The document discusses the drug development process, which involves taking a new compound through regulatory approval and marketing. It involves rigorous preclinical and clinical studies to ensure safety and efficacy. The process starts with target identification, lead identification and optimization in preclinical research. It then progresses to three phases of clinical research: Phase I evaluates safety, Phase II assesses efficacy, and Phase III further evaluates efficacy and monitors safety with larger patient groups. The entire development process from early research to marketing approval can take 2-10 years.
LINK FOR VIDEO LECTURE
https://youtu.be/TnIlNoxbpXg
THIS SLIDE SHARE IS ALL ABOUT CLINICAL TRIALS AND ITS DIFFERENT PHASES .
IT HELPS PHARMACY AS WELL AS OTHER MEDICAL AND RESEARCH STUDENTS .
LINK FOR VIDEO LECTURE
https://youtu.be/TnIlNoxbpXg
THIS SLIDE SHARE IS ALL ABOUT CLINICAL TRIALS AND ITS DIFFERENT PHASES .
IT HELPS PHARMACY AS WELL AS OTHER MEDICAL AND RESEARCH STUDENTS .
Importance of guidelines in regulatory toxicity testingChander K Negi
Importance of Guidelines in Regulatory Toxicity studies
Guidelines are the consensus document accepted by a regulatory body
Prevent duplication of clinical trials in humans
Ensure SAFETY, EFFICACY and QUALITY of medicines
Minimize the use of animal testing without compromising safety and effectiveness
The Federal Food, Drug and cosmetics act regulated through Title 21 of U.S Code of Federal Regulations, requires a new drug to be approved by FDA before legally introduced into the market.
Investigational new drug is defined under 21 CFR 312.3(b) as ‘a new drug or biological drug that is used in clinical investigation’. An IND is a submission to the FDA requesting permission to initiate a clinical study of a new drug product.
Regulatory requirements for drug approval unit3Aman chourasia
New Drug Application (NDA) is an application submitted to the individual regulatory authority for authorization to market a new drug i.e. innovative product. To gain this permission a sponsor submits preclinical and clinical test data for analyzing the drug information, description of manufacturing trials.
Where are you in your drug development journey? Find out how to expedite your drug development program. View our drug development journey map. Download the document to zoom in and view details.
Importance of guidelines in regulatory toxicity testingChander K Negi
Importance of Guidelines in Regulatory Toxicity studies
Guidelines are the consensus document accepted by a regulatory body
Prevent duplication of clinical trials in humans
Ensure SAFETY, EFFICACY and QUALITY of medicines
Minimize the use of animal testing without compromising safety and effectiveness
The Federal Food, Drug and cosmetics act regulated through Title 21 of U.S Code of Federal Regulations, requires a new drug to be approved by FDA before legally introduced into the market.
Investigational new drug is defined under 21 CFR 312.3(b) as ‘a new drug or biological drug that is used in clinical investigation’. An IND is a submission to the FDA requesting permission to initiate a clinical study of a new drug product.
Regulatory requirements for drug approval unit3Aman chourasia
New Drug Application (NDA) is an application submitted to the individual regulatory authority for authorization to market a new drug i.e. innovative product. To gain this permission a sponsor submits preclinical and clinical test data for analyzing the drug information, description of manufacturing trials.
Where are you in your drug development journey? Find out how to expedite your drug development program. View our drug development journey map. Download the document to zoom in and view details.
Typically, researchers discover new drugs through: New insights into a disease process that allow researchers to design a product to stop or reverse the effects of the disease. Many tests of molecular compounds to find possible beneficial effects against any of a large number of diseases.
New drug development process(PHARMACY LAW AND ETHICS)P.N.DESHMUKH
New Drug development process is a Process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.
Drug development process
include
1. Discovery & development
2. Preclinical Research
3. Clinical Development
4.FDA approval
5.Post- Market Safety Monitoring
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. • The entire process of taking a newly
compound or drug through regulatory
approval to the point of marketing.
• During the development, the new drug or the
compound should adhere to high standards in
the conduct, analysis and interpretation of
preclinical and clinical studies for its smooth
passage through the regulatory approval
phase and eventually to marketing. The drug
discovery and drug development process is
designed to ensure that only those
pharmaceutical products that are both safe
and effective are brought to market.
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INTRODUCTION
3. THE FOLLOWING
SEQUENCE OF
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
BEGINS THE PROCESS
THAT RESULTS IN
DISCOVERY OF NEW
MEDICINES
• Target identification
• Target validation
• Lead identification
• Lead optimization
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4. DRUG DEVELOPMENT
PHASES
1. Pre-clinical research
and development
2. Clinical research and
development
3. After the compound is
on the market, a
possible “post
marketing” phase
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5. PRE-CLINICAL PHASE
• The pre-clinical studies represents bench
(in vitro) and then animal test, including
kinetics, toxicity and carcinogenicity. In
the us, an investigational new drug
application is submitted to food and drug
administration seeking permission to
begin the heavily regulated process of
clinical testing in human subjects. IND
phase representing the time from the
beginning of human trails to the new drug
application (NDA) submission that seeks
permission to market the drug is by far
the longest portion of the drug
development cycle and can last from 2
to10 years.
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6. PHASE I
• In this where the human trails
are generally conducted.
• Small group have 10-30 health
volunteer.
• Except for oncology or toxic
compounds.
• Small hospitals with 20-50 beds.
• Last for a day to 2 weeks and
even follow upto a month.
• Safety of the compound study
its pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamic.
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7. PHASE II
• Patient upto 300 patients
• Time duration few
months – years
• Efficacy of drug of
particular disease.
• Example – patient with
newly diagnosis but
untreated diabetes no
evidence of end organ
damage used to treat a
new antidiabetic agents.
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