Discussion post responses.
Please respond to the following two discussions.
After completing your reading and assignments this week, what do you think about the trends in communication and networking? How have you seen it impact business or do you think it will impact business? Do you think the burden on managers is greater or lesser when it comes to technology skills? Why do you think that?
RR’s post states the following:Top of Form
I agree with the author Thomas Case who stated, “Three different forces have consistently driven the architecture and evolution of data communications and networking facilities: traffic growth, development of new services, and advances in technology” (Case, n.d.). I think these forces continue to force a trend in which companies must continue to increase communication, and grow their networking systems.
These trends have impacted businesses and it is evident. For example, advances in technology led The Columbia Association for the city of Columbia Maryland to implement a converged network that would combine voice and data to minimize operating costs and improve service to their customers. Prior to the implementation the Association had a 20-year-old central mainframe, no data networks connecting its facilities, and an outdated legacy telephone network (“Data Trends”, n.d.).
I believe the burden on managers is greater when it comes to technology skills. Managers can no longer afford to be out of step with an evolving IT landscape. If they are unable to understand business objectives and architect a technical solution to achieve the business objectives, they will find themselves less essential to the business and unable to competently do their job.
Reference:
Case, T. Business Data Communications- Infrastructure, Networking and Security. [Strayer University Bookshelf]. Retrieved from https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780133464764
Data Trends (Data Communications and Networking), (n.d.). Retrieved from https://what-when-how.com/data-communications-and-networking/future-trends-data-communications-and-networking/
BB’s post states the following:Top of Form
After completing your reading and assignments this week, what do you think about the trends in communication and networking? How have you seen it impact business or do you think it will impact business? Do you think the burden on managers is greater or lesser when it comes to technology skills? Why do you think that?
I read through the material last night, and I did definitely notice and learn about some obvious trends in communication and networking. Especially in our textbook, Business Data Communications by William Stallings, in Chapter 1.2 (Data Communications and Networking for Today’s Enterprise Trends), I learned a lot about today’s upcoming trends in communication and networking in technology. For instance, organizations have been increasingly drifting toward some form and level of commitment to unified communications. “The unified communica ...
How Converged Access and Application Intelligence Let You Handle Complex Network Needs for Visibility, Protection and Productivity. Customers around the world frequently describe to me their visions of the arriving IT environment—an ecosystem that’s open, flexible, scalable and robust; that lets companies enhance their application intelligence, fortify security, and seize fast-arising business opportunities.
Whitepaper - Software Defined Networking for the Telco Industryaap3 IT Recruitment
is SDN (Software Defined Networking) the next big thing in Network Security, or another headache and potential skills gap for the next generation of business networks?
9-1 Final Project Submission Network Analysis and Archit.docxsleeperharwell
9-1 Final Project Submission Network Analysis and Architecture Evaluation
Tiffany McLean
IT 640
December 2, 2018
Corley Hughes
Running head: 9-1 FINAL PROJECT SUBMISSION NETWORK ANALYSIS AND
1
9-1 FINAL PROJECT SUBMISSION NETWORK ANALYSIS AND
2
9-1 Final Project Submission Network Analysis and Architecture Evaluation
Introduction
SNHUEnergy is an organization which operates in the US, it is a medium sized organization with 110 employees and operates in Memphis and Dallas. The organization is looking forward to expanding its communication reach. This paper will analyze the current network architecture to determine the important changes which ought to be done to prepare the organization for future growth. This paper will also evaluate the traffic patterns to determine the critical aspects of the organization.
Network Applications
As seen from physical design diagram, Memphis location is the smallest location with only 30 employees, Memphis Local Area Connection deals with operations and billing. In addition to this, the Memphis location has two servers only; one for operation and one billing. Two work-stations are also available which are for video conferencing, and VOIP Phone system. Also, in this workstation, there is one router and one switch. The router is used to connect to the Dallas office remotely.
The Dallas office is the largest location with 90+ employees. The location handles four applications which are Payroll, HR, Accounting, and Email. There is a total of three workstations with four servers. The first server is an email server, the second server hosts payroll, accounting, and HR applications, and the other two are one for Video conferencing and another one for VOIP system. Lastly, Dallas location is equipped with one router, two switches, and one firewall.
Key Components with the appropriate OSI Network Layer
The table below identifies the key components with the appropriate OSI network layer:
Table 1: Key components with the appropriate OSI network layer
Email
SMTP
Application Layer of the OSI model
Stand Alone Applications such as HR/Payroll/ Accounting
SET, SSL
Session Layer/Network layer/ Application Layer/ Transport Layer
VOIP
TCP/IP
Network layer/ Transport Layer
File Transfer
TCP/IP
Network layer/ Transport Layer
Video conferencing
TCP/IP
Network Layer/ Transport Layer (Kenyon, 2016)
Role and Functions of the Key Components
There three components that have been utilized and are described below:
· Router: Router is one of the networking devices which is used to forward data packets in a computer network. A router is used to perform traffic directing functions. The Dallas router is used to connect the whole organization to the wide area network. The two routers are dynamic routers which are designed to discover routes automatically.
· Firewall: One firewall has been utilized in this scenario. The major role of the firewall is to protect the organization from threats and Denial of Service type of attac.
Trends such as Big Data and BYOD have made the network more critical than ever. Research shows the pain points IT departments are experiencing with network infrastructure—and the investments they’re making to improve capacity , scalability and flexibility.
How Converged Access and Application Intelligence Let You Handle Complex Network Needs for Visibility, Protection and Productivity. Customers around the world frequently describe to me their visions of the arriving IT environment—an ecosystem that’s open, flexible, scalable and robust; that lets companies enhance their application intelligence, fortify security, and seize fast-arising business opportunities.
Whitepaper - Software Defined Networking for the Telco Industryaap3 IT Recruitment
is SDN (Software Defined Networking) the next big thing in Network Security, or another headache and potential skills gap for the next generation of business networks?
9-1 Final Project Submission Network Analysis and Archit.docxsleeperharwell
9-1 Final Project Submission Network Analysis and Architecture Evaluation
Tiffany McLean
IT 640
December 2, 2018
Corley Hughes
Running head: 9-1 FINAL PROJECT SUBMISSION NETWORK ANALYSIS AND
1
9-1 FINAL PROJECT SUBMISSION NETWORK ANALYSIS AND
2
9-1 Final Project Submission Network Analysis and Architecture Evaluation
Introduction
SNHUEnergy is an organization which operates in the US, it is a medium sized organization with 110 employees and operates in Memphis and Dallas. The organization is looking forward to expanding its communication reach. This paper will analyze the current network architecture to determine the important changes which ought to be done to prepare the organization for future growth. This paper will also evaluate the traffic patterns to determine the critical aspects of the organization.
Network Applications
As seen from physical design diagram, Memphis location is the smallest location with only 30 employees, Memphis Local Area Connection deals with operations and billing. In addition to this, the Memphis location has two servers only; one for operation and one billing. Two work-stations are also available which are for video conferencing, and VOIP Phone system. Also, in this workstation, there is one router and one switch. The router is used to connect to the Dallas office remotely.
The Dallas office is the largest location with 90+ employees. The location handles four applications which are Payroll, HR, Accounting, and Email. There is a total of three workstations with four servers. The first server is an email server, the second server hosts payroll, accounting, and HR applications, and the other two are one for Video conferencing and another one for VOIP system. Lastly, Dallas location is equipped with one router, two switches, and one firewall.
Key Components with the appropriate OSI Network Layer
The table below identifies the key components with the appropriate OSI network layer:
Table 1: Key components with the appropriate OSI network layer
Email
SMTP
Application Layer of the OSI model
Stand Alone Applications such as HR/Payroll/ Accounting
SET, SSL
Session Layer/Network layer/ Application Layer/ Transport Layer
VOIP
TCP/IP
Network layer/ Transport Layer
File Transfer
TCP/IP
Network layer/ Transport Layer
Video conferencing
TCP/IP
Network Layer/ Transport Layer (Kenyon, 2016)
Role and Functions of the Key Components
There three components that have been utilized and are described below:
· Router: Router is one of the networking devices which is used to forward data packets in a computer network. A router is used to perform traffic directing functions. The Dallas router is used to connect the whole organization to the wide area network. The two routers are dynamic routers which are designed to discover routes automatically.
· Firewall: One firewall has been utilized in this scenario. The major role of the firewall is to protect the organization from threats and Denial of Service type of attac.
Trends such as Big Data and BYOD have made the network more critical than ever. Research shows the pain points IT departments are experiencing with network infrastructure—and the investments they’re making to improve capacity , scalability and flexibility.
Running headCapstone Project Activity - Unit 2 2C.docxrtodd599
Running head:Capstone Project Activity - Unit 2
2
Capstone Project Activity - Unit 2
Student Name
Frank Owusu Boadu
Course
Program Capstone in IT
Date
09/02/2018
Capstone Project Activity - Unit 2
Which type of network topology would you recommend for the corporate backbone and the wired and wireless connections? Why do you think this would be the best choice?
Internet bubble burst led to many reforms in most organizations. The reforms were due to the value of equity markets which grew rapidly. Rapid technology advancement led to the highest capital growth in the industries which later contributed to them crushing. One of this industries is the Verbania, Inc. which was shut down in the early 20’s. The company now wants to reinvent and launch itself again. To do this, it will need to create a well-integrated social relationship platform that goes in hand with other technologies for instance the CRM. The company will require an efficient network topology such as Bus topology. This kind of network will enable computers and other network devices stay connected on a single cable. It will transmit data in only one direction since it will have only two end points also known as the Linear Bus Topology. This will enable every device to stay connected to the network. This kind of Topology will be advantageous to the company as it is cost effective and easy to expand. However, in case the cable fails it means the whole network fails. For wireless connections, the company can use HYBRID Topology. This kind of topology is reliable as detecting errors is quit very easy (Rahman, & Esmailpour, April 2014). This makes the topology be regarded as effective and flexible. However, the design is complex and costly to install, this is because it is a combination of two topologies.
Which type of cabling would you recommend? Why do you think this would be the best choice?
To complete these networking, the company will require several networking cabling. Cabling carries data across the network, voice, serial-communications, alarm signals, video and audio transmission. This is why the company will require a reliable and well-designed structured cabling system. Cabling typical accounts for less than 10% of the total cost of network infrastructure (Croft, et al 2011). You can be sure the life span of the cabling system is more than 16 years if well installed. It is also important to know that more than half of the problems related to networking are due to poor cabling. This problems are such as slow access while accessing information. There are several communication cabling; this are twisted-pair, shielded or screened twisted pair and fiber optic. However, it is important to distinguish between the backbone cables and the horizontal cables. The backbone cables connect devices such as; servers, switches and routers while the horizontal cables connect the communication closets and the wall outlets. To bring the company back to life, twisted-pair cable can be.
Cellular Core Enterprise White Paper by Rethink Technology ResearchAndy Odgers
Enterprises of all sizes are facing unprecedented volume and complexity of both data and communications traffic, and the challenges only increase when those two converge. Quortus is taking a pioneering role in the trend to offload enterprise mobile traffic to the edge of the network where it can support the highest quality and business value. This white paper was produced for Quortus by Caroline Gabriel, Research Director at Rethink Technology Research.
The data center impact of cloud, analytics, mobile, social and security rlw03...Diego Alberto Tamayo
Introduction
The consumerization of IT continues to have a major impact
on business. Technology forces have emerged that are
challenging organizations’ ability to respond. Cloud computing,
mobility, social business, big data and analytics and IT security
technologies are evolving very rapidly, putting an organization’s
IT agility, speed and resilience to the test. As these technologies
mature and converge, they are demanding a total reexamination
of the underlying enterprise infrastructure: its strategy and
design, its operation and its management framework.
2016 Broadband Outlook Report, Telecoms.comBrian Metzger
The Broadband Outlook Report is based on quantitative research from more than 600 telecommunications and internet professionals, with over 50% of respondents representing communications service providers (CSPs). Inside you will discover:
* How CSPs define digital transformation
* What percentage of CSPs have a digital transformation strategy
* Which capabilities CSPs say are the most important to improving the digital experience
* And much more insight into the telecom industry’s digital transformation imperative
This includes short description about modern computer network technologies like: 5G Technology, Artificial intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, IoT, Edge/cloud computing, WIFI-6, SDN, SD-WAN, DevOps etc.
1 Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911 The advent of Next .docxjeremylockett77
1
Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911
The advent of Next Generation 911 (NG911) systems, which operate on an Internet Protocol (IP)
platform, enables interconnection on with a wide range of public and private networks, such as wireless
networks, the Internet, and regular phone networks. NG911 systems will enhance the current capabilities
of today’s 911 networks, allowing
compatibility with more types of
communication, providing greater situational
awareness to dispatchers and emergency
responders, and establishing a level of
resilience not previously possible. NG911
will allow Public Safety Answering Points
(PSAPs) to accept and process a range of
information from responders and the public
alike, including real-time text, images, video,
and voice calls. In addition, NG911 will
provide PSAPs with supplemental location
data, which may enable more effective
response.
Traditional 911 services typically operate over standard voice-based telephone networks and use
software, such as computer-aided dispatch systems, that operate on closed, internal networks with little
to no interconnections with other systems. The limited means of entry into the traditional 911 network
significantly limited potential attack vectors, and what little cyber risk existed could be easily managed.
NG911’s interconnections enable new response capabilities, as shown in Figure 1. However, they also
represent new vectors for attack that can disrupt or disable PSAP operations, broadening the concerns
of―and complicating the mitigation and management of―cyber risks across all levels of government.
The potential cyber risks to a NG911 system do not undermine its tremendous benefits. Nevertheless,
cyber risks do present a new level of exposure that PSAPs must understand and actively manage as a part
of a comprehensive risk management program. Past events have proven 911 systems are attractive targets
for cyber-attacks. For example, attackers have disrupted availability of traditional 911 systems by using
auto-dialers to overwhelm PSAP phone lines and cause congestion, preventing legitimate 911 calls from
going through [commonly called Telephone Denial of Service (TDoS) attacks] and location-based
records and databases that support NG911 are of interest to cyber criminals, data miners, and even nation-
states wanting to access and exploit that information.
As cyber threats grow in complexity and sophistication, attacks could be more severe against an NG911
system as attackers can launch multiple distributed attacks with greater automation from a broader
geography against more targets. This issue paper provides an overview of NG911 cyber infrastructure,
conveys the cyber risk landscape associated with NG911, offers an approach for assessing and managing
risks, and provides additional NG911 resources.
Figure 1: NG911 Benefits and Risks
Benefits
NG911 will enhance
response capabilities:
Enables receipt of data
(e.g., v ...
1 Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911 The advent of Next .docxteresehearn
1
Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911
The advent of Next Generation 911 (NG911) systems, which operate on an Internet Protocol (IP)
platform, enables interconnection on with a wide range of public and private networks, such as wireless
networks, the Internet, and regular phone networks. NG911 systems will enhance the current capabilities
of today’s 911 networks, allowing
compatibility with more types of
communication, providing greater situational
awareness to dispatchers and emergency
responders, and establishing a level of
resilience not previously possible. NG911
will allow Public Safety Answering Points
(PSAPs) to accept and process a range of
information from responders and the public
alike, including real-time text, images, video,
and voice calls. In addition, NG911 will
provide PSAPs with supplemental location
data, which may enable more effective
response.
Traditional 911 services typically operate over standard voice-based telephone networks and use
software, such as computer-aided dispatch systems, that operate on closed, internal networks with little
to no interconnections with other systems. The limited means of entry into the traditional 911 network
significantly limited potential attack vectors, and what little cyber risk existed could be easily managed.
NG911’s interconnections enable new response capabilities, as shown in Figure 1. However, they also
represent new vectors for attack that can disrupt or disable PSAP operations, broadening the concerns
of―and complicating the mitigation and management of―cyber risks across all levels of government.
The potential cyber risks to a NG911 system do not undermine its tremendous benefits. Nevertheless,
cyber risks do present a new level of exposure that PSAPs must understand and actively manage as a part
of a comprehensive risk management program. Past events have proven 911 systems are attractive targets
for cyber-attacks. For example, attackers have disrupted availability of traditional 911 systems by using
auto-dialers to overwhelm PSAP phone lines and cause congestion, preventing legitimate 911 calls from
going through [commonly called Telephone Denial of Service (TDoS) attacks] and location-based
records and databases that support NG911 are of interest to cyber criminals, data miners, and even nation-
states wanting to access and exploit that information.
As cyber threats grow in complexity and sophistication, attacks could be more severe against an NG911
system as attackers can launch multiple distributed attacks with greater automation from a broader
geography against more targets. This issue paper provides an overview of NG911 cyber infrastructure,
conveys the cyber risk landscape associated with NG911, offers an approach for assessing and managing
risks, and provides additional NG911 resources.
Figure 1: NG911 Benefits and Risks
Benefits
NG911 will enhance
response capabilities:
Enables receipt of data
(e.g., v.
1 Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911 The advent of Next .docxoswald1horne84988
1
Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911
The advent of Next Generation 911 (NG911) systems, which operate on an Internet Protocol (IP)
platform, enables interconnection on with a wide range of public and private networks, such as wireless
networks, the Internet, and regular phone networks. NG911 systems will enhance the current capabilities
of today’s 911 networks, allowing
compatibility with more types of
communication, providing greater situational
awareness to dispatchers and emergency
responders, and establishing a level of
resilience not previously possible. NG911
will allow Public Safety Answering Points
(PSAPs) to accept and process a range of
information from responders and the public
alike, including real-time text, images, video,
and voice calls. In addition, NG911 will
provide PSAPs with supplemental location
data, which may enable more effective
response.
Traditional 911 services typically operate over standard voice-based telephone networks and use
software, such as computer-aided dispatch systems, that operate on closed, internal networks with little
to no interconnections with other systems. The limited means of entry into the traditional 911 network
significantly limited potential attack vectors, and what little cyber risk existed could be easily managed.
NG911’s interconnections enable new response capabilities, as shown in Figure 1. However, they also
represent new vectors for attack that can disrupt or disable PSAP operations, broadening the concerns
of―and complicating the mitigation and management of―cyber risks across all levels of government.
The potential cyber risks to a NG911 system do not undermine its tremendous benefits. Nevertheless,
cyber risks do present a new level of exposure that PSAPs must understand and actively manage as a part
of a comprehensive risk management program. Past events have proven 911 systems are attractive targets
for cyber-attacks. For example, attackers have disrupted availability of traditional 911 systems by using
auto-dialers to overwhelm PSAP phone lines and cause congestion, preventing legitimate 911 calls from
going through [commonly called Telephone Denial of Service (TDoS) attacks] and location-based
records and databases that support NG911 are of interest to cyber criminals, data miners, and even nation-
states wanting to access and exploit that information.
As cyber threats grow in complexity and sophistication, attacks could be more severe against an NG911
system as attackers can launch multiple distributed attacks with greater automation from a broader
geography against more targets. This issue paper provides an overview of NG911 cyber infrastructure,
conveys the cyber risk landscape associated with NG911, offers an approach for assessing and managing
risks, and provides additional NG911 resources.
Figure 1: NG911 Benefits and Risks
Benefits
NG911 will enhance
response capabilities:
Enables receipt of data
(e.g., v.
1 Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911 The advent of Next .docxmercysuttle
1
Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911
The advent of Next Generation 911 (NG911) systems, which operate on an Internet Protocol (IP)
platform, enables interconnection on with a wide range of public and private networks, such as wireless
networks, the Internet, and regular phone networks. NG911 systems will enhance the current capabilities
of today’s 911 networks, allowing
compatibility with more types of
communication, providing greater situational
awareness to dispatchers and emergency
responders, and establishing a level of
resilience not previously possible. NG911
will allow Public Safety Answering Points
(PSAPs) to accept and process a range of
information from responders and the public
alike, including real-time text, images, video,
and voice calls. In addition, NG911 will
provide PSAPs with supplemental location
data, which may enable more effective
response.
Traditional 911 services typically operate over standard voice-based telephone networks and use
software, such as computer-aided dispatch systems, that operate on closed, internal networks with little
to no interconnections with other systems. The limited means of entry into the traditional 911 network
significantly limited potential attack vectors, and what little cyber risk existed could be easily managed.
NG911’s interconnections enable new response capabilities, as shown in Figure 1. However, they also
represent new vectors for attack that can disrupt or disable PSAP operations, broadening the concerns
of―and complicating the mitigation and management of―cyber risks across all levels of government.
The potential cyber risks to a NG911 system do not undermine its tremendous benefits. Nevertheless,
cyber risks do present a new level of exposure that PSAPs must understand and actively manage as a part
of a comprehensive risk management program. Past events have proven 911 systems are attractive targets
for cyber-attacks. For example, attackers have disrupted availability of traditional 911 systems by using
auto-dialers to overwhelm PSAP phone lines and cause congestion, preventing legitimate 911 calls from
going through [commonly called Telephone Denial of Service (TDoS) attacks] and location-based
records and databases that support NG911 are of interest to cyber criminals, data miners, and even nation-
states wanting to access and exploit that information.
As cyber threats grow in complexity and sophistication, attacks could be more severe against an NG911
system as attackers can launch multiple distributed attacks with greater automation from a broader
geography against more targets. This issue paper provides an overview of NG911 cyber infrastructure,
conveys the cyber risk landscape associated with NG911, offers an approach for assessing and managing
risks, and provides additional NG911 resources.
Figure 1: NG911 Benefits and Risks
Benefits
NG911 will enhance
response capabilities:
Enables receipt of data
(e.g., v ...
Software Defined Networking from IBM_Next Generation Network Agility_ White P...Kanishka Ramyar
Software defined networking from IBM_next generation network agility. Please contact me at kramyar@us.ibm.com for “Ask the Expert” session for software defined networking
Business Communication systems are the processes, both informal and formal, by which information is passed between the employers and employees within a business, or between the business itself and the outsiders.
CIO's implanting digital transformation strategies are facing increasing challenges on how to migrate security integrated hybrid technologies. Find out here the future of Future Networks today
. According to your textbook, Contrary to a popular misconception.docxmadlynplamondon
.
According to your textbook, “Contrary to a popular misconception in the West, homosexuality is not universally stigmatized. Based on the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample of 186 societies, Crapo (1995) found that only 31% of people stigmatized homosexual behavior, while the remainder either considered homosexual experimentation to be a normal developmental phase of preadult life (38%), accepted committed adult same-sex relationships as an alternative form of marriage (18%), or even required same-sex relationships among all males during a period that preceded their being permitted to marry heterosexually (12%)” (Crapo, 2013, p.161).
In America, the historical stigmatization of homosexuality is a product of (Points : 1)
enculturation.
cultural relativism.
minimalism.
universal moral values.
Question 2.
2.
Which of the following is an example of an
etic
statement about Americans? (Points : 1)
July 4th is a federal holiday, and I enjoy having the day off from work. I usually spend time with my family and hang out at the pool.
The Fourth of July is the day we adopted the Declaration of Independence, declaring our independence from the British in 1776. This had a huge impact on the entire course of history, leading to the Revolutionary War and the creation of the best country in the world, the United States of America.
The fireworks displays are my favorite part of the Fourth of July. I also march in the local parade.
Americans celebrate the 4th of July as the day they declared independence from colonial powers in 1776. Food is often cooked outside on grills, even though most houses have electric ovens inside. It is very hot outside in the middle of summer, and although many people have electronic cooling devices called air conditioners within their homes, much of the day is spent outside. At night, explosives are set off in community gatherings to celebrate this holiday. Remarkably, very few people are hurt during these displays.
Question 3.
3.
Which of the following is an example of an
etic
description of teen pregnancy in America? (Points : 1)
One of my friends in high school got pregnant in her sophomore year. She and the father decided to keep the baby, got married and just celebrated their 10thanniversary. They both finished college and have good jobs now. It just goes to show that people can overcome teen pregnancy and become successful parents.
Although popular opinion sometimes indicates otherwise, according to a statistical analysis from the US Department of Health and Services (2014), teen pregnancy rates have been steadily declining for the past twenty years. In America, most teenagers are not yet fully independent from their parents, as teenagers in other cultures sometimes are, so they are not ready to become parents. Since this issue has a huge impact on young women and men affected by it, this may account for the disparity between popular opinion and.
-How did artwork produced in America from 1945 to 1960 compare to ar.docxmadlynplamondon
-How did artwork produced in America from 1945 to 1960 compare to art made in Europe? Did the artwork change as the 20th century progressed? Include at least two (2) examples of artists and artworks to support your comparison. You do not need to include the image, but include artist name, title, media and date.
- Write 150 words, also cite the sources you use.
.
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Running headCapstone Project Activity - Unit 2 2C.docxrtodd599
Running head:Capstone Project Activity - Unit 2
2
Capstone Project Activity - Unit 2
Student Name
Frank Owusu Boadu
Course
Program Capstone in IT
Date
09/02/2018
Capstone Project Activity - Unit 2
Which type of network topology would you recommend for the corporate backbone and the wired and wireless connections? Why do you think this would be the best choice?
Internet bubble burst led to many reforms in most organizations. The reforms were due to the value of equity markets which grew rapidly. Rapid technology advancement led to the highest capital growth in the industries which later contributed to them crushing. One of this industries is the Verbania, Inc. which was shut down in the early 20’s. The company now wants to reinvent and launch itself again. To do this, it will need to create a well-integrated social relationship platform that goes in hand with other technologies for instance the CRM. The company will require an efficient network topology such as Bus topology. This kind of network will enable computers and other network devices stay connected on a single cable. It will transmit data in only one direction since it will have only two end points also known as the Linear Bus Topology. This will enable every device to stay connected to the network. This kind of Topology will be advantageous to the company as it is cost effective and easy to expand. However, in case the cable fails it means the whole network fails. For wireless connections, the company can use HYBRID Topology. This kind of topology is reliable as detecting errors is quit very easy (Rahman, & Esmailpour, April 2014). This makes the topology be regarded as effective and flexible. However, the design is complex and costly to install, this is because it is a combination of two topologies.
Which type of cabling would you recommend? Why do you think this would be the best choice?
To complete these networking, the company will require several networking cabling. Cabling carries data across the network, voice, serial-communications, alarm signals, video and audio transmission. This is why the company will require a reliable and well-designed structured cabling system. Cabling typical accounts for less than 10% of the total cost of network infrastructure (Croft, et al 2011). You can be sure the life span of the cabling system is more than 16 years if well installed. It is also important to know that more than half of the problems related to networking are due to poor cabling. This problems are such as slow access while accessing information. There are several communication cabling; this are twisted-pair, shielded or screened twisted pair and fiber optic. However, it is important to distinguish between the backbone cables and the horizontal cables. The backbone cables connect devices such as; servers, switches and routers while the horizontal cables connect the communication closets and the wall outlets. To bring the company back to life, twisted-pair cable can be.
Cellular Core Enterprise White Paper by Rethink Technology ResearchAndy Odgers
Enterprises of all sizes are facing unprecedented volume and complexity of both data and communications traffic, and the challenges only increase when those two converge. Quortus is taking a pioneering role in the trend to offload enterprise mobile traffic to the edge of the network where it can support the highest quality and business value. This white paper was produced for Quortus by Caroline Gabriel, Research Director at Rethink Technology Research.
The data center impact of cloud, analytics, mobile, social and security rlw03...Diego Alberto Tamayo
Introduction
The consumerization of IT continues to have a major impact
on business. Technology forces have emerged that are
challenging organizations’ ability to respond. Cloud computing,
mobility, social business, big data and analytics and IT security
technologies are evolving very rapidly, putting an organization’s
IT agility, speed and resilience to the test. As these technologies
mature and converge, they are demanding a total reexamination
of the underlying enterprise infrastructure: its strategy and
design, its operation and its management framework.
2016 Broadband Outlook Report, Telecoms.comBrian Metzger
The Broadband Outlook Report is based on quantitative research from more than 600 telecommunications and internet professionals, with over 50% of respondents representing communications service providers (CSPs). Inside you will discover:
* How CSPs define digital transformation
* What percentage of CSPs have a digital transformation strategy
* Which capabilities CSPs say are the most important to improving the digital experience
* And much more insight into the telecom industry’s digital transformation imperative
This includes short description about modern computer network technologies like: 5G Technology, Artificial intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, IoT, Edge/cloud computing, WIFI-6, SDN, SD-WAN, DevOps etc.
1 Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911 The advent of Next .docxjeremylockett77
1
Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911
The advent of Next Generation 911 (NG911) systems, which operate on an Internet Protocol (IP)
platform, enables interconnection on with a wide range of public and private networks, such as wireless
networks, the Internet, and regular phone networks. NG911 systems will enhance the current capabilities
of today’s 911 networks, allowing
compatibility with more types of
communication, providing greater situational
awareness to dispatchers and emergency
responders, and establishing a level of
resilience not previously possible. NG911
will allow Public Safety Answering Points
(PSAPs) to accept and process a range of
information from responders and the public
alike, including real-time text, images, video,
and voice calls. In addition, NG911 will
provide PSAPs with supplemental location
data, which may enable more effective
response.
Traditional 911 services typically operate over standard voice-based telephone networks and use
software, such as computer-aided dispatch systems, that operate on closed, internal networks with little
to no interconnections with other systems. The limited means of entry into the traditional 911 network
significantly limited potential attack vectors, and what little cyber risk existed could be easily managed.
NG911’s interconnections enable new response capabilities, as shown in Figure 1. However, they also
represent new vectors for attack that can disrupt or disable PSAP operations, broadening the concerns
of―and complicating the mitigation and management of―cyber risks across all levels of government.
The potential cyber risks to a NG911 system do not undermine its tremendous benefits. Nevertheless,
cyber risks do present a new level of exposure that PSAPs must understand and actively manage as a part
of a comprehensive risk management program. Past events have proven 911 systems are attractive targets
for cyber-attacks. For example, attackers have disrupted availability of traditional 911 systems by using
auto-dialers to overwhelm PSAP phone lines and cause congestion, preventing legitimate 911 calls from
going through [commonly called Telephone Denial of Service (TDoS) attacks] and location-based
records and databases that support NG911 are of interest to cyber criminals, data miners, and even nation-
states wanting to access and exploit that information.
As cyber threats grow in complexity and sophistication, attacks could be more severe against an NG911
system as attackers can launch multiple distributed attacks with greater automation from a broader
geography against more targets. This issue paper provides an overview of NG911 cyber infrastructure,
conveys the cyber risk landscape associated with NG911, offers an approach for assessing and managing
risks, and provides additional NG911 resources.
Figure 1: NG911 Benefits and Risks
Benefits
NG911 will enhance
response capabilities:
Enables receipt of data
(e.g., v ...
1 Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911 The advent of Next .docxteresehearn
1
Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911
The advent of Next Generation 911 (NG911) systems, which operate on an Internet Protocol (IP)
platform, enables interconnection on with a wide range of public and private networks, such as wireless
networks, the Internet, and regular phone networks. NG911 systems will enhance the current capabilities
of today’s 911 networks, allowing
compatibility with more types of
communication, providing greater situational
awareness to dispatchers and emergency
responders, and establishing a level of
resilience not previously possible. NG911
will allow Public Safety Answering Points
(PSAPs) to accept and process a range of
information from responders and the public
alike, including real-time text, images, video,
and voice calls. In addition, NG911 will
provide PSAPs with supplemental location
data, which may enable more effective
response.
Traditional 911 services typically operate over standard voice-based telephone networks and use
software, such as computer-aided dispatch systems, that operate on closed, internal networks with little
to no interconnections with other systems. The limited means of entry into the traditional 911 network
significantly limited potential attack vectors, and what little cyber risk existed could be easily managed.
NG911’s interconnections enable new response capabilities, as shown in Figure 1. However, they also
represent new vectors for attack that can disrupt or disable PSAP operations, broadening the concerns
of―and complicating the mitigation and management of―cyber risks across all levels of government.
The potential cyber risks to a NG911 system do not undermine its tremendous benefits. Nevertheless,
cyber risks do present a new level of exposure that PSAPs must understand and actively manage as a part
of a comprehensive risk management program. Past events have proven 911 systems are attractive targets
for cyber-attacks. For example, attackers have disrupted availability of traditional 911 systems by using
auto-dialers to overwhelm PSAP phone lines and cause congestion, preventing legitimate 911 calls from
going through [commonly called Telephone Denial of Service (TDoS) attacks] and location-based
records and databases that support NG911 are of interest to cyber criminals, data miners, and even nation-
states wanting to access and exploit that information.
As cyber threats grow in complexity and sophistication, attacks could be more severe against an NG911
system as attackers can launch multiple distributed attacks with greater automation from a broader
geography against more targets. This issue paper provides an overview of NG911 cyber infrastructure,
conveys the cyber risk landscape associated with NG911, offers an approach for assessing and managing
risks, and provides additional NG911 resources.
Figure 1: NG911 Benefits and Risks
Benefits
NG911 will enhance
response capabilities:
Enables receipt of data
(e.g., v.
1 Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911 The advent of Next .docxoswald1horne84988
1
Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911
The advent of Next Generation 911 (NG911) systems, which operate on an Internet Protocol (IP)
platform, enables interconnection on with a wide range of public and private networks, such as wireless
networks, the Internet, and regular phone networks. NG911 systems will enhance the current capabilities
of today’s 911 networks, allowing
compatibility with more types of
communication, providing greater situational
awareness to dispatchers and emergency
responders, and establishing a level of
resilience not previously possible. NG911
will allow Public Safety Answering Points
(PSAPs) to accept and process a range of
information from responders and the public
alike, including real-time text, images, video,
and voice calls. In addition, NG911 will
provide PSAPs with supplemental location
data, which may enable more effective
response.
Traditional 911 services typically operate over standard voice-based telephone networks and use
software, such as computer-aided dispatch systems, that operate on closed, internal networks with little
to no interconnections with other systems. The limited means of entry into the traditional 911 network
significantly limited potential attack vectors, and what little cyber risk existed could be easily managed.
NG911’s interconnections enable new response capabilities, as shown in Figure 1. However, they also
represent new vectors for attack that can disrupt or disable PSAP operations, broadening the concerns
of―and complicating the mitigation and management of―cyber risks across all levels of government.
The potential cyber risks to a NG911 system do not undermine its tremendous benefits. Nevertheless,
cyber risks do present a new level of exposure that PSAPs must understand and actively manage as a part
of a comprehensive risk management program. Past events have proven 911 systems are attractive targets
for cyber-attacks. For example, attackers have disrupted availability of traditional 911 systems by using
auto-dialers to overwhelm PSAP phone lines and cause congestion, preventing legitimate 911 calls from
going through [commonly called Telephone Denial of Service (TDoS) attacks] and location-based
records and databases that support NG911 are of interest to cyber criminals, data miners, and even nation-
states wanting to access and exploit that information.
As cyber threats grow in complexity and sophistication, attacks could be more severe against an NG911
system as attackers can launch multiple distributed attacks with greater automation from a broader
geography against more targets. This issue paper provides an overview of NG911 cyber infrastructure,
conveys the cyber risk landscape associated with NG911, offers an approach for assessing and managing
risks, and provides additional NG911 resources.
Figure 1: NG911 Benefits and Risks
Benefits
NG911 will enhance
response capabilities:
Enables receipt of data
(e.g., v.
1 Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911 The advent of Next .docxmercysuttle
1
Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911
The advent of Next Generation 911 (NG911) systems, which operate on an Internet Protocol (IP)
platform, enables interconnection on with a wide range of public and private networks, such as wireless
networks, the Internet, and regular phone networks. NG911 systems will enhance the current capabilities
of today’s 911 networks, allowing
compatibility with more types of
communication, providing greater situational
awareness to dispatchers and emergency
responders, and establishing a level of
resilience not previously possible. NG911
will allow Public Safety Answering Points
(PSAPs) to accept and process a range of
information from responders and the public
alike, including real-time text, images, video,
and voice calls. In addition, NG911 will
provide PSAPs with supplemental location
data, which may enable more effective
response.
Traditional 911 services typically operate over standard voice-based telephone networks and use
software, such as computer-aided dispatch systems, that operate on closed, internal networks with little
to no interconnections with other systems. The limited means of entry into the traditional 911 network
significantly limited potential attack vectors, and what little cyber risk existed could be easily managed.
NG911’s interconnections enable new response capabilities, as shown in Figure 1. However, they also
represent new vectors for attack that can disrupt or disable PSAP operations, broadening the concerns
of―and complicating the mitigation and management of―cyber risks across all levels of government.
The potential cyber risks to a NG911 system do not undermine its tremendous benefits. Nevertheless,
cyber risks do present a new level of exposure that PSAPs must understand and actively manage as a part
of a comprehensive risk management program. Past events have proven 911 systems are attractive targets
for cyber-attacks. For example, attackers have disrupted availability of traditional 911 systems by using
auto-dialers to overwhelm PSAP phone lines and cause congestion, preventing legitimate 911 calls from
going through [commonly called Telephone Denial of Service (TDoS) attacks] and location-based
records and databases that support NG911 are of interest to cyber criminals, data miners, and even nation-
states wanting to access and exploit that information.
As cyber threats grow in complexity and sophistication, attacks could be more severe against an NG911
system as attackers can launch multiple distributed attacks with greater automation from a broader
geography against more targets. This issue paper provides an overview of NG911 cyber infrastructure,
conveys the cyber risk landscape associated with NG911, offers an approach for assessing and managing
risks, and provides additional NG911 resources.
Figure 1: NG911 Benefits and Risks
Benefits
NG911 will enhance
response capabilities:
Enables receipt of data
(e.g., v ...
Software Defined Networking from IBM_Next Generation Network Agility_ White P...Kanishka Ramyar
Software defined networking from IBM_next generation network agility. Please contact me at kramyar@us.ibm.com for “Ask the Expert” session for software defined networking
Business Communication systems are the processes, both informal and formal, by which information is passed between the employers and employees within a business, or between the business itself and the outsiders.
CIO's implanting digital transformation strategies are facing increasing challenges on how to migrate security integrated hybrid technologies. Find out here the future of Future Networks today
Similar to Discussion post responses.Please respond to the following two di.docx (20)
. According to your textbook, Contrary to a popular misconception.docxmadlynplamondon
.
According to your textbook, “Contrary to a popular misconception in the West, homosexuality is not universally stigmatized. Based on the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample of 186 societies, Crapo (1995) found that only 31% of people stigmatized homosexual behavior, while the remainder either considered homosexual experimentation to be a normal developmental phase of preadult life (38%), accepted committed adult same-sex relationships as an alternative form of marriage (18%), or even required same-sex relationships among all males during a period that preceded their being permitted to marry heterosexually (12%)” (Crapo, 2013, p.161).
In America, the historical stigmatization of homosexuality is a product of (Points : 1)
enculturation.
cultural relativism.
minimalism.
universal moral values.
Question 2.
2.
Which of the following is an example of an
etic
statement about Americans? (Points : 1)
July 4th is a federal holiday, and I enjoy having the day off from work. I usually spend time with my family and hang out at the pool.
The Fourth of July is the day we adopted the Declaration of Independence, declaring our independence from the British in 1776. This had a huge impact on the entire course of history, leading to the Revolutionary War and the creation of the best country in the world, the United States of America.
The fireworks displays are my favorite part of the Fourth of July. I also march in the local parade.
Americans celebrate the 4th of July as the day they declared independence from colonial powers in 1776. Food is often cooked outside on grills, even though most houses have electric ovens inside. It is very hot outside in the middle of summer, and although many people have electronic cooling devices called air conditioners within their homes, much of the day is spent outside. At night, explosives are set off in community gatherings to celebrate this holiday. Remarkably, very few people are hurt during these displays.
Question 3.
3.
Which of the following is an example of an
etic
description of teen pregnancy in America? (Points : 1)
One of my friends in high school got pregnant in her sophomore year. She and the father decided to keep the baby, got married and just celebrated their 10thanniversary. They both finished college and have good jobs now. It just goes to show that people can overcome teen pregnancy and become successful parents.
Although popular opinion sometimes indicates otherwise, according to a statistical analysis from the US Department of Health and Services (2014), teen pregnancy rates have been steadily declining for the past twenty years. In America, most teenagers are not yet fully independent from their parents, as teenagers in other cultures sometimes are, so they are not ready to become parents. Since this issue has a huge impact on young women and men affected by it, this may account for the disparity between popular opinion and.
-How did artwork produced in America from 1945 to 1960 compare to ar.docxmadlynplamondon
-How did artwork produced in America from 1945 to 1960 compare to art made in Europe? Did the artwork change as the 20th century progressed? Include at least two (2) examples of artists and artworks to support your comparison. You do not need to include the image, but include artist name, title, media and date.
- Write 150 words, also cite the sources you use.
.
-Just thoughts and opinion on the reading-Consent and compen.docxmadlynplamondon
-Just thoughts and opinion on the reading
-Consent and compensation are two things that the Johns Hopkins doctors did not provide Henrietta Lacks. How are these ideas at odds?
-African Americans today face disparities in the health care system even today. How can Henrietta's story motivate change in our current system?
.
. The Questioned Documents Unit (QDU) provides forensic support .docxmadlynplamondon
. The Questioned Documents Unit (QDU) provides forensic support to federal, state and local law enforcement agencies by conducting examinations on evidence collected during their investigation as well as expert testimony concerning information contained in the reports. The Cryptanalysis and Racketeering Records Unit (CRRU) supports law enforcement by assisting in the analysis of cryptic communications such as codes found in letters, notes and diaries (FBI.gov).
After an individual is arrested, I will obtain fingerprints and photographs of the subject and complete a number of forms that are used to start a criminal file on the subject. I will use the Buccal Collection DNA test kit provided by the FBI on my subject. Once completed properly and submitted to the FBI, the kit will be sent to the Federal DNA Database Unit (FDDU). The FDDU will take the DNA test kit and upload it into NDIS creating a DNA profile for my subject. The subject’s DNA profile will be searched against unknown forensic profiles from crime scenes across the country. If my subject’s DNA matches with another crime from another state he can be charged for that crimes as well. In my opinion this is the most important service the FBI has. This allows all agencies to communicate and share information based off of DNA evidence. The flaw is that they need the criminal to be apprehended and processed in order for the DNA to be in the system.
In Knoxville Tennessee, FBI Emergency Response agents train how to excavate a body at the Body Farm. The agents pair up in teams with forensic anthropologists to learn how to best identify and excavate human remains to preserve the clues and pieces of evidence that decaying bodies may leave behind. The weeklong training gives agents step by step instructions while surprising the agents with twists and surprises during their excavations. This was very interesting to me because it helps put things into perspective. Teaches them to put the victim first, which will motivate them to slow down, be methodical with their techniques and be very thorough because it only can be done once.
respond to this discussion question 150 words
.
. What is it about the fundamental nature and structure of the Olym.docxmadlynplamondon
. What is it about the fundamental nature and structure of the Olympics that helps explain why the conflict arose and escalated?
b. Was the form of aggression displayed by the attackers hostile aggression or instrumental aggression? Explain your reasoning. (Note: you
must
make a decision between these alternatives and defend your decision.)
.
-Learning objectives for presentation-Brief background o.docxmadlynplamondon
-Learning objectives for presentation
-Brief background on theorist
-Relevance of the theory in current healthcare
-Appropriateness of theory to role of nurse practitioner
-Key concepts of theory
the theory "Madeleine Leininger transcultural nursing theory"
please include references and cite within the answers
.
-You will need to play a phone game Angry Birds (any version) to mak.docxmadlynplamondon
-You will need to play a phone game Angry Birds (any version) to make observation.
-Make an observation on how you must launch the birds in order to knock over the items.
-Pay attention to how the path of the birds (the projectiles) changes as you change the launch angle and how far back you pull the birds at launch.
-You will also need to complete the calculations in assignment.
Assignment file below...
.
. EDU 571 Week 5 Discussion 1 -
"Data Collection" Please respond to the following:
· Using your planned evaluation project, assume that the client paying for the evaluation has requested that you primarily use audio/visual interview and observation techniques. The client envisions using clips in the evaluation report and in marketing campaigns. Discuss the appropriateness, advantages, and disadvantages of using digital capabilities to capture sound, video, and photographs of the interviewees, focus groups, and observations. Provide reasons for opposing or supporting the request (partially or completely).
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·
EDU 571 Week 5 Discussion 2 -
"Benefits of Meta-Evaluation" Please respond to the following:
· Your client told you that a meta-evaluation should not be included in the plan or budget. Explain two (2) reasons for including a meta-evaluation in the evaluation plan. Recommend two (2) ways to reduce the costs.
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EDU 571 Week 3 Target of Program Evaluation Plan, Part 1 -
Target of Program Evaluation Plan, Part 1
Assignment 1 is the first part of a five-part project to plan the various elements of a program evaluation for education. Select a program target from your school district, workplace, (e.g., business training program) or your university (where you are a student). For you to gain the most from the assignment, you should select a program that you are interested in, would like to see evaluated, and are able to obtain information about. (Possible programs include: student assessment, teacher assessment, pay for student achievement, new teacher or employee training, online classrooms, anti-bullying, gender equity for girls in math and science, school to work, retention of at-risk students, and schools of choice (charter schools), etc.). As you develop the entire plan, gather information, and receive feedback from your professor (or others), you should revise and refine each part of the project. Think of your professor as your project evaluator and supervisor who will help guide you so that you produce an outstanding, well-developed evaluation plan for the stakeholders.
Write a 1000 words paper in which you:
1. Describe three (3) elements of a worthy object for program evaluation - its type, the department administrating it, and target population.
2. Describe the program's history, primary purpose(s), and / or expected outcomes.
3. Explain three (3) reasons for selecting the program (e.g., program's value or lack of it, issues surrounding it, age, relevance, cost, impact on students, etc.).
4. Discuss three (3) advantages of evaluating the program at this time.
5. Discuss two (2) major constraints in conducting an evaluation on this program and a method of addressing them.
6. Use at least three (3) peer-reviewed academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and many Websites do not qualify as academic resources. Peer-reviewed academic resources refer to articles and scholarly journals that are reviewe.
. What were the causes of World War II Explain how and why the Unit.docxmadlynplamondon
. What were the causes of World War II? Explain how and why the United States got involved in the war. Discuss the U.S. home front. How did women and minorities respond to the war? Explain the war in North Africa and Europe. Discuss the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944. What was Adolf Hitler’s “final solution,” and what were the consequences of the Holocaust? How did the Allies end the war in Europe? Discuss the war in the Pacific. What proved to be an effective U.S. strategy in the Pacific? Analyze Harry Truman’s controversial decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan. What were the consequences of World War II?
.
. Complete the prewriting for the progress reportPrewriting p.docxmadlynplamondon
. Complete the prewriting for the progress report:
Prewriting prepares you to write and helps you organize your ideas.
You may print the lesson and jot notes for yourself on the paper, or you may write notes on your own.
You do not have to submit prewriting for any points, but don't skip this important step!
2. Complete a draft of the progress report:
Remember to use the memo format style in typing this progress report.
This report should be two or more pages when you are completed.
The draft will be much shorter than your final report.
Follow a logical structure: introduction, what is finished, what is underway, what is left to do, and a conclusion.
Use specifics such as dates, proper names, numbers, costs, etc.
Include one or more visuals may such as pictures, graphs, charts, tables, etc.
.
-in Filomena by Roberta Fernandez the author refers to the Mexican r.docxmadlynplamondon
-in Filomena by Roberta Fernandez the author refers to the Mexican rituals for the day of the dead how is this celebration portrayed in the story?
-in "La doctora Barr" how does Mary Helen Ponce describe the traditional way Mexican-American women prepared for a childbirth in their community?
-how does Nilda feel about Sophies's presence in her home?
-how is bilingualism used in the story "Filomena"? Support your opinions with examples from the story
-describe the incident with the vanilla ice cream . Why was it so upsetting for Nilda?
.
-Write about a violent religious event in history.(Ex. Muslim ex.docxmadlynplamondon
-Write about a violent religious event in history.
(Ex. Muslim extremist acts in history, or the Christian crusades, etc.)
-Write about belief/reasoning/justification those certain people believe their actions have and affects of...
-(Identity)They're view of the world and themselves. Is it rationale or is it a problem. Why?
5-pages minimum
4-scholarly sources min. 2 of 4 book sources Need Dec. 2nd by 9pm.
.
-This project is an opportunity to demonstrate the ability to analyz.docxmadlynplamondon
-This project is an opportunity to demonstrate the ability to analyze and write about music with clarity and purpose. Assume the role of a reviewer/critic who is applying for a job writing a music column for a progressive weblog catering to readers who on average have at least a bachelor's degree and are concerned with issues of justice and equality
-The CD reviewed is one that will allow reflection about how music can provide people the opportunity to imagine the lives and experiences of others different from oneself. Questions to guide reflection while listening should include:
1. Who are the peoples performing the music or who is the music about?
2.What type of life is presented through the music's lyrics and musical sound?
3.What themes or issues are presented by the music?
4. How do the various musical selections relate to each other?
5.What can be learned about people by listening to this CD?
6.Why should other people listen to this music?
-A list of CDs is available for this assignment. CDs may be downloaded for a fee from a preferred site.
-The review will need to include:
1.CD title, artist, genre, release date, etc
2.Background information about the artist or artists for those who may not be familiar.
-The review should be between 800 and 1000 words.
-Conventions of good writing (e.g., correct grammar, spelling, appropriate use of quotations, unctuation) should be observed throughout this project. Moreover, it is important to consider the audience and write in a style that is appropriate. Quotations or information from a primary or secondary source should be cited correctly using APA, Turabian, or MLA.
.
-7 Three men are trapped in a cave with no hope of rescue and no foo.docxmadlynplamondon
-7 Three men are trapped in a cave with no hope of rescue and no food. They roll dice to determine who will be killed and eaten by the others so that some may survive. The two survivors are unexpectedly rescued 10 days later and tried for murder. Judge A finds them guilty, saying that the unjustifiable killing of another is against the homicide laws of State X. He bases his decision solely on statutory law and case precedents interpreting the law. To which school of legal thought does Judge A belong? Explain.
2-8 Basing his decision on the same set of facts as given in Problem 2-7, Judge B rules that the survivors are not guilty because they were cut off from all civilized life, and in such a situation, the laws of nature apply, not manmade laws. To which school of legal thought does Judge B belong? Explain.
2-9 Basing her decision on the same set of facts as given in Problem 2-7, Judge C rules that the two survivors are not guilty because, according to a scientific survey of the community by a professional polling organization, the public believes that the survivors’ actions were defensible. To which school of legal thought does Judge C belong? Explain.
2-10 Imagine you are a sitting federal judge, and this case comes before you. A woman (x) charges another woman (y) with rape. Both have been partners for a five-year period. Both presently live in different states within the United States. Who would you decide the case in favor of? Explain, using one of the schools of thought outlined in this chapter.
2-11 Madison and his adult son lived in a house owned by Madison. At the request of the son, Marshall painted the house. Madison did not authorize the work, but he knew that it was being done and raised no objection. However, Madison refused to pay Marshall, arguing that he had not contracted to have the house painted. Marshall asked his attorney if Madison was legally liable to pay him. The attorney told Marshall that, in their state, several appellate court opinions had established that when a homeowner allows work to be done on his home by a person who would ordinarily expect to be paid, a duty to pay exists. The attorney stated that, on the basis of these precedents, it was advisable for Marshall to bring a suit to collect the reasonable value of the work he had done. Explain what the attorney meant by precedent and why the fact that precedent existed was significant.
2-12 Smith was involved in litigation in California. She lost her case in the trial court. She appealed to the California appellate court, arguing that the trial court judge had incorrectly excluded certain evidence. To support her argument, she cited rulings by the Supreme Court of North Dakota and the Supreme Court of Ohio. Both the North Dakota and Ohio cases involved facts that were similar to those in Smith’s case. Does the California court have to follow the decisions from North Dakota and Ohio? Support your answer.
.
-1. Are the three main elements of compensation systems—internal.docxmadlynplamondon
-1.
Are the three main elements of compensation systems—internal consistency, market competitiveness, and recognizing employee contributions—equally important, or do you believe that they differ in importance? If different, which do you believe is most important? Least important? Give your rationale.
use 1 online reference and
Martocchio, J. (2017). Strategic Compensation: A human resource management approach (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
.
- What are the key differences between national health service (.docxmadlynplamondon
- What are the key differences between national health service (NHS) and national health insurance (NHI) systems?
- How do NHI and NHS systems compare with the health care system in the United States?
- How do most countries with similar levels per capita income differ from and resemble the United States with respect to provider payments, coordination of care, workforce and information technology, and health system performance?
Cite at least 2 peer reviewed journal/article. Write in APA format
.
--Describe and analyze the ways in which Alfons Heck’s participation.docxmadlynplamondon
--Describe and analyze the ways in which Alfons Heck’s participation in the Hitler Youth and in the culture of Nazism served to craft his sense of purpose and identity. How are the acts of writing and reflection in his memoir also a means of crafting an identity for himself many decades later? A Child of Hitler: Germany in the Days when God Wore a Swastika Book by Alfons Heck All papers must be 2-4 pages in length, computer-printed, and double-spaced with one-inch margins. Use an appropriate citation style (either footnotes or internal citations).
.
------ Watch an online speechpresentation of 20 minutes or lo.docxmadlynplamondon
------
Watch an online speech/presentation of 20 minutes or longer.
( please cite the presentation you would use)
Write a speech analysis essay of
2-3 pages
I: List the speaker, date, location, & topic, and describe the audience. Describe each of these elements and analyze the effect that each of these elements had on the speaker and/or speech.
II: Describe and analyze the effectiveness of each part of the speaker's introduction (attention getter, revelation of topic, statement of credibility, statement of central idea, preview of main points).
III: Summarize each of the speaker's main points. What pattern of organization did the speaker utilize? Was this effective? Why or why not?
IV: Describe and analyze the effectiveness of the evidence/supporting material that the speaker used.
V: Describe and analyze the effectiveness of the speaker's language.
VI: Describe and analyze the effectiveness of the speaker's delivery.
VII: Describe and analyze the effectiveness of each part of the speaker's conclusion.
.
) Florida National UniversityNursing DepartmentBSN.docxmadlynplamondon
)
Florida National University
Nursing Department
BSN Program
NUR 4636-Community Health Nursing
Prof. Eddie Cruz, RN MSN
Please choose one infectious disease or communicable disease and present a 1,000 words essay including the follow;
Name of the disease including agents that cause Infectious/Communicable Disease, the mode of contamination or how it is spread.
The modes of prevention applying the three levels of prevention with at least one example of each one.
Prevalence and control of the condition according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) including morbidity and mortality.
Implications of the disease in the community and the role of the community health nurse in the control and prevention of the disease.
The essay must be presented in a Word Document, APA format, Arial 12 font attached to the forum in the tab of the Discussion Question title “Infections/Communicable disease essay” and in the assignment tab under the exercise title “SafeAssign infectious/communicable disease”. A minimum of 3 references no older than 5 years must be used. If you use any reference from any website make sure they are reliable sites such as CDC, NIH, Institute of Medicine, etc.
There is a rubric attached to the assignment for your guidance.
Below please see the definitions of infectious disease and communicable disease. They are similar but differ in some characteristics.
Infectious diseases
are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful. But under certain conditions, some organisms may cause
disease
. Some
infectious diseases
can be passed from person to person.
Communicable
, or infectious
diseases
, are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Some are transmitted through bites from insects while others are caused by ingesting contaminated food or water.
.
- Please answer question 2 at the end of the case.- cita.docxmadlynplamondon
- Please answer
question 2
at the end of the case.
- citations and references in
IEEE
style
( at least two)
- your answer should be in regards to the case
+
regarding the question itself.
Do it twice ( two different copies)
.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Discussion post responses.Please respond to the following two di.docx
1. Discussion post responses.
Please respond to the following two discussions.
After completing your reading and assignments this week, what
do you think about the trends in communication and
networking? How have you seen it impact business or do you
think it will impact business? Do you think the burden on
managers is greater or lesser when it comes to technology
skills? Why do you think that?
RR’s post states the following:Top of Form
I agree with the author Thomas Case who stated, “Three
different forces have consistently driven the architecture and
evolution of data communications and networking facilities:
traffic growth, development of new services, and advances in
technology” (Case, n.d.). I think these forces continue to force a
trend in which companies must continue to increase
communication, and grow their networking systems.
These trends have impacted businesses and it is evident. For
example, advances in technology led The Columbia Association
for the city of Columbia Maryland to implement a converged
network that would combine voice and data to minimize
operating costs and improve service to their customers. Prior to
the implementation the Association had a 20-year-old central
mainframe, no data networks connecting its facilities, and an
outdated legacy telephone network (“Data Trends”, n.d.).
I believe the burden on managers is greater when it comes to
technology skills. Managers can no longer afford to be out of
step with an evolving IT landscape. If they are unable to
understand business objectives and architect a technical solution
to achieve the business objectives, they will find themselves
less essential to the business and unable to competently do their
job.
2. Reference:
Case, T. Business Data Communications- Infrastructure,
Networking and Security. [Strayer University Bookshelf].
Retrieved from
https://strayer.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780133464764
Data Trends (Data Communications and Networking), (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://what-when-how.com/data-
communications-and-networking/future-trends-data-
communications-and-networking/
BB’s post states the following:Top of Form
After completing your reading and assignments this week, what
do you think about the trends in communication and
networking? How have you seen it impact business or do you
think it will impact business? Do you think the burden on
managers is greater or lesser when it comes to technology
skills? Why do you think that?
I read through the material last night, and I did definitely notice
and learn about some obvious trends in communication and
networking. Especially in our textbook, Business Data
Communications by William Stallings, in Chapter 1.2 (Data
Communications and Networking for Today’s Enterprise
Trends), I learned a lot about today’s upcoming trends in
communication and networking in technology. For instance,
organizations have been increasingly drifting toward some form
and level of commitment to unified communications. “The
unified communications architecture, together with a converged
network approach, will drive requirements for business data
communications from the fundamental transmission and
networking level up though the applications and services upon
which the enterprise depends” (Stallings, 2013). I have worked
3. in the wireless technology/ telecommunications industry for ten
years, so it was not a surprise to me when I read that there has
been a trend toward ever-increasing mobility for decades which
has freed the working man from the limitations if a merely
physical enterprise. From pagers, to voicemail, to faxes, and
cordless phones to wireless this has made businesses much more
efficient and more organized. Still to this day, especially with
5G coming to light and all of the technical capabilities and
opportunities it presents to businesses, the trend in technology
communication is ever-increasing and will continue to become
more efficient, reliable and proficient. As I stated, working in
the telecommunications industry for ten years, I have learned
that there are infinite possibilities in the development of new
communication technology. This is will impact our business
positively because we will be building these business solutions
while other businesses will benefit from the increasing
improvements made in technology communication for optimal
efficiency and proficiency. As far as management goes, I
actually believe the burden on managers is lessor when it comes
to technology skills. Because most things are automated now,
management seems to be trending towards more of a decision
making position, rather than micromanaging their direct
employees or working amongst them with technical projects.
Stallings, W. (2013). CIS 505: Business Data Communications:
Custom edition (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice
Hall.
1
Cyber Risks to Next Generation 911
The advent of Next Generation 911 (NG911) systems, which
operate on an Internet Protocol (IP)
4. platform, enables interconnection on with a wide range of
public and private networks, such as wireless
networks, the Internet, and regular phone networks. NG911
systems will enhance the current capabilities
of today’s 911 networks, allowing
compatibility with more types of
communication, providing greater situational
awareness to dispatchers and emergency
responders, and establishing a level of
resilience not previously possible. NG911
will allow Public Safety Answering Points
(PSAPs) to accept and process a range of
information from responders and the public
alike, including real-time text, images, video,
and voice calls. In addition, NG911 will
provide PSAPs with supplemental location
data, which may enable more effective
response.
Traditional 911 services typically operate over standard voice-
based telephone networks and use
software, such as computer-aided dispatch systems, that operate
on closed, internal networks with little
to no interconnections with other systems. The limited means
of entry into the traditional 911 network
significantly limited potential attack vectors, and what little
cyber risk existed could be easily managed.
NG911’s interconnections enable new response capabilities, as
shown in Figure 1. However, they also
represent new vectors for attack that can disrupt or disable
PSAP operations, broadening the concerns
of―and complicating the mitigation and management of―cyber
risks across all levels of government.
The potential cyber risks to a NG911 system do not undermine
its tremendous benefits. Nevertheless,
5. cyber risks do present a new level of exposure that PSAPs must
understand and actively manage as a part
of a comprehensive risk management program. Past events have
proven 911 systems are attractive targets
for cyber-attacks. For example, attackers have disrupted
availability of traditional 911 systems by using
auto-dialers to overwhelm PSAP phone lines and cause
congestion, preventing legitimate 911 calls from
going through [commonly called Telephone Denial of Service
(TDoS) attacks] and location-based
records and databases that support NG911 are of interest to
cyber criminals, data miners, and even nation-
states wanting to access and exploit that information.
As cyber threats grow in complexity and sophistication, attacks
could be more severe against an NG911
system as attackers can launch multiple distributed attacks with
greater automation from a broader
geography against more targets. This issue paper provides an
overview of NG911 cyber infrastructure,
conveys the cyber risk landscape associated with NG911, offers
an approach for assessing and managing
risks, and provides additional NG911 resources.
Figure 1: NG911 Benefits and Risks
Benefits
NG911 will enhance
response capabilities:
(e.g., video, text) from
the public over a variety
of networks
6. between PSAPs
es location data
PSAPs for survivability
Risks
NG911 is different from
traditional systems:
identity management and
credentialing across
systems
to quickly escalate or
proliferate across systems
vectors
2
Cyber Infrastructure
The National Emergency Number Association (NENA) describes
NG911 systems as an IP-based system
comprised of hardware, software, data, and operational policies
and procedures that:
• Provides standardized interfaces from emergency call and
message services;
• Processes all types of emergency calls, including voice, data,
and multimedia information;
7. • Acquires and integrates additional emergency call data useful
to call routing and handling;
• Delivers emergency calls, messages, and data to the
appropriate PSAP and other entities;
• Supports data and communications needs for coordinated
incident response and management; and
• Provides broadband service to PSAPs or other first responder
entities.1
NENA defines several basic building blocks of NG911 systems,
as described below:
• Emergency Services IP Networks
(ESInets). ESInets are at the center
of NG911 systems. These broadband
networks are engineered and managed
to use Internet protocols and standards
to carry voice and data traffic (e.g.,
text, pictures, videos) in support of
local, regional, state, and national
emergency management authorities.
• Applications and Databases. NG911
uses a wide range of internal and
external databases to support its services. Internal databases
validate and route data, record call details,
and enforce policy and business rules. External databases host
many of the datasets that call takers
and dispatchers rely on to provide improved accuracy and
shortened response time, including location
data, government records, law enforcement records, healthcare
information, and infrastructure data.
• Standards and Security. NG911 uses functions and protocols
that are compliant with international
IP standards, as well as standards developed within the
8. emergency response community. NENA
defines NG911 standards based on Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) IP standards.2 In addition
to NENA, there are a number of other entities that establish
standards for NG911 systems, including
the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials
(APCO), the Alliance for
Telecommunications Industry
Solution
s (ATIS), and the IETF.3
1 “What is NG911?”.NENA.
http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.nena.org/resource/resmgr/ng9-1-
1_project/whatisng911.pdf.
2 The full list of NG911 functions, called the “i3” architecture,
are defined in NENA 08-003, “Detailed Functional and
Interface Standards for NG911.” NENA has also defined
security standard 75-001, “NENA Security for Next Generation
9-1-1 Standard (NG-SEC).” The i3 functions and standards,
NG-SEC, and the full suite of other NG911 standards can
be found at https://www.nena.org/?page=Standards.
3 A full review of NG911 standards can be found on the
National 911 Program’s website at
9. http://www.911.gov/pdf/NG911-Standards-Identification-and-
Analysis-March2015.pdf.
Figure 2: Simplified ESInet Diagram
3
Per the definition above, cyber infrastructure for NG911
systems includes the IP-based networks, assets,
databases, and services, as they are involved in the processing,
storage, and transport of data.
Specifically, an NG911 system’s cyber infrastructure includes:
• Assets that are part of, or interconnect with, ESInets
• Service provider networks and applications that interconnect
with ESInets
• Government applications and services that connect to ESInets
• Dispatch systems and components that connect to ESInets
Traditionally, the term “cyber” has been applied to only
information technology (IT) systems and assets,
while communications infrastructure was considered separate.
However, defining cyber infrastructure as
including both IT and communications systems accounts for the
10. many ways in which these systems have
converged. NG911 administrators should recognize this
convergence in order to more effectively counter
risks. Risks to any component of these systems could threaten
an entire NG911 system or its data, so it
is important to consider systems holistically.
The NG911 Cybersecurity Risk Landscape
Cybersecurity4 risks occur when a threat exploits a
vulnerability, leading to an undesired event that has
a negative consequence on the desired state of the network. The
three attributes most necessary for a
secure system are often referred to as the C-I-A Triad:
• Confidentiality: Ensures that data is only accessed by those
authorized to see it.
• Integrity: Ensures that data is trustworthy and is not altered
through transmittal, storage, or retrieval.
• Availability: Ensures that the infrastructure—either
components of the network or the network as
a whole—is operational and committable to its intended
purpose.
The CIA Triad is used as a benchmark for evaluating
information system security by the National Institute
11. of Standards and Technology (NIST), the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU), and others.
Loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability has especially
severe impacts in the emergency response
domain. For example, loss of confidentiality within NG911
systems could expose information to identity
thefts or disrupt ongoing investigations; loss of integrity could
disrupt response to 911 calls; and loss of
availability could prevent urgent requests from reaching a
PSAP.
4 Cybersecurity is “the prevention of damage to, unauthorized
use of, exploitation of, and, if needed, the restoration of
electronic information and communications systems and
services (and the information contained therein) to ensure
confidentiality, integrity, and availability”, Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) National Infrastructure Protection
Plan,
2009. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NIPP_Plan.pdf.
“Cyber infrastructure includes electronic information and
communication systems, and the information contained in these
systems.
…Information and communications systems are composed of
hardware and software that process, store, and communicate
12. data of all types. Processing includes the creation, access,
modification, and destruction of information. Storage includes
paper,
magnetic, electronic, and all other media types.
Communications include sharing and distribution of
information."
National Infrastructure Protection Plan (2009, Revised and
Updated 2013)
4
Cybersecurity risks to NG911 systems,
such as those shown in Figure 3, have
severe potential impacts, including loss
of life or property because of hampered
response operations; job disruption for
affected network users; substantial
financial costs from the unauthorized
use of data and subsequent resolution;
and potential lawsuits from those
whose data is breached or whose lives
are adversely affected. To understand
13. the significance of different risks to the
confidentiality, integrity, or availabity
of a NG911 system, the terms threat,
vulnerability, likelihood, and
consequence must be understood.
Threats. Threats are anything that has
the potential to harm the system and
are produced by “threat actors.” There are a variety of potential
actors, each with different intent and
capabilities to carry out an attack. By understanding the
motivations and capabilities of those responsible
for launching attacks, system administrators can better
anticipate the types of attacks they might face and
better protect data and assets that are likely targets. Threat
actors who have caused real-world damage
include, but are not limited to, those in Figure 4:
In addition to attacks, unintentional threats can disrupt the
confidentiality, integrity, or availability of
NG911 systems. Unintentional threat actors include employees,
vendors, contractors, or subcontractors.
For example, one of these actors could:
• Improperly safeguard data when sending or storing (for
example, not using proper encryption, sending
14. data to unauthorized individuals, putting weak protection on
databases)
• Enter typing mistakes that result in loss of data integrity
• Accidentally make a data resource unavailable when
performing maintenance or upgrade operations
• Not follow physical or cyber protection procedures
• Improperly test or maintain back-up systems and power
sources
Figure 4:
Threat Actors
structure, private or public, and acts with few constraints
organized crime organization with significant resources
from intrusion or destruction of property, without agenda
gatherer external to the company (includes cyber methods)
……Foreign state-sponsored spy or
agent as a trusted insider, supporting idealistic goals
-sponsored
attacker with significant resources to affect major disruption
15. -state……………………………………………….A
sovereign territory with significant resources to cause harm
Activist……………………………………………...Highly
motivated, potentially destructive supporter of cause
of violence to support personal socio-political agenda
Figure 3: Potential Risks to NG911 System Components
5
Vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities are weaknesses
in a system, network, or asset that could enable an
undesired outcome, such as a network outage or
security breach. Vulnerabilities take two forms,
those that are vulnerable to external threats and
those that are vulnerable to internal threats. One
of the key tactics of an attacker is to gain credentials
and access to a network, and then exploit
vulnerabilities within the network as a seemingly
“trusted entity.” Vulnerabilities can also be within
a network and available to malicious threat actors
16. who gain access to the internal system, either
improperly (through hacking) or by misusing their current
position (insider threats). These actors
typically take advantage of databases or system applications
with bad encryption, poor authorization
and access control measures or policies, and interconnections or
interfaces with an external network or
entity. With vast interconnection possibilities, PSAPs may
suffer from vulnerabilities associated with
systems for which they have not contributed funds, hold no
direct authority, or provide other resources
to support beyond network access and perhaps mutual-aid
agreements—even if they share redundancies,
databases, or other resources. In addition, different vendor
implementations using proprietary
technologies can lead to varying degrees of protection and
interoperability, even when addressing
the same standards and system requirements. NG911
developments have focused primarily on
deployment or modernization projects, but rarely on the
governance and oversight of cyber risk
management that are critical to cybersecurity.
Likelihood. Likelihood refers to the possibility that a risk
scenario could occur. Determining the
17. likelihood of a risk depends on the level of both the threat and
the vulnerability and is the probability that
a given threat type will exploit a set of vulnerabilities, resulting
in the occurrence of a risk. For example,
if a system has no vulnerabilities, the likelihood of risk is low
even if there is a significant threat because
the threat would have nothing to exploit. On the other hand, if
the system contains a significant
vulnerability but there is no threat to exploit it, the likelihood
of a risk will be equally low. A risk with
both a greater threat and greater vulnerability level is much
more likely to occur than one with a low
threat and low vulnerability level.
Consequences. While the potential consequences of
cybersecurity breaches depend in large part on
the type of breach, the severity of the breach is determined by
its ability to impact and degrade NG911
systems and PSAP operations, or its ability to harm the citizens
they serve and the public’s confidence in
911 systems. Additional consequences include loss of sensitive
records, including personal information
about citizens, law enforcement data, critical infrastructure
information, healthcare data, dispatch
information, and possible legal liability for parties responsible
18. for protecting the systems. When
evaluating potential consequences, it is important for
administrators to assume the worst possible
outcome. For example, a particular type of data breach could be
small and insignificant, but
Example Vulnerabilities
Old Systems: Systems that are out of date or past their
lifecycle that lack modern security measures
Shared Systems: Shared systems/databases with other
entities that have not employed security measures
Lack of Diversity and Redundancy: Lack of diverse routing
for communications or redundancy for electric power
decreases resilience
Lack of Security Policies: Ad hoc or non-existent security
policies enable insiders to accidently or intentionally disrupt
operations and/or security
6
administrators should account for the greatest reasonable
consequence if that data breach were to occur.
19. Because it is impossible to address every risk, it is helpful to
look at which risks are more likely to occur
to make more informed decisions about where to best allocate
resources to ensure the most risk reduction.
However, likelihood is only one part of the equation—the
consequences of risks must also be assessed.
Improving NG911 Cybersecurity Posture
Given the dynamic nature of technology and the evolving cyber
risk landscape, organizations should
adopt a cybersecurity framework. An effective framework
enables response organizations to:
• Identify new and evolving risks
• Assess and prioritize risks
• Develop and prioritize mitigation stategies based
on cost-benefit analysis and other factors
• Evaluate the impacts of mitigation
implementation
• Develop an approach to detection and effective
response and recovery procedures
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
20. strongly recommends adopting the NIST
Cybersecurity Framework, which is a flexible, risk-
based approach to improving the security of critical
infrastructure.5 Collaboratively developed between
government and the private sector, the framework is
based on industry standards and best practices and can
be used for NG911 systems. The NIST Cybersecurity
Framework is designed to complement an existing cybersecurity
risk management process or to develop
a credible program if one does not exist. Figure 5 demonstrates
the five core tenets of the NIST
Framework: identify, protect, detect, respond, and recover.
More information, including informative
reference for addressing each tenet can be found in the
Framework.
5 The most recent NIST Cybersecurity Framework and related
newsletters are available at
http://www.nist.gov/cyberframework/.
Risk = the likelihood of a threat exploiting a vulnerability
and the potential consequence or impact of that event
Figure 5: NIST Framework Core Structure
21. 7
Identifying and Assessing Risks
Regardless of the cybersecurity framework chosen,
administrators will need to identify, evaluate
and prioritize risks for their organization. Figure 6 provides a
sample risk assessment process.
Figure 6: Sample Risk Assessment Plan (to be followed with
mitigation and response/recovery)
8
Mitigating Risks: Protect and Detect
While no single mitigation strategy can comprehensively
address all the risk scenarios identified, the
individual evaluation of mitigation techniques may identify
complementary mitigation strategies for
creation of a broad-reaching, holistic approach. In general,
mitigation strategies aim to either prevent
22. and protect against an identified risk being exploited, or seek to
ensure timely awareness of a
cybersecurity breach or occurrence. Mitigation strategies
should employ safeguards that decrease the
impact of a risk, if exploited, on the organization and its ability
to deliver critical services.
Table 1 describes sample mitigation strategies for NG911
cybersecurity. This list is not exhaustive and
should not replace a comprehensive requirements analysis;
however, it is intended to provide a starting
point for requirements, planning, and implementation. Some
elements may be addressed through
nationwide standards, industry best practices, or policy
guidance, while others may be developed and
practiced by PSAP administrators.
SAMPLE Strategy Description
Access Privileges Ensure access privileges are used
appropriately are restricted to appropriate personnel
and that privilege elevations
Application Layer Determine application layer interoperability
requirements and standards and
23. Protect
Interoperability implement a process for regular review and
update
Authentication And
Identity Management
Develop and implement policies on authentication and identity
management
that are applied uniformly and meet public safety requirements
for
performance, security, and time-sensitive mission demands
Capacity Planning Engage in assessing capacity assets
requirements for PSAP infrastructure and
Data Encryption Develop requirements for data encryption that
apply to both primary back-up data
and
Database Back-Up Develop guidance or policies for performing
and retrieving database backups
24. Information Security
Policies
Establish and enforce consistent information security policies
and ensure
those policies are continually updated as new threats and
technologies
emerge
Training Develop role-specific training requirements for users
and administrators, include training on security, resiliency, and
operations
to
Continuous Develop continuous diagnostics and mitigation
capabilities or use existing
Detect
Monitoring government capabilities
Log Management
And Audit
Capabilities
Ensure that log management and audit capabilities,
25. are strong, appropriate, and responsive
policies, and technology
Physical Security Develop and implement physical security and
access control policies for
And Access Control facilities
Table 1: Sample NG911 Security Mitigation Strategies (non-
comprehensive)
9
Exploited Risks: Response and Recovery
Incident Response Teams (IRTs), incident response plans,
recovery or resiliency plans, and continuity
of operations plans are useful in cybersecurity incident
response. PSAP administrators may
consider establishing a Computer Security Incident Response
Team (CSIRT) or reach an agreement
with US-CERT to assist in carrying out cybersecurity planning.
US-CERT is a CSIRT run by the DHS
National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center
26. (NCCIC).6 A CSIRT serves as a
centralized location to report and analyze security issues within
an organization. A CSIRT may also
recommend potential solutions to the threats and publicize
known threats, vulnerabilities, and solutions
generally or to a specific information-sharing community. The
CSIRT could also work with hardware
and software vendors to obtain information about vulnerabilities
and potential solutions.
Leveraging federal resources, such as US-CERT, can aid in the
protection of the NG911 system and its
data. In addition, coordinating response and recovery efforts
with the Statewide Interoperability
Coordinator (SWIC), State Single Points of Contact (SPOC),
and other PSAP administrators can
increase cybersecurity posture. Sample response and recovery
actions are shown in Figure 2.
Table 2: Sample NG911 Response and Recovery Actions (non-
comprehensive)
SAMPLE
Action Description
Response
27. • Incident Response Plan. Develop incident response plans,
policies, and capabilities for
the networks, personnel and user equipment that prevent
expansion of the event, mitigate
its effects, and eradicate the incident
• Incident Response Team. Establish an incident response team
with or utilize existing
capabilities like US-CERT to ensure response activities are
coordinated with appropriate
stakeholders
• Contain Cybersecurity Event. Execute response processes and
procedures, preventing
expansion of the event, mitigate its effects, and eradicate the
incident
• Deploy IRT. Coordinate with internal and external
stakeholders, as appropriate, including
external support from law enforcement agencies and response
centers, such as US-CERT
Recovery
• Recovery Plan. Develop and implement the appropriate
28. activities to maintain plans for
resilience and to restore any capabilities or services that were
impaired due to a
cybersecurity event
• Continuity Planning7. Establishing and maintaining
redundancy is a key strategy that
promotes network reliability, resiliency, and continuity of
service
• Coordination. Restoration activities are coordinated with
internal and external parties,
such as coordinating centers, internet service providers, owners
of attacking systems,
victims, response partners, and vendors
• Process Improvements. Recovery planning processes and
strategies are improved by
incorporating lessons learned into future activities. Response
personnel should be trained
on the latest security, resiliency, continuity and operational
practices and maintain in-
service training as new technology and methods are made
available
29. 6 See: https://www.us-cert.gov/ccubedvp.
7 For continuity recommendations, see FEMA’s Continuity
Guidance Circular (CGC) 1 and 2 available at
http://www.fema.gov/media-library/resources-
documents/collections/343
10
Actions for Improving NG911 Cybersecurity
This document provides an overview of the cyber risks that will
be faced by NG911 systems. It is
intended to serve only as an informational tool for system
administrators to better understand the full
scope and range of potential risks, as well as recommend
mitigations to these risks. The following actions
are provided for system administrators intending to improve
their NG911 systems:
• Adopt a “security first” perspective. Cybersecurity has
become an integral part of mission
function and operations for NG911 systems. Working with
others within the NG911 community,
government, industry, and academia to establish consistent
30. standards, policies, procedures,
interoperability and implementation guidance for NG911
deployments is crucial.
• Leverage historically-successful cybersecurity strategies.
Researching available references and
resources, as well as gathering experiences from other NG911
community members, is important
to constructing the ideal solution set for each NG911 system’s
unique circumstances.
• Establish a CSIRT or reach an agreement with US-CERT to
assist in carrying out
cybersecurity planning. A CSIRT serves as a centralized
location to report, analyze, and respond
to security issues within an organization. Tracking
developments in the cybersecurity field and
providing prioritized implementation of cybersecurity solutions
are also CSIRT activities.
• Establish a cybersecurity risk framework. The NIST
Cybersecurity Framework is highly
recommended as a flexible, risk-based approach to improving
the security of critical infrastructure.
31. • Identify, evaluate, and prioritize risks using a community-
based risk assessment process.
This process should account for threats, vulnerabilities, and
consequences associated with system
assets. To identify and assess vulnerabilities in their own
systems, PSAP administrators should
work closely with all partners with whom they interconnect,
such as service providers, neighboring
jurisdictions, and other agencies in order to identify the full
architecture of their system and assess
it for physical and network vulnerabilities. This assessment
should also include a review of their
current processes and standard operating procedures against
available government and industry
cybersecurity best practices and standards.
• Develop mitigations. An examination of the likelihood and
consequences of attacks should help
to prioritize and inform mitigation strategies. Using both
prevention and detection techniques,
administrators should strive to negate or decrease the impact of
an attack. Researching available
mitigation techniques and employing them in a prioritized
fashion will produce a comprehensive
cybersecurity solution.
32. • Solidify Response and Recovery actions. Establishing a
CSIRT and developing incident
response plans, policies, and capabilities for the networks,
personnel, and user equipment can
prevent expansion of the event, mitigate its effects, and
eradicate the incident. These efforts should
be supported by regular training and exercises and coordination
with external parties so that all
participants are aware and capable of their role during and after
an event.
11
Once risks are identified and protection mitigations are in place,
the NG911 community has an
opportunity to focus on detection and advance planning.
Instead of focusing on the individual
cybersecurity events and data recovery, an effective framework
uses data analytics in PSAPs, joint field
offices, and emergency operations centers to accelerate and
automate analysis, and to shift from a posture
of “what just happened, and how do we fix it?” to “what is
33. going to happen, and how can we prevent
it?” The NG911 community should remain in front of potential
cyber events through its ability to feed
relevant event data to emergency operation centers, fusion
centers, and cyber centers.
Resources
Table 3 provides a list of resources to assist NG911
administrators improving the cybersecurity posture
of their systems.
Organization Resource Name Description and Link
Department of
Homeland Security
(DHS)
Office of Emergency
Communications
DHS offers a collection of programs and initiatives that can be
applied to reduce NG911 cyber risks.
Many of these efforts support approved missions that cover
federal, state, and local users, as well
as public and private critical infrastructure entities.
34. http://www.dhs.gov/office-emergency-communications
National Cybersecurity and
Communications
Integration Center (NCCIC)
NCCIC is a 24/7 cyber monitoring, incident response, and
management center. Organizations can
leverage NCCIC’s United States Computer Emergency
Readiness Team (US-CERT) for cybersecurity
information and assistance.
http://www.dhs.gov/national-cybersecurity-communications-
integration-center
Federal
Communications
Commissions (FCC)
Legal and Regulatory
Framework for NG911
Services
An overview on the development and creation of a NG911
network that provides specific citations from
the FCC on statutory requirements and funding possibilities.
35. https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-
319165A1.pdf
Communications Security,
Reliability and
Interoperability Council
(CSRIC)
CSRIC’s mission is to provide recommendations to the FCC to
ensure, among other things, optimal
security and reliability of communications systems, including
telecommunications, media, and public
safety. Guidance includes:
• Transition to Next Generation 9-1-1.
https://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/docs/csric/CSRIC-WG4B-Final-
Report.pdf
• Cybersecurity Risk Management and Best Practices.
https://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/advisory/csric4/CSRIC_WG4_Re
port_Final_March_18_2015.pdf
Task Force on Optimal
PSAP Architecture
(TFOPA): Optimal
Cybersecurity Approach for
36. PSAPs
The TFOPA is a federal advisory committee chartered under the
Federal Advisory Committee Act to
provide recommendations to the FCC regarding actions that
PSAPs can take to optimize their
security, operations, and funding as they migrate to NG911.
https://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/911/TFOPA/TFOPA_WG1_FINA
L_Report-121015.pdf
National 911
Program 911.gov
911.gov is a comprehensive resource for all things related to
NG911. The website includes a
resource center with an information clearinghouse, a Technical
Assistance Center, and a 911 profile
database for tracking the progress of 911 authorities around the
Nation in enhancing their systems
and deploying NG911 capabilities. www.911.gov
National
Emergency Number
Assoc. (NENA)
37. Standards (including i3 and
NG-SEC)
NENA’s website contains a complete archive of all its 911
standards, including those related to
NG911, such as NG-SEC standard (NENA 75-001).
https://www.nena.org/?page=Standards
National Institute of
Standards and
Technology (NIST)
Cybersecurity Framework
The NIST Cybersecurity Framework is a prioritized, flexible,
repeatable, and cost-effective approach
that can help NG911 system administrators manage
cybersecurity-related risk.
http://www.nist.gov/cyberframework/
Recommendations on
Cybersecurity (Special
Publications 800/1800
Series)
NIST’s 800 and 1800 series provides targeted cybersecurity
38. guidance and are strongly encouraged to
be incorporated into cybersecurity planning.
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsSPs.html#SP800
Table 3: NG911 Resources