A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural Bangladeshi community to examine the incidence and characteristics of domestic accidents. A survey of 297 households found 171 domestic accidents in the past year, representing a prevalence of 146.02 accidents per 1000 people. Most victims were male (52.6%) between 19-64 years old. The leading types of accidents were falls (50.9%), cuts (22.2%), and burns (11.7%). Accidents mostly occurred at home, especially in courtyards, and were more common in the morning and at noon. Health education programs aimed at prevention and first aid for domestic accidents are recommended.
Domestic accidents in a rural community of bangladesh a cross sectional study...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the prevalence and characteristics of domestic accidents in a rural community in Bangladesh. A survey of 297 households with 1171 family members found that 171 domestic accidents occurred over one year, a prevalence of 146.02 per 1000 people. Most victims were male (52.6%) aged 19-64 years. The most common types of accidents were falls (50.9%), cuts (22.2%), and burns (11.7%). Most accidents occurred in courtyards (49.7%) while victims were doing household chores or playing. The results suggest domestic accidents impose a significant health burden in rural Bangladesh and prevention through safety education could help reduce accidents.
This document summarizes a study that estimated the costs of malaria morbidity in Uganda in 2003. Some key findings of the study include:
- The total economic cost of malaria morbidity in Uganda in 2003 was estimated to be US$658.2 million, or US$24.8 per capita.
- Direct costs accounted for US$49.1 million (7% of total costs), while indirect costs from lost productivity were US$609.1 million (92% of total).
- Household treatment-related spending on malaria was US$46.1 million, with 90% borne by households. Spending on malaria prevention was only US$3 million.
- The study analyzed costs across 4 districts with different
This study estimated the economic costs of malaria morbidity in Uganda in 2003 using a cost-of-illness approach. The key findings were:
(1) The total economic cost to Uganda was approximately US$658 million, consisting of US$49 million in direct costs and US$609 million in indirect costs from lost productivity.
(2) Households bore 90% of the US$46 million spent on malaria treatment, while 81% of the US$3 million spent on prevention was by the Ministry of Health and development partners.
(3) Malaria poses a heavy economic burden on households that can lead to financial hardship and impoverishment. Increased investments in health services and preventive interventions are needed
Study of socio demographic factors among injured persons in a district of. ac...Sanjeev kumar Jain
This document summarizes a study on injuries in rural and urban areas in Agra district, India. The study found that the annual incidence of major injuries per thousand populations was higher in urban areas (58.92) than rural areas (38.18). For minor injuries, the quarterly incidence was also higher in urban areas (82.99) than rural areas (60.27). The highest numbers of both major and minor injuries were found among those aged 16-35 years in both rural and urban areas. The study concludes that focusing health education efforts based on local injury epidemiology and behaviors is needed considering the high injury burden.
Analysis of the socioeconomic factors affecting women’sAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic factors that affect women's contributions to household welfare in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that most respondents were married with a mean age of 42 and average household size of eight people. While 70% had some formal education, women's income contributions to households were below 30% for 90% of respondents. Regression analysis showed that age and income were significant factors influencing women's contributions, with contributions increasing with age and income. The study recommends equipping rural women with knowledge of nutrition and education to enable greater contributions to food security and children's education.
A REVIEW OF THE AGENCIES OF THE CONTROL MEASURES OF HIV/AIDS IN NAGALANDpaperpublications3
This document reviews the agencies involved in controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nagaland, a state in northeast India. It discusses how religious organizations, governmental and non-governmental organizations, schools, police, hospitals, and individuals all play roles in prevention, care, and treatment efforts. The HIV/AIDS problem has become multidimensional, affecting health, social, economic, and cultural aspects of society. While agencies have adopted various strategies, more opportunities are needed for people living with HIV/AIDS. Religious organizations in particular can provide support through awareness programs, counseling, health camps, and prayer. They have begun establishing cells focused on HIV/AIDS issues.
The document summarizes a study on the socio-economic status of families affected by the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy over a 30-year period. The study assessed differences in income, housing, education, health facilities, and asset possession between 1985 and 2015. A sample of 400 respondents from severely and moderately affected areas was surveyed. The results showed significant improvements in monthly income, home ownership, and access to education and healthcare over the 30 years since the disaster. However, some families remained in the same socio-economic position. The study concluded that while relief efforts had improved conditions for many victims, differences remained in socio-economic status even after 30 years.
An Appraisal of the Impact of the Dearth of Pre-Hospital Emergency Medical Se...inventionjournals
The significant role of pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) cannot be over emphasized as it encompasses minimizing the consequences of accidents and provides rapid response and relieve materials to victims of road traffic accidents at the scene of the crash. The paper therefore tries to analytically x-ray the relationship between income GDP per capital and the rate of road traffic death to determine the effect of absences of pre-hospital emergency medical services to road traffic victims in Nigeria. The paper makes use of regression as a tool of analysis, with the aid of variables such as record of road traffic accident death and indices on income GDP per capita of the country in focus to draw conclusion or the relationship or otherwise of the argument above. the correlation between the calculated data on death rate from road traffic accident per 10000 population and GDP per capita resulted in a negative strong significant relationship as, r (19) = –0.79,P = < 0.0001, ß= 0.79. The coefficient of the predictor GDP per capita is Significant. (P=0.0001<p>< 0.05). Hence rejecting the null hypotheses and accepting the alternative hypotheses. There is a negative significant correlation between income GNI and Road Traffic rate. The paper concludes that there is a significant correlation between the country’s income GDP per capita and the rate of death in road traffic accident due to the absences of pre-emergency medical services at the accident scene. It there recommends amongst others that; government must take pro-active measures to abate the occurrences of road crashes and equip the agency responsible for meting out pre-hospital emergency medical services with the requisite tools to function.
Domestic accidents in a rural community of bangladesh a cross sectional study...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the prevalence and characteristics of domestic accidents in a rural community in Bangladesh. A survey of 297 households with 1171 family members found that 171 domestic accidents occurred over one year, a prevalence of 146.02 per 1000 people. Most victims were male (52.6%) aged 19-64 years. The most common types of accidents were falls (50.9%), cuts (22.2%), and burns (11.7%). Most accidents occurred in courtyards (49.7%) while victims were doing household chores or playing. The results suggest domestic accidents impose a significant health burden in rural Bangladesh and prevention through safety education could help reduce accidents.
This document summarizes a study that estimated the costs of malaria morbidity in Uganda in 2003. Some key findings of the study include:
- The total economic cost of malaria morbidity in Uganda in 2003 was estimated to be US$658.2 million, or US$24.8 per capita.
- Direct costs accounted for US$49.1 million (7% of total costs), while indirect costs from lost productivity were US$609.1 million (92% of total).
- Household treatment-related spending on malaria was US$46.1 million, with 90% borne by households. Spending on malaria prevention was only US$3 million.
- The study analyzed costs across 4 districts with different
This study estimated the economic costs of malaria morbidity in Uganda in 2003 using a cost-of-illness approach. The key findings were:
(1) The total economic cost to Uganda was approximately US$658 million, consisting of US$49 million in direct costs and US$609 million in indirect costs from lost productivity.
(2) Households bore 90% of the US$46 million spent on malaria treatment, while 81% of the US$3 million spent on prevention was by the Ministry of Health and development partners.
(3) Malaria poses a heavy economic burden on households that can lead to financial hardship and impoverishment. Increased investments in health services and preventive interventions are needed
Study of socio demographic factors among injured persons in a district of. ac...Sanjeev kumar Jain
This document summarizes a study on injuries in rural and urban areas in Agra district, India. The study found that the annual incidence of major injuries per thousand populations was higher in urban areas (58.92) than rural areas (38.18). For minor injuries, the quarterly incidence was also higher in urban areas (82.99) than rural areas (60.27). The highest numbers of both major and minor injuries were found among those aged 16-35 years in both rural and urban areas. The study concludes that focusing health education efforts based on local injury epidemiology and behaviors is needed considering the high injury burden.
Analysis of the socioeconomic factors affecting women’sAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socioeconomic factors that affect women's contributions to household welfare in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that most respondents were married with a mean age of 42 and average household size of eight people. While 70% had some formal education, women's income contributions to households were below 30% for 90% of respondents. Regression analysis showed that age and income were significant factors influencing women's contributions, with contributions increasing with age and income. The study recommends equipping rural women with knowledge of nutrition and education to enable greater contributions to food security and children's education.
A REVIEW OF THE AGENCIES OF THE CONTROL MEASURES OF HIV/AIDS IN NAGALANDpaperpublications3
This document reviews the agencies involved in controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nagaland, a state in northeast India. It discusses how religious organizations, governmental and non-governmental organizations, schools, police, hospitals, and individuals all play roles in prevention, care, and treatment efforts. The HIV/AIDS problem has become multidimensional, affecting health, social, economic, and cultural aspects of society. While agencies have adopted various strategies, more opportunities are needed for people living with HIV/AIDS. Religious organizations in particular can provide support through awareness programs, counseling, health camps, and prayer. They have begun establishing cells focused on HIV/AIDS issues.
The document summarizes a study on the socio-economic status of families affected by the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy over a 30-year period. The study assessed differences in income, housing, education, health facilities, and asset possession between 1985 and 2015. A sample of 400 respondents from severely and moderately affected areas was surveyed. The results showed significant improvements in monthly income, home ownership, and access to education and healthcare over the 30 years since the disaster. However, some families remained in the same socio-economic position. The study concluded that while relief efforts had improved conditions for many victims, differences remained in socio-economic status even after 30 years.
An Appraisal of the Impact of the Dearth of Pre-Hospital Emergency Medical Se...inventionjournals
The significant role of pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) cannot be over emphasized as it encompasses minimizing the consequences of accidents and provides rapid response and relieve materials to victims of road traffic accidents at the scene of the crash. The paper therefore tries to analytically x-ray the relationship between income GDP per capital and the rate of road traffic death to determine the effect of absences of pre-hospital emergency medical services to road traffic victims in Nigeria. The paper makes use of regression as a tool of analysis, with the aid of variables such as record of road traffic accident death and indices on income GDP per capita of the country in focus to draw conclusion or the relationship or otherwise of the argument above. the correlation between the calculated data on death rate from road traffic accident per 10000 population and GDP per capita resulted in a negative strong significant relationship as, r (19) = –0.79,P = < 0.0001, ß= 0.79. The coefficient of the predictor GDP per capita is Significant. (P=0.0001<p>< 0.05). Hence rejecting the null hypotheses and accepting the alternative hypotheses. There is a negative significant correlation between income GNI and Road Traffic rate. The paper concludes that there is a significant correlation between the country’s income GDP per capita and the rate of death in road traffic accident due to the absences of pre-emergency medical services at the accident scene. It there recommends amongst others that; government must take pro-active measures to abate the occurrences of road crashes and equip the agency responsible for meting out pre-hospital emergency medical services with the requisite tools to function.
The document discusses the fragmentation and costs of the mental health system in the US. It notes that mental illnesses lead to unnecessary disability, unemployment, homelessness, school failure and incarceration. The annual economic cost of mental illness in the US is estimated to be $79 billion. About 20% of jail populations have a serious mental illness. There is a lack of coordinated services across systems like law enforcement, treatment, housing, etc. This leads to poor outcomes for those with mental illnesses.
Social and economic implications of noncommunicable diseases in indiaDr. Dharmendra Gahwai
India has experienced rapid economic growth over the last decade of around 7-8% per year. However, this has also led to a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. NCDs now account for over 60% of deaths in India and place a major strain on the health system. Rising rates of risk factors like smoking, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity have contributed to the growing NCD problem. Additionally, India faces a "double burden" of both communicable and non-communicable diseases co-existing as the country undergoes an epidemiological transition.
This document analyzes the impacts of utility disconnection and eviction moratoria policies on COVID-19 infections and deaths across US counties. It finds that policies limiting evictions reduced COVID-19 infections by 3.8% and deaths by 11%, while moratoria on utility disconnections reduced infections by 4.4% and deaths by 7.4%. Had these policies been adopted nationwide, infections could have been reduced up to 14.2% and deaths up to 40.7% with eviction moratoria, and infections reduced up to 8.7% and deaths up to 14.8% with utility disconnection moratoria. The document provides background on housing precarity and heterogeneity in government COVID-
This document summarizes a study on the cost of malaria morbidity in Uganda. The study found that:
1) In 2003, malaria cost the Ugandan economy a total of about US$658.2 million (US$24.8 per capita) due to over 12 million cases.
2) Total costs consisted of US$49.1 million (7%) in direct costs and US$609.1 million (92%) in indirect costs from lost productivity.
3) Total spending on malaria treatment was US$46.1 million, with 90% spent by households. Spending on prevention was only US$3 million, with 81% by the Ministry of Health and development partners.
Agricultural research raises productivity and reduces rural poverty: Emperica...GCARD Conferences
Agricultural research raises productivity and reduces poverty in Indonesia and Thailand. The document analyzes the impact of agricultural research spending on productivity growth and poverty reduction in these two countries. It finds that government-funded agricultural research significantly increases agricultural productivity in both countries. This research-driven productivity growth, in turn, substantially reduces rural poverty. The internal rates of return to agricultural research expenditure are estimated to be 27% in Indonesia and 29% in Thailand.
A historical description of the national hiv aids multi sectoral responses in...Alexander Decker
1) This document describes Nigeria's national multi-sectoral response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic from 2001-2007 led by the National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA).
2) NACA coordinated prevention, care, and treatment efforts across government agencies and sectors of society.
3) Key strategies included behavior change communication, family life and HIV/AIDS education, voluntary counseling and testing, and antiretroviral therapy.
Plhiv & their household impact mitigation by Sukhonta KongsinHidzuan Hashim
The document discusses the socio-economic burdens of HIV/AIDS in developing countries. It focuses on the impact of HIV/AIDS morbidity on households in rural Thailand. The study examines household coping strategies by comparing 150 case households affected by HIV/AIDS to 150 control households. It finds that case households experienced a 69% reduction in total income per capita and increases in loans, debt, and selling of assets to cope. The study models how reductions in health care support for PLWHA would further impact household consumption and coping strategies. It emphasizes the need for strategic policy action to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of HIV/AIDS on households.
Compliance to annual ivermectin treatment in abia state,Alexander Decker
The study assessed compliance with annual ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis in Abia State, Nigeria over 14 years. A survey of 558 individuals found that 55.4% had previously taken ivermectin, but only 22.7% of those were "high compliers" who had taken it 8 or more times. The overall percentage of high compliers was 12.6%. Reasons for low compliance included lack of information, no reason for refusal, absence from village, and no distribution. The reasons given did not significantly affect general compliance levels.
Social Determinants and Economic Burden of Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) on...Ruby Med Plus
India is home to almost one fifth of world’s population living in different states and differ in their ethnic origin, culture and various other ways that influence their health status.
National Health Policy 2017 address the issue of NCDs.
There exist dual burden of NCDs and Infectious and maternal-child disease across different states of India.
This puts challenging situation to Indian Health Care System which must be tackled by larger health investments and a balanced approach in reducing infectious and maternal-child diseases and also blunt the rising tide of NCDs and Injuries.
Since 1990’s, the contribution of most of the major non-communicable disease groups like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, mental health and neurological disorders, cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and chronic kidney disease to the total disease burden has increased all over India.
In 2016, three of the five leading individual causes of disease burden in India were non-communicable diseases, with ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the top two causes and stroke as the fifth leading cause.
In 2016, the NCD burden across India was 9-fold for ischaemic heart disease, 4-fold for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 6-fold for stroke, and 4-fold for diabetes.
Risks factors like unhealthy diet, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, and overweight, which mainly contribute to ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
INFLUENCE OF BAKIGA CULTURAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES ON MANAGEMENT OF CORONA VI...AkashSharma618775
The focus of this discourse is to construct an understanding of cultural beliefs and practices on the
influence and spread of corona virus as viewed from lenses of medical sociology. This review starts from the
premise that we need a sociology of health agenda to manage the corona virus epidemic. The study points to the
fact that cultural beliefs are an unsung aspect in our understanding of the sociology of health particularly in the
management of corona virus despite the role of describing social behavior in other disciplines, including utilization
of medicine itself. Some cultural fanatics among the Bakiga hold several casual beliefs that Corona Virus is a
disease of the West (most developed countries) and therefore, Africans are an exception. Another competing belief
is that most Africans have endured harsh conditions which made them develop immunity against the virus.
Another argument is that Africans have been infected by flu and common cold and therefore, their body has
requisite immunity to fight COVID 19.Culture in health interventions seems to have three domains of health
beliefs and behavior that should be taken into account: (1) Cultural Identity, (2) Relationships and Expectations,
and (3) Cultural Empowerment. It is essential to maximize the wealth of experience that emerges both from
anthropological and sociological analysis of epidemic responses in different contexts for similar airborne diseases,
including historical analyses. Although the socio-cultural practices of the Bakiga highlighted in this work have
been shown to contribute to the spread of COVID 19, any future efforts to eradicate and/or contain these
outbreaks should also include the medical sociologist on the African continent as the dearth of them was the main
structural contributor to the course of the pandemic.
Socio economic differentials in health care seeking behaviour and out-of-pock...Alexander Decker
This study examined health care utilization patterns and out-of-pocket expenditures for outpatient services in Madina Township, Ghana. The study found that only 27.5% of households were enrolled in Ghana's National Health Insurance Scheme. Insured patients experienced longer wait times at facilities compared to non-insured patients. Despite the financial protection of insurance, poorer households still incurred significant costs for health care. Household characteristics such as perceived quality, illness severity, and proximity influenced choice of health services used. Socioeconomic status continued to impact health care choices even with the introduction of health insurance. Efforts are needed to improve enrollment in insurance as well as address other barriers to access in order to maximize the benefits of Ghana's health insurance
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Female Sex wo...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Plateau State, Nigeria with HIV prevalence rate of 7.7% as at 2010 had among the highest HIV and syphilis levels in Nigeria, earning itself a reputation of being one of the 12 + 1 states contributing the highest HIV prevalence in Nigeria and described as “hot zone” of HIV infections. Factors responsible for this were not unrelated to the high-risk activities of Female Sex Workers (FSWs). This paper therefore presents achievements and implications HIV prevention among FSWs in Plateau State, Nigeria Methods: This project was an intervention effort focused on delivering evidence-based HIV prevention activities among FSWs in 3 local government areas within the State. The estimated target population for the study was 460 and this project used the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI). Peer educators were selected and trained among the FSWs to reach out to their peers using cohort session. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools, entered on the District Health Information Software version 2 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 68 community dialogues were held with 1,466 influencers participating in the process. In addition, 601 peers were registered, while 18 persons benefitted from 27 income generation activities aimed at capacity building for FSWs. A total of 642 persons were counseled, tested and shown their results, with 15 persons tested positive resulting in HIV prevalence of 2.3%. Although 10,560 condoms were distributed however, these numbers was below the number of condoms required during the intervention. Conclusion: This intervention was a success. However, more needs to be done with regards to condom distribution and supply among FSWs since there is a crucial role for FSWs to play in the plot of taking the HIV prevalence of Plateau State even further down
Diseases and economic performance evidence from panel data, is a journal article that accesses the co-integration (long-run) relationship and effect of some selected communicable diseases i.e. Dengue, HIV/AIDS and TB on GDP in the south-east Asia... by estimating their coefficient using Fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and confirmed by Dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS).
THE ROLE OF STATE-WIDE STAY-AT-HOME POLICIES ON CONFIRMED COVID-19 CASES IN T...hiij
In January 2020, the first confirmed case of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 emerged in the United States of America. By March 2020, the USA had eclared a national emergency and implemented stay-at-home policies subject to the individual initiative of health authorities of each state. However, ambiguity in the literature exists about the extent to which temporal variation of stay-at-home implementation contributes to an effective stay-at-home order. To examine the role of the implementation of stay-at-home policy at the county level on outbreak progression, we compiled the case count data and dates of policy commencement for 1720 counties from the US Counties: Socio-Health Data database. Measures of central tendency and rate of change identified correlation between the change of confirmed case counts compared to time, quantified by comparing four successive time points of 5 days to the initial date of each county’s stay-at-home implementation. We then used a deterministic county-level SIR epidemiological model to predict post stay-at-home case counts based on pre-stay-at-home parameters and compared the model to actual post-stay-at-home case counts to identify the degree of error Mean Squared Error (MSE). Our analyses demonstrated the high error between time since stay-at-home implementation and change in actual case counts compared to predicted case counts, which suggests an interaction between policy and COVID-19 transmission. Our findings shine light on the confounding variables of stay-at-home policy at the county level and the promising outlook of stay-at-home policy in the USA.
This document outlines the major health problems in India. It defines health as a state of complete well-being according to the WHO. The major health problems discussed are communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and acute respiratory infections. Nutritional problems such as protein-energy malnutrition, nutritional anemia, and low birth weight are also examined. Environmental sanitation problems from lack of safe water and proper waste disposal are addressed. The document also notes medical care access issues and India's large population as creating health challenges.
Kerala has some of the best health indicators in India like low infant mortality and birth rates. However, it also has the highest reported morbidity rates. The paper examines issues in Kerala's health sector like high rates of infections and non-communicable diseases. It finds declining investment in public health as a percentage of GDP. To improve health status, the paper recommends increasing access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and healthcare for vulnerable groups as well as augmenting budgets for medicines and supplies.
Deaths from fall-related traumatic brain injuries are on the rise in U.S.Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Deaths due to traumatic brain injuries from falls have risen in recent years, according to new CDC data. Here's more:
•Overall trends: From 2008-2017, the number of TBI-related deaths from falls increased 17%, leading to more than 17,400 such deaths in 2017.
•Demographics: In 2017, the rate of such deaths was highest in males and in people aged 75 and older. In fact, the death rate in this age group was eight times more than for those 55-74.
•Implications: Given the study's findings, and the aging population in the U.S., health care providers ought to educate the elderly and their families about the risk of falls, the report authors conclude.
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes now account for over half of deaths in India and place a large economic burden. The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Strokes (NPCDCS) aims to address NCDs through health promotion, screening, diagnosis, management, and capacity building integrated into primary healthcare. Current programs have had limited implementation; a comprehensive and widespread approach is still needed to reduce the growing NCD burden in India.
Cash transfers and intimate partner violence: Case studies from Ethiopia and ...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) and the Cash Transfer and Intimate Partner Violence Research Collaborative in support of the annual 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence campaign. More information and full recording available at https://bit.ly/3pOlJx0
The document discusses the fragmentation and costs of the mental health system in the US. It notes that mental illnesses lead to unnecessary disability, unemployment, homelessness, school failure and incarceration. The annual economic cost of mental illness in the US is estimated to be $79 billion. About 20% of jail populations have a serious mental illness. There is a lack of coordinated services across systems like law enforcement, treatment, housing, etc. This leads to poor outcomes for those with mental illnesses.
Social and economic implications of noncommunicable diseases in indiaDr. Dharmendra Gahwai
India has experienced rapid economic growth over the last decade of around 7-8% per year. However, this has also led to a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. NCDs now account for over 60% of deaths in India and place a major strain on the health system. Rising rates of risk factors like smoking, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity have contributed to the growing NCD problem. Additionally, India faces a "double burden" of both communicable and non-communicable diseases co-existing as the country undergoes an epidemiological transition.
This document analyzes the impacts of utility disconnection and eviction moratoria policies on COVID-19 infections and deaths across US counties. It finds that policies limiting evictions reduced COVID-19 infections by 3.8% and deaths by 11%, while moratoria on utility disconnections reduced infections by 4.4% and deaths by 7.4%. Had these policies been adopted nationwide, infections could have been reduced up to 14.2% and deaths up to 40.7% with eviction moratoria, and infections reduced up to 8.7% and deaths up to 14.8% with utility disconnection moratoria. The document provides background on housing precarity and heterogeneity in government COVID-
This document summarizes a study on the cost of malaria morbidity in Uganda. The study found that:
1) In 2003, malaria cost the Ugandan economy a total of about US$658.2 million (US$24.8 per capita) due to over 12 million cases.
2) Total costs consisted of US$49.1 million (7%) in direct costs and US$609.1 million (92%) in indirect costs from lost productivity.
3) Total spending on malaria treatment was US$46.1 million, with 90% spent by households. Spending on prevention was only US$3 million, with 81% by the Ministry of Health and development partners.
Agricultural research raises productivity and reduces rural poverty: Emperica...GCARD Conferences
Agricultural research raises productivity and reduces poverty in Indonesia and Thailand. The document analyzes the impact of agricultural research spending on productivity growth and poverty reduction in these two countries. It finds that government-funded agricultural research significantly increases agricultural productivity in both countries. This research-driven productivity growth, in turn, substantially reduces rural poverty. The internal rates of return to agricultural research expenditure are estimated to be 27% in Indonesia and 29% in Thailand.
A historical description of the national hiv aids multi sectoral responses in...Alexander Decker
1) This document describes Nigeria's national multi-sectoral response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic from 2001-2007 led by the National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA).
2) NACA coordinated prevention, care, and treatment efforts across government agencies and sectors of society.
3) Key strategies included behavior change communication, family life and HIV/AIDS education, voluntary counseling and testing, and antiretroviral therapy.
Plhiv & their household impact mitigation by Sukhonta KongsinHidzuan Hashim
The document discusses the socio-economic burdens of HIV/AIDS in developing countries. It focuses on the impact of HIV/AIDS morbidity on households in rural Thailand. The study examines household coping strategies by comparing 150 case households affected by HIV/AIDS to 150 control households. It finds that case households experienced a 69% reduction in total income per capita and increases in loans, debt, and selling of assets to cope. The study models how reductions in health care support for PLWHA would further impact household consumption and coping strategies. It emphasizes the need for strategic policy action to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of HIV/AIDS on households.
Compliance to annual ivermectin treatment in abia state,Alexander Decker
The study assessed compliance with annual ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis in Abia State, Nigeria over 14 years. A survey of 558 individuals found that 55.4% had previously taken ivermectin, but only 22.7% of those were "high compliers" who had taken it 8 or more times. The overall percentage of high compliers was 12.6%. Reasons for low compliance included lack of information, no reason for refusal, absence from village, and no distribution. The reasons given did not significantly affect general compliance levels.
Social Determinants and Economic Burden of Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) on...Ruby Med Plus
India is home to almost one fifth of world’s population living in different states and differ in their ethnic origin, culture and various other ways that influence their health status.
National Health Policy 2017 address the issue of NCDs.
There exist dual burden of NCDs and Infectious and maternal-child disease across different states of India.
This puts challenging situation to Indian Health Care System which must be tackled by larger health investments and a balanced approach in reducing infectious and maternal-child diseases and also blunt the rising tide of NCDs and Injuries.
Since 1990’s, the contribution of most of the major non-communicable disease groups like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, mental health and neurological disorders, cancers, musculoskeletal disorders, and chronic kidney disease to the total disease burden has increased all over India.
In 2016, three of the five leading individual causes of disease burden in India were non-communicable diseases, with ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the top two causes and stroke as the fifth leading cause.
In 2016, the NCD burden across India was 9-fold for ischaemic heart disease, 4-fold for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 6-fold for stroke, and 4-fold for diabetes.
Risks factors like unhealthy diet, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, and overweight, which mainly contribute to ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
INFLUENCE OF BAKIGA CULTURAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES ON MANAGEMENT OF CORONA VI...AkashSharma618775
The focus of this discourse is to construct an understanding of cultural beliefs and practices on the
influence and spread of corona virus as viewed from lenses of medical sociology. This review starts from the
premise that we need a sociology of health agenda to manage the corona virus epidemic. The study points to the
fact that cultural beliefs are an unsung aspect in our understanding of the sociology of health particularly in the
management of corona virus despite the role of describing social behavior in other disciplines, including utilization
of medicine itself. Some cultural fanatics among the Bakiga hold several casual beliefs that Corona Virus is a
disease of the West (most developed countries) and therefore, Africans are an exception. Another competing belief
is that most Africans have endured harsh conditions which made them develop immunity against the virus.
Another argument is that Africans have been infected by flu and common cold and therefore, their body has
requisite immunity to fight COVID 19.Culture in health interventions seems to have three domains of health
beliefs and behavior that should be taken into account: (1) Cultural Identity, (2) Relationships and Expectations,
and (3) Cultural Empowerment. It is essential to maximize the wealth of experience that emerges both from
anthropological and sociological analysis of epidemic responses in different contexts for similar airborne diseases,
including historical analyses. Although the socio-cultural practices of the Bakiga highlighted in this work have
been shown to contribute to the spread of COVID 19, any future efforts to eradicate and/or contain these
outbreaks should also include the medical sociologist on the African continent as the dearth of them was the main
structural contributor to the course of the pandemic.
Socio economic differentials in health care seeking behaviour and out-of-pock...Alexander Decker
This study examined health care utilization patterns and out-of-pocket expenditures for outpatient services in Madina Township, Ghana. The study found that only 27.5% of households were enrolled in Ghana's National Health Insurance Scheme. Insured patients experienced longer wait times at facilities compared to non-insured patients. Despite the financial protection of insurance, poorer households still incurred significant costs for health care. Household characteristics such as perceived quality, illness severity, and proximity influenced choice of health services used. Socioeconomic status continued to impact health care choices even with the introduction of health insurance. Efforts are needed to improve enrollment in insurance as well as address other barriers to access in order to maximize the benefits of Ghana's health insurance
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Female Sex wo...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Plateau State, Nigeria with HIV prevalence rate of 7.7% as at 2010 had among the highest HIV and syphilis levels in Nigeria, earning itself a reputation of being one of the 12 + 1 states contributing the highest HIV prevalence in Nigeria and described as “hot zone” of HIV infections. Factors responsible for this were not unrelated to the high-risk activities of Female Sex Workers (FSWs). This paper therefore presents achievements and implications HIV prevention among FSWs in Plateau State, Nigeria Methods: This project was an intervention effort focused on delivering evidence-based HIV prevention activities among FSWs in 3 local government areas within the State. The estimated target population for the study was 460 and this project used the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI). Peer educators were selected and trained among the FSWs to reach out to their peers using cohort session. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools, entered on the District Health Information Software version 2 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 68 community dialogues were held with 1,466 influencers participating in the process. In addition, 601 peers were registered, while 18 persons benefitted from 27 income generation activities aimed at capacity building for FSWs. A total of 642 persons were counseled, tested and shown their results, with 15 persons tested positive resulting in HIV prevalence of 2.3%. Although 10,560 condoms were distributed however, these numbers was below the number of condoms required during the intervention. Conclusion: This intervention was a success. However, more needs to be done with regards to condom distribution and supply among FSWs since there is a crucial role for FSWs to play in the plot of taking the HIV prevalence of Plateau State even further down
Diseases and economic performance evidence from panel data, is a journal article that accesses the co-integration (long-run) relationship and effect of some selected communicable diseases i.e. Dengue, HIV/AIDS and TB on GDP in the south-east Asia... by estimating their coefficient using Fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and confirmed by Dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS).
THE ROLE OF STATE-WIDE STAY-AT-HOME POLICIES ON CONFIRMED COVID-19 CASES IN T...hiij
In January 2020, the first confirmed case of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 emerged in the United States of America. By March 2020, the USA had eclared a national emergency and implemented stay-at-home policies subject to the individual initiative of health authorities of each state. However, ambiguity in the literature exists about the extent to which temporal variation of stay-at-home implementation contributes to an effective stay-at-home order. To examine the role of the implementation of stay-at-home policy at the county level on outbreak progression, we compiled the case count data and dates of policy commencement for 1720 counties from the US Counties: Socio-Health Data database. Measures of central tendency and rate of change identified correlation between the change of confirmed case counts compared to time, quantified by comparing four successive time points of 5 days to the initial date of each county’s stay-at-home implementation. We then used a deterministic county-level SIR epidemiological model to predict post stay-at-home case counts based on pre-stay-at-home parameters and compared the model to actual post-stay-at-home case counts to identify the degree of error Mean Squared Error (MSE). Our analyses demonstrated the high error between time since stay-at-home implementation and change in actual case counts compared to predicted case counts, which suggests an interaction between policy and COVID-19 transmission. Our findings shine light on the confounding variables of stay-at-home policy at the county level and the promising outlook of stay-at-home policy in the USA.
This document outlines the major health problems in India. It defines health as a state of complete well-being according to the WHO. The major health problems discussed are communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and acute respiratory infections. Nutritional problems such as protein-energy malnutrition, nutritional anemia, and low birth weight are also examined. Environmental sanitation problems from lack of safe water and proper waste disposal are addressed. The document also notes medical care access issues and India's large population as creating health challenges.
Kerala has some of the best health indicators in India like low infant mortality and birth rates. However, it also has the highest reported morbidity rates. The paper examines issues in Kerala's health sector like high rates of infections and non-communicable diseases. It finds declining investment in public health as a percentage of GDP. To improve health status, the paper recommends increasing access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and healthcare for vulnerable groups as well as augmenting budgets for medicines and supplies.
Deaths from fall-related traumatic brain injuries are on the rise in U.S.Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Deaths due to traumatic brain injuries from falls have risen in recent years, according to new CDC data. Here's more:
•Overall trends: From 2008-2017, the number of TBI-related deaths from falls increased 17%, leading to more than 17,400 such deaths in 2017.
•Demographics: In 2017, the rate of such deaths was highest in males and in people aged 75 and older. In fact, the death rate in this age group was eight times more than for those 55-74.
•Implications: Given the study's findings, and the aging population in the U.S., health care providers ought to educate the elderly and their families about the risk of falls, the report authors conclude.
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes now account for over half of deaths in India and place a large economic burden. The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Strokes (NPCDCS) aims to address NCDs through health promotion, screening, diagnosis, management, and capacity building integrated into primary healthcare. Current programs have had limited implementation; a comprehensive and widespread approach is still needed to reduce the growing NCD burden in India.
Cash transfers and intimate partner violence: Case studies from Ethiopia and ...IFPRI-PIM
Webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) and the Cash Transfer and Intimate Partner Violence Research Collaborative in support of the annual 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence campaign. More information and full recording available at https://bit.ly/3pOlJx0
This document analyzes characteristics of police vehicle crashes that occur in rural versus urban areas in Västra Götaland County Police, Sweden between 1998-2007. It finds that the majority (67%) of severe injury crashes occurred in urban environments, while some occurred in rural towns. Common causes included traveling too fast in an intersection, lack of attentiveness, skidding in slippery conditions, and emergency responses in intersections. The document proposes asking a series of risk assessment questions to help reduce deaths and injuries from police vehicle crashes.
The document summarizes a study on performing a Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) on an end milling process. The researchers conducted multiple end milling trials and identified several potential failure modes and their effects. They assigned severity, occurrence, and detection ratings to each failure mode and calculated Risk Priority Numbers. The failure mode with the highest RPN, which was chip packing, was further analyzed to identify causes and recommend preventive measures like adjusting feed or speed. The FMEA provides a guide to prevent failures and improve the effectiveness of end milling operations.
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This document summarizes a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Kashmir, India that examined hepatitis B knowledge and vaccination status among the local population aged 18 and older. The study found that only 10.2% of participants had heard of hepatitis B prior to the study. Of those aware, 37.6% knew modes of transmission but knowledge of prevention methods was lower. Just 2% of participants had received the hepatitis B vaccine, with only 27% of those completing all three doses. Given these low levels of knowledge and vaccination, the study concludes there is a need for public health education campaigns in Kashmir to increase awareness and prevention of hepatitis B.
The rise of non-communicable diseases and their impact in low- and middle-income countries has gained increased attention in recent years.A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 369 villagers to assess the prevalenceof risk factors for non-communicable diseases at Dhamrai, Dhaka. About 252(68.3%) respondents had knowledge regarding HTN, 247(66.9%) about DM, 193(52.3%) about cancer and among them more than fifty percent respondents gave opinion that smoking as the cause of non communicable disease.Regarding awareness of risk factors of HTN and DM more than sixty percent respondents gave opinion on age advancement,near fifty percent on familialand significant strongassociations were found between NCDs and the risk factors. About 258(39.3%) of the rural participants got information from television.Finally, the need for health system reform to strengthen primary care at rural setting is highlighted as a major policy to reduce the toll of this rising epidemic.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
The document discusses mental health and economic conditions in India. It notes that around 70 million Indians suffer from serious to mild mental illnesses, but only 50-70% can access treatment. Poverty is linked to higher rates of mental disorders as it increases stress, hopelessness, and health risks. However, India's strong family and social support networks also promote resilience. The government aims to improve access to affordable mental healthcare.
Adolescents and utilization of family planning services in rural community of...Alexander Decker
This study examined family planning services utilization among adolescents in a rural Nigerian community. 400 adolescents ages 10-19 completed questionnaires. Over two-thirds reported family planning services being available, with main sources being health centers, chemists, and pharmacies. Reasons for service selection included low cost, privacy, and proximity. While most adolescents were sexually active and knowledgeable about contraception, condom use was low and many were unconcerned about pregnancy or STDs. The study concluded family planning services were available but underutilized, with worrisome attitudes towards unprotected sex among adolescents in the community.
Barriers to meeting the primary health care information needsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the barriers to meeting the primary health care information needs of rural women in Enugu state, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 107 doctors and nurses, and focus group discussions were held with 108 rural women across 9 local government areas. The study found that government insensitivity to rural needs, women's ignorance about primary health care services, and illiteracy were major barriers. It was recommended that more health institutions and personnel be provided in rural areas, and that rural women be educated on the importance of primary health care and available services through mobile health libraries and information materials.
Barriers to meeting the primary health care information needsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the barriers to meeting the primary health care information needs of rural women in Enugu state, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 107 doctors and nurses, and focus group discussions were held with 108 rural women across 9 local government areas. The study found that government insensitivity to rural needs, women's ignorance about primary health care services, and illiteracy posed significant barriers. It was recommended that more health institutions and personnel be provided in rural areas, and that rural women be educated on the importance of primary health care and available services through mobile health libraries and information materials.
Accidental Mortality in India: Statistical Models for Forecastinginventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
National monitoring system of the situation with internally displaced persons...DonbassFullAccess
The document summarizes the methodology used in a national monitoring system to assess the situation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews with 2,000 IDPs, telephone surveys of 2,532 IDPs, interviews with 792 key informants working with IDPs, and 6 focus groups with 87 IDPs total. Key findings include that most IDP households are composed of 2 people, the average age of IDPs decreases the further one moves from the contact line, and over 90% of IDPs surveyed are registered with social services. Women make up over half of all IDP household members.
Nyangakhu characteristics of injuries among children attending public primary...EverlyneMorema
The document summarizes a study that examined characteristics of injuries among primary school children in Kisumu, Kenya. The study found that the most common causes of injury were falls and injuries sustained while playing. Girls were more at risk of burn injuries than boys, and more girls reported injuries occurring at home. While road safety education was taught, students demonstrated low awareness of road safety rules. The findings suggest the need for better supervision of children playing and improved teaching of road safety.
Childbirth practices in the akpabuyo rural health and demographic surveillanc...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on childbirth practices in rural communities in Akpabuyo, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) The majority (84.6%) of births occurred outside formal health facilities and were attended by traditional birth attendants. Only 15.4% of births occurred in hospitals or health centers.
2) Common objects used to cut the umbilical cord included knives (46.2%) and new razor blades (30.8%), with knives being most common. Methylated spirits (63.1%) and "western medicine" (23.8%) were most commonly used to treat the umbilical cord after birth.
3) While 39.5% of women sought
Rural health administration in Maharashtra faces several challenges. The majority of rural residents live in abysmal conditions without access to clean water or adequate nutrition, and most deliveries are conducted at home without trained birth attendants. While India has experienced improvements in some health indicators, disparities remain high between urban and rural areas. Rural areas are underserved by health infrastructure, with 31% of hospitals and 20% of beds located rurally. Increased focus on specialist doctors has also failed to address rural communities' primary health needs.
This document presents a research protocol for a study aimed at reducing HIV/AIDS risks among intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Bangladesh through community-based outreach programs. The study aims to design effective prevention programs and reduce risky behaviors among high-risk groups like IDUs. It provides background on HIV/AIDS and drug use in Bangladesh, describing current interventions for IDUs that incorporate harm reduction strategies like drop-in centers and needle exchange programs. The proposed study will use qualitative and quantitative methods to assess current knowledge and behaviors of IDUs and evaluate community-based outreach programs to identify best practices for prevention.
Background: Violence is among the leading cause of death worldwide widely for people aged 15-49 years. Domestic violence is a common global problem, which is usually hidden from the public view that affects every individual. World widely, 40-70% of females are murdered by their intimate partner. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used and eighty married women were selected using probability systematic sampling technique from Kawasoti-13, Nawalparasi. Data was collected by using a structured interview schedule to find out the awareness regarding domestic violence. Data entry was done by IBM SPSS version 20. Results: The overall finding of the study revealed that the mean age of the respondent was 37.64±8.973 years, 97.5% of respondents followed Hinduism, 76.3% were literate. Among literate 31.14% had completed basic education, 58.8% respondents were involved in agriculture and 60 % respondents belong to nuclear families. Only 31.3 % participated in the awareness program. About 47.5% had previously experienced domestic violence. Women’s knowledge was higher on meaning higher knowledge on causes, types, and management of domestic violence whereas lower knowledge on laws of domestic violence. More than half 57.5% had adequate awareness regarding domestic violence. Conclusion: Based on the finding it can be concluded that nearly half of the married women had inadequate awareness regarding domestic violence. Therefore domestic violence awareness programs should be conducted at the community level for women to upgrade the level of awareness regarding domestic violence.
Family caregiving problems of suspected elderly neglectAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that reviewed 178 autopsy cases from 2000-2003 to identify cases of suspected elder neglect in Japan. Nine cases met the criteria for suspected neglect. The victims had a mean age of 82 and lived with family members acting as caregivers. Sons were the caregiver in over half of cases. Caregivers tended to be male, unemployed, and some had conditions like depression. Victims often had issues like pressure sores or dementia requiring daily care. The study found elder parents living with sons may be a high-risk group for neglect and more family support is needed, especially for isolated male caregivers.
Prevalence and predictors of mental health among farmworkers in Southeastern ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of mental health problems among 1,855 farmworkers in Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey. The overall prevalence of mental health problems was 31.5%, with women (35%) reporting higher rates than men (28.2%). Logistic regression analyses identified several significant predictors of mental health problems for both men and women, including poor general health, chronic diseases, traumatic life events, and economic hardship. Additional gender-specific predictors included factors like settlement type, disability of a child, and lack of access to a family physician for women, as well as seasonal work patterns and pesticide exposure for men. The findings highlight the need for improved mental health services and an integrated approach to healthcare for this population.
An examination of poverty among households in minna capitalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined poverty among households in Minna, Nigeria. The study found that 48.6% of respondents had incomes below the poverty line, indicating high poverty incidence. The poverty gap and squared poverty gap indices of 0.34 and 0.27, respectively, suggested poverty in Minna requires urgent attention. Poverty was highest among households headed by illiterate individuals and older farmers over 58 years old. The study concluded poverty incidence is high in the study areas and recommends dedicating more funds to practical poverty reduction programs at the state and local levels in Niger State.
THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND INCOME: A CASE STUDY OF DAVAN...AkashSharma618775
India is the agriculture based country in the world and most of the people were depend on agriculture
mode of life. The major livelihoods in this area of the study are related to irrigation based agricultural practices.
How far irrigation has influence on income of youth cultivators? What is the other non-water related factors
influencing income level of youth cultivators? The paper addresses these questions. Irrigation plays an important
role in improving production and productivity of agriculture.
The present research study try to highlight the involvement of youth in agricultural activities and income impact
of irrigation study has been done in Nalluru village of Davanagere district, Karnataka. Consisting of 150
households, having different livelihoods, a set of 55 respondents have been found out whose main occupation is
cultivation and annual income comes under below poverty line (BPL). Among these 55 cultivators a sample of 20
youth cultivators has been selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) method
and further required data have been collected for this sample group using a pre-tested questionnaire consisting of
both quantitative and qualitative variables. Finally, conclude the findings of study.
[[INOSR ES 11(2)134-147 Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adv...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adventist Hospital Bushenyi District
Mugaaga Paul
Department of Clinical Medicine Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________ABSTRACT
Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, mainly caused by dehydration, diseases, congenital malformations and infections. The main objective of this study was to establish the determinants of infant mortality in Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) in the months of April- July 2017, in Ishaka municipality in Bushenyi district. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to determine the determinants of infant mortality in the study area. Majority of respondent (98%) were female and among them, 25.5% reported to have lost at least an infant and most of these respondents (70%) were married while 5% were widowed and among these, 40% reported to have lost an infant. Religiously, majority of the respondents (80%) were Christians, while 13% were Muslim and 7% constituted other religions including paganism, which showed the greatest infant mortality rate (71.4%). Most of the respondents (65%) attained primary level of education while 5% did not go to school at all, and the highest infant mortality rate (40%) was reported among these. The respondents who reported to have had preterm births appeared to have a higher infant mortality rate (65%) than those who did not report preterm births. A higher infant mortality rate (32.2%) was realized among respondents who reported their infants to have had such co-morbidities than those who didn’t report any co-morbidities like malaria and also a higher infant mortality rate (50%) was realized among infants who had not exclusively breastfed. Majority of respondents (80%) did not have children with birth defects while only 20% had children with birth defect, and a higher infant mortality rate of 70% was realized among these. Demographically, infant mortality rate is high among teenagers, the unemployed, the widowed, the pagans, and the uneducated. Direct determinants of infant mortality rate included preterm birth, birth defects, comorbidities and failure to breastfeed exclusively. Proximate determinants associated with infant mortality rate included teenage pregnancies, source of water, means of delivery and irregular immunization. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, mass immunization campaign up to grass root, intensive health education on health seeking behaviors and highlighting on dangers associated with risky behaviors and high quality monitoring and evaluation for quick action particularly for emergencies. There is also need for intersectional collaboration and initiation of income generating activities to boost their standards of living.
Keywords: Infant mortality, Breastfeeding, Morbidity, Determinants, Respondents.
Helping professional’s perception of the welfareAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that surveyed helping professionals in South Africa on the welfare needs of AIDS orphans. 52 social workers, counselors, and psychologists responded to a questionnaire identifying the key welfare needs as: 1) Adequate feeding, 2) Education on preventing AIDS, 3) Access to quality education, 4) Basic personal requirements, 5) Counseling to cope with their situation, and 6) Career/job opportunities. The findings indicate strong agreement that AIDS orphans need proper healthcare, nutrition, education, counseling, and prevention education to address their trauma and meet their long-term needs.
Similar to Domestic accidents in a rural community of bangladesh (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Domestic accidents in a rural community of bangladesh
1. European Journal of Developing Country Studies, Vol.5 2008
ISSN(paper)2668-3385 ISSN(online)2668-3687
www.BellPress.org
Domestic accidents in a rural community of Bangladesh: A
cross-sectional study on their incidence and characteristics.
Dr. Md. Shajedur Rahman Shawon (Corresponding author)
Intern doctor, Dhaka Medical College
PO box 1000, Shahbagh, Dhaka.
Abstract
In a developing country like Bangladesh knowledge about domestic accidents is sparse. But accident is one of
the major causes of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. [1] The relationship
between domestic accidents and human health is direct and associated with a chain of socio-economic
consequences. In this paper we try to bring out the patterns of domestic accidents and their characteristics in a
rural community of Bangladesh. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 297 households of Shitpara village
under Bormi union of Shreepur Upazilla constituting 1171 family members to determine the prevalence and
characteristics of household accidents. The collected data were then analyzed by SPSS 16. (Statistical package
for social science)A total of 171 domestic accidents had occurred during one year period with a prevalence of
146.02/1000 population. Majority of the victims are male (52.6%). Commonest household accident was fall
(50.9%) followed by Cut injury (22.2%) and Burn (11.7%).Health education program aimed at prevention and
first aid treatment of domestic accidents and proper use of personal protective measures are recommended.
Keywords: Domestic accidents, Bangladesh, rural area, public health.
1. Introduction
The public health experts have coined the name ‘Modern Day Epidemic’ for accidents. [2] Though majority of
the accidents and associated morbidity & mortality occurs in the developing and underdeveloped counties [3],
information about their distribution, pattern, predisposing factors are hardly known to the epidemiologists. [4]
Most of the accident related researches are focused on Road-traffic accidents and urban populations. [5] Only a
few cross-sectional studies have been conducted focusing on rural communities including Pakistan [6], India [7],
Ghana [8] showing that domestic accidents possess a potential threat in Public health sector.
Domestic accident is an accident that takes place at home or its immediate surrounding and more generally, all
accidents not connected with traffic, vehicles and sports. Every domestic accident brings deleterious physical
and mental health effects to the concerned victims and his/her family members. The victim suffers from physical
& mental stress, loss of earning capacity and productivity. Children in particular are more vulnerable to domestic
accidents. [9] In different age group the type of the accidents are different. Like, elderly people are prone to
accidents because of their failing vision, slow movements, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. [10] Women who are
having pregnancy, anger, anxiety or stress often suffer from burn, suffocation, electrocution and cut injury.
Domestic accidents are worldwide public health issue. In USA, household accidents constitute almost 20% of all
unintentional injuries which is the 5th leading cause of death. [12] Most importantly with the advancement of
technology, the incidence of domestic accidents is increasing even in the developing countries. For example, in
Shiraz province of Iran domestic accidents increases at a rate of 24.4% increase each year. [13]
Majority of our people resides in the village. They have very little access to healthcare facilities as there is a
huge health inequity between the urban and rural area of Bangladesh. The people living in the villages are also
not conscious about their health and due to extreme poverty they often afford the health related costs. Moreover,
there is an extreme shortage of qualified doctors and necessary instruments in the rural areas which often
hampers the treatment. Along with various communicable and non-communicable diseases, domestic accidents
attribute a remarkable portion of morbidity and mortality. Children and elderly people are the main victims of
these preventable yet highly under-recognized issues. Injury is one of the leading causes of child morbidity
among the age of 1-7 years; revealed in Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey conducted by Center for Injury
prevention and Research Bangladesh (CIPRB). [11]
As Bangladesh is becoming more and more advanced in health & development issues, domestic accident is
beginning to grab our attention. Moreover, the number of well recognized surveys on this topic in this region is
negligible. Now, as we know the pattern of home accidents differs widely between rural and urban areas [14] and
as most of the people of this country live in the villages, in this paper we take the opportunity to assess the
prevalence of domestic accidents, their types in a rural community and information about the victims to draw the
attention of health care planners.
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1.1 Materials and methods
1.1.1 Study area
The Sreepur Upazilla is located in Gazipur district under Dhaka division, Bangladesh. Sreepur upazilla has
320530 inhabitants, of whom around 95% people are residing in rural areas. Among them 51.13% are male and
48.87% are female. 95.43% people are Muslim by religion, where 4.26% are Hindu, 0.11% are Christians. The
average literacy rate is 44%; male 42.5%, female 45.9%. The inhabitants of this area mainly depend on
Agriculture (55.7%) for their livelihood. The health facility of this upazilla consists of 1 Upazilla Health
Complex, 4 Union health centers, 6 family welfare centers, 6 satellite clinics and 4 NGO operated health centers.
[15]
1.1.2 Data Collection and analysis
Data collection was done by a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was set in such way that it would provide
necessary information about the domestic accidents and their victims from the study area. The questionnaire
consists of 2 parts. The 1st part was dealing with the basic demographic information of the respondents like as
age, sex, religion, educational status, occupation, total family members. The 2nd part, consisting of a checklist,
was concerned with information about domestic accidents and their victims who suffered from household
accidents within the last one year from the study period (March 2011). Before collection of the data, the purpose
of the study was explained to the respondents and verbal consent was taken. Then, data was collected through
face to face interview. The quality of the data was strictly controlled by the supervisor.
Data entry, processing and analysis were done by Computer based software SPSS 16 (Statistical Package for
Social Sciences). Descriptive statistical analysis was done to explore the characteristics of the victims (age, sex,
occupation, educational level), of the domestic accidents (type, place & time of occurrence) and their
consequences.
2. Results
2.1 Domestic accidents prevalence
A total number of 171 household accidents were reported in the study area. The found prevalence rate of
domestic accidents in our study is 146.02/1000 population in that selected rural community.
2.2 Characteristics of the Victims
Table 1 represents the characteristics of the victims who had suffered from different domestic accidents from
March 2010 to February 2011. Among the total 171 victims, 90 were male (52.7%) and 81 were female (47.3%).
Age group consisting of 19-64 years was the most vulnerable group (52.0%) to household accidents. Housewife
(25.7%), Students (22.2%) and Farmers (12.9%) were the 3 most affected groups to the domestic accidents.
Surprisingly, 58.5% of the victims had institutional education, whereas the rest (41.5%) of the victims were
either illiterate or had non-institutional education.
2.3 Characteristics of the domestic accidents
Figure 1 shows that among 171 victims highest (50.9%) number of occurrence were due to fall, 22.2% were
due to cut injury, 11.7% accidents were due to burn, 4.1% were due to electrocution, 1.8% occurrence were due
to poisoning and 1.2% were due to snake bite. There was a single incidence of drowning which constitutes
0.6% of the total. Figure 2 It has been found that most (49.7%) of the accidents occurred in courtyards. 15.8% in
kitchen, 9.4% in bedroom, 4.7% in bathroom, 3.5% accidents in cattle shed & 17% accidents took place in
other than the above mentioned places.
Table 2 shows place, time, activities during accident and necessity of treatment following the accidents. Highest
number of domestic accidents occurred in the Courtyards (49.7%) and kitchen (15.8%), Bedroom (9.4%) and
bathroom (4.7%) are the other places where rest of the accidents happened. Most of the victims were playing
(28.7%) or doing domestic works (28.1%) at the time of accidents happened. Morning (29.2%) and Noon
(39.2%) are the time when these accidents were frequent in numbers. Most of the victims (84.21%) needed
treatment following the accidents.
Figure 2 shows that 45.5% of the victims took treatment at home, 21.92% at private clinic, and 10.18% at
outdoor of government hospital & 19.6% took treatment from rural practitioners. Only 2.74% victims needed
hospital admission.
3. Discussion
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A total of 171 accidents occurred in last one year among 1171 family members of 297 households which
constitutes 14.6% of our study population. The findings of our study was consistent with that of the study
conducted by the Department of Community Medicine Doyanonnd Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana,
Punjab among the people of Shoharmarja village where the percentage of domestic accident was 10.6. [16] We
found that highest number of accidents occurred in the age group 19-64 years which constitutes 52% of total
accident.(Table 1) As this age group are mostly active in both home and around. Age group 6-18 takes 40 events
that are 23.4% of total accident. This group includes the younger members of the family who are mostly engaged
in playing and takes active part in household works. Thirty one domestic accidents occurred among children
aged from 1-5 years & 11 accidents occurred among older members of the family aged 65 years and above this
may be due to their less involvement in house hold works. The result of our study was comparable with that of
the study conducted by GPI Sing, Director Principal & Professor, Adesh Institute of Medical Science &
Research, Bathinda where highest percentage of accidents (34.3%) occurs among 15-45 years of age. Among 5-
15 years of age the rate is 25.3% and 15% among above 65 years age group. [17] Though females are more
engaged in household works surprisingly in our study we found males are the most frequent victim of domestic
accidents. In our study, among 171 number of total events males become victim 90 times whereas females 81
times. The rate is 52.6% & 47.4% respectively for male & female. The findings of our study are consistent with
study conducted by Department of Occupational Health & Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Science,
Shiraz, Iran where males (52%) are affected more than females (48%). [18] Regarding occupation, we found that
housewives are at the top of the chart with 44 events which is constitute 25.7% of total accidents followed by
students with 38 events (22.2%). In rural areas of Bangladesh housewives usually do all types of household
works so they are most vulnerable to domestic accidents that are reflected in our findings. Fall was the highest
ranked type of accident in our study that occurred 87 times and comprises 50.9% of total events. Among them
fall from height, fall from one level to another level such as from bed, chair, table & playground equipment was
most common. Cut injury takes the second place in our study with 38 occurrences (28.2%). Burn, electrocution,
poisoning occurred in 11.7%, 4.1%, 1.8% cases respectively. We also found a single case of drowning and two
cases of snake bite. Similar finding were found in a study carried out by Department of Community Medicine,
P.S. Medical College, Karamsed, Gujarat, India which concludes fall was the most (48%) frequent types of
accident then cut injury (10.1%) and burn (13%). [19] Most (49.7%) of the accidents occurred in courtyards
while playing or doing some other domestic works. Kitchen, bedroom, bathroom and cattle shed constitutes
27(15.8%), 16(9.4%), 8(4.7%) & 6(3.5%) events respectively. Similar was the findings of the study conducted
by Department of Community Medicine, Doyanannd Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab where
courtyard holds highest 53.3% of accident. For room, kitchen and bathroom the shares are 20.8%, 16.3%, 2.3%
respectively. [20] Among 171 cases 144 cases required treatment. It was 84.2% of the total. Remaining 15.8%
cured without any treatment. We found that most (31%) of the people took treatment at their home. Private clinic
was the second most common place of treatment where 32 victims took their treatment, which constitutes 18.7%
of the total. Traditional healers also took an important position where 14.6% of the victims were treated.
4. Conclusion
The prevalence rate of domestic accidents in the rural community of Bangladesh is still high. For these
unexpected occurrence productivity of the affected people is greatly hampered which results in various socio-
economic, physical and mental crisis. The prevention of these accidents is not an easy task. Supervision of the
guardians can readily reduce the rate of domestic accidents among the children. Further study may be conducted
on background factors, initiating factors and immediate factors to find out the actual causes behind these
accidents. Preventive measures including safety measures, suitable and risk-free infrastructure development at
community level and education about the early treatment of domestic accidents can play an increasingly
important role in the prevention of domestic accidents at the rural areas of developing countries.
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Table 1. Characteristics of the victims of domestic accidents
Category Subcategory Result (%)
Sex Male 90 (52.63)
Female 81 (47.37)
Age group (in years) 1-5 31 (18.1)
6-18 40 (23.4)
19-64 89 (52.0)
65 and above 11 (6.4)
Literacy status Illiterate 48 (28.1)
Non-institutional 23 (13.4)
Institutional 100 (58.5)
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Occupation Housewife 44 (25.7)
Student 38 (22.2)
Farmer 22 (12.9)
Day labourer 11 (6.4)
Business 9 (5.3)
others 28 (16.4)
Table 2. Characteristics of the domestic accidents
Category Subcategory Result (%)
Place Courtyards 49.7%
Kitchen 15.8%
Bedroom 9.4%
Bathroom 4.7%
Cattle shed 3.5%
Others 17%
Activities during occurrence Playing 28.7%
Domestic works 28.1%
Cooking 12.3%
Bathing 5.8%
Others 25.1%
Time of occurrence Noon 39.2%
Morning 29.2%
Evening 19.9%
Night 11%
Necessity of treatment Yes 84.21
No 15.79
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