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Drugs used in pediatrics
- 1. Drug Therapy usedin Pediatric Patients GA U R AV SHA R M A B.PHARMACY JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
- 2. MPinson_wi_16 Drug Therapy inPediatric Patients • Inadequate research data currently exists for prescribers to ensure safe dosing for infants/children. Two thirds of drugs used in pediatrics have never been tested in pediatric patients • Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (2002) • Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003 • 20 % of drugs were ineffective for children (even though they were effective for adults) • 30 % of drugs caused unanticipated side effects, some of which were potentially lethal • 20 % of drugs required dosages different from those that had been extrapolated from dosages used in adults • These laws were permanently reauthorized as part of the FDA Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA) of 2012 2
- 3. MPinson_wi_16 Figure 10-1: Drugdoses adjusted to body weight were administered to infants and adults, via IV injection (left) or subcut (right). Duration/time above MEC, and peak drug levels, differed significantly between infants and adults. Therefore, adjusting dose amounts based on body size alone is inadequate to safely medicate neonates and infants. Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients Pharmacokinetics: Comparison between Infants and Adults
- 4. Drug Therapy inPediatric Patients: Clearly, children are not little adults • In what specific physiologic ways are neonates/infants and children different from adults? • How do these differences influence pharmacokinetics and drug therapy in pediatric age groups? • When do the differences in neonates/infants and children become physiologically comparable to the adult? MPinson_wi_16 4
- 5. MPinson_wi_16 • Neonates/infants aremore sensitive to drugs than adults — due mainly to organ system immaturity • Neonates/infants are at increased risk for adverse drug reactions • Young patients show greater individual variation 5 Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients
- 6. • Less than36 weeks’ gestational agePremature infants • 36 to 40 weeks’ gestational ageFull-term infants • First 4 postnatal weeksNeonates • Weeks 5 to 52 postnatalInfants • 1 to 12 years oldChildren • 12 to 16 years oldAdolescents6 “Pediatrics” broadly encompasses all patients younger than age 16 years. Many organs and functions are immature at birth. Different age groups have unique therapeutic challenges and considerations. Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients: Stages & Definitions
- 7. MPinson_wi_16 • Neonates andinfants have immature organs, regulatory systems and other differences from mature adults. – affect pharmacokinetic processes – neonates/infants are more sensitive to medications than adults 7 Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients: Pharmacokinetics in Neonates and Infants
- 8. MPinson_wi_16 • Absorption – Oraladministration – Intramuscular administration – Percutaneous (Transdermal) absorption • Distribution – Protein binding – Blood-brain barrier • Hepatic metabolism • Renal excretion 8 Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients: Pharmacokinetics in Neonates and Infants
- 9. Pharmacokinetics in Neonatesand Infants: ABSORPTION ● Absorption – Oral administration • Gastric emptying time – Prolonged and irregular – Adult function at 6 to 8 months • Gastric acidity – Very low 24 hours after birth – Does not reach adult values until age 2 years – Low acidity: Absorption of acid-labile drugs is increased – Intramuscular administration • During the first few days of life: Slow, Erratic, Delayed absorption as a result of low blood flow • During early infancy, absorption of intramuscular drugs more rapid than in neonates and adults – Transdermal absorption • Stratum corneum of infant’s skin is very thin • Blood flow to skin greater in infants than in older patients • More rapid and complete for infants than for older children and adults • Infants at increased risk of toxicity from topical drugs 9
- 10. Pharmacokinetics in Neonatesand Infants: DISTRIBUTION ● Distribution – Protein binding • Binding of drugs to albumin and other plasma proteins is limited in the infant • Amount of serum albumin is relatively low • Consequence? _______________ – Blood-brain barrier • Not fully developed at birth • Drugs and other chemicals have relatively easy access to the CNS • Infants especially sensitive to drugs that affect CNS function • Dosage should also be reduced for drugs used for actions outside the CNS if those drugs are capable of producing CNS toxicity as a side effect – Endogenous compounds compete with drugs for available binding sites • Limited drug/protein binding in infants • Reduced dosage needed • Adult protein binding capacity by 10 to 12 months of age 10
- 11. Pharmacokinetics in Neonatesand Infants: METABOLISM • Hepatic metabolism – The drug-metabolizing capacity of newborns is low – Neonates are especially sensitive to drugs that are eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism – The liver’s capacity to metabolize many drugs increases rapidly about 1 month after birth – The ability to metabolize drugs at the adult level is reached a few months later – Complete liver maturation occurs by 1 year of age 11
- 12. Pharmacokinetics in Neonatesand Infants: EXCRETION • Renal excretion – Significantly reduced at birth – Low renal blood flow, low glomerular filtration, and low active tubular secretion – Drugs eliminated primarily by renal excretion must be given in reduced dosage and/or at longer dosing intervals – Adult levels of renal function achieved by 1 year 12
- 13. MPinson_wi_16 13 • Didanyone notice a pattern about when plasma-protein binding, kidney and liver function mature to ~adult levels? Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients: Pharmacokinetics in Neonates and Infants
- 14. Drug Therapy inPediatric Patients: Pharmacokinetics in Neonates and Infants • As a consequence of organ immaturity, newborns and babies in the first year of life have very different pharmacokinetics from adults – Fewer albumin proteins greater concentrations of free drug – Elevated free drug levels more intense response – Decreased hepatic metabolism prolonged response – Decreased renal elimination prolonged response – Blood-brain-barrier not well-formed CNS effects 14
- 15. • Babies underthe age of one year are “more sensitive” to drugs • Immaturity of organs puts neonates & infants at risk for: – more intense, more prolonged responses – increased risk of adverse effects due to kinetics – Age-related unique adverse effects • Example: kernicterus • At the age of 1 year, most pharmacokinetic parameters in children are similar to those of adults 15 Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients: Pharmacokinetics in Neonates and Infants
- 16. MPinson_wi_16 Safe dose approximationand the importance of careful monitoring 16 Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients: Dose Approximation based on Body Surface Area
- 17. MPinson_wi_1617 • Pediatric doseshave been established for a few drugs, but not most drugs • Initial pediatric dosing is, at best, an approximation • Nurses must be able to determine if a prescribed pediatric dose is within a safe range – Compare the patient’s prescribed dose to the recommended safe dose as found in a reputable drug reference – Use a formula to determine if dose is safe • Monitor carefully for therapeutic and adverse effects Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients: Dose Approximation based on Body Surface Area
- 18. MPinson_wi_1618 • After aninitial dose, pt must be monitored carefully • Subsequent doses must be adjusted on the basis of: – clinical response/outcome – presence of adverse effects – plasma drug concentrations • Caution is warranted through at least the period of time until steady-state drug levels are reached – Half-lives in neonates and infants will be prolonged! • Dose adjustments are especially important in younger infants and neonates Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients: Dose Approximation based on Body Surface Area
- 19. MPinson_wi_16 19 Pediatric dosingis commonly based on body surface area (BSA) Approximate dosage for a child = Body surface area of the child × adult dose 1.73 m² Drug Therapy in Pediatric Patients: Dose Approximation based on Body Surface Area
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