International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The present work aims to investigate the distribution of strains in incremental sheet
metal forming process using different geometries. Four shapes were used to develop the
strain paths: truncated cone, pyramid, dome, and circular generatrix are formed in
incremental sheet forming process. The difference in strain paths depends on the
difference in the geometric shapes of the formed parts. Circle grid analysis was used to
obtain strain paths along the parts. Strains distribution was evaluated by circular grid
system (CGS) where a pattern of a small circle was electrochemically etched on the sheet.
The sheet is deformed during forming and the deformation of the circle is measured and
analyzed to explore the behavior of strains distribution in incremental sheet metal
forming. The curvature of the part is a large or plane wall the strain mode is plane strain
stretching and became biaxial stretching or uniaxial tension with the rotational symmetric
surfaces.
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
The document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the effect of tool edge geometry on subsurface deformation and residual stresses when hard turning AISI 52100 steel. It found that tools with large edge hones produced substantial subsurface plastic flow and deeper, more compressive residual stresses compared to tools with small edge hones or chamfered edges. The different edge geometries were found to influence the tool-workpiece contact and thus the subsurface effects. Explanations for these observations are provided based on assumed contact conditions between the tool and workpiece.
INTERFACIAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF EXTERNALLY PLATED RC BEAMSIjripublishers Ijri
Strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) beams by bonding steel or fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) on its tension face
has become a popular retrofit method due to its rapid, simple and other advantages. However, debonding along the
Steel-RC beam interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. The interfacial stresses play a significant role
in understanding this premature debonding failure of such repaired structures. This paper presents a careful finite
element investigation into interfacial stresses in the adhesive layer bonding RC beam and soffit plate. Finite element
modelling issues like proper selection of contact between adherents and symmetry conditions are first
discussed, with particular attention on appropriate finite element meshes for the accurate determination of interfacial
stresses. The interfacial stress behaviour at plate end has been analysed for two cases of loading taken one by applying
uniformly distributed load and the other with a two point loading. Two special cases are considered in two point
loading – for the cases when the plate terminates with-in the constant moment region (CMR) and for the case when
plate is extended beyond constant moment region where bending moment is minimal. The interfacial stresses are
increasing with a reduction in adhesive layer thickness where as the stresses are increasing with the increase in soffit
plate thickness. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has shown a significant reduction in interfacial stresses
when compared to steel plate. The interfacial stresses for the plate restricted within the constant moment region are very
high near the plate end leading to flexural debonding compared to the case where plate is extended beyond constant
moment region where bending moment is minimal. The concentration of stresses in the adhesive layer near the plate
end explained the significance in considering their influence in flexural debonding.
Keywords-- Interfacial stresses, flexural debonding, constant moment region, soffit plate, finite element method.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Extrusion of Lead from Round Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract : An experimental investigation has been done on the changes of die angle, area reduction in dies,
loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections of different
length. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from
round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various
area reductions and finite element analysis of different parameters (stress, strain, velocity) both in dry and wet
condition.
Keywords - Converging dies, Extrusion of the equilateral triangular section, Extrusion Pressure
Numerical Simulation of Impact of Truncated Cone Projectile On Thin Aluminum ...IJERA Editor
This document presents a numerical simulation of the impact of a truncated cone projectile on a thin aluminum plate. The simulation was performed using Abaqus explicit software. A Johnson-Cook model was used to define the material behavior of the aluminum plate. The simulation found that the ballistic limit for the 0.82mm thick aluminum plate was 24 m/s. Above this velocity, the plate was perforated by the projectile. The residual velocity of the projectile increased with higher impact velocities. Energy absorbed by the plate also increased as impact velocity rose.
Stability of Simply Supported Square Plate with Concentric CutoutIJMER
The finite element method is used to obtain the elastic buckling loads for simply supported isotropic square plate containing circular, square and rectangular cutouts. ANSYS finite element software had been used in the study. The applied inplane loads considered are uniaxial and biaxial compressions. In all the cases the load is distributed uniformly along the plate outer edges. The effects of the size and shape of concentric cutouts with different plate thickness ratios and having all-round simply supported boundary condition on the plate buckling strength have been considered in the analysis. It is found that cutouts have considerable influence on the buckling load factor k and the effect is larger when cutout ratios greater than 0.3 and for thickness ratio greater than 0.15.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The present work aims to investigate the distribution of strains in incremental sheet
metal forming process using different geometries. Four shapes were used to develop the
strain paths: truncated cone, pyramid, dome, and circular generatrix are formed in
incremental sheet forming process. The difference in strain paths depends on the
difference in the geometric shapes of the formed parts. Circle grid analysis was used to
obtain strain paths along the parts. Strains distribution was evaluated by circular grid
system (CGS) where a pattern of a small circle was electrochemically etched on the sheet.
The sheet is deformed during forming and the deformation of the circle is measured and
analyzed to explore the behavior of strains distribution in incremental sheet metal
forming. The curvature of the part is a large or plane wall the strain mode is plane strain
stretching and became biaxial stretching or uniaxial tension with the rotational symmetric
surfaces.
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
The document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the effect of tool edge geometry on subsurface deformation and residual stresses when hard turning AISI 52100 steel. It found that tools with large edge hones produced substantial subsurface plastic flow and deeper, more compressive residual stresses compared to tools with small edge hones or chamfered edges. The different edge geometries were found to influence the tool-workpiece contact and thus the subsurface effects. Explanations for these observations are provided based on assumed contact conditions between the tool and workpiece.
INTERFACIAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF EXTERNALLY PLATED RC BEAMSIjripublishers Ijri
Strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) beams by bonding steel or fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) on its tension face
has become a popular retrofit method due to its rapid, simple and other advantages. However, debonding along the
Steel-RC beam interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. The interfacial stresses play a significant role
in understanding this premature debonding failure of such repaired structures. This paper presents a careful finite
element investigation into interfacial stresses in the adhesive layer bonding RC beam and soffit plate. Finite element
modelling issues like proper selection of contact between adherents and symmetry conditions are first
discussed, with particular attention on appropriate finite element meshes for the accurate determination of interfacial
stresses. The interfacial stress behaviour at plate end has been analysed for two cases of loading taken one by applying
uniformly distributed load and the other with a two point loading. Two special cases are considered in two point
loading – for the cases when the plate terminates with-in the constant moment region (CMR) and for the case when
plate is extended beyond constant moment region where bending moment is minimal. The interfacial stresses are
increasing with a reduction in adhesive layer thickness where as the stresses are increasing with the increase in soffit
plate thickness. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has shown a significant reduction in interfacial stresses
when compared to steel plate. The interfacial stresses for the plate restricted within the constant moment region are very
high near the plate end leading to flexural debonding compared to the case where plate is extended beyond constant
moment region where bending moment is minimal. The concentration of stresses in the adhesive layer near the plate
end explained the significance in considering their influence in flexural debonding.
Keywords-- Interfacial stresses, flexural debonding, constant moment region, soffit plate, finite element method.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Extrusion of Lead from Round Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract : An experimental investigation has been done on the changes of die angle, area reduction in dies,
loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections of different
length. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from
round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various
area reductions and finite element analysis of different parameters (stress, strain, velocity) both in dry and wet
condition.
Keywords - Converging dies, Extrusion of the equilateral triangular section, Extrusion Pressure
Numerical Simulation of Impact of Truncated Cone Projectile On Thin Aluminum ...IJERA Editor
This document presents a numerical simulation of the impact of a truncated cone projectile on a thin aluminum plate. The simulation was performed using Abaqus explicit software. A Johnson-Cook model was used to define the material behavior of the aluminum plate. The simulation found that the ballistic limit for the 0.82mm thick aluminum plate was 24 m/s. Above this velocity, the plate was perforated by the projectile. The residual velocity of the projectile increased with higher impact velocities. Energy absorbed by the plate also increased as impact velocity rose.
Stability of Simply Supported Square Plate with Concentric CutoutIJMER
The finite element method is used to obtain the elastic buckling loads for simply supported isotropic square plate containing circular, square and rectangular cutouts. ANSYS finite element software had been used in the study. The applied inplane loads considered are uniaxial and biaxial compressions. In all the cases the load is distributed uniformly along the plate outer edges. The effects of the size and shape of concentric cutouts with different plate thickness ratios and having all-round simply supported boundary condition on the plate buckling strength have been considered in the analysis. It is found that cutouts have considerable influence on the buckling load factor k and the effect is larger when cutout ratios greater than 0.3 and for thickness ratio greater than 0.15.
Perforated Sheet Analysis Using Equivalent Modelingspawar4
This presentation reviews various methods used for analyzing perforates sheets using equivalent modeling with FEM. It can be used for both sttaic and dynamic analysis.
Effect of punch profile radius and localised compressioniaemedu
This document discusses springback in V-bending of high strength steel sheets. It presents results from an experimental investigation and finite element analysis simulation of the effects of punch profile radius and localized compression on springback. The experimental results showed that increasing punch radius or decreasing sheet thickness increases springback, while applying localized compressive stress through bottoming the punch can compensate for springback. The finite element analysis validated the experimental findings. The document provides background on springback in bending, methods to compensate for it, and details of the materials testing and modeling approach used in the study.
Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed through a die of the desired cross-section. A brief and concise review of the contributions made by the previous researchers in the area of extrusion process has been presented. Steel material and aluminium alloys are mostly used by researchers as die and billet material in extrusion process. FEM modeling of extrusion process is carried out by employing axisymmetric conditions in most cases. Meshing of the work piece is generally done by using axisymmetric quadrilateral elements. Experimental set-up and tools utilized in formation of extrusion process are presented and discussed. FEM results are presented in terms of variation of punch stroke, punch force.
Analysis of Stress Distribution in a Curved Structure Using Photoelastic and ...IOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes stress distribution in a curved structure subjected to uniaxial tension using photoelastic and finite element methods.
2) Photoelasticity is used to experimentally determine stress distribution in models of the curved structure with and without circular and elliptical stress relievers. Finite element analysis is then used to validate the experimental photoelastic results.
3) The study found that an elliptical stress reliever with its major axis normal to the load more effectively reduced stress concentration at the inner boundary of the curved structure compared to a circular stress reliever.
SIMULATION OF DEEP DRAWING DIE FOR OPTIMIZED DIE RADIUS USING FEM TECHNIQUEIjripublishers Ijri
Deep drawing process is one of the most used Metal Forming Process within the industrial field. Different analytical,
numerical, empirical and experimental methods have been developed in order to analyze it. This work reports on the
initial stages of finite element analysis (FEA) of a Deep drawing process.
Experimental and numerical analysis of expanded pipe using rigid conical shap...ahmed Ibrahim
The experimental and numerical analysis was performed on pipes suffering large plastic deformation through expanding them using rigid conical shaped mandrels, with three different
cone angles (15◦, 25◦, 35◦) and diameters (15, 17, 20) mm. The experimental test for the strain results investigated the expanded areas. A numerical solution of the pipes expansion process was
also investigated using the commercial finite element software ANSYS. The strains were
measured for each case experimentally by stamping the mesh on the pipe after expanding, then compared with Ansys results. No cracks were generated during the process with the selected
angles. It can be concluded that the strain decreased with greater angles of conical shape and an increase in expansion ratio results in an increase of expansion force and a decrease in the pipe thickness and length resulting in pipe thinning and shortening. Good agreement is evident between experimental and ANSYS results within discrepancy (16.90017%) in the X direction and (27.68698%) in the Y direction. Also, the stress distribution is investigated and it can be concluded that the case of Diameter (Do cone) = 35mm and (A) = α = 15° is the optimum.K
EFFECT OF NOSE RADIUS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS DURING CNC TURNING USING RESPONSE ...ijmech
The work and study presented in this paper aims to investigate the effect of nose radius on surface
roughness, in CNC turning of Aluminium (6061) in dry condition. The effect of cutting conditions (speed,
feed and depth of cut) and tool geometry (nose radius) on surface roughness were studied and analysed.
Design of Experiments (DOE) were conducted for the analysis of the influence of the turning parameter on
the surface roughness by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and then followed by optimization of
the results using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to minimize surface roughness. The nose radius was
identified as the most significant parameter. Surface roughness value decreased with increase in nose
radius.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of V Notch Shape on Fatigue Life in Steel Beam Made of High Carbon St...IJMER
The present work includes study effect of V notch shape with various angle orientation and
depths on fatigue life behavior in steel beam made of High Carbon Steel alloy AISI 1078 which has a wide
application in industry. Fatigue life of notched specimens is calculated using the fatigue life obtained from
the experiments for smooth specimens (reference) and by use Numerical method (FEA).The fatigue
experiments were carried out at room temperature, applying a fully reversed cyclic load with the
frequency of 50 Hz and mean stress equal to zero (R= -1), on a cantilever rotating-bending fatigue testing
machine. The stress ratio was kept constant throughout the experiment. Different instruments have been
used in this investigation like Chemical composition analyzer , Tensile universal testing machine
,Hardness tester , Fatigue testing machine and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results show
that there is acceptable error between experimental and numerical works
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Forming Limit Prediction of High Tensile Strength Steel using FEA SimulationIJERD Editor
Forming limit prediction of High Tensile Strength Steel (HTSS) sheet was carried out by using finite element analysis. JSTAMP/NV was used in the finite element analysis. Thickness of HTSS specimen was 1.0mm, and the length was 120mm.And the width was varied from 20mm to 80mm. Stretching test was operated by Erichsen test. In this study, the forming limit prediction method for predicting the localized necking before the fracture was proposed.FLD of HTSS was compared between experimental results and analytical results. Forming limit diagrams (FLD) obtained by FEAagreed well with the FLD obtained by experiment.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
The influence of silicon carbide SiC abrasive particles of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 size on carburized digger tooth steel was studied. Four types of steel, with different hardness, were tested at two constant linear sliding speeds and under various loads of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50N. Tests were carried out for sliding time of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5min. Experimental results showed that there was consistent reduction in abrasive wear as the hardness of the materials was increased. It was found that wear increased with the increase of applied load, linear sliding speed and sliding time. Also, it was noticed that the wear increased with increase in abrasive particle size, and the most effective size was 40 . SEM observations of the worm surface showed that the cutting and ploughing were the dominant abrasive wear mechanisms.
This document describes the design and fabrication of extrusion dies for shaping lead alloy and aluminum under cold and hot working conditions. Dies were fabricated for flat and conical profiles to produce H, L, T, and elliptical shapes. Experiments were conducted to measure the average pressure and total extrusion power for cold extrusion of lead alloy and hot extrusion of aluminum. The results were compared to theoretical calculations and software simulations. The experimental results matched well with the theoretical values. The document concludes that the designed and fabricated dies and heating equipment produced satisfactory results for cold and hot extrusion.
This document reviews research on optimizing process parameters for sheet metal forming operations using statistical tools. It discusses how parameters like blank holding pressure and material thickness can be evaluated at different levels to minimize defects like wrinkles, tearing and thinning. Data collected during experiments will undergo statistical analysis using ANOVA and Taguchi methods to arrive at an optimized solution. Previous studies that analyzed various process parameters to optimize objectives are summarized. The document aims to determine significant parameters that can render defect-free parts when set to recommended values.
A review and buckling analysis of stiffened plateeSAT Journals
Abstract It happens many times that the structure is safe in normal stress and deflection but fails in buckling. Buckling analysis is one of the method to go for such type of analysis.It predicts various modes of buckling. Plates are used in many applications such as structures, aerospace, automobile etc. Such structures are subjected to heavy uniformly distributed load and concentrated load many times over it’s life span. Strength of these structures are increased by adding stiffeners to its plate. This paper deals with the analysis of rectangular stiffened plates which forms the basis of structures. A comparison of stiffened plate and unstiffened plate is done for the same dimensions. In order to continue this analysis various research papers were studied to understand the previous tasks done for stiffened plate. Hyper mesh and Nastran is used in this research work.Buckling analysis is performed for the component with aspect ratio of 2.Rectangular flat bar is used as stiffener Keywords: Stiffened Plate; Dynamic load; Buckling; Aspect ratio;Buckling Analysis.
Surface condition impacts part performancweDave Davidson
1) Surface finish and the presence of burrs on aircraft and aircraft engine parts can significantly impact part performance and lifespan by increasing stresses, corrosion, and reducing sealing abilities.
2) Specialized finishing processes are used to remove burrs, round edges, and optimize surface texture in ways that reduce stresses, improve fatigue life, enhance corrosion resistance, and improve sealing of joints.
3) Paying close attention to edge and surface quality is important in aerospace applications due to the potential for catastrophic failure if surfaces are improperly finished or contain defects.
Poor blade curvature a contributor in the loss of performance in the compre...Alexander Decker
The document discusses how the curvature of compressor blades in a gas turbine system can contribute to loss of performance. Three blade sets with different curvatures (20°, 35°, 50°) were tested in a wind tunnel. The results showed that blades with higher curvature had higher points of flow separation and vortex height on the trailing edge, indicating poorer performance. Greater blade curvature leads to a higher possibility of issues like flow separation, turbulence, reduced pressure rise, and compressor stalling, all of which reduce the efficiency and power of the gas turbine system.
Este documento presenta información sobre las unidades fraseológicas (UF). Explica que existen UF generales y especializadas. Proporciona ejemplos de diferentes tipos de UF como sintagmas nominales, verbales, preposicionales y adjetivales. También menciona los problemas que enfrentan los traductores al traducir UF especializadas, como la falta de diccionarios que incluyan este tipo de unidades.
The most notable primitive invented is Captcha, which distinguishes human users from computers by presenting a challenge, i.e., a puzzle, beyond the capability of computers but easy for humans. Captcha is now a standard Internet security technique to protect online email and other services from being abused by bots.
Ute ma veronica romero r-gonzalo remache-el emprendimiento social-el liderazg...veroluis
El documento describe las habilidades de liderazgo necesarias para el éxito de los emprendimientos sociales. Estas incluyen la visión, la capacidad de diagnosticar problemas sociales, institucionalizar formalmente las estrategias, alinear el enfoque estratégico con la misión social, motivar a los equipos, delegar responsabilidades, y coordinar de manera eficiente los diferentes centros de operación. Un sólido liderazgo es fundamental para impulsar las transformaciones sociales que permitan el crecimiento continuo de las organizaciones con fines sociales.
Perforated Sheet Analysis Using Equivalent Modelingspawar4
This presentation reviews various methods used for analyzing perforates sheets using equivalent modeling with FEM. It can be used for both sttaic and dynamic analysis.
Effect of punch profile radius and localised compressioniaemedu
This document discusses springback in V-bending of high strength steel sheets. It presents results from an experimental investigation and finite element analysis simulation of the effects of punch profile radius and localized compression on springback. The experimental results showed that increasing punch radius or decreasing sheet thickness increases springback, while applying localized compressive stress through bottoming the punch can compensate for springback. The finite element analysis validated the experimental findings. The document provides background on springback in bending, methods to compensate for it, and details of the materials testing and modeling approach used in the study.
Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed through a die of the desired cross-section. A brief and concise review of the contributions made by the previous researchers in the area of extrusion process has been presented. Steel material and aluminium alloys are mostly used by researchers as die and billet material in extrusion process. FEM modeling of extrusion process is carried out by employing axisymmetric conditions in most cases. Meshing of the work piece is generally done by using axisymmetric quadrilateral elements. Experimental set-up and tools utilized in formation of extrusion process are presented and discussed. FEM results are presented in terms of variation of punch stroke, punch force.
Analysis of Stress Distribution in a Curved Structure Using Photoelastic and ...IOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes stress distribution in a curved structure subjected to uniaxial tension using photoelastic and finite element methods.
2) Photoelasticity is used to experimentally determine stress distribution in models of the curved structure with and without circular and elliptical stress relievers. Finite element analysis is then used to validate the experimental photoelastic results.
3) The study found that an elliptical stress reliever with its major axis normal to the load more effectively reduced stress concentration at the inner boundary of the curved structure compared to a circular stress reliever.
SIMULATION OF DEEP DRAWING DIE FOR OPTIMIZED DIE RADIUS USING FEM TECHNIQUEIjripublishers Ijri
Deep drawing process is one of the most used Metal Forming Process within the industrial field. Different analytical,
numerical, empirical and experimental methods have been developed in order to analyze it. This work reports on the
initial stages of finite element analysis (FEA) of a Deep drawing process.
Experimental and numerical analysis of expanded pipe using rigid conical shap...ahmed Ibrahim
The experimental and numerical analysis was performed on pipes suffering large plastic deformation through expanding them using rigid conical shaped mandrels, with three different
cone angles (15◦, 25◦, 35◦) and diameters (15, 17, 20) mm. The experimental test for the strain results investigated the expanded areas. A numerical solution of the pipes expansion process was
also investigated using the commercial finite element software ANSYS. The strains were
measured for each case experimentally by stamping the mesh on the pipe after expanding, then compared with Ansys results. No cracks were generated during the process with the selected
angles. It can be concluded that the strain decreased with greater angles of conical shape and an increase in expansion ratio results in an increase of expansion force and a decrease in the pipe thickness and length resulting in pipe thinning and shortening. Good agreement is evident between experimental and ANSYS results within discrepancy (16.90017%) in the X direction and (27.68698%) in the Y direction. Also, the stress distribution is investigated and it can be concluded that the case of Diameter (Do cone) = 35mm and (A) = α = 15° is the optimum.K
EFFECT OF NOSE RADIUS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS DURING CNC TURNING USING RESPONSE ...ijmech
The work and study presented in this paper aims to investigate the effect of nose radius on surface
roughness, in CNC turning of Aluminium (6061) in dry condition. The effect of cutting conditions (speed,
feed and depth of cut) and tool geometry (nose radius) on surface roughness were studied and analysed.
Design of Experiments (DOE) were conducted for the analysis of the influence of the turning parameter on
the surface roughness by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and then followed by optimization of
the results using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to minimize surface roughness. The nose radius was
identified as the most significant parameter. Surface roughness value decreased with increase in nose
radius.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of V Notch Shape on Fatigue Life in Steel Beam Made of High Carbon St...IJMER
The present work includes study effect of V notch shape with various angle orientation and
depths on fatigue life behavior in steel beam made of High Carbon Steel alloy AISI 1078 which has a wide
application in industry. Fatigue life of notched specimens is calculated using the fatigue life obtained from
the experiments for smooth specimens (reference) and by use Numerical method (FEA).The fatigue
experiments were carried out at room temperature, applying a fully reversed cyclic load with the
frequency of 50 Hz and mean stress equal to zero (R= -1), on a cantilever rotating-bending fatigue testing
machine. The stress ratio was kept constant throughout the experiment. Different instruments have been
used in this investigation like Chemical composition analyzer , Tensile universal testing machine
,Hardness tester , Fatigue testing machine and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results show
that there is acceptable error between experimental and numerical works
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Forming Limit Prediction of High Tensile Strength Steel using FEA SimulationIJERD Editor
Forming limit prediction of High Tensile Strength Steel (HTSS) sheet was carried out by using finite element analysis. JSTAMP/NV was used in the finite element analysis. Thickness of HTSS specimen was 1.0mm, and the length was 120mm.And the width was varied from 20mm to 80mm. Stretching test was operated by Erichsen test. In this study, the forming limit prediction method for predicting the localized necking before the fracture was proposed.FLD of HTSS was compared between experimental results and analytical results. Forming limit diagrams (FLD) obtained by FEAagreed well with the FLD obtained by experiment.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
The influence of silicon carbide SiC abrasive particles of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 size on carburized digger tooth steel was studied. Four types of steel, with different hardness, were tested at two constant linear sliding speeds and under various loads of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50N. Tests were carried out for sliding time of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5min. Experimental results showed that there was consistent reduction in abrasive wear as the hardness of the materials was increased. It was found that wear increased with the increase of applied load, linear sliding speed and sliding time. Also, it was noticed that the wear increased with increase in abrasive particle size, and the most effective size was 40 . SEM observations of the worm surface showed that the cutting and ploughing were the dominant abrasive wear mechanisms.
This document describes the design and fabrication of extrusion dies for shaping lead alloy and aluminum under cold and hot working conditions. Dies were fabricated for flat and conical profiles to produce H, L, T, and elliptical shapes. Experiments were conducted to measure the average pressure and total extrusion power for cold extrusion of lead alloy and hot extrusion of aluminum. The results were compared to theoretical calculations and software simulations. The experimental results matched well with the theoretical values. The document concludes that the designed and fabricated dies and heating equipment produced satisfactory results for cold and hot extrusion.
This document reviews research on optimizing process parameters for sheet metal forming operations using statistical tools. It discusses how parameters like blank holding pressure and material thickness can be evaluated at different levels to minimize defects like wrinkles, tearing and thinning. Data collected during experiments will undergo statistical analysis using ANOVA and Taguchi methods to arrive at an optimized solution. Previous studies that analyzed various process parameters to optimize objectives are summarized. The document aims to determine significant parameters that can render defect-free parts when set to recommended values.
A review and buckling analysis of stiffened plateeSAT Journals
Abstract It happens many times that the structure is safe in normal stress and deflection but fails in buckling. Buckling analysis is one of the method to go for such type of analysis.It predicts various modes of buckling. Plates are used in many applications such as structures, aerospace, automobile etc. Such structures are subjected to heavy uniformly distributed load and concentrated load many times over it’s life span. Strength of these structures are increased by adding stiffeners to its plate. This paper deals with the analysis of rectangular stiffened plates which forms the basis of structures. A comparison of stiffened plate and unstiffened plate is done for the same dimensions. In order to continue this analysis various research papers were studied to understand the previous tasks done for stiffened plate. Hyper mesh and Nastran is used in this research work.Buckling analysis is performed for the component with aspect ratio of 2.Rectangular flat bar is used as stiffener Keywords: Stiffened Plate; Dynamic load; Buckling; Aspect ratio;Buckling Analysis.
Surface condition impacts part performancweDave Davidson
1) Surface finish and the presence of burrs on aircraft and aircraft engine parts can significantly impact part performance and lifespan by increasing stresses, corrosion, and reducing sealing abilities.
2) Specialized finishing processes are used to remove burrs, round edges, and optimize surface texture in ways that reduce stresses, improve fatigue life, enhance corrosion resistance, and improve sealing of joints.
3) Paying close attention to edge and surface quality is important in aerospace applications due to the potential for catastrophic failure if surfaces are improperly finished or contain defects.
Poor blade curvature a contributor in the loss of performance in the compre...Alexander Decker
The document discusses how the curvature of compressor blades in a gas turbine system can contribute to loss of performance. Three blade sets with different curvatures (20°, 35°, 50°) were tested in a wind tunnel. The results showed that blades with higher curvature had higher points of flow separation and vortex height on the trailing edge, indicating poorer performance. Greater blade curvature leads to a higher possibility of issues like flow separation, turbulence, reduced pressure rise, and compressor stalling, all of which reduce the efficiency and power of the gas turbine system.
Este documento presenta información sobre las unidades fraseológicas (UF). Explica que existen UF generales y especializadas. Proporciona ejemplos de diferentes tipos de UF como sintagmas nominales, verbales, preposicionales y adjetivales. También menciona los problemas que enfrentan los traductores al traducir UF especializadas, como la falta de diccionarios que incluyan este tipo de unidades.
The most notable primitive invented is Captcha, which distinguishes human users from computers by presenting a challenge, i.e., a puzzle, beyond the capability of computers but easy for humans. Captcha is now a standard Internet security technique to protect online email and other services from being abused by bots.
Ute ma veronica romero r-gonzalo remache-el emprendimiento social-el liderazg...veroluis
El documento describe las habilidades de liderazgo necesarias para el éxito de los emprendimientos sociales. Estas incluyen la visión, la capacidad de diagnosticar problemas sociales, institucionalizar formalmente las estrategias, alinear el enfoque estratégico con la misión social, motivar a los equipos, delegar responsabilidades, y coordinar de manera eficiente los diferentes centros de operación. Un sólido liderazgo es fundamental para impulsar las transformaciones sociales que permitan el crecimiento continuo de las organizaciones con fines sociales.
Este workshop de 4 horas ensinará professores a usar o software GIMP para edição e design gráfico. O workshop irá ensinar como instalar e usar ferramentas GIMP para abrir, modificar e salvar arquivos, usar camadas e filtros, e desenvolver habilidades básicas de edição de imagem.
Trabajo vehiculos de transporte de alimentosPilyBarreto22
Este documento describe los vehículos de transporte de alimentos en Colombia. Explica que el sector agropecuario colombiano genera una amplia variedad de productos que requieren diferentes tipos de vehículos para su transporte a municipios, ciudades y puertos para la exportación. También destaca la importancia de que las empresas conozcan las características de los vehículos para seleccionar el adecuado para cada carga y satisfacer al cliente de manera eficiente. Finalmente, resume que el documento presenta una gama de vehículos de transporte de alimentos en el
The document discusses the European Commission's proposal for supervisory reform in the EU following the financial crisis. It outlines the creation of a new European Systemic Risk Board and a European System of Financial Supervisors consisting of three new European Supervisory Authorities for banking, insurance and securities markets. The authorities would be responsible for developing technical standards, information sharing between member states, and supervisory oversight. The proposal aims to strengthen financial oversight while maintaining a role for national regulators and independence from political influence.
Ludesa de Colombia S.A es una compañía distribuidora de lubricantes y productos para el sector automotor formada por la fusión de dos empresas. La compañía está dirigida por una Junta de Socios y una Junta Directiva, y su estructura organizativa incluye gerentes de línea, áreas de apoyo, y equipos de trabajo. Su misión es distribuir productos y servicios de alta calidad para pequeños clientes y la industria, sobresaliendo por su eficiencia y relaciones a largo plazo.
El río Okavango desemboca en el desierto de Kalahari, inundando un área de 22,000 km2 y transformándola en un delta verde que atrae millones de animales. La gran inundación ocurre entre mayo y junio cuando llueve, creando un laberinto de canales y lagunas que sirve de paraíso para la vida silvestre. El delta eventualmente se seca y los animales deben buscar nuevos hábitats, pero el ciclo se repite cada año con la llegada de las lluvias.
The document provides an overview of purchase orders in Microsoft Dynamics AX 2012, including:
- Describing the various forms and pages used to create, view, and manage purchase orders.
- Explaining how to set up purchasing parameters to define default settings.
- Detailing the process for creating a purchase order, adding lines, and processing the order.
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de buscadores web, incluyendo Yahoo, que clasifica páginas por categorías evaluadas por empleados; Altavista, que clasifica páginas por palabras clave usando algoritmos; Google, que ordena resultados por el número de enlaces entrantes a cada página; y GoTo, que ordena resultados por la cantidad pagada por los anunciantes.
This document provides a weekly schedule for an English literature and composition class that is taught in a hybrid format. It includes the following:
- Weekly topics that will be covered in in-class and online class sessions, including New Criticism, feminist criticism, psychoanalytic criticism, and trauma theory.
- Assigned readings from course textbooks and short stories to be completed each week.
- Homework assignments such as posting discussion questions, analyzing poems, drafting essay outlines and introductions.
- Details of two major essay assignments that students will complete over the course of the semester on different literary topics and using different critical lenses.
The schedule provides students an overview of all course activities, readings and assignments that
Este documento presenta 18 situaciones de clase que describen diferentes prácticas pedagógicas de docentes. Cada situación incluye varias opciones de respuesta relacionadas con enfoques educativos como la motivación, los saberes previos de los estudiantes, y la creación de un ambiente propicio para el aprendizaje. El propósito del documento es evaluar diferentes aspectos del desempeño docente en base a estas situaciones.
Welcome to Ivory Rug Creation. This company was laid down by Mr. Arshad Ali Ansari in 2008, and is the executive director of this organization. Established originally as a private limited company, we concentrated on the production of two types of carpets. These two types of carpets are mainly the hand-made ones and the ones made with machinery.
El documento describe la evolución de los medios de comunicación a lo largo de la historia y cómo las nuevas tecnologías han afectado a la prensa escrita, radio y televisión tradicionales. La primera revolución fue la escritura, seguida de la imprenta y luego los aparatos electrónicos en los 70. Actualmente, Internet se ha convertido en la principal fuente de información y ha provocado cambios en los perfiles de los usuarios y el surgimiento de redes sociales. Esto ha tenido efectos en los medios tradicionales, especial
The Rion-Antirion Bridge connects Greece across a strait prone to earthquakes. Its 2,252 meter long deck is suspended from four pylons by stay cables. To protect the bridge from seismic events, innovative energy dissipation systems were used, including viscous dampers and fuse restraints. Extensive testing of full-scale prototypes confirmed the design assumptions and behavior of the seismic protection system. The dampers and restraints limit deck movement during earthquakes while dissipating seismic energy. The fuse restraints fail under strong quakes, allowing the dampers to control deck oscillations. Similar systems isolate the approach viaducts from ground motions.
Ute willian ajila gonzalo remache_estrategia de los emprendimientos sociales ...Fabricio Wfam
El documento discute la importancia de la estrategia y la cultura organizacional para los emprendimientos sociales. Explica que la estrategia debe ser flexible para adaptarse a cambios imprevistos y debe alinearse con los objetivos de la organización. También destaca que la cultura se manifiesta a través de los patrones de comportamiento de los miembros de la organización y es clave para comprender y mejorar el desempeño de la misma.
Ute emprendimiento social como marco de análisis-el liderazgo de los emprendi...Beasanza
El documento describe el liderazgo en los emprendimientos sociales. Explica que el liderazgo se entiende como la capacidad para hacer transformaciones y obtener resultados sobresalientes. Detalla varias habilidades clave de los líderes de emprendimientos sociales como la visión social, la capacidad de motivación, coordinación y delegación. Concluye que no existe un único estilo de liderazgo efectivo y que lo más importante es la capacidad de lograr resultados.
La nutrición para deportistas debe ser equilibrada y energética, adaptada al tipo y duración del ejercicio. Para ejercicios de hasta una hora se recomienda hidratar con agua, mientras que para ejercicios más largos se aconseja agua con bebidas que contengan hidratos de carbono y sales. La alimentación influye directamente en el rendimiento deportivo, por lo que los atletas deben enfocarse en nutrirse adecuadamente para lograr el éxito.
Optimization of design parameters for V-bending process using response surfac...217Saiteja
Sheet metal forming is one of the widely used manufacturing process. V- bending is an example of sheet metal forming process. This presentation deals with the optimisation of process parameters for V-bending process using Response Surface Optimization technique
IRJET-Experimental Study on Spring Back Phenomenon in Sheet Metal V- Die BendingIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the spring back phenomenon in sheet metal V-die bending. The study investigates how factors like angle, sheet thickness, and varying width cross-section affect the amount of spring back that occurs in CRC-D steel sheets. Experiments were conducted using a design of experiments approach based on response surface methodology. 20 bending experiments were performed according to the experimental design matrix. The results show that spring back decreases with increasing angle and first increases then decreases with increasing thickness. Spring back also increases linearly with increasing width. A regression model was developed to predict spring back based on the experimental results.
This document provides an abstract for a master's thesis on numerical analysis of residual stress on plate girders. The abstract indicates that the thesis addresses the prediction of imperfections in plate girders using simulation tools and simplified engineering models. It evaluates the impact of these imperfections, with a special focus on the effect of residual welding stress. Different simplified stress distributions are compared to results from welding simulation to validate recommendations on implementing weld-induced imperfections.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Simulation and experimental studies for lateral extrusion of square and penta...eSAT Journals
This document discusses simulation and experimental studies of lateral extrusion of square and pentagonal heads from round shafts. Finite element analysis was used to simulate the process and predict extrusion loads and metal flow patterns. Experiments were conducted using a test rig to laterally extrude square and pentagonal shapes from lead billets and extrusion loads were measured. The finite element predictions matched well with experimental results, with peak load variations between them being less than 7.4%. Metal flow patterns from simulations and experiments showed initial filling of die corners followed by flow toward the top corners.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An Overview of Clearance Optimization in Sheet Metal Blanking ProcessIJMER
Abstract: This document prescribes a model investigation the effect of potential parameters influencing the blanking
process and their interaction. The blanking process optimization carried out by using Design of Experiment (DOE), Finite
Element Method (FEM) with ANSYS Package, Simulation with ABAQUS-Explicit software, Blank soft Software and Neural
Network Simulation in order to achieve the intended model objectives.
Keywords: Blanking Process, DOE, FEM, Optimum Clearance and Simulation.
This document discusses optimization of clearance in sheet metal blanking processes. It investigates how parameters like clearance, tool wear, and sheet thickness affect blanking results. The blanking process is modeled using finite element analysis and design of experiments to understand interactions. An optimum clearance is defined as the point where the crack propagation direction coincides with the diagonal line between punch and die contact points, resulting in clean separation. The document outlines algorithms to predict blanking forces, crack initiation and geometry based on clearance and other factors.
Influence of contact friction conditions on thin profile simulationVan Canh Nguyen
The paper presents the development of the Finite Element model for simulation of thin
aluminium profile extrusion of both solid and hollow shapes. The analysis has shown that the material
flow in simulation is very dependent on the friction model. Experimental and theoretical studies show
that friction traction on the interface between the tool and the deformed material can be represented as
a combination of adhesive friction force and the force that is required to deform surface asperities. In
aluminium extrusion we can clearly distinguish two different areas with respect to friction conditions
such as sticking and sliding and transient zones between them. The lengths of these zones are also
dependent on variation of the choke angle and actual thickness of the profile. To get these values the
material flow problem is to be coupled with the simulation of the tools deformation. A series of
experiments with specially designed tools have been done to investigate how the bearing length and
choke angle may influence the extension of different friction zones and by these means vary the
material flow pattern. The friction models have also been tested with industrial profiles of complex
shapes and have shown good correspondence to reality.
Presentation IAC 2022 Post ID- P-193.pptxNITIN JOHRI
The document analyzes the effect of the impact of an object on a test specimen through experimental, simulation, and numerical methods. Key factors studied include apex angle, thickness, and material. It was found that a 45-degree apex angle produced the best penetration. Experimental and simulated results showed reduction in residual velocity with increased thickness. Ballistic limit velocity increased 20% for case-hardened plates compared to as-received plates, and layering did not significantly affect limit velocity. Numerical simulation results were within 11% of experimental values. Oblique impacts required higher minimum velocities and spacing between layers had a similar effect as obliquity on ballistic resistance.
Investigation of Extrusion of Lead experimentally from Round section through ...inventy
ABSTRACT :The changes of die angle, area reduction in dies, loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections has been investigated experimentally. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the forward extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various area reductions and calculations of different parameters (stress, strain etc.) in wet condition.
Keywords - Extrusion of Triangular section, Converging Dies at different area reductions, Friction Factor, Extrusion Pressure
The world of manufacturing world is broadly classified into two main categories such as cold working and hot
working process. The process in the manufacturing world which is conducted above the recrystallization
temperature are called as hot working process while the process which is conducted below the recrystallization
temperature of the work piece is called cold working process.in the above categorization, the casting and
forging process is considered as the hot working process while other processes were kept under cold working
process category. The process for our review is forging and in our research paper, we are focusing on the
forging process, the types of forging process and the various parameters that are considered as a tool for the
process optimization of the forging.
This document summarizes the design and fabrication of an automated chiseling machine. The machine aims to chisel the surface of a trestle box to create a rough surface that enables the box to grip the jaws of a hydraulic jack, lifting heavy metal sheets to form storage tanks with minimal human involvement. The machine reduces worker fatigue by automating various machining processes used to modify the trestle box.
Utilization of steel in construction of high performance structures: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review of research papers related to the analysis of steel structures using different alloys and metals in steel trusses. It summarizes several research papers that studied topics like cold-formed steel, steel beam-column connections, steel truss behavior, and comparisons of steel, concrete and cold-formed steel structures. The research papers used analytical and experimental methods to analyze structural behavior and load-carrying capacity. The results showed that cold-formed steel can provide economic and construction time benefits for buildings compared to other materials.
Extrusion process and parameters involved in the experimental and numerical i...IJERD Editor
This document reviews extrusion processes and parameters for investigating aluminum alloys Al6061, Al6063, and Al7075. It discusses experimental and numerical methods used to study the effects of parameters like die angle, billet temperature, speed, and geometry. Taguchi methods were used to optimize parameters for Al6061 extrusion. Numerical analysis found the maximum stresses occur at square tube corners. The document concludes that smaller extrusion ratios and stresses result from thicker products and fixed billet dimensions. Parameters like die angle, temperature, speed, and geometry influence load, strength, and deformation during aluminum extrusion.
FEM Analysis of Stress Predication of Aluminum Wire Rod in Drawing OperationIRJET Journal
This document analyzes aluminum wire drawing operations to understand causes of wire breakage. Finite element analysis is conducted using ANSYS to simulate wire stresses, strains, die stresses, and temperatures at critical drawing stages. The analysis considers different friction conditions to find optimal parameters that minimize defects and breakage. Material properties of the aluminum alloy wire and polycrystalline dies are defined. Simulation results reveal plastic deformation patterns and maximum stresses under various lubrication conditions to suggest preventative measures and reduce breakage during drawing.
IRJET- Review on Cold form Steel Compression MembersIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on the behavior of cold-formed steel sections under compression loading over the past 15 years. It summarizes studies on various buckling modes of cold-formed steel sections including local, distortional, lateral-torsional, and flexural-torsional buckling. The document also discusses experimental, numerical, and analytical investigations on the effects of parameters like yield strength, thickness, and use of stiffeners on the buckling behavior and strength of cold-formed steel compression members. While significant research has been done, the document notes that further study is needed on the influence of stiffened elements at flange/web junctions on the behavior of intermediate length cold-formed steel open columns.
The document analyzes the effect of different types of punching shear reinforcement on the resistance of concrete slabs through nonlinear finite element modeling. It summarizes the results of numerical simulations of slabs with various reinforcement types, including studs, bent bars, hidden beams, stirrup cages, and shear heads. The analysis found that increasing the amount of studs increases shear resistance up to a point, but does not provide continual increases. Bent bar diameter increased capacity but did not affect failure mode. Effectiveness values showed that studs and bent bars provided the highest increases in shear strength per unit weight of reinforcement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
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Overview
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Ax36300303
1. U. V. Mangudkar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.300-303
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Formability Analysis and Its Parameters –A Review Paper
U. V. Mangudkar*, Dr. R. B. Hiremath**
*
PG Student, WIT,Solapur
Professor of Mechanical Enginnering WIT,Solapur
**
ABSTRACT
This paper represents review of parameters which affects sheet metal formability and also about forming limit
diagram (FLD).The parameters are punch nose radius, blank temperature, die arc radius, punch velocity, blank
holding force(BHF),blank shape, spring back etc. The first section of paper represents about formability. Second
section reviews different parameters that affect sheet metal forming. Section 3 explains that formability of sheet
metal defined in terms of two dimensional strain maps. It also describes state of strain measures formability. It
deals with different research work dealing with forming limit diagram (FLD). The forming limit diagram (FLD)
gives an indication whether the material can sustain certain ratio of strains without failing is of great help.
Keywords:- BHF,FLD,Sheet metal formability.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The forming of metals into desired shapes is
almost the oldest fabricating technique. Metal
forming is an economical method of manufacturing
components because loss of material is too less. It is a
process in which the desired shapes and size of
components are obtained through the plastic
deformation of metal. Sheet metals are widely used
for industrial and consumer parts because of its
capacity for being bent and formed into intricate
shapes. Sheet metal parts comprise a large fraction of
automotive, agricultural machinery, and aircraft
components as well as consumer appliances.
II.
FORMING PARAMETERS
Successful sheet metal forming operation
depends on the selection of punch nose radius, die arc
radius, punch velocity, blank holding force, spring
back, blank size and shape, die clearance and
lubrication. Forming limit diagram (FLD) and circle
grid analysis helps to understand forming in sheet
metals. The summary of some of the works conducted
by different researchers regarding forming is listed
below; they described the analytical approach and
experimental results.
2.1 Punch nose radius
Dr.Waleed K.Jawad ,Jamal H.Mohamed[1]
studied the effect of punch nose radius on deep
drawing operation. In this work, six types of punches
with various nose radii have been used to form a
cylindrical cup of (44mm) outer diameter,(28mm)
height, and(0.5mm)sheet thickness of mild steel of
(0.15%) carbon content. A commercially finite
element program code (ANSYS 5.4), was used to
perform the numerical simulation of the deep drawing
operation, and the numerical results were compared
with the experimental work. The results show that,
the value of work required to form parts with large
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nose radii is much more than the value required to
form parts with small punch nose radii. The greatest
thinning is seen to occur with hemispherical punch
(Dome shaped punch) due to great stretching of the
metal over the punch head. The maximum tensile
stresses and the maximum thinning of the dome wall
occur nearly at the apex of the dome.
2.2 Blank temperature
G. Venkateswarlu, M. J. Davidson and G. R.
N. Tagore[2] extensively studied formability aspects
of aluminium 7075 to develop useful components of
complex shapes. In that study, the significance of
three important deep drawing process parameters
namely blank temperature, die arc radius and punch
velocity on the deep drawing characteristics of
aluminium 7075 sheet was determined. The
combination of finite element method and Taguchi
analysis was used to determine the influence of
process parameters. Simulations were carried out as
per orthogonal array using DEFORM 2Dsoftware.
Based on the predicted deformation of deep drawn
cup and analysis of variance test (Anova), it was
observed that blank temperature has greatest
influence on the formability of aluminium material
followed by punch velocity and die arc radius.
2.3 Blank holding force
Y. Marumo, H. Saiki, L Ruan [3] has carried
out the study regarding variation in the blank holding
force required for the elimination of wrinkling and the
limiting drawing ratio with sheet thickness. They
found that blank holding force required for the
elimination of wrinkling increased rapidly as the sheet
thickness decreased. When the sheet thickness was
very thin, the blank holding force was strongly
influenced by the coefficient of friction. The limiting
drawing ratio decreased as sheet thickness decreased
and it decreased rapidly below 0.04 mm thickness.
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When the sheet thickness was very thin, the limiting
drawing ratio was strongly influenced by the
coefficient of friction.
2.4 Intital blank shape
M. Ahmetoglu, T. R. Broek, G. Kinzel, T.
Altan [4] have carried out the study of effect of
process parameters such as initial blank shape and the
blank holding force on the final part quality (i.e.,
wrinkling and fracture). During the initial
experiments, it was found that the oval blank shape
had the worst formability, from a fracture point of
view, among the three blank shapes (i.e., oval,
oblong, and rectangle). The oval shape reduced the
fracture limit of AA 2008-T4. However, it caused
smaller wrinkling heights in the flange along the sides
of the rectangular pan. Control of the (BHF) as a
function of time improves the formability and the
quality of the final part. However, BHF control in
time is not enough by itself. Since the deformation
characteristics are not uniform around the periphery
of the rectangle, the BHF has to be controlled as a
function of location, too. Metal flow can be controlled
by using draw beads on the sides of the rectangle.
2.5 An optimization strategy for the blank holder
force (BHF)
H. Gharib, A.S. Wifi, M. Younan, A. Nassef
[5] have proposed an optimization strategy for the
blank holder force (BHF) which searches for the BHF
scheme that minimizes the maximum punch force and
avoids process limits. That strategy was applied to the
linearly varying BHF scheme and compared to the
constant BHF. They found that the optimized linear
BHF scheme resulted in an improved cup forming
when compared to that produced by the constant BHF
scheme. The BHF scheme is optimized for different
cases of drawing ratios and die coefficients of friction
in order to analyze the nature of the optimum linear
BHF scheme. It was found that the slope of the linear
BHF scheme increases with the increase in the
drawing ratio in a linear manner. Also, the intercept
of the function showed a nearly linear variation with
the drawing ratio. A general equation is deduced for
the optimum blank holder force at any drawing ratio
for the cup under study.
2.6 Spring back
W.M. Chan, H.I. Chew, H.P. Lee, B.T.
Cheok [6] have presented a study of spring-back in
the V-bending metal forming process with one
clamped end and one free end. They found that
spring-back occurs at the die-lip and V-region of the
die model. Different die punch parameters such as
punch radius, punch angle and die-lip radius were
varied to study their effect on spring-back. Also, the
effect of the punch displacement on spring-back was
investigated. The H-convergence test was done to
justify the number of elements used. Softwares used
are Patran, Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/CAE. Patran
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was used to model the nodes of the sheet metal and
rigid surfaces of the die, pad and punch.
Abaqus/Standard is used to simulate the punching
process. The results were analyzed using
Abaqus/CAE. Their analysis shows that spring-back
angle of the valley region decreased with increment
of punch radius and punch angle and spring-back is
dependent on punch radius, punch angle and die-lip
radius.
III.
FORMING LIMIT DIAGRAM
The forming limit diagram (FLD) (Fig.3.1)
gives an indication whether the material can sustain
certain ratio of strains without failing is of great help.
Keeler[7] pioneered the application of forming limit
diagrams (FLD) for accessing the formability of sheet
metal.
Fig.3.1 Forming limit diagram[8]
Many researchers have tried to determine the
FLD diagrams for different sheet metals commonly
used in forming operations either experimentally or
theoretically. The experimental method consists of
printing a grid pattern of circles of appropriate
diameter (generally 2 mm to 4 mm) on the surface of
sheet. The sheet is deformed as required but in stages.
After each stage the grid pattern is examined. The
advantage of printing circular grids is that during the
deformation the circles will get deformed into ellipse
with major and minor axes directed along the
principal directions of strain. The measurement of the
axes and knowing the original diameter we can
determine principal strains and their directions. As the
forming progresses, at some region neck formation
may occur. The ratio of strains is determined at the
region. This is a point on FLD diagram or curve
which separates the safe and unsafe regions.
In 1967, Marciniak and Kuczynski proposed
their analytical model for limit-strain prediction based
on the initial in homogeneity of a material, which has
been foundational for much of the subsequent work in
this area and is commonly referred to as theM–K
theory [9]. They attributed changes in limiting strain
values to the loading history of the specimen, the ratio
of the principal stresses, and several material
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properties, including the initial in homogeneity. They
noted that the largest limiting strains in the biaxial
stretching region were obtained during equal biaxial
tension, whilst the minimum values occurred in
plane-strain.One of the primary applications of the
circular grid system and FLD proposed by Keeler was
the analysis of strain distributions in actual stampings
to improve part quality and optimize die design [10].
Since Keeler’s experiments continued to verify his
earlier results, showing that the lowest formability
exists under plane strain conditions, he proposed
restricting the inward flow of metal from the flange in
order to induce biaxial tensile strains, thereby
increasing the forming limits. The preceding studies
focused on the determination of forming limits solely
in the region of biaxial tension. However, in 1968,
Goodwin used a combination ofcup- and tension-tests
to obtain a failure band in both the negative and
positive quadrants of minor strain, creating the
general form of the forming-limit diagram.
In order to reveal the effects of planar
anisotropy on formability, Marciniak et al. performed
an experimental study involving steel, aluminum, and
copper [11]. These tests were performed under
proportional-straining conditions, and showed that the
forming limits were significantly different in the
rolling direction compared with transverse direction.
This demonstrated that the limit curve does not
consist of mirror images which begin at the principal
axes and meet at the state of equal biaxial tension;
instead, the limit strains are generally somewhat
greater in the rolling direction.
A further investigation of variations in the
forming limit diagram was conducted by Ghosh and
Hecker, who concluded that the limit strains obtained
in punch stretching operations were considerably
higher than those resulting from in-plane stretching
tests [12,13]. Their in-plane stretching tests employed
the use of a polyethylene spacer on either side of the
nose of a punch in order to induce in-plane
deformation. They theorized that the friction and
curvature present during punch stretching cause strain
localization to take place at a much lower rate than
for in-plane stretching. Up to this point, most work on
constructing the forming-limit diagram had employed
the use of grid strain analysis on actual automotive
stampings or on test specimens deformed by punches
of various geometries. In 1975, Hecker introduced a
methodical approach involving the stretching of
sheets of various widths over a hemispherical punch
to obtain strain conditions ranging from uniaxial
tension to balanced biaxial tension[14]. Using the
onset of localized necking to define a single limit of
failure, Hecker obtained a forming-limit curve lying
mostly within the Keeler– Goodwin band. The
advantage of his technique is the ability to determine
an entire forming-limit curve with specimens of
different widths and:or the use of different lubricants.
An analytical model describing neck growth in sheet
metals under various loading conditions, from which
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a predicted forming-limit diagram can be calculated,
was subsequently developed by Lee and Zaverl [15].
Their results corresponded to those of the lower, inplane forming limits. However, the analysis did not
account for the effects of strain history and its
influence on such properties as the plastic strain ratio.
IV.
SUMMARY
The forming limit diagram (FLD) introduced
by Keller and Goodwin probably the most widely
used method for representing sheet metal formability
and extensive literature has been proposed in the last
decade. The forming limit diagram typically
represents the maximum permissible range of major
and minor strains that a typical sheet material can
undertake without failure. The forming limit diagram
is experimentally measured for each sheet material by
placing a grid of circle on the sheet sample and then
deforming the same. A comparison of the original and
the extensions in the marked grids on the sheet
sample provide an estimate of the major and minor
strain of the sample. The permissible range of the
major and minor strains is actually available for a
wide range of sheet metals and used considerably for
designing of deep drawing operations, in particular.
REFERENCES
[1]
Dr.Waleed K.Jawad,Jamal H.Mohamed,
“Studying the Effect of Punch Nose Radius
on
Deep
Drawing
Operation”
Eng.&Tech.Vol.26.No.,pp55-73(2008)
[2]
G. Venkateswarlu, M. J. Davidson and G. R.
N. Tagore, “Influence of process parameters
on the cup drawing of aluminium 7075
sheet” International Journal of Engineering,
Science and Technology Vol. 2, No. 11, pp.
41-49(2010)
[3]
Y. Marumo, H. Saiki, L Ruan , “Effect of
sheet thickness on deep drawing of metal
foils” Journal of Achievements in Materials
and Manufacturing Engineering Vol.20
Issues 1-2 (2007)
[4]
M. Ahmetoglu, T. R. Broek, G. Kinzel, T.
Altan, “Control of Blank Holder Force to
Eliminate Wrinkling and Fracture in DeepDrawing Rectangular Parts” Annals of the
ClRP Vol. 44/1/1995
[5]
H. Gharib, A.S. Wifi, M. Younan, A. Nassef,
“Optimization of the blank holder force in
cup drawing ” Journal of Achievements in
Materials and Manufacturing Engineering,
Volume 18, ISSUE 1-2 September–October
2006
[6]
W.M. Chan, H.I. Chew, H.P. Lee, B.T.
Cheok , “Finite element analysis of springback of V-bending sheet metal forming
processes” Journal of Materials Processing
Technology Vol.148 pp 15–24, (2004)
[7] Keeler, S.P.; Sheet Met.Indust.,Vol.42.
pp.683,1965
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4. U. V. Mangudkar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
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[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
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Z. Marciniak, K. Kuczynski, “ Limit strains
in the process of stretch-forming sheet
metal” Int. J. Mech. Sci. 9 (1967) 609–620.
S.P. Keeler, “Circular grid system—A
valuable aid for evaluatingsheet metal
formability”
Society
of
Automotive
Engineers Technical Paper No. 680092,
New York, 1968.
Z. Marciniak, K. Kuczynski, T. Pokora, “
Influence of the plastic properties of a
material on the forming limit diagram for
sheet metal in tension” Int. J. Mech. Sci.
15,pp 789–805,1973.
A.K. Ghosh, S.S. Hecker, “Stretching limits
in sheet metals:In-plane versus out-of-plane
deformation” Metall. Trans. 5,pp 2161–
2164,(1974)
S.S. Hecker, “Experimental studies of sheet
stretchability,Formability:
Analysis,
Modeling
and
Experimentation”,
Proceedings October 1977 AIME:ASM
Symposium, “The Metallurgical Society of
the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers” pp.
150–182 New York, 1978,.
S.S. Hecker, “Simple technique for
determining forming limit curves”, Sheet
Met. Ind. 52, pp671–676 (1975).
D. Lee, F. Zaverl Jr., “ Neck growth and
forming limits in sheet metals”, Int. J. Mech.
Sci. 24 (3) pp.157–173(1982).
Books:
[8]
Kalpakjain, Manufacturing Processes for
Engineering Materials ( Pearson Education,
2007 )
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