Producing food for humans – from animals or crops? Tackling competition for f...ILRI
Poster prepared by Y. Ran, M. Lannerstad, M. Herrero, C.E.M Van Middelaar, I.J.M. De Boer for the ILRI@40 Workshop, Addis Ababa, 7 November 2014.
The demand for livestock products is expected to double by 2050 resulting from population growth, urbanization and rising incomes. The major part of the increase will take place in developing countries. About one third of global water evapotranspired over agricultural lands can be attributed to livestock.
The aim of this study, is to develop a new approach to livestock water use that determines the environmental impact associated with resource outtake, while accounting for the competition for freshwater use between production of food and feed crops.
The CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) combines the resources of 11 CGIAR centers and numerous international, regional and national partners to provide an integrated approach to natural resource management research. This program is led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). This presentation provides an overview of the thematic areas that the research is categorized into as well as the focal regions where we work.
A population is a group of the same species occupying the same area. Key characteristics include geographic distribution, population density, dispersion patterns, and factors affecting growth rates like births, deaths, immigration and emigration. Population growth can occur exponentially in ideal conditions but is typically limited by environmental resistance and carrying capacity. Density-dependent and density-independent factors also influence population size.
Bioenergy large scale agriculture investments in africa - food security pers...Global Water Partnership
1. The document discusses large scale investments in agriculture in Africa for food and biofuel crops, and how this can impact food security. It examines the opportunities and risks of growing non-food bioenergy crops as part of land use systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
2. The FAO's Bioenergy and Food Security approach is presented as a way to design sustainable bioenergy policies that contribute to agricultural development and food and energy security. Case studies of the approach in Tanzania, Malawi, and other countries are provided.
3. Key questions addressed include how multi-functional land use systems can promote both food and energy security, and the potential benefits of non-food bioenergy crops for sectors like income
Climate and weather data to manage associated risks across the agricultural l...DianneDormer1
This presentation was prepared for peer review as part of the fulfillment of the World Bank training on Data For Better Lives 2021. The presentation outlined the successes of a pilot program using climate services to manage risk in the agricultural sector. The second portion explored opportunities for establishing an integrated data management system to support climate and disaster risks planning across key socio-economic sectors. I hope there are lessons for all readers to apply similar thought process in your respective countries and where applicable provide feedback to strengthen this proposal. To get the full effects please view in ppt online or the web version.
Thank you,
Dianne Dormer
The document discusses agricultural irrigation development in Burkina Faso. It notes that Burkina Faso has developed over 42,973 hectares of irrigated land as of 2013, up from 13,043 hectares in 2000. The irrigation techniques discussed include major irrigation schemes near dams covering over 1,000 hectares each, medium schemes from 20-100 hectares, and small-scale irrigation under 100 hectares using various water sources. Crops grown include rice as well as dry season gardening. The development of irrigated agriculture is aimed to increase food production and farmers' incomes in Burkina Faso.
This document presents a framework for mapping global patterns of drought risk at the sub-national level. Drought risk is assessed as the product of drought hazard, exposure, and vulnerability over the period of 2000-2014. Drought hazard is derived from historical precipitation deficits, exposure is based on population/livestock densities and crop cover indicators, and vulnerability incorporates social, economic, and infrastructure factors. The results show drought risk is highest in populated agricultural regions like South/Central Asia, Southeast South America, and Central Europe. As climate change may increase droughts in these areas, there are concerns about effects on global food security and potential for conflict. Adaptation strategies could include expanding irrigation and diversifying regional economies.
Producing food for humans – from animals or crops? Tackling competition for f...ILRI
Poster prepared by Y. Ran, M. Lannerstad, M. Herrero, C.E.M Van Middelaar, I.J.M. De Boer for the ILRI@40 Workshop, Addis Ababa, 7 November 2014.
The demand for livestock products is expected to double by 2050 resulting from population growth, urbanization and rising incomes. The major part of the increase will take place in developing countries. About one third of global water evapotranspired over agricultural lands can be attributed to livestock.
The aim of this study, is to develop a new approach to livestock water use that determines the environmental impact associated with resource outtake, while accounting for the competition for freshwater use between production of food and feed crops.
The CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) combines the resources of 11 CGIAR centers and numerous international, regional and national partners to provide an integrated approach to natural resource management research. This program is led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). This presentation provides an overview of the thematic areas that the research is categorized into as well as the focal regions where we work.
A population is a group of the same species occupying the same area. Key characteristics include geographic distribution, population density, dispersion patterns, and factors affecting growth rates like births, deaths, immigration and emigration. Population growth can occur exponentially in ideal conditions but is typically limited by environmental resistance and carrying capacity. Density-dependent and density-independent factors also influence population size.
Bioenergy large scale agriculture investments in africa - food security pers...Global Water Partnership
1. The document discusses large scale investments in agriculture in Africa for food and biofuel crops, and how this can impact food security. It examines the opportunities and risks of growing non-food bioenergy crops as part of land use systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
2. The FAO's Bioenergy and Food Security approach is presented as a way to design sustainable bioenergy policies that contribute to agricultural development and food and energy security. Case studies of the approach in Tanzania, Malawi, and other countries are provided.
3. Key questions addressed include how multi-functional land use systems can promote both food and energy security, and the potential benefits of non-food bioenergy crops for sectors like income
Climate and weather data to manage associated risks across the agricultural l...DianneDormer1
This presentation was prepared for peer review as part of the fulfillment of the World Bank training on Data For Better Lives 2021. The presentation outlined the successes of a pilot program using climate services to manage risk in the agricultural sector. The second portion explored opportunities for establishing an integrated data management system to support climate and disaster risks planning across key socio-economic sectors. I hope there are lessons for all readers to apply similar thought process in your respective countries and where applicable provide feedback to strengthen this proposal. To get the full effects please view in ppt online or the web version.
Thank you,
Dianne Dormer
The document discusses agricultural irrigation development in Burkina Faso. It notes that Burkina Faso has developed over 42,973 hectares of irrigated land as of 2013, up from 13,043 hectares in 2000. The irrigation techniques discussed include major irrigation schemes near dams covering over 1,000 hectares each, medium schemes from 20-100 hectares, and small-scale irrigation under 100 hectares using various water sources. Crops grown include rice as well as dry season gardening. The development of irrigated agriculture is aimed to increase food production and farmers' incomes in Burkina Faso.
This document presents a framework for mapping global patterns of drought risk at the sub-national level. Drought risk is assessed as the product of drought hazard, exposure, and vulnerability over the period of 2000-2014. Drought hazard is derived from historical precipitation deficits, exposure is based on population/livestock densities and crop cover indicators, and vulnerability incorporates social, economic, and infrastructure factors. The results show drought risk is highest in populated agricultural regions like South/Central Asia, Southeast South America, and Central Europe. As climate change may increase droughts in these areas, there are concerns about effects on global food security and potential for conflict. Adaptation strategies could include expanding irrigation and diversifying regional economies.
Integrated landscape management: Africa RISING R4D experiences in the Ethiopi...africa-rising
Presented by Lulseged Tamene, Tesfaye Yaekob, James Ellison, Kindu Mekonnen, Kifle Woldearegay, Zenebe Adimassu, Temesgen Alene, Workneh Dubale, Mohammed Ibrahim, Biyensa Gurmessa, Girma Kassie and Peter Thorne at the Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 8-9 December 2016
- Agriculture accounts for over 80% of global freshwater usage, mainly for food production. Meeting future global food and energy demands in a sustainable manner poses challenges due to increasing water constraints.
- Closing yield gaps through irrigation expansion could help boost food production, but over 40% of current irrigation is unsustainable due to exceeding local water availability. Agricultural intensification must be pursued carefully to avoid environmental degradation.
- Transitioning to more efficient irrigation practices, suitable crops, and agricultural production systems could allow for sustainable increases in food supply while reducing overall water usage. However, ensuring local and global food and water security remains complex with growing population and dietary changes.
The document discusses theories of human population growth and carrying capacity. It describes Thomas Malthus' theory that population grows exponentially while resources grow arithmetically, leading to natural checks like famine. In contrast, Ester Boserup argued that population increase spurs innovation to boost food production through technologies like irrigation and fertilizers. The document also discusses factors beyond population size, like wealth and resource use, that impact carrying capacity. It concludes that both theories may apply differently depending on whether environmental or cultural limits are considered.
Resilience thinking and the sustainability of agricultural systemsChristo Fabricius
This document discusses challenges facing global food systems and strategies for increasing their resilience. It notes population growth is straining food production, leading to uneven food availability and declining self-sufficiency in many countries. Industrial agriculture is depleting water supplies and soil. Climate change may cause crop failures as thresholds are crossed. Transforming systems requires managing complexity, diversity, cross-scale interactions, social learning and broad participation to navigate change while feeding more people sustainably.
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 56 on The Land-Water-Energy nexus and the Sustainability of the Food System organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat and Concord was held on 3rd of July 2019, 9h00-13h00 at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels, Room C.
The document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including characteristics of populations like geographic distribution, density, dispersion, growth rate, and age structure. It explains that population size is affected by births, deaths, and immigration/emigration. Environmental resistance limits population growth and determines a population's maximum carrying capacity. Both density-dependent and density-independent factors constrain growth. Understanding human population patterns is important for addressing global problems.
Populaiton growth and carrying capacity cerdavomac99
The document defines and provides examples of different types of symbiotic relationships:
- Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits without affecting the other, like barnacles on a whale.
- Mutualism benefits both organisms, such as birds eating pests off a rhino's back.
- Parasitism benefits one organism while harming the other, for example ticks on a dog.
Decision support tools for farm-level fertilizer recommendation in Ethiopiaafrica-rising
This document summarizes research on developing decision support tools for farm-level fertilizer recommendations in Ethiopia. The research identified three types of crop responses to fertilizer based on 500 farmer fields: 1) foot slopes had very good crops that responded well to fertilizer, 2) midslopes had crops that did well and responded significantly to fertilizer, and 3) hillslopes generally had very bad crops regardless of high fertilizer application. The research aims to validate these models in other cropping systems and develop farmer-friendly recommendation tools through collaboration between researchers and the Ethiopian government.
Populaiton growth and carrying capacity cer (no do now)davomac99
Population growth follows either a linear or exponential pattern. Linear growth sees population increase by the same number each year, while exponential growth causes the population to increase at an accelerating rate over time. All populations are limited by their environment's carrying capacity, which is the maximum population size the available resources can sustain. As human population has exceeded Earth's carrying capacity, factors like disease, starvation, pollution and climate change are expected to cause human numbers to decline back towards that limit.
This document discusses improving land and water management in Africa. It summarizes that soil quality and fertilizer use is relatively low in Africa compared to other regions, contributing to lower cereal yields, which have historically increased through expanding farmland rather than improving yields. It also notes that conservation agriculture, water harvesting, and agroforestry techniques have potential to increase yields when applied in various African countries. Overall the document advocates an integrated landscape approach that considers gender and scaling up improved practices on over 300 million hectares through communication, policy reforms, capacity building, and mainstream investment.
This document discusses global challenges around food, energy, and natural resource security. It provides an overview of agriculture and natural resources in Nebraska, highlighting the state's role in food, fuel, and water security. The University of Nebraska is working to address these challenges through research, education, and technology development related to sustainable agriculture and water management. Key areas of focus include increasing crop yields and water use efficiency, drought mitigation, groundwater management, and plant breeding.
Topic 3 – human population, carrying capacityMichael Smith
The document discusses ecological footprints and human impacts on the environment. It provides data on the approximate ecological footprints of different countries in 2003. The United States had the largest footprint at 10.3 hectares per person, while India had the smallest at 0.8 hectares per person. An ecological footprint is the area of land and water required to sustain the resources consumed and waste produced by a human population. Countries with footprints greater than their available land area are considered to be living unsustainably.
Economic assessment of Soil erosion in MalawiExternalEvents
Mr. Giacomo Pallante, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Italy. Global Symposium on Soil Erosion (GSER19), 15 - 17 May 2019 at FAO HQ.
The context for Anticipatory Action in East AfricaILRI
Pastoralists in East Africa make up a large portion of the population and economy but face high risks from drought and climate change that keep them in poverty. Index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) programs aim to increase resilience by protecting pastoralist livelihoods from drought losses. Research on IBLI programs in Kenya found they enabled pastoralists to spend on needs they otherwise could not during drought periods, showing the potential for such insurance to reduce vulnerability to climate risks.
This document summarizes a presentation on environmentally sound technologies for climate change adaptation in Eswatini. It discusses definitions of adaptation and adaptation technologies, including hardware, software, and orgware technologies. It outlines key technologies prioritized in Eswatini's Technology Needs Assessment, including rooftop rainwater harvesting, micro and drip irrigation, wetland restoration, and alien invasive species management. Challenges and opportunities for implementing these technologies are described. The importance of traditional indigenous knowledge and avoiding maladaptation are also emphasized.
This presentation is on carrying capacity of the ecosystem. Here in the presentation we explained about the ecosystem and it's example. It also explained about the the how population and growth pattern takes place in particular a ecosystem and it's effect on carrying capacity.This presentation is taken by Dr. Sachin mandavgane faculty of chemical engineering VNIT Nagpur as a part of our course in sustainable engineering.
The use of VGT4AFRICA products—Some CGIAR examplesILRI
Presented by An Notenbaert, Paulo van Breugel, Lieven Claessens, Jeannette van de Steeg and Mario Herrero at the VGT4AFRICA User Workshop, Mol, Belgium, 19 November 2007
The document discusses natural resources, carrying capacity, and population growth. It defines renewable resources as those that can be regenerated within a lifetime, and nonrenewable resources as those that take millions of years to create and cannot be regenerated within a lifetime. Examples are given of both. Carrying capacity is defined as the maximum population size an environment can sustain indefinitely, and factors that can change carrying capacity are described. Population growth is explained to initially grow slowly, then rapidly as carrying capacity is approached, before leveling off or crashing if the capacity is exceeded.
Drought, Resilience, and Long-term Developmentessp2
This document discusses drought, resilience, and long-term development in Ethiopia. It analyzes the incidence and impact of drought, how the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) has improved resilience to drought shocks, and proposes long-term development strategies focused on integrating dryland areas. Key points include: PSNP reduces food gaps and vulnerability, but vulnerabilities remain; radical system innovations are needed over 20-25 years to transform dryland integration and ensure food security; and investments in human capital, water management, and the private sector could help utilize Ethiopia's land and water resources.
Mapping hotspots of climate change and food insecurity across the global tropicsWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses mapping areas vulnerable to food insecurity due to climate change across the global tropics. It outlines a framework to assess vulnerability based on 3 components: exposure, sensitivity, and coping capacity. Exposure looks at climate threats like reduced growing periods. Sensitivity considers dependence on agriculture. Coping capacity examines chronic food insecurity. Combining the 3 components results in 8 vulnerability domains, with high exposure, high sensitivity, low coping capacity considered most vulnerable to climate-induced food insecurity. The work aims to identify climate and food security hotspots to target adaptation efforts.
Integrated landscape management: Africa RISING R4D experiences in the Ethiopi...africa-rising
Presented by Lulseged Tamene, Tesfaye Yaekob, James Ellison, Kindu Mekonnen, Kifle Woldearegay, Zenebe Adimassu, Temesgen Alene, Workneh Dubale, Mohammed Ibrahim, Biyensa Gurmessa, Girma Kassie and Peter Thorne at the Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 8-9 December 2016
- Agriculture accounts for over 80% of global freshwater usage, mainly for food production. Meeting future global food and energy demands in a sustainable manner poses challenges due to increasing water constraints.
- Closing yield gaps through irrigation expansion could help boost food production, but over 40% of current irrigation is unsustainable due to exceeding local water availability. Agricultural intensification must be pursued carefully to avoid environmental degradation.
- Transitioning to more efficient irrigation practices, suitable crops, and agricultural production systems could allow for sustainable increases in food supply while reducing overall water usage. However, ensuring local and global food and water security remains complex with growing population and dietary changes.
The document discusses theories of human population growth and carrying capacity. It describes Thomas Malthus' theory that population grows exponentially while resources grow arithmetically, leading to natural checks like famine. In contrast, Ester Boserup argued that population increase spurs innovation to boost food production through technologies like irrigation and fertilizers. The document also discusses factors beyond population size, like wealth and resource use, that impact carrying capacity. It concludes that both theories may apply differently depending on whether environmental or cultural limits are considered.
Resilience thinking and the sustainability of agricultural systemsChristo Fabricius
This document discusses challenges facing global food systems and strategies for increasing their resilience. It notes population growth is straining food production, leading to uneven food availability and declining self-sufficiency in many countries. Industrial agriculture is depleting water supplies and soil. Climate change may cause crop failures as thresholds are crossed. Transforming systems requires managing complexity, diversity, cross-scale interactions, social learning and broad participation to navigate change while feeding more people sustainably.
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 56 on The Land-Water-Energy nexus and the Sustainability of the Food System organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat and Concord was held on 3rd of July 2019, 9h00-13h00 at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels, Room C.
The document discusses key concepts in population ecology, including characteristics of populations like geographic distribution, density, dispersion, growth rate, and age structure. It explains that population size is affected by births, deaths, and immigration/emigration. Environmental resistance limits population growth and determines a population's maximum carrying capacity. Both density-dependent and density-independent factors constrain growth. Understanding human population patterns is important for addressing global problems.
Populaiton growth and carrying capacity cerdavomac99
The document defines and provides examples of different types of symbiotic relationships:
- Commensalism is a relationship where one organism benefits without affecting the other, like barnacles on a whale.
- Mutualism benefits both organisms, such as birds eating pests off a rhino's back.
- Parasitism benefits one organism while harming the other, for example ticks on a dog.
Decision support tools for farm-level fertilizer recommendation in Ethiopiaafrica-rising
This document summarizes research on developing decision support tools for farm-level fertilizer recommendations in Ethiopia. The research identified three types of crop responses to fertilizer based on 500 farmer fields: 1) foot slopes had very good crops that responded well to fertilizer, 2) midslopes had crops that did well and responded significantly to fertilizer, and 3) hillslopes generally had very bad crops regardless of high fertilizer application. The research aims to validate these models in other cropping systems and develop farmer-friendly recommendation tools through collaboration between researchers and the Ethiopian government.
Populaiton growth and carrying capacity cer (no do now)davomac99
Population growth follows either a linear or exponential pattern. Linear growth sees population increase by the same number each year, while exponential growth causes the population to increase at an accelerating rate over time. All populations are limited by their environment's carrying capacity, which is the maximum population size the available resources can sustain. As human population has exceeded Earth's carrying capacity, factors like disease, starvation, pollution and climate change are expected to cause human numbers to decline back towards that limit.
This document discusses improving land and water management in Africa. It summarizes that soil quality and fertilizer use is relatively low in Africa compared to other regions, contributing to lower cereal yields, which have historically increased through expanding farmland rather than improving yields. It also notes that conservation agriculture, water harvesting, and agroforestry techniques have potential to increase yields when applied in various African countries. Overall the document advocates an integrated landscape approach that considers gender and scaling up improved practices on over 300 million hectares through communication, policy reforms, capacity building, and mainstream investment.
This document discusses global challenges around food, energy, and natural resource security. It provides an overview of agriculture and natural resources in Nebraska, highlighting the state's role in food, fuel, and water security. The University of Nebraska is working to address these challenges through research, education, and technology development related to sustainable agriculture and water management. Key areas of focus include increasing crop yields and water use efficiency, drought mitigation, groundwater management, and plant breeding.
Topic 3 – human population, carrying capacityMichael Smith
The document discusses ecological footprints and human impacts on the environment. It provides data on the approximate ecological footprints of different countries in 2003. The United States had the largest footprint at 10.3 hectares per person, while India had the smallest at 0.8 hectares per person. An ecological footprint is the area of land and water required to sustain the resources consumed and waste produced by a human population. Countries with footprints greater than their available land area are considered to be living unsustainably.
Economic assessment of Soil erosion in MalawiExternalEvents
Mr. Giacomo Pallante, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Italy. Global Symposium on Soil Erosion (GSER19), 15 - 17 May 2019 at FAO HQ.
The context for Anticipatory Action in East AfricaILRI
Pastoralists in East Africa make up a large portion of the population and economy but face high risks from drought and climate change that keep them in poverty. Index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) programs aim to increase resilience by protecting pastoralist livelihoods from drought losses. Research on IBLI programs in Kenya found they enabled pastoralists to spend on needs they otherwise could not during drought periods, showing the potential for such insurance to reduce vulnerability to climate risks.
This document summarizes a presentation on environmentally sound technologies for climate change adaptation in Eswatini. It discusses definitions of adaptation and adaptation technologies, including hardware, software, and orgware technologies. It outlines key technologies prioritized in Eswatini's Technology Needs Assessment, including rooftop rainwater harvesting, micro and drip irrigation, wetland restoration, and alien invasive species management. Challenges and opportunities for implementing these technologies are described. The importance of traditional indigenous knowledge and avoiding maladaptation are also emphasized.
This presentation is on carrying capacity of the ecosystem. Here in the presentation we explained about the ecosystem and it's example. It also explained about the the how population and growth pattern takes place in particular a ecosystem and it's effect on carrying capacity.This presentation is taken by Dr. Sachin mandavgane faculty of chemical engineering VNIT Nagpur as a part of our course in sustainable engineering.
The use of VGT4AFRICA products—Some CGIAR examplesILRI
Presented by An Notenbaert, Paulo van Breugel, Lieven Claessens, Jeannette van de Steeg and Mario Herrero at the VGT4AFRICA User Workshop, Mol, Belgium, 19 November 2007
The document discusses natural resources, carrying capacity, and population growth. It defines renewable resources as those that can be regenerated within a lifetime, and nonrenewable resources as those that take millions of years to create and cannot be regenerated within a lifetime. Examples are given of both. Carrying capacity is defined as the maximum population size an environment can sustain indefinitely, and factors that can change carrying capacity are described. Population growth is explained to initially grow slowly, then rapidly as carrying capacity is approached, before leveling off or crashing if the capacity is exceeded.
Drought, Resilience, and Long-term Developmentessp2
This document discusses drought, resilience, and long-term development in Ethiopia. It analyzes the incidence and impact of drought, how the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) has improved resilience to drought shocks, and proposes long-term development strategies focused on integrating dryland areas. Key points include: PSNP reduces food gaps and vulnerability, but vulnerabilities remain; radical system innovations are needed over 20-25 years to transform dryland integration and ensure food security; and investments in human capital, water management, and the private sector could help utilize Ethiopia's land and water resources.
Mapping hotspots of climate change and food insecurity across the global tropicsWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses mapping areas vulnerable to food insecurity due to climate change across the global tropics. It outlines a framework to assess vulnerability based on 3 components: exposure, sensitivity, and coping capacity. Exposure looks at climate threats like reduced growing periods. Sensitivity considers dependence on agriculture. Coping capacity examines chronic food insecurity. Combining the 3 components results in 8 vulnerability domains, with high exposure, high sensitivity, low coping capacity considered most vulnerable to climate-induced food insecurity. The work aims to identify climate and food security hotspots to target adaptation efforts.
Presentation by Claudia Ringler, Hartwig Kremer and Cheikh Mbow at the UNEA Science Policy Interface, May 19-20
Presentation focuses on the concept of the water, food and energy nexus and its importance within the development context. It also provides a number of cases highlighting nexus issues.
Realizing Rural and Agricultural Transformation in Ethiopia – Some Reflectionsessp2
The document discusses agriculture and rural transformation in Ethiopia. It analyzes the current state, progress made, drivers of progress, remaining vulnerabilities and bottlenecks. Key bottlenecks include inadequate seeds, small farm sizes, land degradation, and challenges with policy implementation capability. Priorities for accelerating transformation include promoting land rental markets, transforming opportunities for small farms, expanding seed research, enhancing policy capabilities, and developing a long-term program to transform dryland and degraded areas.
This document summarizes research from projects studying the links between gender, climate change, and agriculture in Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Kenya, and Mali. Some key findings:
1) Women have less access to climate information, technologies, and assets compared to men, putting them at greater risk from climate impacts.
2) Group-based approaches and access to resources can help boost women's resilience, but women face barriers to participation.
3) Studies found gender gaps in awareness, knowledge, and roles regarding adaptation strategies. While policies aim to be gender-sensitive, implementation challenges remain.
Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security CCAFS CIATCIAT
CCAFS aims to help agriculture and food systems adapt to and mitigate climate change through research. It has 4 themes: 1) adaptation to progressive climate change through technologies, practices and policies; 2) adaptation through managing climate risk at farm and food system levels; 3) pro-poor climate change mitigation; and 4) integration for decision making. Research is conducted in 3 focus regions - Indo-Gangetic Plains, West Africa, and East Africa - home to over 1 billion people dependent on agriculture. The goals are to close yield gaps, develop new adaptation strategies, and enable supportive policies and institutions from farm to national levels to strengthen food security under climate change.
The document discusses a multi-year, multi-sector program in Wolayta, Ethiopia that aimed to build resilience among vulnerable households receiving support from the Productive Safety Net Program. The program provided integrated support including health, nutrition, livelihoods, and disaster risk reduction. Results showed that households receiving long-term, multi-sector support improved more on welfare indicators than those receiving single interventions. The program demonstrated the value of consortium approaches and integrating sectors to build resilience.
Climate change is unequivocal and largely due to human activities like greenhouse gas emissions. Effects include increased temperatures, sea level rise, and more extreme weather. Family planning can help adaptation by slowing population growth and reducing stress on resources. Many National Adaptation Programs of Action recognize population growth as exacerbating climate impacts but few include family planning in projects. Integrating family planning into community-based adaptation could help address unmet need and strengthen resilience.
seek to provide more-realistic representa-tions of socio-eco.docxbagotjesusa
seek to provide more-realistic representa-
tions of socio-economics by simulating
the economy through the interactions of
a large number of different agents, on the
basis of specific rules. ABMs are widely
used in finance, but have yet to be seri-
ously applied to climate change. These are
promising developments.
Now, a concerted effort is required by
the research community to explore as
many potential avenues as possible to bet-
ter estimate the costs of action and inaction
on climate change. The IPCC should distil
what policymakers need to inform their
decision-making. Learned societies and
national academies must bring together
researchers from a wide range of relevant
disciplines to focus attention on improving
economic modelling quickly.
Bangladeshi farmers and Cairo city-
dwellers are at severe risk of flooding and
storms; southern Europe and parts of
Africa and the Americas are threatened by
desertification. Perhaps hundreds of mil-
lions of people may need to migrate as a
result, posing an immense risk of conflict.
There is huge potential in future tech-
nologies that can drive change. These
are omitted or badly underestimated in
our current climate modelling — deeply
damaging our guidance for policymaking.
The well-being and prosperity of future
generations are worth more. ■
Nicholas Stern is chair of the Grantham
Research Institute on Climate Change and
the Environment at the London School of
Economics and Political Science (LSE),
and president of the British Academy.
e-mail: [email protected]
1. IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Impacts,
Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of
Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (Cambridge Univ. Press, (2014).
2. Schaeffer, M. et al. Nature Clim. Change 2,
867–870 (2012).
3. IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working
Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014).
4. Stern, N. Why are We Waiting?: The Logic,
Urgency, and Promise of Tackling Climate
Change (MIT Press, 2015).
5. Aghion, P. et al. Path Dependence, Innovation
and the Economics of Climate Change
(Grantham Research Inst., 2014).
6. Dechezleprêtre, A., Martin, R. & Mohnen, M.
Knowledge Spillovers from Clean and Dirty
Technologies: A Patent Citation Analysis
(Grantham Research Inst., 2013).
7. Dietz, S. & Stern, N. Econ. J. 583, 574–620
(2015).
8. Gillingham, K. et al. National Bureau of
Economic Research Working Paper No.
21637 (2015); available at http://dx.doi.
org/10.3386/w21637
9. Farmer, J. D., Hepburn, C., Mealy, P. &
Teytelboym, A. Environ. Res. Econ. 62,
329–357 (2015).
10. Golosov, M. et al. Econometrica 82, 41–88
(2014).
Slow down
population growth
Within a decade, women everywhere should have
access to quality contraceptive services,
argues John Bongaarts.
In 2100, our planet is expecte.
Reconciling Participation And Benefits Sharing 1Ln Perch
This document summarizes a paper on reconciling participation and benefit-sharing in approaches to climate change adaptation in Africa. It finds that current frameworks take a limited view of vulnerability that does not adequately consider social factors. National adaptation plans for African countries were analyzed and found to have some gaps in inclusiveness, such as not clearly identifying vulnerable groups or prioritizing gender and poverty. There are also disconnects between frameworks for participation in adaptation planning and actual practice in countries. The document calls for more holistic and socially-defined approaches to adaptation that better address structural inequalities.
The document discusses the concept of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) and proposes expanding the focus to climate-smart food systems. CSA aims to improve agricultural productivity and livelihoods while adapting to climate change and reducing emissions. However, there is little empirical evidence of CSA's impacts and interventions often only address one goal. A food systems approach is needed to understand outcomes across the food chain and tradeoffs between climate goals. Case studies show how climate benefits can be lost if interventions only target agriculture and do not consider the broader food system. The authors conclude a climate-smart food systems framework is required to achieve climate goals and food security.
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1. Drought, Resilience, and Long-term
Development
Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse
International Food Policy Research Institute
The Future of Ethiopia’s Agriculture: Towards a Resilient System to
End Hunger and Undernutrition
Addis Ababa Hilton
December 15, 2017
Addis Ababa
1
2. 2
Outline
Drought
incidence and short-term impact
response: Relief, PSNP (Address short-term impact)
Resilience
Definition
PSNP
Log-term development
Premise – some long-term impact occur, vulnerabilities remain
(food gap, stunting), progress,
Long term development – systems innovation;
* Source: Authors’ calculation using data on daily rainfall in millimetres (mm) extracted from the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) website
(http://power.larc.nasa.gov/cgi.bin/cgiwrap/solar/hirestimeser.cgi?email=daily@larc.nasa.gov)
3. 3
Incidence and Impact of Drought
*Source: EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database - Universite catholique de Louvain (UCL) - CRED, D.
Guha-Sapir - www.emdat.be, Brussels, Belgium (Created on: December 03, 2017)
Notes: Affected - People requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency, i.e. requiring basic
Year Total affected
1965 1,500,000
1969 1,700,000
1973 3,000,000
1983 7,750,000
1987 7,000,000
1989 6,500,000
1997 986,200
1998
1999 4,900,000
2003 12,600,000
2005 2,600,000
2008 6,400,000
2009 6,200,000
2011 4,805,679
2012 1,000,000
2015 10,200,000
Incidence of Drought in Ethiopia (1965-2015)*
Drought:
Recurrent;
Some widespread, others local;
Appear to increase in frequency
(particularly in some parts of
the country);
There are:
other weather shocks –
flooding;
non-weather shocks – pests,
human and animal health,
economic;
4. 4
Incidence and Impact of Drought
Source: Authors’ calculation using PSNP Surveys (2010-2016) data.
PSNP Woredas (2008-20016)
Shocks Incidence Impact
"Low-
lands"
"High-
lands"
"Low-
lands"
"High-
lands"
Drought 56.3 45.8
Loss of household income 25.7 34.9
Reduction in household consumption 25.4 32.8
Pests or diseases that affected livestock 23.2 8.4
Loss of household income 22.0 32.6
Reduction in household consumption 23.7 12.6
Drought shocks have transitory and long-term impact;
5. 5
Incidence and Impact of Drought
Evidence of longer-term effects based on the 1984/85 drought/famine -
Dercon (2004), Dercon and Porter (2014), Tafere (2017);
10% lower rainfall today associated with 1 percentage point decline
in growth about 4–5 years later;
Greater severity associated with worse outcomes – about 16
percentage points lower growth;
(Note: average CV of rainfall for the last 30 years in PSNP woredas
has been 1.35)* ;
affected children aged 12-36 months are significantly shorter, by at
least 5 cm, as adults (20 years later);
Second generation - Mothers’ exposure to famine in early childhood
has a negative effect on their children’s health (height-for-age z-
score), cognitive (number of years of schooling) and non-cognitive
(locus of control) human capital;
* Source: Authors’ calculation using data on daily rainfall in millimetres (mm) extracted from the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) website
(http://power.larc.nasa.gov/cgi.bin/cgiwrap/solar/hirestimeser.cgi?email=daily@larc.nasa.gov)
6. Response to drought shocks
Response has evolved over time, still is;
Relief – annual appeals system, shortcomings (delay, lack
of predictability);
PSNP – coordinated, multi-year, predictable, ‘productive’
John’s and Kalle’s presentation on the nature and
impact of PSNP
Part of comprehensive development planning;
Broad social protection agenda;
7. Resilience
Multiple conceptualisations of resilience and vulnerability;
Resilience
a recovery trajectory following a specific shock.
an ex-post approach (study reported below):
Impact of PSNP
beneficiaries recover after no more than 2 years, rather
than taking up to four years) – resilience;
Considerable food gap remains;
8. PSNP, vulnerability, and resilience
Findings – PSNP transfers reduce vulnerability and improve
resilience (2006-2014)
9. 9
Vulnerabilities remain
Source: Authors’ calculation using DHS (2005-2016) data. AEZ classification as earlier presentations.
Stunting Incidence among Children Under 5
(%)
2005 2016
AEZ zone Non-PSNP PSNP Non-PSNP PSNP
Drought prone 46 47 37 33
Pastoralist 50 60 35 34
Humid moisture reliable – Lowland 49 61 34 38
Moisture reliable – Cereal 50 55 38 25
Moisture reliable – Enset 55 42 38 40
Two examples:
Up to 75% more vulnerable people in drylands in 2030 (2010=100, medium
fertility scenario)
Child Stunting;
10. 10
Long-term development
Premise
Progress - rapid agricultural growth, diversification into non-agriculture;
Accelerating agricultural transformation still necessary, doing so gets
harder given the achievements so far;
There are compounding factors – environmental degradation, climate
change, population growth;
Degradation:
o Loss of top soil – over 14 million hectares of top soil have less than 50
cm depth, making it susceptible to drought.
o Soil nutrient depletion – equivalent of 30 kg/ha of Nitrogen (N), and 15
to 20 kg/ha of phosphorous (P) are lost annually through erosion on
cultivated lands.
o the average annual on-site cost of soil erosion has been estimated
between 2 and 6.7 % of AGDP’ (see Yusef et al. (2005) )
12. 12
Long-term development
Focus – drought-prone or drylands (AI of 0.05-0.65)
System perspective – challenges and opportunities should
be viewed from a single economic space perspective –
interlinked parts;
More integrated economy – greater integration is the most
feasible avenue with the potential to generate
enduring/sustainable solutions to the development
challenge;
13. 13
Long-term development
Radical system-wide innovations necessary;
A 20-25 year programme to transform and integrate the drylands;
Food and nutrition security as an outcome of an integrated
economy
An idea:
Degraded highlands – encourage a shift into tree crops and semi-
modern dairy farming (with fodder production as a new and
growing activity);
Lowlands – encourage expansion of cereal production, mobile
livestock rearing;
14. 14
Long-term development
Some implications:
Invest on human capital – mobile schools and clinics;
Invest on water management in all areas – irrigation, better water
use arrangements;
Invest on disease (human and animal) control and in less moisture
reliable low lands;
Enhance the role of the private sector in agricultural input
provision;
Promote well-defined and focused cooperatives, particularly in
dairy production and development;
Potential - there appear to be considerable potential yet to be deployed
productively in parts of the country;
Land – (next slide)
Water – renewable internal freshwater resources
15. 15
Cropped Land by AEZ (2004-2016)
Source: Authors’ calculation using CSA’s AgSS (2004-2016) data. AEZ classification as earlier presentations.
AEZ
share in
total
surface
area
(%)
AEZ
cropped area
in total
cropped area
(%)
Cropped area
share in total
AEZ surface
area (%)
Number of
woreda
Drought prone, Highland 11.4 23.2 23.5 146
Drought prone, lowland; Pastoralist 50.9 3.5 0.8 139
Humid moisture reliable, lowland 11.9 4.4 4.3 52
Moisture reliable, highland - Cereal 20.1 57.5 32.9 264
Moisture reliable, highland - Enset 5.8 11.4 22.7 126