This document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function, including the structures and roles of organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and plasma membrane. It also discusses cellular processes like protein synthesis, mitosis and meiosis. Additionally, it covers the four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous - and provides examples of each tissue type and its functions. Key concepts around tissue repair and the integumentary system are also summarized.

1. DISCUSSION (CELL STRUCTURE,
FUNCTIONS AND PROCESSES)
The outer boundary of the cell which makes up the
three main parts of the human cell is the?
-PLASMA MEMBRANE
The nucleus is found in the center of the cell and
controls cell activity.
-TRUE
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for fat
metabolism.
-TRUE
The lysosomes perform intracellular replication.
-FALSE- IT PERFORMS INTRACELLUR DIGESTION
This structure is called the power-house of the cell
because it generates the cell’s energy?
-MITOCHONDRIA
What structure of the cell is like tiny, finger-like
extensions of the plasma membrane that increases
cell’s surface area?
-MICROVILLI
This structure is a stack of three to ten disc-shaped
envelopes bound by a membrane that sorts,
processes, and packages proteins and membranes?
-GOLGI APPARATUS
This structure is the central core of the cell and it’s
genetic material is DNA?
-NUCLEUS
Intracellular fluid is called
-CYTOL
What separates the ICF from the ECF?
-PLASMA MEMBRANE
How many chromosomes does a human have in
each body cell?
-23 PAIRS OR 46 CHROMOSOMES
RNA is a chemical similar in structure and
properties to DNA, but it only has a single strand
ofbasesand instead of the basethymine(T), RNA has
a base called______ ?
-URACIL
Which isnot a phase of mitosis?
-PREPHASE
During which phase does the cell prepare for
division?
- INTERPHASE
Spindle fibers appear during______
-PROPHASE
During ____ the chromosome align at the cells
equator
-METAPHASE
During which stage of Mitosis do chromatids
separate to form two sets of daughter chromosomes?
-ANAPHASE
Cytokinesis usually begins during ____ of mitosis?
-ANAPHASE : Cytokinesis isthe physical process of
cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a
parental cell into two daughter cells.
Which stage of Mitosis is depicted in the diagram
below?
-ANAPHASE
The final phase of Mitosis is called:
- TELOPHASE
The nuclear membrane reappears during__
-TELOPHASE
How many daughter cells are formed in Meiosis?
-4
Apoptosis is:
- PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

2. The cell membrane is
-SEMI PERMEABLE : Cell membranes serve as
barriers and gatekeepers. They are semi-permeable,
which means that some molecules can diffuse
across the lipid bilayer but others cannot. It is made
of a phospholipid bilayer, along with other various
lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Why do phospholipids organize into a bilayer, tail to
tail, in an aqueous environment?
- The phospholipids organize themselves in a
bilayerto hide their hydrophobic tail regions and
expose the hydrophilic regions to water. This
organization is spontaneous, meaning it is a natural
process and does not require energy.
What are the two main components of cell
membranes?
-PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND PROTEINS
Which of the following processes requires energy to
occur?
- ACTIVE TRANSPORT
When a molecule enters a cell via the proteins on its
membrane, it has undergone:
- FACILITATED DIFFUSION : Facilitated diffusion is
the transfer of molecules from a higher
concentration to lower concentration (passive
transport) through the proteins on the membrane.
Molecules that enter through the proteins are often
too large or ionic/polar to enter straight through the
phospholipid bilayer.
A solution with 1.5% saline in it would be
considered:
- HYPERTONIC: Our blood has a concentration of
0.9% saline. Any substance with a higher salt
concentration is considered hypertonic, while any
solution with a lower salt concentration is hypotonic.
Solutions with equal concentration are called
isotonic.
Claire placed a collection of red blood cells into a
container filled with an unknown solution. Once in
the container, Claire noticed that the red blood cells
swelled and some of them burst.
What type of solution were the red blood cells
placed in?
-A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
When a red blood cell is placed in an isotonic
solution, which of the following will occur?
- NOTHING, NO NET CHANGE
The cell will shrink -HYPERTONIC
The cell will swell and burst. -HYPOTONIC
Which of the following molecules crosses through a
semipermeable membrane during the process of
osmosis?
- WATER : Osmosis is the net movement of water
across a semipermeable membrane from an area of
lower solute concentrationto an area of higher
solute concentration.OrOsmosis is the net
movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane from an area higher water (solvent)
concentration to an area of lower water (solvent)
concentration.
What is NOT an example of Primary Active
Transport?
- SODIUM/ PHOPHATE COTRANSPORTER
Which of the following is an example of endocytosis?
- A VESICLE TRANSPORTING MATERIALISM IN TO
A CELL
Which of the following is an example of endocytosis?
- A vesicle transporting materials out of a cell –
EXOCYTOSIS
What type of transport involves the cell engulfing
matter from the outside environment?
-PHAGOCYTOSIS

3. Phagocytosis is the event of a cell engulfing
particular matter from outside the cell and bringing
it into the cell. Macrophages are the most prominent
phagocytic cells, and help to eliminate pathogens
and bacteria through phagocytosis.
Pinocytosis actually means what?.
- CELL-DRINKING
Phagocytosis actually means what?
- CELL-EATING
TRUE OR FALSE
-Nucleus is the organelle that dictates thesynthesis
of proteins.
FALSE -Ribosomes
Migration of chromosomes to the centriolesof the
cell happens during telophase. FALSE -Prophase
•mRnais the type of RNA thatisconsidered to bethe
duplicate of DNA. TRUE
•Meiosis is the cell division utilized by sexcells.
TRUE
•Osmosis is the movement of solutes againstthe
concentration gradient. FALSE –Active transport
•Diffusion is the movement of solute from ahigher
concentration to a lowerconcentration. TRUE
•ATP is needed in facilitated diffusion. FALSE
•Transcription is the only process that involved in
protein synthesis. FALSE –Transcription and
Translation
Tissues are group of similar cells working together
to:
- PERFORM COMMON FUNCTIONS
Which of the following is NOT a major function of
epithelial tissue?
- COMMUNICATION
_______________ tissue provides structure and
support for the body and helps hold organs in place
in their body cavities.
-CONNECTIVE
___________ tissue carries messages throughout
the body to direct its activities.
- NERVOUS
______ tissue covers internal and external body
structures and forms glands.
-EPITHELIAL
Which type of tissue includes cells attached to a
basement membrane?
-EPITHELIAL
Tissues that are avascular lack a blood supply. How
do they get the materials they need to heal?
-DIFFUSION
Is skeletal muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
VOLUNTARY
Is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
INVOLUNTARY
Is smooth muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
INVOLUNTARY
Voluntary muscle is under conscious control, and
thus is controlled by the somatic nervous system
while the involuntary muscle is under unconscious
control, controlled by the autonomic nervous
system.

4. Skeletal muscle differs from the other two types of
muscle tissue in that skeletal muscle
- IS THE ONLY MUSCLE TISSUE CONTROLLED
VOLUNTARY
has visible striations. SKELETAL AND CARDIAC
has only one nucleus per cell. MULTINUCLEATED
Which type of muscular tissue has a single nucleus
and NO striations. Found in hollow organs
- SMOOTH
Which muscle tissue contains intercalated discs for
communication?
- CARDIAC MUSCLE
Which of the following tissue types includes a
matrix (ground substance and protein fibers)?
- CONNECTIVE
Cells present in loose connective tissue except:
- CHONDROCYTES : present in CARTILAGE
Foundin the kidney, the spleen, lymph nodes, and
bone marrow. Their function is to form a stroma and
provide structural support.
- RETICULAR
It is a type of loose connective tissue that separates
the cells of the body from the blood stream. It is a
“go-between” for nutrients and wastes to leave and
enter the blood stream on their way to and from the
bodies’ cells.
- ARELOLAR
Which of the following cells consists of molecules
of fat?
- ADIPOCYTES
Dense connective tissue has more protein fibers
and ground substance compared to loose
connective tissue.
- FALSE : MORE protein fibers but LESSground
substance
Tendons and ligaments are made of tissue that has
high tensile strength. What type of tissue makes up
tendons and ligaments?
- REGULAR DENSE
Which of these is nota type of cartilage?
- FIBROUS CARTILAGE
Cartilage tissues are likely to be slow in healing
following an injury because
- THEY LACK DIRECT BLOOD SUPPLIES
Which of the following types of connective tissue is
MISMATCHED with its matrix?
- CARTILAGE - HIGHLY VASCULAR MATRIX
Attaches ribs to sternum
- HYALINE CARTILAGE
Identify the type of connective tissue found in the
nose, the trachea, synovial joints, and the fetal
skeleton.
- HYALINE CARTILAGE
The shape of a person's ear is due mainly to
- ELASTIC CARTILAGE
Most common type of cartilage; the matrix has
closely packed collagen fibers making it tough and
flexible.
- FIBROCARTILAGE
Fibrocartilage is found:
- BETWEEN THE VERTEBRAE
Blood is a connective tissue.
- TRUE. It is afluid connective tissue.
Thebloodconnects the body systems together
(ex.transporting oxygen).
The most abundant and widespread tissue is
- CONNECTIVE
Bone is which type of tissue?
- CONNECTIVE

5. Blood is which type of tissue?
- CONNECTIVE
______________ are responsible for maintaining the
bone mass while ______________ are responsible
for the formation of new bones.
- OSTEOCYTES, OSTEOBLAST
Blast: building up, producing
Cyte: maintaining
Clast: destroying, breaking down
Skin and other places exposed to friction are made
up of several layers of flattened cells called?
- STRARIFIED SQUAMOUS
Which type of epithelial tissue can be found in the
respiratory tract?
-PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR
What does "pseudostratified" literally translate into?
- FALSE LAYER
NOT an example of epithelial tissue
a. Stratified squamous
b. Stratified cuboidal
c. Pseudostratified squamous
d. Pseudostratified columnar
SKELETAL - cells are long, cylindrical in shape with
many nuclei
SKELETAL/CARDIAC - cells appear striated in
appearance under the microscope
SMOOTH - small spindle-shaped cells with no
striated appearance
CARDIAC - cell shape appears branching
SKELETAL - only muscle tissue mostly under our
voluntary control
CARDIAC - _heart muscle
EPITHELIUM - lines cavities, tubes, covers body
- one side of this sheet of cells is embedded in a
basement membrane of extracellular "glue”
- Many glands such as sweat glands and salivary
glands are composed of this tissue.
- protein junctions from cell to cell create a
continuous sheet
- forms hormones
- forms mucuos, serous, and epidermal membranes
CONNECTIVE
- binds and connects body parts
-Matrix is usually abundant in this general tissue
type.
- maintains the form of the body and its organ
- supports body organs
MUSCLE
- has contractile properties
- allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski and shoot an
arrow
NERVOUS
- conducts electrical impulses
MOCOUS MEMBRANE’
- line surfaces and spaces that lead to the outside
- works through protection, absorption, secretion
SEROUS MEMBRANE
- secretes serous fluid for lubrication
- pleura, pericardium and peritoneum are examples
SYNOVIAL
-lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths
- Secretes synovial fluid to reduce friction
A structure with a good blood supply will heal
_____________.
-FASTER
The nurse recognizes that which of the following are
classic signs of inflammation? EXCEPT
- FEVER
Initial Phase of tissue healing
- INFLAMMATORY

6. The process where leukocytes engulf and digest
bacteria
- PHAGOCYTOSIS
Which Leukocyte is the first to arrive at the site of
injury?
- NEUTROPHIL
Which of the following vascular change that
corresponds with redness?
- VASODILATION
This type of repair involves the same type of tissue
to replace destroyed tissue so its original function is
restored.
- REGENERATION
REGENERATION is complete restoration of tissue
architecture and function (good as new) while
REPAIR is restoration of function but altered
architectures (scars).
- TRUE
A man arrived at the emergency room and was
diagnosed with myocardial infarction. Tissue repair
occurs by:
- REPLACEMENT OR FIBROSIS : Ischemic cell
death during a myocardial infarction or heart attack
leads to a multiphase reparative response in which
the damaged tissue is replaced with a fibrotic scar
produced by fibroblasts and myofibroblasts.
What is the integumentary system composed of?
- Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat glands
Another name for the skin.
- CUTANEOUS
The skin is composed of _________ layers.
- 2 LAYERS
( EPIDERMIS AND DERMIS)
What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of?
- CONNECTIVE TISSUES - DENSE IRREGULAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Which layer of the skin does NOT contain blood
vessels?
- THE EPIDERMIS ONLY
What cell produces a protein allows for
waterproofing of the skin, nails, and hair?
- KERATINOCYTES : KERATIN -waterproofing
protein that fills the cells in the upper layers of the
epidermis.
_____ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the
immune system (has a role in immunity and disease
resistance).
- DENDRITIC CELLS: also known as Langerhans are
macrophages that guard against toxins, microbes,
and other pathogens.
Keratinization is the process of
- GOING FROM A LIVING CELL TO A DEAD CELL
FILLED WITH KERATIN.
In the stratum BASALE, what step of keratinization
is underway?
- THE CELLS ARE LIVING AND DIVIDING
The cells have begun to become spiny and are
creating Keratin.
-SPINOSUM
The cells have created so much keratin that little
granules can be seen.
-GRANULOSUM
The cells are dead and filled with keratin.
-CORNEUM
Layer of epidermis that is constantly dividing and
producing new cells.
- STRATUM BASALE

7. This layer of epidermis is composed of a single row
of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes.
- STRATUM BASALE
Only found in thick skin: the palms of the hands,
soles of the feet, and elbows.
- STRATUM LUCIDUM
The oldest cells of the epidermis will be found here
- STRATUM CORNEUM
Which layer of the epidermis is considered the
"dead layer" because of their inability to get
nutrients and oxygen, and is composed of keratin?
- STRATUM CORNEUM
Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the
formation of a callus which is the thickening of
which layer?
- STRATUM CORNEUM
THICK skin
- Is found in the palms, soles of the feet and
fingertips
-Does not contain hair follicles
-Contains more sweat glands than thin skin
-Contains epidermal ridges
A person with dark skin has _____ allows them to be
better protected from the sun.
- INCREASED PRODUCTION OF MELANIN THAT
HELPS BLOCK UV LIGHT.
An albino individual lacks the ability to produce
- MELANIN
Cyanosis signifies that a patient
- HAS OXYGEN- STARVED SKIN
SKIN COLOR
What area of the skin structure is responsible for the
skin’s sensitivity to light touch?
- HAIR FOLLICLE
The Pacinian corpuscle is a nerve ending
responsible for sensitivity to pain and pressure.
- TRUE
When we look at our fingers, we can see fingerprints.
Which of the following layers of skin are we looking
at in order to see the fingerprints?
- PAPILLARY LAYER OF THE DERMIS
Which of the following layers is the thickest of the
cutaneous layer?
- RETICULAR LAYER
Which layer of the skin is composed of adipose
tissue?
- HYPODERMIS (SUBCUTANEOUS)
What part of the hair protrudes from the epidermis?
- HAIR SHAFT
Goosebumps are caused by contractions of the
______ muscle
- ARRECTOR PILI
Sebaceous glands are important for?
- KEEPING SKIN AND HAIR CELLS SOFT AND
FLEXIBLE
Which of the following plays an important role in
thermoregulation?
- SWEAT GLANDS

8. What sweat gland is located in the axillary and
genital areas of the body?
- APOCRINE GLANDS
This type of gland is a coiled tubular gland found
almost throughout the entirety of the skin.
- ECCRINE
The sweat gland that produces "stinky" sweat is the
- APOCRINE GLANDS
What is the function of skin?
-Thermoregulation
- Protection
- Secretion and absorption
- Vitamin D synthesis
Active form of Vitamin D?
- 1,25 - DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL-
CALCITRIOL.
TRUE OR FALSE
1. The layers of the skin in order from top to bottom
are: dermis, epidermis, subcutaneous fat.
- FALSE- epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
2. The epidermis layer gives skin color.
- TRUE
3. The subcutaneous fat layer acts like glue,
connecting tissue to muscle and bone.
-TRUE
4. The dermis functions in helping to control body
temperature.
TRUE
5. Melanocytes are the most abundant cells in the
epidermis
FALSE- KERATONICYTES
6. The superficial region of the skin is called
epidermis.
- TRUE
7. Thick skin is composed of four layers of cells.-
FALSE 5, STRATUM LUCIDUM
8. Jaundice refers to a bluish cast to the skin and
mucous membrane.
- FALSE
9. Thermal burns are the most common type of
burn injuries.
-TRUE
10 .The dermis contains nerve endings.
TRUE
The two main harmful physiological effects of
critical burns are
- DEHYFRATION AND INFECTION
A person has been burned by a pan of boiling water,
he whole hand is red and is starting to blister. What
type of burn is this?
- 2ND
DEGREE BURN, Second-degree burnsaffect
both the outer and underlying layer of skin. They
cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. They
are also called partial thickness burns.
A person has been burned by a pan of boiling water,
he whole hand is red and is starting to blister. What
layer (s) of skin have been affected?A. dermis only
- EPIDERMIS AND DERMIS
A burn which destroys the entire thickness of skin,
appears blanched (gray-white) or blackened, and is
not painful due to destroyed nerves is considered a:
- 3RD
DEGREE BURN:
A third-degree burn is referred to as afull thickness
burn. This type of burn destroys the outer layer of
skin (epidermis) and the entire layer beneath (the
dermis). There is no pain, because the pain
receptors have been obliterated along with the rest
of the dermis.

9. 1. A 25 year old female patient has sustained burns
to the back of the right arm, posterior trunk, front of
the left leg, anterior head and neck, and perineum.
Using the Rule of Nines, calculate the total body
surface area percentage that is burned?
Total: 37%’
2. A 35 year old male patient has ful lthickness
burns to the anterior and posterior head and
neck ,front of left leg, and perineum. Using the Rule
of Nines, calculate the total body surface area
percentage that is burned?
-19%
3. A 58 year old female patient has superficial
partial-thickness burns to the anterior head and
neck, front and back of the left arm, front of the right
arm, posterior trunk, front and back of the right leg,
and back of the left leg. Using the Rule of Nines,
calculate the total body surface area percentage that
is burned?
- 63%
What are symptoms of ringworm?
- A red, scaly rash, A rash that is shaped like a ring,
Itching
A skin disease that causes red, itchy scaly patches,
most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and
scalp.
- PSORIASIS
A condition in which the skin loses
melanocytesresulting in discolored patches in
different areas of the body, including the skin, hair
and mucous membranes.
- VITILIGO
It starts as a red, itchy sore that ruptures, oozes for
a few days and then forms ahoney-colored crust.
- IMPETIGO
What is the etiology of erysipelas?
- STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
What causes decubitus ulcer?
- PROLONGED PRESSURE
Prolonged pressureis essentially the main cause of
a decubitus ulcer. Lying on a certain part of your
body for long periods causes your skin to break
down. The areas around the hips, heels, and
tailbone are especially vulnerable to these types of
sores.In the hospital, one of the ways to prevent is
frequently repositioning patients to avoid stress on
the skin.
A 5 year old patient came into the ER with a low-
grade fever, sore throat, and a pink rash that starts
on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.
After 3 days, the rash disappeared. What is the
diagnosis?
- RUBELLA/ GERMAN MEASLES
A 5 year old patient came into the ER with high fever,
cough, coryzaand red, watery eyes. After 3 days,
tiny white spots started to appear inside the
mouthand flat red spots that appear on the face.
What is the diagnosis?
- RUBEULA/ MEASLES
True of shingles
- results from a reactivation of the virus long after
the chickenpox illness has disappeared
Etiology is different from the virus that causes
chickenpox
-same virus Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
Bacterial infection that causes a painful rash
-Viral