Pakistan's energy challenges and proposes solutions. It notes that Pakistan faces depletion of fossil fuel resources like gas and oil within the next 12-20 years. To remedy this, it recommends developing a comprehensive energy plan that promotes energy efficiency, conservation, and alternative renewable sources like solar, wind, and biofuels. Specifically, it suggests regulations on energy usage, increasing generation and distribution infrastructure, and accelerating projects to develop indigenous hydropower resources.
This document discusses issues and challenges facing India's energy sector. It notes that India is both a major energy producer and consumer, ranking 7th in production and 5th in consumption globally. Meeting future energy needs is a major challenge as over half the population lacks access to electricity or commercial energy. Coal remains the primary energy resource but reserves will only last 140 more years at current production levels. Import dependence for oil and gas is rising and will likely increase further. Renewable sources currently contribute around 3-6% of energy but will need to supply more to address climate change and energy security concerns.
This document summarizes Bangladesh's energy policy. It discusses domestic energy resources, indicators of energy usage including fuel mixes and energy security, energy intensity, policy instruments introduced, and governmental plans to change energy policy. Key points include reliance on biomass, low per capita electricity access and generation, a growing energy demand-supply gap, plans to increase domestic gas and coal production and import LNG and coal to boost supply and ensure energy security. Renewables like solar and wind are being promoted but make up a small portion of energy usage currently.
The document describes the structure and function of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and liver. The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach stores and mixes food and regulates secretions. The small intestine, which is 6 meters long, is the primary site of digestion and absorption. The liver stores and processes nutrients, detoxifies chemicals, and synthesizes new molecules.
This document defines several medical terms and concepts related to urinary tract infections and diagnostics. It explains that a urinary tract infection usually starts in the bladder and can ascend to the kidneys, and are more common in women. It describes how to properly collect a clean catch urine sample and the use of intravenous pyelogram, KUB, and their purposes in examining the urinary system. It also defines bladder neck obstruction and its causes.
The document outlines a roadmap for accelerating development of new and renewable energy in Indonesia from 2015-2025. It discusses Indonesia's changing energy situation from being an oil exporter to importer, and the need to develop alternative energy sources like geothermal, solar, and bioenergy. The roadmap estimates that achieving 23% renewable energy by 2025 will require an investment of 1.6 trillion rupiah. It identifies policy, technology, funding, and capacity challenges across different renewable sectors and argues that business as usual approaches will not work. Paradigm shifts and innovative solutions are needed across areas like planning, financing, and governance to successfully implement the roadmap's goals.
This document discusses international trends and scenarios for future energy systems. It notes that long-term energy forecasts often prove inaccurate due to changing conditions. Energy systems are closely tied to global economic cycles, which typically follow short 5-10 year cycles and longer 50-60 year cycles. Over the past centuries, primary energy sources have tracked these economic cycles, transitioning from wood pre-Industrial Revolution to coal and oil in later cycles. The chapter examines expectations for energy demand, sources, technologies, and overall energy systems in the coming decades.
The Energy Resilience Fund (DKE) is a new funding mechanism established in Indonesia to accelerate renewable energy development and energy security. DKE aims to raise IDR 200 trillion by 2025 through various sources to provide incentives and financing for renewable energy and oil/gas projects. It will operate as a public service agency and work with the Center of Excellence for Clean Energy and financial institutions to analyze projects and channel low-cost financing through mechanisms like viability gap funding, guarantees, and interest subsidies. Initial estimates indicate DKE could facilitate around IDR 1 trillion in subsidies until 2019 to cover gaps between renewable energy project costs and the electricity tariffs paid by state utilities.
Power Sector Analysis Report 2017_Sultanate of Oman Shoby P.Jacob
This document provides an overview of Oman's power sector. It discusses the rapid growth in power demand driven by population growth and economic development. To meet this rising demand, Oman is pursuing projects to increase gas-fired generation capacity as well as expanding renewable energy such as solar and wind power. It also describes the key companies involved in power generation, transmission and distribution across Oman's Main Interconnected System and Dhofar Power System. The sector is transitioning to include more private sector participation through independent power producers while still being overseen by the state-owned utilities and regulator.
Myanmar’s Hydropower Strategy and Its Impact on Industry PlayersDr. Oliver Massmann
This document summarizes Myanmar's hydropower strategy and its impact on industry players. It provides background on Myanmar's electricity sector and hydropower potential. Myanmar has significant untapped hydropower potential of over 200 TWh per year, mostly located along its major river basins. The government's hydropower strategy involves increasing installed capacity from 3 GW in 2012 to over 27 GW by 2030 through state-led projects and public-private partnerships. This expanded hydropower development is expected to meet projected electricity demand growth and transform Myanmar's industrial sector.
Bhutan - Utility Scale Solar Power AssessmentVikas Lakhani
Preliminary Assessment of Utility Scale Solar Power in Bhutan, including screening of potential regions for economically and technically viable Solar Projects
Mining and green field opportunities and a detailed business planÂrîtrô Çhàttèrjéé
The document discusses opportunities for renewable energy and mining investments across Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. It outlines the renewable energy potential and targets across various European countries, as well as the opportunities in Ukraine, Russia, and other CIS countries. Key sectors of focus proposed by the platform include wind, solar, hydropower, and biomass/biofuels. Challenges around scaling renewable energy deployment in the region are also discussed.
Transportation is one of the main consumer of energy, worldwide. In this presentation, an overview on how energy is being used for transportation is presented. The concept of energy security is also presented briefly.
The document discusses key priorities and strategies for India's 12th Five Year Plan related to ensuring adequate energy availability and access. It aims to substantially increase power generation capacity through both public and private investment while promoting energy efficiency. Reforms are needed to improve distribution systems and address high transmission and distribution losses. Ensuring access to modern cooking fuels like LPG for rural populations and developing more efficient biomass cookstoves is also a priority. Fuel supplies must be increased through greater domestic production and imports of coal, oil and gas while moving fuel pricing to market-based systems.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an overview of Armenia's energy sector, including its energy production, regional integration efforts, and renewable energy potential. Some key points:
- Armenia relies heavily on nuclear power (30-40% of production) and hydroelectric plants (20-35%), with thermal power making up the remainder. Renewables like solar and wind currently provide less than 1% of energy.
- Regional cooperation includes gas pipelines from Iran, hydroelectric projects on shared rivers, and participation in organizations like the Energy Charter and CIS Energy Council.
- Armenia has significant potential for renewable energy like solar and wind due to its geography and climate. Solar capacity is estimated at 650 MW currently and potentially 3,500 MW in the
The 3rd ASEAN Energy Outlook (ppt final v.3)benisuryadi
The 3rd ASEAN Energy Outlook provides projections for energy demand, supply, and CO2 emissions in Southeast Asia between 2007-2030. It finds that under a business-as-usual scenario, primary energy consumption and emissions would triple due to strong economic growth. However, an alternative policy scenario that incorporates greater energy efficiency, renewable energy, and nuclear power could reduce projected primary energy use and emissions by 18-24% compared to business-as-usual. Key challenges for the region include increasing reliance on imported fuels if domestic production does not rise and the need for aggressive efficiency policies to curb carbon emissions from strong coal demand growth.
This document discusses India's energy scenario in the year 2020. It analyzes India's primary energy resources and their development over time. Coal is India's most abundant resource but reserves are limited. The document also examines India's energy supply infrastructure including electricity generation and oil refining. Three scenarios for India's energy demand in 2020 are considered: Business as Usual, Efficiency-Oriented, and Environmentally Constrained. The methodology for projecting long-term energy demand under each scenario is also described.
This report provides an overview and analysis of Vietnam's energy sector. It finds that energy demand is surging as the economy grows rapidly. Coal currently makes up 35% of primary energy supply but renewable energy sources accounted for over 50% in 2000. The environment is significantly impacted by the growing use of fossil fuels. Energy imports are rising as Vietnam shifts from an energy exporter to importer. Electricity demand is projected to grow 8% annually, requiring major new generation capacity. Renewable energy development strategies aim to increase renewable energy's share of power generation. Energy efficiency presents large untapped potential to reduce emissions and energy imports. Biomass is also an underutilized domestic energy source that could substitute for coal.
This document summarizes a study exploring sustainable low-carbon expansion pathways for Kenya's power sector through 2035 using a capacity expansion model. The model considers uncertainties in load projections, technology costs and performance, and policies. Key findings include: 1) Geothermal adoption is more sensitive to operational degradation than capital costs, suggesting maintenance subsidies are important. 2) Cost-effective solutions include storage, diesel, and transmission to enable up to 50% wind power penetration. 3) A zero-carbon scenario by 2030 is possible with modest $3-7/MWh cost increases and reliability benefits. Existing diesel and gas can provide flexibility while limiting emissions increases with more research on pollutants needed.
Arusha | Jun-14 | Ir Ahmad Zaidee, Off-Grid Renewable Energy SystemsSmart Villages
The workshop in Arusha explored the East African/Tanzanian environment for village energy, local case studies, challenges and opportunities, with a view to formulating policy recommendations for policymakers, funders, NGOs and other stakeholders the region. An important part of the workshop, and indeed the whole Smart Villages initiative work programme, was to gather evidence from existing projects that have provided or facilitated sustainable off-grid energy solutions in the developing world.The workshop gathered more than 50 experts, including policymakers, NGOs, off-grid energy entrepreneurs and others to look for solutions to providing energy to villages off the grid.
PowerGen Africa Manuscript, Africa Energy Project Development Challengesronmiller74
The document discusses challenges for developing energy projects in Africa. It identifies key challenges as: 1) rapidly growing energy demand driven by high GDP growth in some African nations, 2) assessing available fuel resources such as fossil fuels, hydro, wind, and solar, and 3) developing reliable transmission infrastructure to transport energy to demand centers. Additional challenges include securing financing, obtaining government support and addressing regulatory/environmental policies, and ensuring sufficient non-transmission infrastructure and labor. The document provides detailed analysis of different energy resources and considerations for assessment and development.
The document discusses Pakistan's energy challenges and proposes solutions. It notes that Pakistan faces depletion of fossil fuel resources like gas and oil within the next 12-20 years. To remedy this, it recommends developing a comprehensive energy plan that promotes energy efficiency, conservation, and alternative renewable sources like solar, wind, and biofuels. Specifically, it suggests regulations on energy usage, increasing generation and distribution infrastructure, and accelerating projects to develop indigenous hydropower resources.
This document discusses issues and challenges facing India's energy sector. It notes that India is both a major energy producer and consumer, ranking 7th in production and 5th in consumption globally. Meeting future energy needs is a major challenge as over half the population lacks access to electricity or commercial energy. Coal remains the primary energy resource but reserves will only last 140 more years at current production levels. Import dependence for oil and gas is rising and will likely increase further. Renewable sources currently contribute around 3-6% of energy but will need to supply more to address climate change and energy security concerns.
This document summarizes Bangladesh's energy policy. It discusses domestic energy resources, indicators of energy usage including fuel mixes and energy security, energy intensity, policy instruments introduced, and governmental plans to change energy policy. Key points include reliance on biomass, low per capita electricity access and generation, a growing energy demand-supply gap, plans to increase domestic gas and coal production and import LNG and coal to boost supply and ensure energy security. Renewables like solar and wind are being promoted but make up a small portion of energy usage currently.
The document describes the structure and function of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and liver. The esophagus transports food from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach stores and mixes food and regulates secretions. The small intestine, which is 6 meters long, is the primary site of digestion and absorption. The liver stores and processes nutrients, detoxifies chemicals, and synthesizes new molecules.
This document defines several medical terms and concepts related to urinary tract infections and diagnostics. It explains that a urinary tract infection usually starts in the bladder and can ascend to the kidneys, and are more common in women. It describes how to properly collect a clean catch urine sample and the use of intravenous pyelogram, KUB, and their purposes in examining the urinary system. It also defines bladder neck obstruction and its causes.
The document summarizes several common diagnostic procedures for the urinary system:
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) tests measure nitrogen levels in the blood to evaluate kidney function. A urine culture examines a urine sample for bacteria that may be causing a urinary tract infection. A Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder (KUB) x-ray produces images of the kidneys, ureters and bladder without dye. A retrograde pyelogram uses dye injected into the urethra to outline the urinary structures, while a cystoscopy visually examines the bladder using a cytoscope.
The document discusses unilateral small kidneys and the role of imaging in establishing a diagnosis. It describes various causes of unilateral small kidneys including pre-renal issues like renal artery stenosis, intra-renal issues such as renal infarction, and post-renal issues like reflux nephropathy. Imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, MRI, renal scintigraphy, and angiography are discussed for evaluating the kidneys and determining the underlying etiology. The document emphasizes how different imaging findings can help identify conditions that may cause one kidney to be smaller than the other.
1. KUBs and IVPs are rapid, low-risk exams used to assess bones, stones, masses, and gases in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. An IVP involves imaging the abdomen after intravenous contrast administration.
2. It is important to be systematic in evaluating KUBs and IVPs, using the PSOAS mnemonic to assess kidney positioning, size, orientation, axis, and symmetry. Providers must also be aware of potential contrast reactions and radiation exposure.
3. IVPs can provide useful emergent imaging during surgery, with a small contrast dose given intraoperatively and a single image obtained at 10 minutes.
A barium enema is an x-ray examination of the colon where barium is used to coat the walls of the colon so it can be visualized. It is used to detect conditions like cancer, polyps, ulcerative colitis, and Hirschsprung's disease in children by examining the anatomy and function of the lower gastrointestinal tract. The patient must prepare by emptying their colon through fasting and laxatives and removing any metal before the barium is administered for imaging.
Radiographic films can contain artifacts that interfere with diagnosis. There are three periods when artifacts can occur: during exposure, processing, or handling before processing. Exposure artifacts include poor screen-film contact or grid use, double exposure, and patient motion. Processing artifacts result from issues like dirty rollers, chemical fog, guide shoe or roller marks. Handling and storage artifacts include light or radiation fog from improper safelighting, kink marks from improper handling, and static effects from electron buildup. Artifacts must be minimized to accurately diagnose from radiographic images.
A barium enema involves inserting a tube into the rectum to fill the colon with barium liquid and air. This allows visualization of the colon on x-ray to detect abnormalities like polyps, inflammation, or tumors. A single contrast study uses just barium, while a double contrast study first uses barium then replaces it with air to provide more detailed images of the colon walls and inner surfaces. The test takes 15-20 minutes and causes only minor side effects like temporary stomach cramps or constipation.
A presentation about Intravenous Urography (Also known as Intravenous Pyeography).
The presentation contains 41 slides, and is divided into 4 parts :
1 - Introduction.
2 - The procedure.
3 - Examples for abnormal findings.
4 - Studies comparing IVU accuracy with KUB & USG with CT Scan.
This presentation was prepared and presented by me in the tutorials of the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
The document discusses various radiographic exposure factors and how they influence the quantity and quality of x-radiation exposure to patients. It describes how factors like kVp, mA, and exposure time determine the radiation dose and beam quality. It also discusses how the design of the x-ray machine like focal spot size, filtration, and high voltage generation impact technical settings. Film factors like sensitometry, contrast, and processing also influence radiographic image quality.
This document discusses common radiographic errors and artifacts that can occur during dental x-ray procedures. It identifies three main categories of errors: technique and projection errors, exposure errors, and processing errors. Technique errors include issues with patient preparation, film placement, and projection angles. Exposure errors result in over or underexposed images. Processing errors stem from chemical or film handling issues during development and fixing of the x-ray film. The document provides examples and explanations of specific errors like double images, cut-off areas, density problems, and chemical or physical marks that can affect image quality and interpretation.
Indonesia's Perspectives on Renewable Energy Future Developmentlorenzocaldara
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South East Asia is widely recognised as a leading location for direct investment, with an existing strong and diverse industry base. One of the most exciting areas of opportunity in the region is Renewable Energy (RE). South East Asia is a huge potential market for RE. In this Paper, we examine the potential for Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. In addition to the 6 countries which we have examined in this Paper, further huge opportunities will likely exist in other ASEAN territories, such as Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos.
Dominique MINIERE, EDF Senior Vice President, Deputy Chief Operating Officer and SFEN President, opened the 4th edition of Atoms for the Future. He welcomed the 250 participants coming from 13 countries with the very good news of the UK project which will see two EPRs being built on the Hinkley Point site. He emphasized the global need for electricity, especially in developing countries, and therefore the high potential for further nuclear development.
ASEAN Coal Trends: Challenges and Oppor tuni ties on Facing ASEAN Economi c C...Meliana Lumbantoruan
ASEAN energy consump tion is forecasted to rise because of the
signi ficant gro wt h of economy and popul ation in the region. Coal
use continuou sly increase as a replacement for oil and natural gas.
ASEAN plays signi ficant roles in coal consump tion and produ ction in Asia
Pacific. Using the value chain approach, it is projected that coal produ cer
coun tries in ASEAN will have the chance to maximize the market through
bilateral trade or AEC framework. The AEC can foster market integration
in ASEAN, build s awareness of ASEAN coun tries to develop their
infrastructure in energy suff iciency, as well as develops clean coal
technolog y. Coal produ ction in ASEAN will still leant on Indonesia as the
main expor ter in ASEAN. Energy policy of each coun try in ASEAN has a lot
of things in common , which provides the space of building further regional
coooperation in managing energy features. The future of coal sector in
ASEAN will highl y depends on advancement of technolog y, impro vement
of governance, effeciency of transpor tation, and connectivity between
the coun tries. Strengthening cooperation and coordin ation must be a key
strategy for ASEAN coun tries to ensure readiness in facing AEC.
Keywords: Coal, ASEAN, AEC, energy, value chain, governance
RENEWABLE ENERGY TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE POWER SUPPLY IN THE NIGERIAN POWER IND...IAEME Publication
The challenge of climate change results primarily from the global use of fossil
fuel. Renewable energy as alternative energy source allows the use of natural sources
such as micro-hydro, wind; solar, and biomass that are sustainable to be explored.
The increase in the dependence on renewable energy calls for attention which can be
solved by the use of energy management. Energy management will provide a
consistent and controllable power supply. There is the need for the integration of
energy management into the grid planning and design. In this work, Energy
management using energy storage is thus considered as one design method for the
system to maximize simplicity and increase reliability using HOMER, a conventional
simulation tool.
Energy generation report. final 10 oct 14pptx...Philippine Energy Plan 2012 -...alex regado
This document outlines the Philippine energy plan from 2012-2030. It discusses the Department of Energy's goals of ensuring energy security, achieving optimal energy prices, and developing a sustainable energy system. The plan aims to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030. It identifies strategies like expanding renewable energy use, accelerating oil and gas exploration, and promoting energy efficiency. The plan requires 3.174 trillion PHP in investments and involves various government agencies in implementation activities to achieve rural electrification, develop indigenous resources, and promote renewable energy.
Roadmap for Indonesia's Power Sector - Summary for Policy MakersGandabhaskara Saputra
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The document summarizes a forum on developing renewable energy in Northeast Asia and the Asia Super Grid concept. It discusses Mongolia's Gobitec project which aims to harness its vast wind and solar resources in the Gobi desert and supply 100GW of clean energy to Northeast Asia by 2030, making Mongolia an energy hub. The forum highlighted that the Asia Super Grid is technically feasible but faces political, financial and regulatory barriers. Speakers discussed various countries' plans for interconnectors and trading renewable energy regionally to increase energy security.
AMA - Final Project Report1 dtd 20-06-2015Dhiren Patel
The document provides an overview of renewable energy potential and growth in India, as well as the enabling policy framework and incentives available for renewable energy projects. It discusses investment opportunities and financing options for solar and wind energy projects in India. The study aims to compare the investment and financing patterns of solar and wind energy projects in India. It outlines the methodology, scope, and limitations of the comparative study.
The document provides a cost benefit analysis of the proposed Haripur Nuclear Power Plant in West Bengal, India. Key points:
- The plant was proposed in 2006 but faced public opposition and was suspended. It would have had a capacity of 10,000 MW generated from 6 reactors.
- The site at Haripur is a fertile agricultural and fishing area that supports many local livelihoods. Building the plant would have displaced over 80,000 people.
- The analysis identifies and quantifies the various costs and benefits of the proposed plant to determine if it would provide a net benefit to society. Factors like energy production, employment, and environmental impacts are considered.
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This document discusses Pakistan's energy crisis and options for conservation and renewable energy. It notes that Pakistan has been facing shortages in oil and electricity for the past 5-6 years. It then discusses various renewable energy sources that could help address this crisis, including solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and tidal energy. Small hydro in particular is highlighted as an option well-suited for rural areas not connected to the grid. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of conserving energy and utilizing renewable resources like solar, wind, water, and biomass to help Pakistan's economy and address its current energy challenges.
Energy concerns centre stage in Asia Pacific by Peter GodfreyChen Yuyuan
In this article, Peter Godfrey, Managing Director - Asia Pacific of Energy Institute discussed the energy demand growth, and LNG developments and collaboration in the region.
Energy Storage - Is the Time Ripe for India-As Publishedjrosh
The document discusses the opportunities for energy storage to support India's growing renewable energy sector. It notes that while renewable energy capacity is increasing, supply still lags demand. Energy storage could help address issues of predictability for renewable sources by storing excess energy for later use. This would help integrate renewable energy into the grid and lower costs. The document outlines various energy storage technologies and calls for policy support to develop this sector in India, including incentives and mandates. Key stakeholders like regulators and utilities must recognize storage and incorporate it into planning to fully leverage its benefits.
IChemE Energy Centre report - Transitions in electricity systems towards 2030...Alexandra Howe
1. Climate change mitigation efforts in the analyzed countries are implemented only if they promote economic growth objectives.
2. Energy security concerns drive diversification of electricity sources, with many countries investing in natural gas infrastructure and promoting renewable energy.
3. A key driver of capacity expansion is addressing shortages in electricity supply to fuel economic growth, with countries investing in new generation capacity and transmission infrastructure.
In this paper, Agham explores the issue of the use of renewable energy in the country and its place in achieving a pro-people, pro-environment national power industry. The paper would go through the basics of renewable energy (RE), the country's renewable energy resources and potentials vis-à-vis the current energy pattern. The overarching policy and program of the government will then be discussed, its impacts on the current energy landscape and Agham's critique on the current framework.
Integration of coal based fuel into the energy mix & expansion of hydro...FRANKLIN AJAEGBU
The document discusses strategies for improving electricity supply in Nigeria through diversifying the energy mix and expanding power sources. It recommends integrating coal-based fuel and expanding hydroelectric power through new dams. Nigeria currently generates only 3,000MW against a demand of 50,000MW and projected need of 150,000MW by 2030. Other countries rely heavily on coal for power but Nigeria has not utilized its estimated reserves of 3 billion tonnes. The study argues Nigeria can meet energy demands through clean coal technologies and hydroelectric power given suitable locations for dams exist. Investments are needed in generation, transmission and distribution to achieve optimal electricity supply.
Keynote address min at africa energy indaba feb 2019 1aujourlejour1
The key points from the document are:
1) South Africa faces challenges in ensuring energy security including unreliable electricity supply, aging infrastructure, and high energy costs.
2) The country is working to diversify its energy mix through renewable energy and natural gas while ensuring a just transition from coal.
3) Regional cooperation on energy infrastructure such as gas pipelines and hydropower projects from the DRC could boost energy access and economic development in Southern Africa.
How renewables can help electrify indonesia's sprawling island nation renew...Gandabhaskara Saputra
Indonesia aims to electrify its entire population of 260 million people and currently generates electricity through a mix of fossil fuels and renewables. A study examined Indonesia's electricity system and generation plans over the next decade. Modeling different scenarios, the study found that Indonesia can significantly increase renewable energy from 19% to 43% by 2027 without increasing costs or reducing reliability. Transitioning to higher levels of renewables would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 39 to 89 megatons compared to business as usual plans and only result in slightly higher total system costs of up to 7% more over the period from 2018 to 2027. Renewables can play a larger role in Indonesia's electricity future at similar or lower costs than current fossil fuel-
An Assessment Of Renewable Energy Readiness In Africa Case Study Of Nigeria ...Nicole Heredia
This document discusses renewable energy development in Nigeria and Cameroon. It provides an overview of renewable energy potential and progress in these two countries. While Nigeria has identified renewable energy as a source to improve power generation since 2000, Cameroon does not yet have a defined renewable energy policy. Barriers to further renewable energy incorporation in both countries include high upfront costs, lack of technical capacity and policy/regulatory issues. The document argues for greater regional cooperation between Nigeria and Cameroon to develop their renewable energy sectors given their similar climates and energy needs.
Download Uae nuclear power sector opportunity analysisKuicK Research
The UAE is shifting from relying predominantly on natural gas for power generation to focusing on clean energy sources like nuclear and renewables. This is due to concerns about energy security and the environment from being 100% dependent on fossil fuels. The UAE aims to have nuclear power form a key part of this new energy policy. It is the first country in the GCC to embark on a nuclear energy program and plans to have four nuclear power plants operational between 2017-2020 to generate 1400 MW each. The UAE has established regulatory bodies like FANR and signed many international agreements to help offset its lack of nuclear technology and expertise as it works to develop its nuclear power sector.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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Nunit vs XUnit vs MSTest Differences Between These Unit Testing Frameworks.pdfflufftailshop
When it comes to unit testing in the .NET ecosystem, developers have a wide range of options available. Among the most popular choices are NUnit, XUnit, and MSTest. These unit testing frameworks provide essential tools and features to help ensure the quality and reliability of code. However, understanding the differences between these frameworks is crucial for selecting the most suitable one for your projects.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
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Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
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Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
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The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
1. THE DYNAMICS OF THE
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY (ESI)
A PUBLIC LECTURE
BY
TAN SRI LEO MOGGIE
AT THE INAUGURAL
DISTINGUISHED SPEAKERS’ PROGRAMME
BY
THE ENERGY MARKET AUTHORITY OF SINGAPORE
29TH
APRIL 2011
--------------------------------------------------------------
Ms Chan,
Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,
Introduction
1. It is a pleasure to be in Singapore again. But first, I would like to
thank the organizers, the Energy Market Authority of Singapore
(EMA), for inviting me to speak in this inaugural Distinguished
Speakers’ Programme. I appreciate this privilege of sharing my
thoughts on the dynamics of the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI), with
respect to the countries of ASEAN and within the context of current
developments and realities. My comments are made in my personal
capacity as someone who has been involved in the industry for many
years, not as Chairman of Tenaga Nasional Berhad.
2. 2
2. With regard to issues of energy, we are all aware of global
concerns with carbon emission and climate change, and the
significant role of the mitigating steps the energy industry can take.
That aside, there has been a great deal going on around the world
lately which are worthy of our attention because of their profound
impact on the dynamics of the energy and electricity supply industry
today – the floods in Australia earlier this year, the on-going instability
in the Middle East and North Africa, the triple earthquake / tsunami /
nuclear tragedy in Japan.
3. It will be some years yet before the world fully recovers from the
effects of these events. But, among the important lessons learned is
the reality of how globally and economically connected we have
become and how profoundly vulnerable the industry is to the vagaries
of nature and the multiple crosscurrents in the global economics. And
as an immediate reaction, these events will lend to some adjustments
in the way the electricity industry carries on with its business.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
3. 3
Dynamics of the ESI
4. The Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) of ASEAN, which serves
as the backdrop of what I am discussing today, faces multi-
dimensional challenges in fulfilling its responsibility to deliver
reasonable, affordable and reliable electricity supply to consumers
and in support of national development objectives of the respective
countries. These include depleting indigenous energy resources,
high demand growth in the electricity sectors, huge investments that
are needed, increasing and volatile fuel prices, vocal public demands
on the issues of environment at a time when customers’ expectation
are also increasingly sophisticated. On the part of the utilities, this
calls for prudent management and planning to be put in place, which
involves finding a balance between project development and its
associated risks, and exploring alternative supply options and
technologies.
5. The utilities will have to manage a delicate balance among the
primary elements which drives and determines the dynamics of the
industry, namely Energy Supply Security, Competitive Costs, Green
Energy and Environmental Sustainability and the assurance of
Safety.
6. For example, Green Energy goals of reducing the level of
carbon emission and mitigating climate change are much desired.
However, the cost of available technology for Green Energy today is
still very high and therefore not cost efficient. And also current
technology on renewable energy is still not dependable in terms of
4. 4
security and stability of supply. It is almost necessary to have a
replicate generation capacity for base-load supply.
7. Similarly, industrialization policy that encourages the setting up
of heavy industries runs contrary to the objective of reducing carbon
emissions, as it is also contrary to the objective of encouraging
efficient use of energy. The question is should high-energy
consuming industries, which are likely to be highly polluting be
allowed to be set up? Those tasked with framing a country’s industrial
policy cannot ignore the impact such a policy will have on the
country’s energy supply.
5. 5
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Energy Supply Security
8. Since power plants require fuel to generate electricity, obviously
fuel supply security is critical to ensuring the ability of a power utility
to fulfill its responsibility of delivering safe, secure and reliable
electricity to its consumers.
9. Generally, the ASEAN countries are or may seem to be in a
comfortable position with regard to the current position of supply
security. The majority of the countries of ASEAN utilize natural gas as
the main source of electricity generation. Currently, for example,
Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore are largely dependent on
natural gas for power generation. Natural gas is relatively abundant
within the ASEAN region, with proven reserves of about 4% of global
reserves.
10. In the North ASEAN region encompassing the Mekong Basin,
in particular Lao PDR (People’s Democratic Republic) Myanmar and
Vietnam, power generation is mostly derived from hydropower.
11. Even though presently the role of renewable energy is still very
small, renewable energy is already part of the generation mix, for
example geothermal for both Indonesia and the Philippines, biomass
and geothermal in Thailand and biomass in Malaysia.
6. 6
12. This level of comfort in energy supply security is however
compromised, even in the short term, by the rising trend in energy
prices that we are seeing now. What is clear is that there will be
increased challenges in ensuring supply security in the longer term.
Fuel supply security within the region revolves primarily around three
fossil fuels, i.e. oil, natural gas and coal. Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
and Vietnam are countries in the region with oil reserves at 1.1, 4.4,
5.5 and 4.5 thousand million barrels respectively. These reserves are
however finite and fast depleting due to the high regional demand, as
well as increasing demand for export revenue.
13. It is the same for gas. ASEAN countries have a proven reserve
of 4% of global reserves, and accounts for about 6.6% of the world’s
production. We are already seeing some strains in gas supply. In
Malaysia, for example, the development of natural gas is also further
hampered in that it involves smaller fields containing CO2 and the
increase in exploration and production costs.
14. In the case of coal, while the Asia Pacific region is reported to
have the second largest proven reserves in the world, after Europe
and Eurasia, most of the coal within the region is found in Indonesia,
though there are some smaller quantities in Thailand, Vietnam and
Malaysia (Sarawak).
15. At the same time, Asia Pacific is also the largest consumer of
coal. In addition, most of the coal produced and consumed within the
7. 7
region is of lower calorific value coal or lignite used at mine-mouth
coal plants within the region.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
16. The response adopted by individual countries in ASEAN to
mitigate the risk of supply security is very much influenced by
available resources. Most adopt a general policy of fuel
diversification. There is however some focus on a dominant particular
fuel choice, especially where such a resource is obtainable
domestically.
17. For instance, Brunei’s energy supply is relatively secure.
Brunei has an abundant domestic natural gas supply and gas will
continue to be dominant in its generation mix. Even so, Brunei is
examining the possible sourcing of future long term capacity from
Sarawak’s hydro power projects to complement its gas-based plants.
18. Meanwhile, Indonesia’s current high economic growth also
means high demand growth for power. In order to meet this demand,
Indonesia is focusing on fast track projects of coal-fired plants and
reinforcing its transmission network, including grid interconnection
projects for energy transmission from coal-fired plants to load centres
and grid connections between its main islands. The Philippines is
diversifying its generation fuel mix. So does Thailand, which has
formulated quite a comprehensive fuel diversification strategy,
ranging from Renewable Energy (RE) sources and fossil fuels,
8. 8
augmented by its hydro imports from neighboring countries.
Singapore will continue to be highly dependent on gas powered
plants, and in order to manage its supply security, Singapore will
diversify its sourcing of gas and is investing in infrastructure for LNG
imports.
19. For Peninsular Malaysia, where 40% of generation mix is from
coal, which is primarily sourced from Indonesia, Australia and South
Africa, the risk of fuel supply is a real challenge to Tenaga Nasional.
In an effort to manage the increased risks in fuel security and, in
particular the worrying prospect of having too much coal in the
generation mix, Malaysia is also investing in infrastructure for LNG
imports as an alternative for gas from domestic supply. In Malaysia’s
diversification policy, natural gas will continue to be one of the major
fuels for base-loan electricity generation. The first LNG import facility
is under development in Malacca and is expected to be ready in
August 2012
20. Malaysia also has a large hydro potential of approximately
28,000 MW in Malaysia’s State of Sarawak. The actual capacity that
can be developed is likely to be much less, but still substantial. As
may be recalled, the original plan for the development of the 2400
MW Bakun hydro project in Sarawak, was for part of the power to be
transmitted via submarine HVDC cable to Peninsular Malaysia.
Power from Bakun is now totally reserved for use in Sarawak.
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21. The development of major hydro power has its own challenges,
which requires proper planning of the future livelihood of affected
local communities in a comprehensive way. The implementation of
hydro power projects has to be part of extending the development
process encompassing the economic future and welfare of the
communities that are affected. As long as such issues are properly
addressed, the prospect of transferring hydro power capacity from
Sarawak should be revived, particularly as there will be serious
concerns on the development of nuclear power post Fukushima.
22. As can be appreciated, the investments that will be needed in
the future to meet the demand for power infrastructure in the region
are huge. According to some industry experts, ASEAN, with 601
million in population and current total generation capacity of about
130,000 MW, will require more than USD 100 million in investments
in the next 10 – 15 years (ACE & IEEJ, 2006) to meet its rapidly
growing electricity demand, which is at an average of 3.8% per
annum until 2030.
23. Let me also comment on the role of nuclear power generation
in ASEAN. A number of countries in the region have made some
early preparations to include nuclear power in their respective
generation mix. Vietnam is perhaps more advanced in its preparation
to build its nuclear power plant, as compared to other countries in
ASEAN.
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24. However, what happened in Fukushima Daichii, Japan is likely
to raise new concerns on the future of nuclear power. Those in the
nuclear industry continue to be convinced of the technical safety of
modern nuclear reactors with their stringent safety features. They will
point out that the Fukushima reactor is outdated and was in fact
expected to be decommissioned soon. Also the main argument
supporting the use of nuclear power is because it is seen to be the
only viable technology that will address the issue of global warming
and climate change. Then came the March 11th
tragedy. The
supporters of nuclear power will also point out that as a result of
Fukushima, there will be more stringent regulatory rules and design
criteria are going to be further tightened. The challenge, post
Fukushima, however, is not strictly technical but one of public
acceptance. With all the images of the Fukushima nuclear plant
meltdown fresh in their minds, together with footage of what
happened in Chernobyl as Ukraine commemorated the 25th
Anniversary of the tragedy three days ago, it is unlikely that, at least
in the short term, public opinion can be persuaded to support the use
of nuclear power. For a number of countries in ASEAN that have
factored in the use of nuclear as part of its generation mix,
Fukushima meant these plans will need to be revisited. It will also
encourage pressure of public opinion for governments and utilities
worldwide to focus more on the development of renewable energy
and green energy technologies.
Cost Competitiveness
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25. As to Cost Competitiveness, we know that electricity pricing
policy varies from country to country, depending on a number of
considerations, such as fuel price subsidy, availability of indigenous
resources, economic multiplier and the country’s generation mix.
Electricity tariffs in Singapore and the Philippines, for example, are
based on full market price of fuels and, therefore, are higher
compared to tariffs in other countries in ASEAN. In cases where the
electricity supply industry is still government-controlled, even if by
proxy, and where there are some moderate natural resources per
capita, elements of subsidies are often embedded in pricing. This
results in relatively lower tariffs in countries such as Indonesia,
Malaysia and Thailand. For countries which are rich in natural
resources for their electricity generation, the consumers are able to
enjoy relatively cheaper tariffs, since fuel inputs are predominantly
domestically-based – e.g. natural gas for Brunei and hydropower for
Lao PDR (People’s Democratic Republic).
26. Price volatility is an accepted feature of fossil fuels. As we
know, prices of natural gas and coal often move in tandem with prices
of crude oil. This presents a great challenge where spikes in oil
prices occur, typically during events of crisis such as the current
political instability in several North African and Middle East countries.
As is expected, the main fossil fuel (gas, coal) prices used for the
power sector in ASEAN are directly linked to and move in tandem
with the movement of international oil prices. This is now
compounded by increased coal generation due to the reduction in
electricity from nuclear plants in Japan and Europe, particularly
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Germany, as a result of Fukushima. Demand for coal from Japan
and Germany have increased, putting pressure on coal prices
worldwide.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
27. It has often been commented that micro managing of the
activities of the power supply industry by government will result in
inefficiency. From the industry’s perspective, utilities should be free to
manage their own operations. In an ideal electricity supply industry
environment, government intervention in the operation of the industry
should be avoided. However, we are living in a world where,
according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), around 1.5 billion
people still have no access to electricity. Of relevance to us in this
room is the fact that 10% of them reside in the ASEAN region.
28. There is a real disconnect between the uses of electricity in
advanced economies and the population in the less developed areas.
There are areas where companies can come in, supply electricity and
do a perfectly viable business, such as in Singapore. There are also
areas where proactive intervention and subsidies are necessary to
promote increase in the rate of electrification.
29. We also need to remind ourselves that electricity is essential for
socio-economic development and that access to it is a basic need for
the general population. So, whilst many of us talk about advanced
issues on the electricity supply industry such as market liberalization,
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renewable energy and new technologies like Smart Grid and Carbon
Capture and Storage (CCS), the basic need to supply electricity
remains an issue in many parts of the world, including parts of the
ASEAN region. It is in cases such as these that government
intervention is necessary to ensure that electricity supply can be
delivered to all at affordable prices.
30. Energy pricing can be a complicated issue. For example, one
aspect which countries that produce resources (oil, gas, coal) are
constantly engaged in is to determine the optimum prices of the
indigenous fuel resources for domestic use, as opposed to
maximizing revenues through exporting it at market prices. Countries
such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand subsidize their fossil fuel
prices for use in the domestic power sector. This is seen as
appropriate and as a necessary support for domestic industry, with its
components of value added activities.
31. Let me say this is not peculiar to the region. In 2009, USD 312
billion was spent on worldwide fossil fuel subsidies. As far as ASEAN
is concerned, Indonesia spent USD 12.5 billion, while Malaysia and
Thailand spent USD 4 – 5 billion, according to the World Economic
Outlook 2010 published by the IEA.
32. Those in the industry will point out that fuel subsidies create
artificially lower energy prices, encourage wasteful consumption,
distort market signals and undermine the competitiveness of
renewable energy. They are right. However, there are many reasons
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why governments continue with the policy of subsidizing energy
prices - primarily for social-economic and affordability purposes. For
example, Indonesia’s end use electricity prices are heavily
subsidized. Subsidy restructuring programs, while absolutely
compelling on economic ground, need to be carefully crafted and
judiciously implemented, not only to ensure sustainability of the
energy sector, but also to sustain the stability of the economy.
Elective governments are sensitive to public opinion, even if at times,
at the cost of being seen to compromise economic management.
Green Energy and Environment Sustainability
33. Yesterday, at Universiti Tenaga Nasional, we had Professor Dr.
Rajendra K. Pachauri, Chairman of the Inter-Governmental Panel on
Climate Change speak to us and clearly showing how urgent global
action is required to mitigate the march of climate change. ASEAN
Governments generally recognize environmental sustainability as
their national agenda. Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand have taken
initiatives to incorporate green energy strategies in their generation
plan. Singapore has also advanced its CO2 reduction initiatives with
the promotion of energy efficiency and renewable energy, as well as
other green energy projects, such as the waste-to-energy power plant
and intelligent energy system pilot projects in Pulau Ubin. The
Government of Thailand also promotes renewable energy production
and usage in its long term development plan, with its current RE
installed capacity of 405 MW (i.e. 1.4% of Generating Capacity). I
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understand Indonesia is planning to harness substantial capacity
from its geothermal potential.
34. In Malaysia, Tenaga Nasional is aligning its green energy
initiatives with the green energy agenda and the 40% carbon intensity
reduction voluntary pledge made during the Conference of Parties 15
in Copenhagen in 2009. The policy focuses on driving for operational
efficiency and encouraging Energy Efficiency among its consumers.
Tenaga Nasional is also improving the generation thermal efficiency
of its power plants, reducing Transmission and Distribution Losses
and working on Demand Side Management.
35. The promotion of a culture of Energy Efficiency and Demand
Side Management, unfortunately, has not been given much attention
by the industry in the past. Now, it is what we must emphasise and
focus on. For example, incorporating energy efficiency in building
plans. The Malaysian Government will introduce the Feed-in-Tariff
(FIT) this year as part of the initiatives to promote power generation
from renewable energy sources. The FIT will help accelerate the
development of renewable energy and covers technologies such as
solar, biomass, biogas, mini-hydro and municipal solid waste
projects.
36. Going by comments in the media, there is a lot of interest in
renewable energy usage. It should however be recognized that while
there is encouraging emphasis on promoting the development of
renewable energy for electricity, its application in the near future will
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remain restricted to fulfilling specific roles. In addition, consumers are
likely to be more responsive to energy efficiency initiatives when they
are required to pay rates that reflect actual cost of production.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
ESI Structure and Development
37. As we have seen, the dynamics of the electricity supply industry
of ASEAN is such that while member countries share common issues
in ensuring the region’s long-term energy security, each country faces
different sets of challenges and corresponding mitigating strategies.
The structure of the electricity supply industry of ASEAN member
countries also differs from one country to another.
38. Let’s take the case of the liberalized market structure.
Liberalization of the electricity supply industry, where generation,
transmission and distribution are decoupled, is expected to bring
about efficiency gains and also will open up the industry to a greater
number of investors. In theory, there is a strong basis for this –
competition encourages efficiency. But the global scorecard on the
liberalization of the electricity supply industry, and where electricity is
traded through the operation of a pool market is somewhat mixed. In
general, prices to consumers have increased. As far as the ASEAN
electricity supply industry is concerned, the degrees of liberalization
differ from one country to another. Singapore has done relatively
well. Singapore’s experience and the role of its Energy Market
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Authority (EMA) can be a useful case study for countries of the
region. Others, such as Malaysia and Thailand, retain incumbent
vertically integrated utilities with the participation of the IPPs in the
generation sector.
39. As a personal observation, let me say that it is necessary to
take into account the gaps between the existing and the liberalized
structures. These gaps must be addressed. In particular, the rules of
the market has to apply to the whole chain of supply right to the
consumer, for full liberalization and the operation of the electricity
pool market to work.
40. Many of the pre-requisites for liberalization to work are matters
of policy that are in the hands of national governments. For example,
the removal of cross-subsidies in tariffs, institutionalizing the tariff
review process, establishment of a fuel pass-through mechanism and
a robust regulatory process with clear structure of accountability
assigned to stakeholders in the industry.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Cross Border Potential
41. I would also like to mention the potential area of cooperation
among the power utilities of ASEAN – that pertains to the power
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system interconnections between the neighboring countries of
ASEAN, namely the ASEAN Power Grid.
42. The ASEAN Power Grid has been a subject of discussion in the
forum of Heads of ASEAN Power Utility Association (HAPUA) for
some time now. With the ASEAN Power Grid, there can be cross
border electricity trading between interconnected power systems.
The ASEAN Power Grid can also facilitate alternative supply options
for emergency assistance during crisis situations, and functions as an
economic exchange of transactions between utilities. These
exchanges are technically feasible and commercially viable, as
demonstrated by the existing interconnections between Tenaga
Nasional and the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, which
was achieved through bilateral agreements between both utilities and
between Tenaga Nasional and SP Power Asset Limited of Singapore
(originally signed between National Electricity Board (LLN) of
Malaysia and Public Utility Board of Singapore). In addition, the
sharing of spinning reserves amongst neighboring countries’ grid
systems will also, to some extend, help to reduce or defer addition of
new capacity plant-up requirements. This cooperation among power
utilities of ASEAN can gain momentum with more push from the
Governments of the countries of ASEAN.
Conclusion
43. On that note, and by way of conclusion, let me summarize what
have been discussed:
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(i) The electricity supply industry of ASEAN faces multi-
dimensional challenges in fulfilling its responsibility to deliver
reasonable, affordable and reliable electricity supply to meet
the needs of consumers and help support the regions’ national
socio-economic goals and objectives.
(ii) For utilities, prudent risk management and planning is
necessary, where there has to be a balance between project
development and its associated risks. Managing the
interactions of the dynamics of supply security, cost
competitiveness, environmental concerns and the overriding
assurance of safety, will determine the choice of supply option
and technologies. For example, new concerns with nuclear
energy as a result of Fukushima will increase pressure on
renewable energy and give new focus on Energy Efficiency and
Demand Side Management.
(iii) For some countries in ASEAN, policy intervention continues to
be necessary for socio-economic reasons. But for it to be
sustainable, the electricity supply industry needs to be allowed
to gradually reduce the elements of subsidy and for the industry
to be subjected , over time, to the commercial discipline of the
market.
(iv) The countries of ASEAN have an opportunity for regional co-
operation through the ASEAN Power Grid or grid
interconnection. It can serve as an avenue to optimize the use
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of energy resources among member countries, including the
sharing of spinning reserve, as well as emergency and
economic exchanges of power.
44. Once again I thank the Energy Market Authority of Singapore
and I thank you for your kind attention.
LEO MOGGIE