Distance education is a method of indirect instruction that allows for geographical and emotional separation between teachers and students. It provides access to education regardless of financial, social, or psychological barriers. Students can learn at their own pace using printed materials, visual aids, and other media from home or study centers. Distance education uses multimedia like audio, video, and interactive materials to deliver course content asynchronously or synchronously. While it increases access to education, distance learning also faces challenges related to lack of interaction, imparting skills, supporting learners with disabilities, and addressing socioeconomic and technological barriers.

1. DISTANCE EDUCATION

2.  Distance education is a method of indirect
instruction, life long education or continuing
education. it implies geographical and
emotional separation of the teachers and the
taught. Distance education has opened the
portal of universilization of education ,as
education made accessible to all respect of
financial ,social ,psychological condition. it
is primarily self learning based on part time
or whole time basis. the achieve goals by
himself sitting at home or in study centers
with the help of printed material visual aids
etc.

3.  1840- BATH ENGLAND, ISECT PIGMENT.
 1880-INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDANCE
SCHOOL IN UK.(WORLD OLDEST SCHOOL)
 1969ST OPEN UNIVERSITY IN WORLDS IN UK.
 FEATURE-
 -OPEN ENTRY
-MULTIMEDIA FACILITY
-STRONG SUPPORT
-VARIETY OF COURSES

4. - Acc to Dohman
 Distance education is a systematically
organized form of self study in which student
counseling the presentation of learning
material and the seeing and supervising of
the students success in carried out by a team
of teachers each of whom has responsibility
.it is made possible at a distance by means of
media ,which can cover long distance.

6.  Distance education means that the teacher
and the learner are seprated from one
another and also from traditional class room
setting.
-young
 It refers to the form of the study where
a geographic distance between learner and
teachers exits.
acc to iswaih

7.  In distance education ,an institution teaches
.the teachers prepare the learning material.
 Delivers staff development progrram with
minimal restricted on time and place.
 Management skills are essential.

8. It gives new meaning to the concept of
the independence of the adult learner.
The goals of linking learning materials
to learning is at his centers of the
organization structure.(for example-
video,audio,and other interactive
materials).

9. distance education is aimed at
teaching ,guiding and supporting the
students in location through well
designed lecture script supported by
teachers ,personal contact programs
,response sheet assignment and
electronic media.

10. SYNCHRONUS
ASYNCHRONOUS

11. Synchronous approach:- the
participants in the same space at
the same time in order to attend to
the material of teaching ,all the
student should assemble befor the
tv or broadcast to receive
instructional material ,it is more
closure to traditional class room.

12.  For example- IGNOU lecture are developed
through tv channels like gyan darsan and INC
is conducting contact classess for Ph.D
nursing via videoconfrencing at six center in
india.
 Lecturing and lesson are delivered at same
time to distant places which ensure
uniformity in delivery system.
 Enhance group building
 Co-operative learning
 Feeling of social isolation is reduced

13.  Disadvantage
 Scheduling same time to multiple
participants would be difficult .
 Requirnment of greater financial and
personal resources.
 Cannot be suitable for learner from
different item zone.

14.  Asynchronous approach:-the
instructional is delivered at different
points of time usually recorded
video,print materials etc learners have
freedom to receive the instruction at
their own time ,space and place.

15.  Advantage
 Suitable to all learners lving different time zone
 Individual can read and understand the content at his
own pace.
 It does not requires the participants share the time or
space to contribute to or benefit from instruction.
 It Is good for learner who has learning disabilities.
 Learner can clarify their doubt through email/post.
 Disadvantage
 Social isolation of learner.
 Lacks active interaction.
 Cost is higher.
 Lack of immediate clarification and evaluating of
content

16. There is little face to face relationship
between the teacher and the learner.
There is little oral instruction.
There is no fixed classroom and lecture
room.
Learning is an individual basis .

17. Its involves use of multi-media
,approach postal coaching and
education through radio and
television.
Learning is on part time basis.
Its now applied for teachers
education programs i.e for in –
service education of teachers

18. Distance education is based on the
philosophy that ,learner is the active
and self directed agent who makes
choice takes decision ,direct the
process quantitavily and assume
responsibility for all this .

19. He is a self monitor ,self evaluator
,self food backer and self improver.
It is therefore non-conventional and
non traditional teaching learning
programs ,which focus an self
learning

20. It aim not only in providing certificate
and degree but also helps in personal
growth and training for better job
prospects ,job enhancement and in
services education.
Brings changes in attitude and
knowledge.
Make education socially more relevant.

21. Provide flexibility of time to enable
students pace their studies.
To impart latest information and
skill in the field of education.
Provide the opportunity for self
enrichment professional upgrading

22.  Providing speedy and efficient training.
 Balance inequalities.
 Getting training in conventional education.
 Opportunity for the empowerment.
 Improving the quality of exiting educational
service.
 Developing multiple competencies

23.  Distance education is said to be
amultimedia system in distance education
councelling ,radio and
television,broadcast,audio vedio
,councelling computer based information
used to developed communication ,face
to face classroom teaching.this
technologies support media –mix service
as termed as student support services
(sss) which is essential component of
these system

24.  First generation-correspondence model-
Print is the delivery technology for the
correspondence model of distance education
.print has the flexibility of time,place and
pace .faculty and students need not to be in
same place at the same time for the purpose
of learning .the main disadvantage of this
model is interactivity costs in preparing and
printing ,and lack of immediate feedback .it
always relies on postal communication ,this
model is popular all over the world 1980-
1990.

25.  Second generation:- multimedia model-The
multimedia model supplement print
material with audiotape and vedeotape
,computer based learning ,and interactive
video these model partly encourages
interaction and flexibility of time,place and
pace for both teacher and learner .the main
disadvantage- of this model is cost in
preparing and printing and lack of immediate
feedback

26.  Third generation- telelearning model-In this
model ,real time two way communication
takes place between student and teachers.it
ensure advanced interactive delivery.this
offer higly refined material with very less
cost .one of the disadvantage of this model is
that the student and teachers requires
assembling at same time and same place for
effective learning.

27.  Fourth generation –flexible learning model-
This model is refferd as technology
mediated flexible learning .this model uses
all form of technology such as internet
,multimedia ,print and computer based
instruction.

28.  Study materials known as lecture script.
 Personal contact programs
 Student assignment
 Electronic media
 Study center
 Personal guidance

29.  Needs assessment- external factor and
internal factors
 Health care system
 Support of council and apex bodies in term
of recognization and accreditation.
 Congruency of distance education program
with mission ,philosophy, organizational fram
work or parent organization.
 Academic infrastructure ,clinical facilities.

30. Economic feasibility-
 Financial planning
 Cost effectiveness of the program.
 Clear financial plan
 Self sufficiency

31.  Curriculum
 Congruency of the curriculum with regular
program of parent institution.
 Compatibility with other similar program.
 Delivery model
 Types of delivery system
 Rationale of choosing particular model
 Cost related to the system
 Learning needs of the student
 Faculty development programs
 User friendly for faculty and student.

32.  Teaching and learning theories and nursing
value
 Preserving nursing value ‘caring
,communication, professional, socialization,
moral and ethical value.
 Evaluation methods
 Types of evaluation plan
 Relevancy of evaluation method to delivery
system and objective.

33.  SOCIO-ECONOMICAL FACTOR- there is hug
divide between rural and urban area in term
of technology development .thus affect
delivery system in distance education .cost
related to use these technology advancement
is still an challenge to marginally lower socio
economic learner however this issue is well
taken care of by policy maker by establishing
national knowledge network,toll free
telephone number national informative
numberboard band connectivity to all village.

34.  TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES-in the era of
scientific explosion,choosing a appropriate
method fitting to all learner need still be
challenge to institution offer distance
education program.

35.  LEARNER WITH DISABILITIES-it is not well
addressed in the traditional and distance
education system .use of technology and
modalities to suit the all type of disabilities is
still a challenge.however ,this can be solved by
magnifying ,screen monitor keyboard ,and
mobile application.
 Language barrier and divers cultural pattern.
 Faculty workload.
 Incentive and recognition pf faculty and student,
 Attitude toward innovation and change.
 Transactional distance

36.  IMPARTING SKILL AND VALUE- nursing is
practice discipline and attached with various
value imparting skills and value are still a
challenges in distance education in nursing.
 GENDER ISSUE- majority ofnursing workforce
are women ,who tradionally shoulder many
responsibilities of family they requires multi
tasking skill on successful completion of
distance education courses.
 RECOGNIZATION AND ACCREDITION

37.  Can provided the opportunity to :-
 Those nurse who are working in remote area
and have no facilities of higher education.
 Those that is unable to join regular course
due to various reasone.
 Those that are already working and cannot
be relived from their duties by their
institutional.
 Those who feel that they cannot cope up
with regular course within specific time

38.  Distance education is a method of indirect
instruction ,lifelong education or continuing
education ,the main aims of this education
change the attitude and knowledge make
education more socially relevant ect,there
are two types of approaches ,synchromus and
asynchromus and its include the pillar of
education ,personal contact program ,study
center ,personal guidance etc

39.  j