The document discusses medical textile materials used for both non-implantable and implantable applications. For non-implantable materials, it focuses on wound dressings, bandages, and compression garments used to treat issues like lymphedema and venous disorders. Wound dressings are typically made of absorbent layers between a contact layer and base material. Bandages are used to secure dressings and can be woven, knitted or nonwoven. Compression garments provide graduated pressure to encourage blood flow and reduce swelling from conditions affecting the lymphatic or venous systems.

1. RR..DDeevveennddiirraakkuummaarrii
1133mmaatt0011
AAppppaarreell TTeecchhnnoollooggyy
KKuummaarraagguurruu CCoolllleeggee ooff TTeecchhnnoollooggyy
CCoovvaaii--4499
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 1

2. IInnttrroo
Textile materials and products that have been
engineered to meet particular needs, are
suitable for any medical and surgical application
where a combination of strength, flexibility, and
sometimes moisture and air permeability are
required.
Materials used
monofilament and multifilament yarns
Woven
knitted, and
nonwoven fabrics, and
composite structures. 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 2

3. Applications:
Single thread suture to the complex
composite structures for bone
replacement, and
Simple cleaning wipe to advanced barrier
fabrics used in operating rooms.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 3

4. Medical Textile Materials
Non-implantable
materials
Wound
dressings,
Bandages,
Plasters
Gauzes
Lint
Wadding, etc.
Implantable
materials
Sutures
Soft-tissue
implants
Orthopaedic
implants
Cardio vascular
implants
Extracorporeal
devices
Artificial kidney
Art Liver, and
Art Lungs
Healthcare/
hygiene
products
Surgical
clothing
Surgical covers
Bedding
Clothing
Incontinence
diaper/sheet
Cloths/wipes
Surgical
hosiery

5. 11.. NNoonn--iimmppllaannttaabbllee mmaatteerriiaallss
Introduction
These materials are used for external
applications on the body and may or may
not make contact with skin.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 5

6. 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 6

7. II.. WWoouunndd ccaarree
A number of wound dressing types are
available for a variety of medical and
surgical applications.
The functions of these materials are to
provide
Protection against infection,
Absorb blood and exudate,
Promote healing and,
Apply medication to the wound.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 7

8. Common wound dressings are consisting of 3 layers
absorbent layer held between a
wound contact layer and a
flexible base material.
The absorbent pad absorbs blood or liquids and provides a cushioning
effect to protect the wound.
The wound contact layer should prevent adherence of the dressing to the
wound and be easily removed without disturbing new tissue growth.
The base materials are normally coated with an acrylic adhesive to
provide the means by which the dressing is applied to the wound.
The use of collagen, alginate, and chitin fibres has proved successful in
many medical and surgical applications.
wound dressing concept
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 8

9. When alginate fibres are used - interaction between the
alginate and wound creates a sodium calcium alginate gel.
The gel is hydrophilic, permeable to oxygen, impermeable to
bacteria, and contributes to the formation of new tissue.
scald
Other textile materials
gauze, lint, and Wadding.
•Gauze: is an open weave,
absorbent fabric that when
coated with paraffin wax.
•Uses- burns and scalds.
•In surgical applications -
absorbent material when used in
pad form (swabs); yarns
containing barium sulphate X-ray
detectable.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 9

10. Lint: is a plain weave cotton
fabric.
Uses - protective dressing
for first-aid and mild burn
applications.
Wadding: is a highly
absorbent material that is
covered with a nonwoven
fabric.
To prevent wound adhesion
or fibre loss.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 10

11. (a) (b)
Wound dressings.
(a) and (b) wound dressings
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 11

12. IIII.. BBaannddaaggeess
Bandages are the final medical requirement.
woven, knitted, or nonwoven and are either elastic or
non – elastic materials are used.
The most common application
Bandages is to hold dressings in place over wounds.
Lightweight knitted or simple open weave fabrics made
from cotton or viscose that are cut into strips then
scoured, bleached, and sterilised.
Elasticated yarns are incorporated into the fabric
structure to impart support and conforming
characteristics.
Knitted bandages can be produced in tubular form in
varying diameters on either warp or weft knitting
machines. 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 12

13. Different types of bandages aanndd tthheeiirr aapppplliiccaattiioonn..
(a) Elasticated flat bandage, (b) tubular finger bandages,
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 13

14. Woven light support bandages - sprains
or strains and the elasticated properties
are obtained by weaving cotton crepe
yarns that have a high twist content.
Similar properties can also be achieved
by weaving two warps together, one
beam under a normal tension and the
other under a high tension.
When applied under sufficient tension,
the stretch and recovery properties of
the bandage provides support for the
sprained limb.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 14

15. (c) tubular elasticated net garment
(d) tubular support bandages 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 15

16. Nonwoven orthopaedic
cushion bandages
Maade by polyurethane
foams, polyester, or
polypropylene fibres and
contain blends of natural or
other synthetic fibres.
Nonwoven bandages
are lightly needle-punched to
maintain bulk and loft.
Cushion bandage materials
includes a fully needle
punched structure which
possesses superior cushion
properties compared with
existing materials. 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 16

17. Compression bandages
Treatment and prevention of
deep vein thrombosis,
leg ulceration, and
varicose veins
Classification of Compression bandages
extra-high
High
moderate, and
light compression.
Woven and contain cotton and elastomeric yarns or warp and
weft knitted in both tubular or fully fashioned forms.
Orthopaedic cushion bandage:
Used under plaster casts and compression bandages to provide
padding and prevent discomfort. 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 17

18. Hip spica lumbar/abdominal support
anti-embolism stockings.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 18

19. Lymphatic System Disorders
The lymphatic system is part of the body's
immune system. It consists of
nodes,
vessels and
fluid.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 19

20. Lymph - a fluid that contains white blood cells that
defend against germs.
Lymph vessels - vessels that carry lymph
throughout your body. They are different from
blood vessels.
Lymph nodes - glands found throughout the lymph
vessels. Along with your spleen, these nodes are
where white blood cells fight infection.
lymphedema -The lymphatic system clears away
infection and keeps your body fluids in balance.
If it's not working properly, fluid builds in your
tissues and causes swelling, called lymphedema.
Other lymphatic system problems can include
infections, blockage, and cancer.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 20

21. Causes of lymphatic obstruction
include:
Infections
Injury
Radiation therapy
Skin infections such as cellulitis (more
common in obese patients)
Surgery & Tumors (swelling)
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 21

22. TTrreeaattmmeenntt ffoorr llyymmpphheeddeemmaa
Compression garments (usually
with multilayered bandages)
Wearing compression
stockings.
Elastic compression garments
Inelastic garments
Compression bandaging, also
called wrapping and
Short-stretch bandages to
the involved .
Areas (arms, legs, or feet ).
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 22

23. Venous System disorders
Blood flows from the heart through the
arterial system, and back to the heart
through the venous system.
In the legs, the venous system is composed of
three elements:
Deep veins, which carry ~95% of the blood
volume
Superficial veins, which carry ~5% of the
blood volume
Perforator veins, which connect the
superficial veins to the deep veins
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 23

24. Overview of Vein Valves -
Healthy and Damaged
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 24

25. PPrroobblleemmss aanndd SSyymmppttoommss
Standing
Obesity
Even pregnancy, since these all increase stress on the
system.
Over time, this increased pressure can reduced
circulation.
Fatigue, aching and swelling of the legs and feet can be a
result.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 25

26. Some Problems due to venous in-suffiency
include:
Varicose Veins
 Leg Pain
 Leg Swelling
 Leg ulcers
 Higher risk of a pulmonary embolism
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
◦ Leg Pain and swelling
◦ Discoloration of the lower leg, often
◦ causing brown patches
◦ Venous ulcers
◦ Dermatitis
 Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT):
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 26

27. Benefits of Compression Garments
Graduated Compression
Compression hosiery helps
counteract this by applying a
firm continuous graduated
pressure to the muscles and
veins in legs.
Maximum pressure at the ankle
to encourage blood to flow up
the leg, decreasing compression
as it moves higher on the leg.
40% of men and 50% of
women.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 27

28. Compression hosiery
Compression hosiery quickly
relieves the pain and swelling
associated with venous
disorders, while at the same
time preventing more serious
problems, such as blood clots in
the deep veins.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 28

29. 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 29

30. Compression Category Descriptors
Mild Compression (8-15 mmHg)
Relief of tired, aching legs, minor swelling in the ankle and legs and to alleviate pain
associated with very mild varicose veins.
Moderate Compression (15-20 mmHg)
Mild to moderate leg swelling Tired, aching legs and mild leg pain .
Superficial or early varicose veins.
Post-operative for less severe procedures.
Helps to reduce Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) in normal-risk patients, especially
during periods of long travel.
Firm Compression (20-30 mmHg)
Severe leg disorders including:
Moderate swelling or edema, leg pain, varicose veins.
Reduces Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) especially during periods of long travel .
Prevention of re-occurrence of venous ulcerations in the leg.
Extra Firm Compression (30-40 mmHg)
Severe swelling or edema, varicose veins.
Prevention of reoccurrence of venous ulcerations in the leg.
Chronic venous insufficiency.
Distended, tortuous veins of the legs associated with pregnancy. Post deep vein
thrombosis (DVT)
Relief of chronic leg fatigue and heaviness .
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 30

31. Scar
Scarring is a healing process of the skin in
response to damage sustained.
Scarring is a bodily reaction to injury, during
which the skin thickens, hardens and reddens.
Complications Caused by Scarring
Pain, itching and discomfort
Hypersensitivity to clothes or touch
Reduced range of joint motion due to
“shortening” of the skin tissue covering the joint
The unaesthetic appearance of thick, red scars
Reduced quality of life and diminished body
image.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 31

32. TTyyppeess ooff SSccaarrss
Hypertrophic Scars
These scars the wound repair process.
do not grow outside the confines of the
original wound.
Normally red, thick and may be painful
or itchy.
Keloid Scars
Keloids are original margins of the
wound.
people with dark skin, and people of
oriental decent are more often affected.
Growth with rounded margins, and may
originate from ear piercing as well as from
injury.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 32

33. PPrreessssuurree GGaarrmmeenntt RReedduuccee
SSccaarrrriinngg
Pressure garments help prevent the
development of hypertrophic and keloid
scars by applying mechanical pressure to
the affected area.
The pressure garment counteracts the
thickening of the scar tissue and thus
scarring is minimized.
To reduce the blood circulation to the
scarred area which in turn reduces
thickening of irregular tough scar tissue &
Recovering skin fro1m0/15 /1a4 dR.dDeivetnidioraknumaari l(1 3iMnATj0u1) ry. 33

34. Scar Disappear Completely
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 34

35. Surgical hosiery and other products made from
non-implantable materials.
(a) Cervical collar (b) foam padded arm sling
(c) adjustable wrist brace (d) anti-10/15/14 R.Devendirakdumeacri u(1b3MitAuT0s1 )boots. 35

36. 22.. EExxttrraaccoorrppoorreeaall ddeevviicceess
Extracorporeal devices are mechanical
organs that are used for blood purification
and include the
Artificial kidney (dialyser),
The artificial liver, and
The mechanical lung.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 36

37. EExxttrraaccoorrppoorreeaall ddeevviicceess
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 37

38. ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
 Hollow fibres have replaced coil or laminate in dialyser devices.
 which consists of 4,000 to 20,000 hollow filaments having an
external diameter of 200 to 300 micrometer.
 Blood flows inside of the fibres and the dialysate flows outside
of the fibres.
Hemofiltration the term 'Artificial
kidney' is often applied to the
whole system including the
pumps and control circuitry for
the dialysate mixing and
delivery, and for the blood
preparation and monitoring,
pumping, deaerating and return
to the body.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 38

39. AARRTTIIFFIICCIIAALL LLIIVVEERR
Made of hollow viscose to
separate and dispose patients’
plasmas and supply fresh plasma.
MECHANICAL LUNG
Made with a hollow
polypropylene fibre or a hollow
silicone membrane.
Used to remove carbon dioxide
from patients’ blood and supply
fresh oxygen.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 39

40. 33.. IImmppllaannttaabbllee mmaatteerriiaallss
Introduction
These materials are used in effecting
repair to the body whether it be wound
closure (sutures) or replacement surgery.
(vascular grafts, artificial ligaments, etc.).
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 40

41. IImmppllaannttaabbllee mmaatteerriiaallss
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 41

42. II.. SSuuttuurreess
Sutures for wound closure are
either monofilament or
multifilament threads
Categorised as either
biodegradable or
nonbiodegradable.
1. Biodegradable sutures are
used mainly for internal
wound closures.
2. Non-biodegradable
sutures are used to close
external wound closures.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 42

43. IIII.. SSoofftt--ttiissssuuee iimmppllaannttss
The strength and flexibility
characteristics of textile materials
are suitable for soft-tissue implants.
To replacement of
Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage in
both reconstructive and corrective
surgery.
Artificial tendons are woven or
braided porous meshes or tapes
surrounded by a silicone sheath.
Natural tendon can be looped
through the artificial tendon and
then sutured to itself in order to
connect the muscle to the bone.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 43

44. Arteriovenous leg ulcer with exposed tendons;
(a) Before treatment; (b) Shave excision; (c)
MatridermTM on the wound; (d) Split-skin mesh graft;
(e) One year later with stable healing
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 44

45. Ligaments: Braided
polyester artificial
ligaments are strong and
exhibit resistance to creep
from cyclic loads.
Braided composite
materials containing
carbon and polyester
filaments are suitable for
knee ligament
replacement.
3D-braids 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 45

46. To replace damaged knee ligaments (anterior cruciate
ligaments) should not only possess biocompatibility
properties but must also have the physical
characteristics needed for such a demanding application.
Anterior cruciate ligament prostheses.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 46

47. 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 47

48. CCaarrttiillaaggee
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in
many areas in the bodies of humans and other
animals, including thejoints between bones,
the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial
tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as
hard and rigid asbone but is stiffer and less
flexible than muscle.
There are two types of cartilage
1.Hyaline cartilage is hard and dense and found
where rigidity is needed.
2.Elastic cartilage is more flexible and provides
protective cushioning.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 48

49. Low density polyethylene
1.To replace facial,
2.Nose
3.ear, and
4.throat cartilage;
the material is particularly suitable for this
application because it resembles natural
cartilage in many ways.
Carbon fibre reinforced composite
structures are used to resurface the
defective areas of articular cartilage within
synovial joints (knee, etc.) as a result of
osteoarthritis. 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 49

50. IIIIII.. OOrrtthhooppaaeeddiicc iimmppllaannttss
Orthopaedic implant materials are used for hard tissue
applications.
To replace bones and joints.
Fixation plates that are implanted to stabilise fractured
bones.
Fibre-reinforced composite materials may be designed
with the required high structural strength and
biocompatibility properties needed for these
applications.
Replacing metal implants for artificial joints and bones.
To promote tissue in growth around the implant a
nonwoven material made from graphite and PTFE (e.g.
Teflon) is used, which acts as an interface between the
implant and the adjacent hard and soft tissue.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 50

51. Hip replacement Artificial Bone
Total Knee Replacement
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 51

52. Composite structures composed of
poly(d, l-lactide urethane) and reinforced
with polyglycolic acid have excellent
physical properties.
The composite can be formed into shape
during surgery at a temperature of 60 °C
and is used for both hard and soft tissue
applications.
Braided surgical cables composed of steel
filaments ranging from 13–130mm are
used to stabilise fractured bones or to
secure orthopaedic implants to the
skeleton. 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 52

53. IIVV.. CCaarrddiioovvaassccuullaarr iimmppllaannttss
Vascular grafts are used in surgery to
replace damaged thick arteries or
veins 6mm, 8mm, or 1 cm in
diameter.
Used in surgery to replace damaged
arteries.
Woven or knitted PET or PTFE.
Crimped to prevent kinks.
Velour surface promotes tissue
growth.
Collagen impregnation to prevent
blood leakage.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 53

54. VVaassccuullaarr pprroosstthheessiiss
During implantation
the surgeon can bend
and adjust the length
of the graft, which,
owing to the crimp,
allows the graft to
retain its circular
cross-section.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 54

55. 44.. HHeeaalltthhccaarree//hhyyggiieennee pprroodduuccttss

10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 55

56. Textile materials
used in the operating
theatre include
surgeon’s gowns,
caps and masks,
patient drapes, and
cover cloths of
various sizes.
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 56

57. 10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 57

58. RReeffeerreenncceess
Handbook of technical textiles “Edited by A R
Horrocks and S C Anand” ‘Published by Woodhead
Publishing Limited in association with The Textile
Institute’. Abington Hall, Abington Cambridge CB1 6AH
England.
www.elastictherapy.com/benefits.html
http://www.comar-medical.com/scarinfo-en.html
http://www.comar-medical.com/clothing-en.html
http://www.jcasonline.com/article.asp?issn=0974-
2077;year=2011;volume=4;issue=3;spage=176;epage=18
2;aulast=Wollina
http://textileaid.blogspot.in/2014/06/medical-textile-use-of-
technical.html
10/15/14 R.Devendirakumari (13MAT01) 58
http://biotextiles.wordpress.com/acl-prostheses/