Discussion 1 post responses.
Please respond to the following:
LG’s post states the following:Top of Form
"When Problem Decomposition is not Easy"
Consider the development of a simple mobile application that displays personal financial management video clips selected from a central repository. Discuss how you would systematically analyze the requirements of this application and identify its problem components.
Using a spiral process of stakeholder engagement which includes understanding the business objectives or needs the application is to provide. Next, looking at the requirements gathering process, whereby sitting with the stakeholders and customers to define those needs, understanding the assumptions and constraints, expectations, and coming up with a conceptual model both from a business and system design. Using the model as a base, the requirements will be developed into a high-level requirement set, where they are broken into the logical grouping, such as business, user, functional, non-functional, and transitional segments. Next, the requirements will be viewed with the stakeholders and customers, to address priority, need vs. want, and addressing any ambiguous requirements to gain clarity for completeness.
Explain how software engineering would help you identify the components and their interconnections.
Software engineering helps identify the components and their interconnections because the approach requires identification of components such as hardware, software, users, tasks, and databases, amongst other pieces to be determined and understand how each will interact with the others. Some boundaries must be known that similar to the scope of a project to help provide a context on what is in or out. It includes things like the activities that will be performed and the entities associated with the activities. Understanding these provide the developers in the design and development process. For example, the above mention contextual design or model can be used or provide a reference to things like architectural design, displaying these components and interconnections on paper (or visual drawing) to help articulate the boundaries, activities, and entities for the system.
Phleeger, S. L., Atlee, J. M. (2009-02-01). Software Engineering: Theory and Practice, 4th Edition [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from vbk://9781323089309
Pochimcherla, A., Pochimcherlahttp, A., & Pochimcherla, A. (2018, January 26). Computer science basics - Decomposition - break a problem into smaller. Retrieved from http://steamism.com/compsci-decomposition/.
SP’s post states the following:Top of Form
"When Problem Decomposition is not Easy" Please respond to the following: Consider the development of a simple mobile application that displays personal financial management video clips selected from a central repository. Discuss how you would systematically analyze the requirements of this application and identify its problem component ...
XYZ Fast Prototyping MGMT 3405 1 Definition – Fa.docxjeffevans62972
XYZ Fast Prototyping MGMT 3405
1
Definition – Fast Prototyping
Fast or rapid prototyping is a methodical exploration of innovative concept(s) by quick assembly
of pieces either tangible or intangible to validate assumptions which are important to
implement the concept. The outline of this concept is described in article “Intuit Inc. Project
AgriNova” published in HBR by Thomas Eisenmann and Tanya Bijlani. Quickly identifying &
rapidly developing solutions for part of the system which could be potential road blocks is key
to ensure success of the product. This does not need complete development of all (or some)
parts
Problem Statement
Our organization is specialized Business Analytics and Data Management expertise. Among
other things, one of the requests often made by our customer is to give guidance on suitability
of tool (or set of tools) for a particular task. Even though this knowledge is available within our
organization, it is dispersed as the consultants are working with different customer.
We set out to address the issue of
- timely availability of comparison metrics across tools
- continuous update to the metrics being used to compared
After discussing with our executives we decided to build a web based application internally so
that we can feed in the comparison data on continuous basis without spending too much time
on reconciliation efforts.
There were few challenges to be resolved while addressing the issues given in problem
statement. We conducted a brainstorming session within our organization. The outcome of this
session was a list of important components outline of which is as follows:
- User Interface: The UI should be easy to use and intuitive enough to hide the complexity
underneath. Unless the tool is easy to use people will be reluctant to use it.
- Data Update: The data should be fed in on continuous basis to ensure updates for the
tools to be compared are captured on regular basis. If the data is stale it will raise the
credibility issue of the presented comparison. We cannot compare data of outdated
version of the tools.
- Contextual Text Mapping: The biggest issue is contextual mapping of text which
describes a particular feature of tool, product or application.
Of course this list is not comprehensive, but we need to address these points to ensure viability
of the entire efforts.
I think using “Fast Prototyping” to validate the feasibility of the components is best course of
action before attempting to build this product.
Leap of Faith
Can we build & expand? As the data volume increase the methods employed, especially the
algorithm employed will perform satisfactorily? We decided to find this out.
Can we win? We did not spend great amount of time with user experience. We took a leap of
faith by assuming that the team who participated in building UX is representative of future
users. I think we should be able to tweak UI based on usage analytics and.
Management Information Systems – Week 7 Lecture 2Developme.docxcroysierkathey
Management Information Systems – Week 7 Lecture 2
Development & Improvement
Chapter 13 Systems Development: Design, Implementation, Maintenance,
and Review
You have learned about information systems and seen a little about how the project is run to create a new
system. This week you will focus on the actual systems design process. This will help you whether you
become a programmer, systems analyst or are a department manager. There are countless articles on
this subject on the internet and some great YouTube videos so take a moment to do some extra research
and learn more about systems development.
When an IS manager sits down to design a system they look at several areas and have many special
tools at their disposal.
A systems engineer or senior developer will first look at the logical design. This usually means that they
look at the user request and determine what they really mean! Once they have clarification they will create
a physical design. This might be object-oriented (using code that has already been created) or mock ups
showing interface design and controls. This is sometimes called storyboarding. This image is an example
of creating a new user interface:
System design time is an investment for the business, it will help by preventing, detecting, and correcting
errors prior to the application software being written. It will generate systems design alternatives. One
alternative is to ask software developers to create the application for the business, this is done by creating
a request for proposal (RFP). Software vendors will then propose several options at various price points.
The business can then review the proposals, do a cost benefit analysis and select an appropriate plan of
action.
Once a project has started it is a good idea to freezing design specifications using a contract, and even a
design report called a Functional Design Document. This process is intended to allow the development
team to focus on creating a specific application and not have to try to hit a constantly moving target. As
the application is being developed it is also time to acquire the hardware that will be needed. If the
application requires a headset with microphone for voice input or a super-fast computer, this is the time to
make sure the application will be functional when it is implemented.
Types of IS hardware vendors include:
General computer manufacturers
Small computer manufacturers
Peripheral equipment manufacturers
Computer dealers and distributors
Chip makers
While the application is being developed and the hardware acquired, in a perfect world the personnel will
be hired and trained and any preparations will be done for the site and data requirements (additional disk
drives for databases or could computing). One of the phases of software development is the testing
phase. It really cannot be considered the final stage because it may result in some additional planning,
programming or other modifications. It can be considered to be ...
Cloud Computing Deployments Should Begin With Service Definition - SOA architecture and How Cloud enhances ease of doing business in a scalable and reliable way.
XYZ Fast Prototyping MGMT 3405 1 Definition – Fa.docxjeffevans62972
XYZ Fast Prototyping MGMT 3405
1
Definition – Fast Prototyping
Fast or rapid prototyping is a methodical exploration of innovative concept(s) by quick assembly
of pieces either tangible or intangible to validate assumptions which are important to
implement the concept. The outline of this concept is described in article “Intuit Inc. Project
AgriNova” published in HBR by Thomas Eisenmann and Tanya Bijlani. Quickly identifying &
rapidly developing solutions for part of the system which could be potential road blocks is key
to ensure success of the product. This does not need complete development of all (or some)
parts
Problem Statement
Our organization is specialized Business Analytics and Data Management expertise. Among
other things, one of the requests often made by our customer is to give guidance on suitability
of tool (or set of tools) for a particular task. Even though this knowledge is available within our
organization, it is dispersed as the consultants are working with different customer.
We set out to address the issue of
- timely availability of comparison metrics across tools
- continuous update to the metrics being used to compared
After discussing with our executives we decided to build a web based application internally so
that we can feed in the comparison data on continuous basis without spending too much time
on reconciliation efforts.
There were few challenges to be resolved while addressing the issues given in problem
statement. We conducted a brainstorming session within our organization. The outcome of this
session was a list of important components outline of which is as follows:
- User Interface: The UI should be easy to use and intuitive enough to hide the complexity
underneath. Unless the tool is easy to use people will be reluctant to use it.
- Data Update: The data should be fed in on continuous basis to ensure updates for the
tools to be compared are captured on regular basis. If the data is stale it will raise the
credibility issue of the presented comparison. We cannot compare data of outdated
version of the tools.
- Contextual Text Mapping: The biggest issue is contextual mapping of text which
describes a particular feature of tool, product or application.
Of course this list is not comprehensive, but we need to address these points to ensure viability
of the entire efforts.
I think using “Fast Prototyping” to validate the feasibility of the components is best course of
action before attempting to build this product.
Leap of Faith
Can we build & expand? As the data volume increase the methods employed, especially the
algorithm employed will perform satisfactorily? We decided to find this out.
Can we win? We did not spend great amount of time with user experience. We took a leap of
faith by assuming that the team who participated in building UX is representative of future
users. I think we should be able to tweak UI based on usage analytics and.
Management Information Systems – Week 7 Lecture 2Developme.docxcroysierkathey
Management Information Systems – Week 7 Lecture 2
Development & Improvement
Chapter 13 Systems Development: Design, Implementation, Maintenance,
and Review
You have learned about information systems and seen a little about how the project is run to create a new
system. This week you will focus on the actual systems design process. This will help you whether you
become a programmer, systems analyst or are a department manager. There are countless articles on
this subject on the internet and some great YouTube videos so take a moment to do some extra research
and learn more about systems development.
When an IS manager sits down to design a system they look at several areas and have many special
tools at their disposal.
A systems engineer or senior developer will first look at the logical design. This usually means that they
look at the user request and determine what they really mean! Once they have clarification they will create
a physical design. This might be object-oriented (using code that has already been created) or mock ups
showing interface design and controls. This is sometimes called storyboarding. This image is an example
of creating a new user interface:
System design time is an investment for the business, it will help by preventing, detecting, and correcting
errors prior to the application software being written. It will generate systems design alternatives. One
alternative is to ask software developers to create the application for the business, this is done by creating
a request for proposal (RFP). Software vendors will then propose several options at various price points.
The business can then review the proposals, do a cost benefit analysis and select an appropriate plan of
action.
Once a project has started it is a good idea to freezing design specifications using a contract, and even a
design report called a Functional Design Document. This process is intended to allow the development
team to focus on creating a specific application and not have to try to hit a constantly moving target. As
the application is being developed it is also time to acquire the hardware that will be needed. If the
application requires a headset with microphone for voice input or a super-fast computer, this is the time to
make sure the application will be functional when it is implemented.
Types of IS hardware vendors include:
General computer manufacturers
Small computer manufacturers
Peripheral equipment manufacturers
Computer dealers and distributors
Chip makers
While the application is being developed and the hardware acquired, in a perfect world the personnel will
be hired and trained and any preparations will be done for the site and data requirements (additional disk
drives for databases or could computing). One of the phases of software development is the testing
phase. It really cannot be considered the final stage because it may result in some additional planning,
programming or other modifications. It can be considered to be ...
Cloud Computing Deployments Should Begin With Service Definition - SOA architecture and How Cloud enhances ease of doing business in a scalable and reliable way.
ENG 102 Unit Six Page 1 of 1 ENG 102 Composition II .docxSALU18
ENG 102 Unit Six Page 1 of 1
ENG 102 Composition II
Unit Six
Drafting Research
Although a draft, this is a formal piece to your final research and it must
appear as such.
Your draft should represent a full essay and not scattered thoughts. It must
include and be reflective of:
9�An explicit claim
9�Proper citation—in-text and end of text (MLA)
9�Varied evidence throughout incorporating blended writing modes (cause and
effect, description, etc.)
9�Revised writing
Heading:
o Name, date, course #, and instructor’s name in the upper left hand corner
o Label the page: “Draft, Final Research” include your working title
o Double spaced, typed, size 12 font in proper paragraphed form
o Aim for roughly 5-7 pages
o Proofread carefully
Find an article that focuses on managerial advice or trends relating to Cloud Computing, Open Source Software, Service-Oriented Architecture (SoA), Enterprise systems, ERP Software as a Service (SaaS), or;
Look for an article that covers user interface design and/or trends/advances in the user interface (speech, gesture recognition, mobility, etc.), or;
Find an article that discusses new system development or implementation in an organization--Success or Failure; or
Information Systems: A Manager's Guide to Harnessing Technology, v. 3.0
Digital All Access Pass
by John Gallaugher
11.1 Introduction
Learning Objectives
1. Recognize the importance of software and its implications for the firm and strategic decision making.
2. Understand that software is everywhere; not just in computers, but also cell phones, cars, cameras, and many other technologies.
3. Know what software is and be able to differentiate it from hardware.
4. List the major classifications of software and give examples of each.
We know computing hardware is getting faster and cheaper, creating all sorts of exciting and disruptive opportunities for the savvy manager. But what’s really going on inside the box? It’s software that makes the magic of computing happen. Without software, your PC would be a heap of silicon wrapped in wires encased in plastic and metal. But it’s the instructions—the software code—that enable a computer to do something wonderful, driving the limitless possibilities of information technology.
Software is everywhere. An inexpensive cell phone has about one million lines of code. [1] Ford automobiles actually have more lines of code than Twitter and Facebook combined. [2] Software might even be in grandpa. The average pacemaker has between 80,000 and 100,000 of code. [3] In this chapter we’ll take a peek inside the chips to understand what software is. A lot of terms are associated with software: operating systems, applications, enterprise software, distributed systems, and more. We’ll define these terms up front, and put them in a managerial context. A follow-up chapter, Chapter 12 "Software in Flux: Open Source, Cloud, and Virtualized and App-driven Shifts" “Soft ...
Chapter 1 software analysis and design in software developmentWebMentalist
Software Development. The study of software development.Systems development is systematic process which includes phases such as planning, analysis, design, deployment, and maintenance. System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order to identify its objectives. It is a problem solving technique that improves the system and ensures that all the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their purpose.
Software Design is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before planning, you need to understand the old system thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in order to operate efficiently.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
Platform Vision Vice President Karen Forster's presentation about the Top 10 IT Costs (and how to avoid them) as presented at TechEd 2010 in New Orleans.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
CHAPTER 10 SystemArchitectureChapter 10 is the final chapter.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 10 System
Architecture
Chapter 10 is the final chapter in the systems design phase of the SDLC. This chapter describes system architecture, which translates the logical design of an information system into a physical blueprint. As you plan the system architecture, you will learn about servers, clients, processing methods, networks, and related issues.
OBJECTIVES
When you finish this chapter, you will be able to:
· Provide a checklist of issues to consider when selecting a system architecture
· Trace the evolution of system architecture from mainframes to current designs
· Explain client/server architecture, including tiers, cost-benefit issues, and performance
· Compare in-house e-commerce development with packaged solutions and service providers
· Discuss the impact of cloud computing and Web 2.0
· Define network topology, including hierarchical, bus, ring, star, and mesh models
· Describe wireless networking, including wireless standards, topologies, and trends
· Describe the system design specification
INTRODUCTION
At this point in the SDLC, your objective is to determine an overall architecture to implement the information system. You learned in Chapter 1 that an information system requires hardware, software, data, procedures, and people to accomplish a specific set of functions. An effective system combines those elements into an architecture, or design, that is flexible, cost-effective, technically sound, and able to support the information needs of the business. This chapter covers a wide range of topics that support the overall system design, just as a plan for a new home would include a foundation plan, building methods, wiring and plumbing diagrams, traffic flows, and costs.
System architecture translates the logical design of an information system into a physical structure that includes hardware, software, network support, processing methods, and security. The end product of the systems design phase is the system design specification. If this document is approved, the next step is systems implementation.
PREVIEW CASE: Mountain View College Bookstore
Background: Wendy Lee, manager of college services at Mountain View College, wants a new information system that will improve efficiency and customer service at the three college bookstores.
In this part of the case, Tina Allen (systems analyst) and David Conroe (student intern) are talking about system architecture issues.
Participants:
Tina and David
Location:
Mountain View College cafeteria, Thursday afternoon, January 9, 2014
Project status:
The team completed user interface and data design work. The last step in the systems design phase is to consider a system architecture for the bookstore system.
Discussion topics:
System architecture checklist, client/server architecture, processing methods, and network issues
Tina:
Hi, David. Did you enjoy the holiday break?
David:
I sure did. Now I’m ready to get back to work.
Tina:
Good. As the last step in the systems design phase ...
Cryptography is the application of algorithms to ensure the confiden.docxmydrynan
Cryptography is the application of algorithms to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data, while it is at rest, in motion, or in use. Cryptography systems can include local encryptions at the file or disk level or databases. Cryptography systems can also extend to an enterprise-wide public key infrastructure for whole agencies or corporations.
The following are the deliverables for this project:
Deliverables
Enterprise Key Management Plan:
An eight- to 10-page double-spaced Word document with citations in APA format. The page count does not include figures, diagrams, tables, or citations.
Enterprise Key Management Policy:
A two- to three-page double-spaced Word document.
Lab Report:
A Word document sharing your lab experience along with screenshots.
There are seven steps to complete the project. Most steps of this project should take no more than two hours to complete. The entire project should take no more than one week to complete. Begin with the workplace scenario, and then continue to Step 1, “Identify Components of Key Management.”
When you submit your project, your work will be evaluated using the competencies listed below. You can use the list below to self-check your work before submission.
Step 1: Identify Components of Key Management
Key management will be an important aspect of the new electronic protected health information (e-PHI). Key management is often considered the most difficult part of designing a cryptosystem.
Choose a fictitious or an actual organization. The idea is to provide an overview of the current state of enterprise key management for Superior Health Care.
Review these authentication resources to learn about
authentication
and the characteristics of key management.
Provide a high-level, top-layer network view (diagram) of the systems in Superior Health Care. The diagram can be a bubble chart or Visio drawing of a simple network diagram with servers. Conduct independent research to identify a suitable network diagram.
Read these resources on
data at rest
, data in use, and
data in motion
.
Identify data at rest, data in use, and data in motion as it could apply to your organization. Start by focusing on where data are stored and how data are accessed.
Review these resources on insecure handling, and identify areas where
insecure handling
may be a concern for your organization.
Incorporate this information in your key management plan.
In the next step, you will consider key management capabilities.
Step 3: Identify Key Management Gaps, Risks,
Solution
s, and Challenges
In the previous step, you identified the key components of an enterprise key management system. In this step, you will conduct independent research on key management issues in existing organizations. You will use this research to help identify gaps in key management, in each of the key management areas within Superior Health Care.
Conduct independent research to identify typical gaps in key manage.
1. A corporations distribution of additional shares of its own s.docxcuddietheresa
1.
A corporation's distribution of additional shares of its own stock to its stockholders without the receipt of any payment in return is called a: (Points : 2)
.
1. Like the modernists, postmodern writers focused on subjective e.docxcuddietheresa
1. Like the modernists, postmodern writers focused on subjective experience rather than objective cultural norms. (1 point)
expressing or dealing with facts or conditions as perceived without distortion by personal feelings, prejudices, or interpretations
characteristic of or belonging to reality as perceived rather than as independent of mind
characteristic of or belonging to the superficial world
none of the above
2. They reeled, whirled, swiveled, flounced, capered, gamboled, and spun. (1 point)
insult
twists; intricate designs
leapt; frolicked
sharp; pounding
3. He began to think glimmeringly about his abnormal son who was now in jail, about Harrison. (1 point)
beginning
watchfulness; caution
leapt; frolicked
intermittently; unsteadily
4. Stokesie’s married, with two babies chalked up on his fuselage already, but as far as I can tell that’s the only difference. (1 point)
central body portion of an airplane
evil; spiteful
handicaps; obstructions
none of the above
Read the following paragraph and answer questions 5–8.
Scientists report (1) that creatures living in the deep sea are in danger of starving to death. Millions of undiscovered species live, in the deep sea. Creatures in the seabed are suffering from growing food shortages. Which may be a result of rising sea temperatures. Scientists believe that some species will die out, those that can survive on a low food supply will continue living. Not much is known about the creatures that live in the deep sea, not much is known about the changes in their diets. Scientists estimate that up to 10 million species live in the depths of the sea. Most animals of the deep rely on food chains that begin. In the lighted realms of the sea. Microscopic plants called phytoplankton. Capture the sun and start the food cycle. (2) Wherever there are animal droppings, there is a constant rain of organic matter (3) that feeds the bottom dwellers.
5. The underlined part of sentence 1 is what kind of clause? (1 point)
adverbial clause
adjectival clause
noun clause
6. The underlined part of sentence 2 is what kind of clause? (1 point)
adverbial clause
adjectival clause
noun clause
7. The underlined part of sentence 3 is what kind of clause? (1 point)
adverbial clause
adjectival clause
noun clause
Essay
Note: Your teacher will grade your response to ensure that you receive proper credit for your answer. Your response should include the following to receive the points in parentheses:
Respond in 3–5 complete sentences. (5 pts)
8. Rewrite the paragraph above, correcting any fragments and run-on sentences. Be sure to use correct punctuation. (5 points)
True or False
9. The Beat Generation was a group of writers who fought to maintain traditionalism in America. (1 point)
true
false
10. Satire is used to make serious situations appear humorous using irony. (1 point)
true
false
11. Absurdism is the attempt to show the absurdity of t.
1. As the degree of freedom increase indefinitely, the t distribu.docxcuddietheresa
1.
As the degree of freedom increase indefinitely, the t distribution approaches the normal distribution. (Points : 1)
[removed] [removed] [removed] [removed]
.
More Related Content
Similar to Discussion 1 post responses.Please respond to the following.docx
ENG 102 Unit Six Page 1 of 1 ENG 102 Composition II .docxSALU18
ENG 102 Unit Six Page 1 of 1
ENG 102 Composition II
Unit Six
Drafting Research
Although a draft, this is a formal piece to your final research and it must
appear as such.
Your draft should represent a full essay and not scattered thoughts. It must
include and be reflective of:
9�An explicit claim
9�Proper citation—in-text and end of text (MLA)
9�Varied evidence throughout incorporating blended writing modes (cause and
effect, description, etc.)
9�Revised writing
Heading:
o Name, date, course #, and instructor’s name in the upper left hand corner
o Label the page: “Draft, Final Research” include your working title
o Double spaced, typed, size 12 font in proper paragraphed form
o Aim for roughly 5-7 pages
o Proofread carefully
Find an article that focuses on managerial advice or trends relating to Cloud Computing, Open Source Software, Service-Oriented Architecture (SoA), Enterprise systems, ERP Software as a Service (SaaS), or;
Look for an article that covers user interface design and/or trends/advances in the user interface (speech, gesture recognition, mobility, etc.), or;
Find an article that discusses new system development or implementation in an organization--Success or Failure; or
Information Systems: A Manager's Guide to Harnessing Technology, v. 3.0
Digital All Access Pass
by John Gallaugher
11.1 Introduction
Learning Objectives
1. Recognize the importance of software and its implications for the firm and strategic decision making.
2. Understand that software is everywhere; not just in computers, but also cell phones, cars, cameras, and many other technologies.
3. Know what software is and be able to differentiate it from hardware.
4. List the major classifications of software and give examples of each.
We know computing hardware is getting faster and cheaper, creating all sorts of exciting and disruptive opportunities for the savvy manager. But what’s really going on inside the box? It’s software that makes the magic of computing happen. Without software, your PC would be a heap of silicon wrapped in wires encased in plastic and metal. But it’s the instructions—the software code—that enable a computer to do something wonderful, driving the limitless possibilities of information technology.
Software is everywhere. An inexpensive cell phone has about one million lines of code. [1] Ford automobiles actually have more lines of code than Twitter and Facebook combined. [2] Software might even be in grandpa. The average pacemaker has between 80,000 and 100,000 of code. [3] In this chapter we’ll take a peek inside the chips to understand what software is. A lot of terms are associated with software: operating systems, applications, enterprise software, distributed systems, and more. We’ll define these terms up front, and put them in a managerial context. A follow-up chapter, Chapter 12 "Software in Flux: Open Source, Cloud, and Virtualized and App-driven Shifts" “Soft ...
Chapter 1 software analysis and design in software developmentWebMentalist
Software Development. The study of software development.Systems development is systematic process which includes phases such as planning, analysis, design, deployment, and maintenance. System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order to identify its objectives. It is a problem solving technique that improves the system and ensures that all the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their purpose.
Software Design is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before planning, you need to understand the old system thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in order to operate efficiently.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
Platform Vision Vice President Karen Forster's presentation about the Top 10 IT Costs (and how to avoid them) as presented at TechEd 2010 in New Orleans.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
CHAPTER 10 SystemArchitectureChapter 10 is the final chapter.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 10 System
Architecture
Chapter 10 is the final chapter in the systems design phase of the SDLC. This chapter describes system architecture, which translates the logical design of an information system into a physical blueprint. As you plan the system architecture, you will learn about servers, clients, processing methods, networks, and related issues.
OBJECTIVES
When you finish this chapter, you will be able to:
· Provide a checklist of issues to consider when selecting a system architecture
· Trace the evolution of system architecture from mainframes to current designs
· Explain client/server architecture, including tiers, cost-benefit issues, and performance
· Compare in-house e-commerce development with packaged solutions and service providers
· Discuss the impact of cloud computing and Web 2.0
· Define network topology, including hierarchical, bus, ring, star, and mesh models
· Describe wireless networking, including wireless standards, topologies, and trends
· Describe the system design specification
INTRODUCTION
At this point in the SDLC, your objective is to determine an overall architecture to implement the information system. You learned in Chapter 1 that an information system requires hardware, software, data, procedures, and people to accomplish a specific set of functions. An effective system combines those elements into an architecture, or design, that is flexible, cost-effective, technically sound, and able to support the information needs of the business. This chapter covers a wide range of topics that support the overall system design, just as a plan for a new home would include a foundation plan, building methods, wiring and plumbing diagrams, traffic flows, and costs.
System architecture translates the logical design of an information system into a physical structure that includes hardware, software, network support, processing methods, and security. The end product of the systems design phase is the system design specification. If this document is approved, the next step is systems implementation.
PREVIEW CASE: Mountain View College Bookstore
Background: Wendy Lee, manager of college services at Mountain View College, wants a new information system that will improve efficiency and customer service at the three college bookstores.
In this part of the case, Tina Allen (systems analyst) and David Conroe (student intern) are talking about system architecture issues.
Participants:
Tina and David
Location:
Mountain View College cafeteria, Thursday afternoon, January 9, 2014
Project status:
The team completed user interface and data design work. The last step in the systems design phase is to consider a system architecture for the bookstore system.
Discussion topics:
System architecture checklist, client/server architecture, processing methods, and network issues
Tina:
Hi, David. Did you enjoy the holiday break?
David:
I sure did. Now I’m ready to get back to work.
Tina:
Good. As the last step in the systems design phase ...
Cryptography is the application of algorithms to ensure the confiden.docxmydrynan
Cryptography is the application of algorithms to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data, while it is at rest, in motion, or in use. Cryptography systems can include local encryptions at the file or disk level or databases. Cryptography systems can also extend to an enterprise-wide public key infrastructure for whole agencies or corporations.
The following are the deliverables for this project:
Deliverables
Enterprise Key Management Plan:
An eight- to 10-page double-spaced Word document with citations in APA format. The page count does not include figures, diagrams, tables, or citations.
Enterprise Key Management Policy:
A two- to three-page double-spaced Word document.
Lab Report:
A Word document sharing your lab experience along with screenshots.
There are seven steps to complete the project. Most steps of this project should take no more than two hours to complete. The entire project should take no more than one week to complete. Begin with the workplace scenario, and then continue to Step 1, “Identify Components of Key Management.”
When you submit your project, your work will be evaluated using the competencies listed below. You can use the list below to self-check your work before submission.
Step 1: Identify Components of Key Management
Key management will be an important aspect of the new electronic protected health information (e-PHI). Key management is often considered the most difficult part of designing a cryptosystem.
Choose a fictitious or an actual organization. The idea is to provide an overview of the current state of enterprise key management for Superior Health Care.
Review these authentication resources to learn about
authentication
and the characteristics of key management.
Provide a high-level, top-layer network view (diagram) of the systems in Superior Health Care. The diagram can be a bubble chart or Visio drawing of a simple network diagram with servers. Conduct independent research to identify a suitable network diagram.
Read these resources on
data at rest
, data in use, and
data in motion
.
Identify data at rest, data in use, and data in motion as it could apply to your organization. Start by focusing on where data are stored and how data are accessed.
Review these resources on insecure handling, and identify areas where
insecure handling
may be a concern for your organization.
Incorporate this information in your key management plan.
In the next step, you will consider key management capabilities.
Step 3: Identify Key Management Gaps, Risks,
Solution
s, and Challenges
In the previous step, you identified the key components of an enterprise key management system. In this step, you will conduct independent research on key management issues in existing organizations. You will use this research to help identify gaps in key management, in each of the key management areas within Superior Health Care.
Conduct independent research to identify typical gaps in key manage.
1. A corporations distribution of additional shares of its own s.docxcuddietheresa
1.
A corporation's distribution of additional shares of its own stock to its stockholders without the receipt of any payment in return is called a: (Points : 2)
.
1. Like the modernists, postmodern writers focused on subjective e.docxcuddietheresa
1. Like the modernists, postmodern writers focused on subjective experience rather than objective cultural norms. (1 point)
expressing or dealing with facts or conditions as perceived without distortion by personal feelings, prejudices, or interpretations
characteristic of or belonging to reality as perceived rather than as independent of mind
characteristic of or belonging to the superficial world
none of the above
2. They reeled, whirled, swiveled, flounced, capered, gamboled, and spun. (1 point)
insult
twists; intricate designs
leapt; frolicked
sharp; pounding
3. He began to think glimmeringly about his abnormal son who was now in jail, about Harrison. (1 point)
beginning
watchfulness; caution
leapt; frolicked
intermittently; unsteadily
4. Stokesie’s married, with two babies chalked up on his fuselage already, but as far as I can tell that’s the only difference. (1 point)
central body portion of an airplane
evil; spiteful
handicaps; obstructions
none of the above
Read the following paragraph and answer questions 5–8.
Scientists report (1) that creatures living in the deep sea are in danger of starving to death. Millions of undiscovered species live, in the deep sea. Creatures in the seabed are suffering from growing food shortages. Which may be a result of rising sea temperatures. Scientists believe that some species will die out, those that can survive on a low food supply will continue living. Not much is known about the creatures that live in the deep sea, not much is known about the changes in their diets. Scientists estimate that up to 10 million species live in the depths of the sea. Most animals of the deep rely on food chains that begin. In the lighted realms of the sea. Microscopic plants called phytoplankton. Capture the sun and start the food cycle. (2) Wherever there are animal droppings, there is a constant rain of organic matter (3) that feeds the bottom dwellers.
5. The underlined part of sentence 1 is what kind of clause? (1 point)
adverbial clause
adjectival clause
noun clause
6. The underlined part of sentence 2 is what kind of clause? (1 point)
adverbial clause
adjectival clause
noun clause
7. The underlined part of sentence 3 is what kind of clause? (1 point)
adverbial clause
adjectival clause
noun clause
Essay
Note: Your teacher will grade your response to ensure that you receive proper credit for your answer. Your response should include the following to receive the points in parentheses:
Respond in 3–5 complete sentences. (5 pts)
8. Rewrite the paragraph above, correcting any fragments and run-on sentences. Be sure to use correct punctuation. (5 points)
True or False
9. The Beat Generation was a group of writers who fought to maintain traditionalism in America. (1 point)
true
false
10. Satire is used to make serious situations appear humorous using irony. (1 point)
true
false
11. Absurdism is the attempt to show the absurdity of t.
1. As the degree of freedom increase indefinitely, the t distribu.docxcuddietheresa
1.
As the degree of freedom increase indefinitely, the t distribution approaches the normal distribution. (Points : 1)
[removed] [removed] [removed] [removed]
.
1-Explain how the topography of the United states can affect the wea.docxcuddietheresa
1-Explain how the topography of the United states can affect the weather.
2-
Explain why or why not the bodies of water that are in close proximity to the Commonwealth (P.A.) can affect our weather.
3-
Explain how sometimes it can we warmer in Alaska in December than here in PA?
4-
Explain how the temperature can range 30 degrees in Pittsburgh to 55 Philadelphia during the month of January.
5
Explain how the temperature can range from 75 degrees in Pittsburgh to 45 in Philadelphia during the month of May.
6-
Explain how Texas can sometimes be colder than PA during the winter.
7
.
Explain how Florida can sometimes be cooler than PA during the summer.
.
1. An exporter faced with exposure to a depreciating currency can.docxcuddietheresa
1.
An exporter faced with exposure to a depreciating currency can reduce transaction exposure with a strategy of: (Points : 1)
[removed] [removed] [removed] [removed]
.
1. According to the central limit theorem, a population which is .docxcuddietheresa
1.
According to the central limit theorem, a population which is skewed to begin with will still be skewed when it is re-formed as a distribution of sample means. (Points : 1)
.
1. Which of the following is not a class of essential nutrient.docxcuddietheresa
1. Which of the following is not a class of essential nutrient?
a. Dietary supplements
b. Carbohydrates
c. Lipids
d. Minerals
2. Which of the following statements about the nutrient composition of the American diet is true?
a. It contains too little protein
b. It contains too little carbohydrate
c. It contains too little fat
d. It contains too many calories
3. A kcalorie is a measure of
a. Heat energy
b. Fat in food
c. Nutrients in food
d. Sugar and fat in food
4. Which of the following nutrients can directly supply energy for human use?
a. Lipids and oils
b. Fiber
c. Vitamins
d. Minerals
5. Gram for gram, which provides the most energy?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Proteins
c. Alcohol
d. Fats
6. Which of the following yield greater than 4 kcalories per gram?
a. Plant fats
b. Plant carbohydrates
c. Plant proteins
d. Animal proteins
7. Which of the following contain no calories?
a. Alcohol
b. Proteins
c. Carbohydrates
d. Vitamins
8. Which one of the following is a carbohydrate?
a. apples
b. chicken
c. potatoes
d. both a and c
9. Which of the following is a protein?
a. apples
b. chicken
c. potatoes
d. both a and c
10. Which of the following is a lipid?
a. oils
b. fat
c. cholesterol
d. all the above
11. Fats:
a. Regulate body temperature b. protect organs
c. produce energy d. All of the Above
12. Water is _____ of a person's total body weight.
a. 40% b. 65%-75%
c. 10% - 20% d. None of the above
13. When looking at the ingredient label of a bottled spaghetti sauce, you see that olive oil is the second ingredient. This means that
a. Olive oil is the second ingredient by alphabetical listing
b. Olive oil is just one of the ingredients present in the sauce
c. Olive oil is the second ingredient by weight
d. Olive oil is the second ingredient by amount present in the sauce
14. How many kcalories are provided by a 2-oz brownie with icing? Its nutrient composition is 1g of protein, 5g of fat, and 15g of carbohydrates
a. 89
b. 109
c. 84
d. 159
15. Which of the following provides the most kcalories?
a. 5g carbohydrate
b. 3g fat
c. 4g protein
d. 2g alcohol
16. One-half of a mashed potato with milk contains 2g of protein, 1g of fat, and 14g of carbohydrate. What percentage of the total kcalorie content is provided by carbohydrates
a. 19%
b. 72%
c. 82%
d. 77%
17. True or False: A nutrition facts label can list 0 grams of fat even if the food does in fact contain some fat.
.
1. The process by which one group takes on the cultural and other .docxcuddietheresa
1. The process by which one group takes on the cultural and other traits of a larger group is called _______. (1 point)
assimilation
pluralism
culture
integration
2. Chinatown in San Francisco and Little Havana in Miami are examples of _______. (1 point)
assimilation
pluralism
culture
integration
3. The Salad Bowl analogy of U.S. society states that (1 point)
ethnic groups living in the United States retain unique features, but also contribute to American culture as a whole.
all ethnic groups’ cultures have melted overtime into one distinct culture.
ethnic groups are entirely separated in U.S. society and have no influence upon one another.
immigrants must abandon their traditions to be successful in U.S. society.
4. A form of government in which a king or queen acts as head of state while parliament makes legislation is called a ________. (1 point)
monarchy
democracy
democratic parliament
constitutional monarchy
5. Based on the text, what was the African diaspora? (1 point)
the transporting of Africans to the New World for slave labor
the dispersion of Africans during and after the trans-Atlantic slave trade
the multiculturalism of African American colonies in the New World
the assimilation of African culture into that of the United States
6. Which is the term for a completely structured language that develops from a blending of native languages and introduced languages? (1 point)
Pidgin
Creole
Esperanto
Dialect
7. Which movement was initiated in the 1960s by Quebecer Réne Lévesque? (1 point)
a movement to give indigenous people their own province
a movement to make French the official language of Canada
an initiative to put an end to all immigration into Canada
a movement to make Quebec an independent sovereignty
8. Which U.S. city is best known for celebrating the tradition of Mardi Gras? (1 point)
San Francisco
New York City
New Orleans
Miami
9. Which country is responsible for laying Canada’s cultural foundation? (1 point)
Great Britain
France
The United States
Germany
10. Which group makes up the largest segment of the Mexican population? (1 point)
Spanish
Indigenous peoples
Mestizos
Aztecs
.
1. Milestone InvestingCompare and contrast the interests of .docxcuddietheresa
1. Milestone Investing
Compare and contrast the interests of entrepreneurs and investors to the concept of milestone investing? Is there the potential for conflict of interest? How can conflict be resolved? Respond to two of your classmates’ postings.
2. NVCA
Explore the website of the National Venture Capital Association. Briefly review the membership list and the focus of the venture funding association. Discuss the economic importance of venture backed companies to the U.S. Economy. Provide examples. Respond to two of your classmates’ postings.
.
1. All dogs are warm-blooded. All warm-blooded creatures are mamm.docxcuddietheresa
1.
All dogs are warm-blooded. All warm-blooded creatures are mammals. Hence, all dogs are mammals.
True or False: The sentence, “Hence, all dogs are mammals,” is a premise in this argument. (Points : 1)
.
1-3 Final Project Milestone #1 ProposalThroughout this course.docxcuddietheresa
1-3 Final Project Milestone #1: Proposal
Throughout this course you will be asked to make wiki posts about a company in which you are a stakeholder. Before you can make your first post (due next week), you must submit a proposal to your instructor below.
This 1–2 page proposal must:
Identify the company you have selected
Give a brief synopsis of the company, summarizing its purpose and goals
State your rationale and reason for selecting this company
Describe your role as a stakeholder in this company
Describe at least three other stakeholders and their relationship to the company you have selected
Conclusion: what you hope to gain/understand as you research about this company
After the handshake is agreed upon, I will give the comany that I have chosen. Paper must be:
1-2 page APA.
Pass Turnitin
Received on or before the deadline.
.
1-Please explain Ethical Universalism. Should organizations be socia.docxcuddietheresa
1-Please explain Ethical Universalism. Should organizations be socially responsible to their stakeholders?
2
What factors go into putting together a Strong Management Team?
3-
Please discuss how Benchmarking by adopting Best Practices of other companies and enacting Continuous Improvement aids in Organizational Performance.
4-
How does an organization develop an High Performance Culture?
.
1-an explanation of why the Marbury v. Madison case is a landmar.docxcuddietheresa
1-an explanation of why the
Marbury v. Madison
case is a landmark decision. Then briefly describe the Supreme Court case you reviewed and explain the significance of the
Marbury v. Madison
decision on the outcomes of the case. Be specific.
Note: Put the name of the Supreme Court case you reviewed in the first line of your post. You will be asked to respond to a colleague who selected a different Supreme Court case than you did.
Powers of the Supreme Court
There are a number of Supreme Court cases that have significantly impacted law and public policy. As you progress through the course, you will review many of these cases. For this Discussion, you are asked to consider the significance of the
Marbury v. Madison
case.
In the presidential election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson defeated the incumbent president, John Adams, a Federalist. Before John Adams left office, he appointed judges and justices of the peace for the District of Columbia who also were Federalists. All of the appointments for the new judges and justices of the peace were approved in a mass Senate hearing. However, four of the justices of the peace did not receive their commissions before John Adams’ presidency was over. One of these justices of the peace, William Marbury, petitioned the Supreme Court to force James Madison, the new Secretary of State under Jefferson, to deliver his commission. Marbury cited the Judiciary Act of 1789 which gave the Supreme Court the power to take such an action. In the end, Chief Justice John Marshall of the Supreme Court declared that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional and then denied Marbury’s petition.
This decision was the first time in history that the Supreme Court deemed a legislative act to be unconstitutional. As a direct result of the case, the concept of judicial review was established and the checks and balances of the U.S. Government were further defined.
2-a brief explanation of the Supreme Court’s role in policy making. Then describe two strengths and two limitations of the Supreme Court’s role in policy making.
Role of the Supreme Court in Policy Making
While the U.S. Supreme Court is extremely powerful, theoretically, it is not able to create law or public policy in the way that Congress or the President does. However, the Supreme Court is able to review public policies or laws that are disputed and determine their constitutionality. Supreme Court justices must determine which cases or disputes to hear and then determine if the laws or policies in such cases are constitutional. If they rule that the laws or policies are unconstitutional, they make recommendations about how the laws or policies should be changed or adapted. In this way, the Supreme Court engages in policy making.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the Preface and Introduction in the course text,
Landmark Supreme Court Cases: The Most Influential Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Consider the history of the Supreme Court a.
1-Discuss research that supports the hypothesis that a person’s ac.docxcuddietheresa
1-Discuss research that supports the hypothesis that a person’s action in the environment affects depth perception.
2-Name and discuss two characteristics of optic flow.
3-What is optic ataxia? Describe the method, results, and implications of the research by Schindler on optic ataxia patients
4-Contrast the three types of dichromatism, in regard to rates, neutral points, color experience, and proposed physiological cause.
5-Name, define, and give an example (in words) of six pictorial depth cues.
Due Sunday by 5PM
.
1-Imagine you are a historian, and the only existing sources of evid.docxcuddietheresa
1-Imagine you are a historian, and the only existing sources of evidence
regarding the conquest are documents from Indigenous sources. What can we
conclude by analyzing the Florentine Codex, the Annals of Tlatelolco, as well
as the excerpts from Oaxaca and Yucatan that best describes the conquest
from the perspective of the Indigenous population?
2-In 1844, U. S. President James K. Polk ran on a Democratic platform that
supported manifest destiny. Manifest Destiny is the idea that Americans were
predestined to occupy the entire North American continent. The last act of
Polk's predecessor, John Tyler, had been to annex the Republic of Texas in
1845. Polk wanted to lay claim to California, New Mexico, and land near the
disputed southern border of Texas. Mexico, however, was not so eager to let
go of these territories. What ensued later is referred in the historical records as
the Mexican American War. Examine the causes that precipitated the
Mexican American War, as well as the end result of this conflict.
.
1-How does relative humidity affect the comfort of people Can you e.docxcuddietheresa
1-How does relative humidity affect the comfort of people? Can you explain the physiological reasons for this?
2-The diurnal (daily) relationship between temperature and humidity is such that the lowest humidity should occur in the afternoon hours. It is during these times, however, when it often seems to be most humid and uncomfortable. What could be the reason for this
perceived
inconsistency?
3- When dew forms on outdoor objects, can it be assumed that the atmosphere is saturated? If so, why is there often no fog accompanying the dew?
4-
Can you think of any agents or circumstances that may cause the mixing ratio in a room to change?
.
1-1) In general, what is the effect of one party being mistaken abou.docxcuddietheresa
1-1) In general, what is the effect of one party being mistaken about the subject matter of
a contract?
a. The mistaken party can rescind the contract.
b. Either party can rescind the contract, and the mistaken party can recover damages.
c. Neither party can rescind the contract or recover damages.
d. Either party can rescind the contract and/or recover damages.
e. Either party can rescind the contract.
2-5) In Wilson v. Western National Life Insurance Company, involving the party who lied
allegedly regarding prior drug abuse in order to obtain life insurance, what was
the holding of the court when the party later died from a drug overdose?
Unit 3 Examination
a. The life insurance company had to pay the proceeds because if the plaintiff’s medical
records had been consulted, the drug abuse would have been discovered.
b. The life insurance did not have to pay the proceeds only because the deceased’s wife
was unaware of the misrepresentation.
c. The life insurance had to pay the proceeds because the deceased’s wife actually paid
the premiums.
d. The life insurance company had to pay the proceeds because the plaintiff was not
using drugs during the time the application for insurance was made.
e. The life insurance company did not have to pay the proceeds because of the concealment
of the drug abuse.
3-8) Frank had a bicycle that he advertised for sale, honestly believing it to be a 1999
model even though it was actually a 1996 model. There were significant improvements
in the frame material, not readily apparent, made between 1996 and 1999 to
this model bicycle. The buyer believed Frank’s statement that it was a 1999 model,
and was excited to be getting a model incorporating the improvements. After discovering
that the bike was actually a 1996 model, the buyer could avoid the contract on
the basis of:
a. unilateral mistake.
b. fraud.
c. mutual mistake.
d. B and C.
e. none of the above.
Unit 3 Examination
Business Law
4-9) The owner of a gym tells Ruppert that if he joins the gym for a year and hires a personal
trainer, his body will be more attractive to women and his life will change forever.
Ruppert joins and hires a personal trainer, but otherwise his life remains the
same. The statements of the gym owner could be described as:
a. statements of fact.
b. statements of opinions.
c. predictions about the future.
d. both B and C.
e. A, B and C.
5-10) Which of the following is the false statement?
a. A legal right arising from a breach of contract may be assigned.
b. The same right can be assigned more than once.
c. You must get everyone’s consent to make a novation.
d. Purely mechanical duties are not delegable.
e. There is a guarantor in a delegation.
6-11) When there has been an assignment of rights under a contract, who has a duty to
notify the obligor of the assignment?
a. The assignor.
b. The assignee.
c. Both the assignor and the assignee.
d. Neither the assignor nor the assi.
1- How did the United States become involved in the politics of Sout.docxcuddietheresa
1- How did the United States become involved in the politics of Southeast Asia? Describe two key decisions that escalated American involvement and determine their impact. How did a lack of political clarity in declaring the war’s objectives affect the military’s ability to fight?
2-
• Describe how students mobilized to protest in the 1960s. Why did student activism become so visible at this time?
200 words minimum.
.
1- I need someone who read the book (V for Vendetta) and saw the mov.docxcuddietheresa
1- I need someone who read the book (V for Vendetta) and saw the movie V.
2- The essay will be about the difference between Evey in the book and Evey in the movie.
3- The thesis will be
( Evey has big part in the story of V, but there is a big different in her character between the movie and the book ).
.
1- Define arbitration.2- Who is responsible for paying an arbitr.docxcuddietheresa
1- Define arbitration.
2- Who is responsible for paying an arbitrator’s fee?
3- When are punitive damages awarded?
4- What is the best for business necessity?
5- Do entities today use "constructive discharge" as a way to get rid of people so that they do not have to adhere to the WARN act?
.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Discussion 1 post responses.Please respond to the following.docx
1. Discussion 1 post responses.
Please respond to the following:
LG’s post states the following:Top of Form
"When Problem Decomposition is not Easy"
Consider the development of a simple mobile application that
displays personal financial management video clips selected
from a central repository. Discuss how you would
systematically analyze the requirements of this application and
identify its problem components.
Using a spiral process of stakeholder engagement which
includes understanding the business objectives or needs the
application is to provide. Next, looking at the requirements
gathering process, whereby sitting with the stakeholders and
customers to define those needs, understanding the assumptions
and constraints, expectations, and coming up with a conceptual
model both from a business and system design. Using the
model as a base, the requirements will be developed into a high-
level requirement set, where they are broken into the logical
grouping, such as business, user, functional, non-functional, and
transitional segments. Next, the requirements will be viewed
with the stakeholders and customers, to address priority, need
vs. want, and addressing any ambiguous requirements to gain
clarity for completeness.
Explain how software engineering would help you identify the
components and their interconnections.
Software engineering helps identify the components and their
interconnections because the approach requires identification of
components such as hardware, software, users, tasks, and
databases, amongst other pieces to be determined and
2. understand how each will interact with the others. Some
boundaries must be known that similar to the scope of a project
to help provide a context on what is in or out. It includes things
like the activities that will be performed and the entities
associated with the activities. Understanding these provide the
developers in the design and development process. For
example, the above mention contextual design or model can be
used or provide a reference to things like architectural design,
displaying these components and interconnections on paper (or
visual drawing) to help articulate the boundaries, activities, and
entities for the system.
Phleeger, S. L., Atlee, J. M. (2009-02-01). Software
Engineering: Theory and Practice, 4th Edition [VitalSource
Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from vbk://9781323089309
Pochimcherla, A., Pochimcherlahttp, A., & Pochimcherla, A.
(2018, January 26). Computer science basics - Decomposition -
break a problem into smaller. Retrieved
from http://steamism.com/compsci-decomposition/.
SP’s post states the following:Top of Form
"When Problem Decomposition is not Easy" Please respond to
the following: Consider the development of a simple mobile
application that displays personal financial management video
clips selected from a central repository. Discuss how you would
systematically analyze the requirements of this application and
identify its problem components.
In some cases, customers prefer to have an automated system
rather than one that is manual. Taking this route would be good
for production since this is one less task that they are required
to do.
Another circumstance may be that a customer prefers a system
to do something that is unique that will tailor to their own
3. needs. Regardless of the function, the system will have a
purpose with a goal in mind (Pfleefer & Atlee, 2010).
The requirement is what is desired by the customer (Pfleefer &
Atlee, 2010). Since the requirements deal directly with objects
and entities, functions are created to change the state of the
characteristics (Pfleefer & Atlee, 2010).
Since the mobile application displays financial management
video clips selected from a repository, one of the ideal
requirements would be how often the videos are pulled from the
central repository. Another questionable requirement would be
what time of day are the videos delivered. Also, what storage
space would need to be identified since many videos will be
available. How long should the videos be available? Would
these videos be available on the internet or would it only be
available on the intranet?
All of these concerns are specific functions that are required to
meet the goal of the system.
Key entities would place limitations and define relations among
users (Pfleefer & Atlee, 2010). For instance, one individual (or
several individuals), may be authorized for uploading the initial
videos, whereas other individuals may be limited to viewing the
videos.
Explain how software engineering would help you identify the
components and their interconnections.
Software engineering would help identify the components and
their interconnections by identifying characteristics that the
software solution must carry. Characteristics such as high
reliability, maintenance, fast response time, and design
constraints. Design constraints could hinder a solution and this
would need to be identified.
Another hindrance is process constraint, which could also limit
4. the methods and resources that can be used to meet the end goal
of the product (Pfleefer & Atlee, 2010).
Reference:
Pfleeger, S. L., & Atlee, J. M. (2012). Software Engineering
Theory and Practice. Johanneshov: TPB.
Discussion 2 post responses.
Please respond to the following:
LG’s post states the following:Top of Form
Commercial off the Shelf (COTS)" Please respond to the
following:
From the e-Activity, describe at least two COTS packages that
you identified through your research. Explain their purposes,
the components they contain, and the kind of applications that
could be developed using these COTS packages.
There are several COTS packages on the market for both small
businesses, large corporations, and government. These
packages have been widely used for the availability of standard
processes that have built-in functionality and capabilities that
can be integrated into the business for use. Many COTS
packages are used for financial, data or office processing or
computer utilities.. Two examples of COTS packages are:
1. Microsoft Office is a COTS product that is intended as a
solution for businesses. It comes with a variety of applications,
such as WORD for word processing, EXCEL for spreadsheets,s,
and PowerPoint for presentation. The Office product is similar
to Office365; however, Office365 is commonly referred to as a
cloud solution or Software as a Service, which is different from
a COTS product.
2. SAP [Systems Applications and Products in Data Processing]
is another COTS product. SAP is a financial and business
solution used for Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and data
5. management that helps businesses manage financial, logistics,
and HR.
Consider a situation where you are working in the gaming
industry as a software engineer and your company is pushing
toward utilizing COTS software components. Your supervisor
has asked you to develop a counter proposal outlining the
reasons why all software development should stay in-house.
Explain how you would justify using an in-house software
development strategy over using COTS commercial components.
COTS solutions are useful resources for businesses to leverage
a package that can perform routine tasks without having to
develop an in-house solution for transactions that are common
for most organizations. However, all COTS solutions are not
'turn-key' where everything works as soon as its installed and
turned on. COTS solutions may have interstices that may not
work with the existing in-house systems; therefore, they will
require additional work, such as interfaces or a manual
workaround, to be considered for optimal performance. In
addition to the development of one or more interfaces, or
resulting in manual workarounds, other reasons to consider for
using in-house software development strategy include:
· Cost for the license for a specific period of use
· Cost per user
· Potential of the vendor going out of business or transfer
ownership to another entity, e.g., overseas, more significant
volume vendor or vendor outside the market of the solution
· Customization (which can be costly)
· Site installation, including maintenance or subscription cost
· Additional support desk cost (people, training, resources)
· Training (staff, customers)
· Change in requirements
· Delivery time
· Control of resources
· Infrastructure and Integration, i.e., legacy systems
6. · Security
References:
Custom Development vs. "Off the Shelf" COTS Software. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://www.winshuttle.com/blog/custom-
development-vs-shelf-cots-software-2/.
Security Considerations in Managing COTS Software. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://www.us-cert.gov/bsi/articles/best-
practices/legacy-systems/security-considerations-in-managing-
cots-software.
NM’s post states the following:Top of Form
From the e-Activity, describe at least two COTS packages that
you identified through your research. Explain their purposes,
the components they contain, and the kind of applications that
could be developed using these COTS packages.
Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) is computer software
products that are ready-made and are readily available for
purchase in the commercial market (ResQSoft, n.d.). This
includes antivirus (i.e. Norton Antivirus, McAfee) or computer
utilities (i.e.word processor, database manager) it is designed to
be used by users across the globe and very reliable.
Consider a situation where you are working in the gaming
industry as a software engineer and your company is pushing
toward utilizing COTS software components. Your supervisor
has asked you to develop a counter-proposal outlining the
reasons why all software development should stay in-house.
Explain how you would justify using an in-house software
development strategy over using COTS commercial
components.
Working with in-house products, the company will have more
control in the gaming product. The requirement for the gaming
product is defined, analyzed, programmed, maintained, and
7. developed using the firm’s resources. The Off-the-shelf
products can be purchased at a retail store, and the customer has
to work with the package as it comes out of the box (Clydebuilt,
2012).
ResQSoft. (n.d.). The Basic of COTS Commercial-off-the-Shelf
Software. Retrieved from https://www.resqsoft.com/basics-cots-
%e2%80%93-commercial-off-the-shelf-software.html
Clydebuilt Business
Solution
s, Ltd. (2012). In-house vs. Off-the-Shelf. Retrieved
from https://Inhouse-VS-Off-the-Shelf-May.pdf
AGuidetothePROJECT
MANAGEMENTBODYOF
KNOWLEDGE
(PMBOK®GUIDE)
SixthEdition
12. oftheirrespectiveowners.Any
rightsnotexpresslygrantedhereinarereserved.
10987654321
NOTICE
The Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI) standards and
guideline
publications, ofwhich thedocument containedherein isone,
aredeveloped
throughavoluntaryconsensus
standardsdevelopmentprocess.Thisprocess
bringstogethervolunteersand/orseeksouttheviewsofpersonswhoha
vean
interest in the topiccoveredby
thispublication.WhilePMIadministers the
process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the
development of
consensus,itdoesnotwritethedocumentanditdoesnotindependently
test,
evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any
information or the
13. soundness of any judgments contained in its standards and
guideline
publications.
PMIdisclaimsliabilityforanypersonalinjury,propertyorotherdama
ges
of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect,
consequential or
compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the
publication, use of
application, or reliance on this document. PMI disclaims and
makes no
guaranty or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy
or
completenessofanyinformationpublishedherein,anddisclaimsand
makes
no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill
any of your
particular purposes or needs. PMI does not undertake to
guarantee the
performanceof any individualmanufacturer or seller’s products
or services
byvirtueofthisstandardorguide.
Inpublishingandmakingthisdocumentavailable,PMIisnotundertak
14. ing
to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any
person or
entity, nor is PMI undertaking to perform any duty owed by any
person or
entitytosomeoneelse.Anyoneusingthisdocumentshouldrelyonhiso
rher
ownindependentjudgmentor,asappropriate,seektheadviceofacom
petent
professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in
any given
circumstances. Informationandotherstandardson the
topiccoveredby this
publicationmaybeavailablefromothersources,whichtheusermaywi
shto
consultforadditionalviewsorinformationnotcoveredbythispublica
tion.
PMIhasnopower,nordoes itundertake
topoliceorenforcecompliance
with the contents of this document. PMI does not certify, test,
or inspect
products, designs, or installations for safety or health purposes.
Any
certification or other statement of compliance with any health or
15. safety-
related information in thisdocument shallnotbeattributable
toPMIand is
solelytheresponsibilityofthecertifierormakerofthestatement.
TABLEOFCONTENTS
PART1.
AGUIDETOTHEPROJECTMANAGEMENTBODYOF
KNOWLEDGE(PMBOK®Guide)
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1OverviewandPurposeofthisGuide
1.1.1TheStandardforProjectManagement
1.1.2CommonVocabulary
1.1.3CodeofEthicsandProfessionalConduct
1.2FoundationalElements
80. Projectmanagement isnotnew. Ithasbeen inuse
forhundredsofyears.
Examplesofprojectoutcomesinclude:
PyramidsofGiza,
Olympicgames,
GreatWallofChina,
TajMahal,
Publicationofachildren’sbook,
PanamaCanal,
Developmentofcommercialjetairplanes,
Poliovaccine,
Humanbeingslandingonthemoon,
Commercialsoftwareapplications,
Portabledevicestousetheglobalpositioningsystem(GPS),and
PlacementoftheInternationalSpaceStationintoEarth’sorbit.
The outcomes of these projects were the result of leaders
andmanagers
applying project management practices, principles, processes,
tools, and
techniques to theirwork. Themanagers of these projects used a
set of key
skills and applied knowledge to satisfy their customers and
81. other people
involved in and affected by the project. By the mid-20th
century, project
managersbegantheworkofseekingrecognitionforprojectmanageme
ntasa
profession. One aspect of this work involved obtaining
agreement on the
content of the body of knowledge (BOK) called
projectmanagement. This
BOK became known as the Project Management Body of
Knowledge
(PMBOK).TheProjectManagement Institute
(PMI)producedabaselineof
chartsandglossariesforthePMBOK.Projectmanagerssoonrealizedt
hatno
singlebookcouldcontaintheentirePMBOK.Therefore,PMIdevelop
edand
published A Guide to the Project Management Body of
Knowledge
(PMBOK®Guide).
PMI defines the projectmanagement body of knowledge
82. (PMBOK) as a
term that describes the knowledge within the profession of
project
management. The projectmanagement body of knowledge
includes proven
traditional practices that are widely applied as well as
innovative practices
thatareemergingintheprofession.
The body of knowledge (BOK) includes both published and
unpublished
materials. This body of knowledge is constantly evolving. This
PMBOK®
Guideidentifiesasubsetoftheprojectmanagementbodyofknowledg
ethat
isgenerallyrecognizedasgoodpractice.
Generallyrecognizedmeanstheknowledgeandpracticesdescribed
are applicable to most projects most of the time, and there is
consensusabouttheirvalueandusefulness.
Goodpracticemeansthereisgeneralagreementthattheapplication
of the knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project
management processes can enhance the chance of success over
many projects in delivering the expected business values and
results.
83. Theprojectmanagerworkswiththeprojectteamandotherstakeholder
sto
determine and use the appropriate generally recognized good
practices for
each project.Determining the appropriate combination of
processes, inputs,
tools,techniques,outputsandlifecyclephasestomanageaprojectisre
ferred
toas“tailoring”theapplicationoftheknowledgedescribedinthisguid
e.
ThisPMBOK®Guideisdifferentfromamethodology.Amethodolog
yisa
system of practices, techniques, procedures, and rules used by
those who
work in a discipline. This PMBOK® Guide is a foundation upon
which
organizationscanbuildmethodologies,policies,procedures, rules,
toolsand
techniques,andlifecyclephasesneededtopracticeprojectmanageme
nt.
1.1.1THESTANDARDFORPROJECTMANAGEMENT
This guide is based on The Standard for Project Management
84. [1]. A
standardisadocumentestablishedbyanauthority,custom,orgeneral
consent
asamodelorexample.AsanAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(A
NSI)
standard, The Standard for Project Management was developed
using a
process based on the concepts of consensus, openness, due
process, and
balance.TheStandardforProjectManagementisafoundationalrefer
encefor
PMI’s project management professional development programs
and the
practice of project management. Because project management
needs to be
tailored to fit the needs of the project, the standard and the
guide are both
basedondescriptive practices, rather thanprescriptive practices.
Therefore,
the standard identifies the processes that are considered good
practices on
85. most projects,most of the time.The standard also identifies the
inputs and
outputs that are usually associatedwith those processes. The
standard does
notrequirethatanyparticularprocessorpracticebeperformed.TheSt
andard
for Project Management is included as Part II of A Guide to the
Project
ManagementBodyofKnowledge(PMBOK®Guide).
ThePMBOK®Guide providesmoredetail aboutkeyconcepts,
emerging
trends, considerations for tailoring the project management
processes, and
information on how tools and techniques are applied to projects.
Project
managers may use one or more methodologies to implement the
project
managementprocessesoutlinedinthestandard.
Thescopeofthisguideislimitedtothedisciplineofprojectmanageme
nt,
ratherthanthefullspectrumofportfolios,programs,andprojects.Port
folios
andprogramswillbeaddressedonlytothedegreetheyinteractwithpro
87. 1.1.3CODEOFETHICSANDPROFESSIONALCONDUCT
PMIpublishes theCodeofEthicsandProfessionalConduct [5] to
instill
confidenceintheprojectmanagementprofessionandtohelpanindivi
dualin
makingwisedecisions,particularlywhenfacedwithdifficultsituatio
nswhere
theindividualmaybeaskedtocompromisehisorherintegrityorvalues
.The
values that the global project management community defined
as most
important were responsibility, respect, fairness, and honesty.
The Code of
EthicsandProfessionalConductaffirmsthesefourvaluesasitsfounda
tion.
TheCode of Ethics and Professional Conduct includes both
aspirational
standards andmandatory standards. The aspirational standards
describe the
conduct
88. thatpractitioners,whoarealsoPMImembers,certificationholders,
or volunteers, strive to uphold. Although adherence to the
aspirational
standards is not easily measured, conduct in accordance with
these is an
expectationfor thosewhoconsider themselvestobeprofessionals—
it isnot
optional.Themandatorystandardsestablish firmrequirementsand,
insome
cases,
limitorprohibitpractitionerbehavior.PractitionerswhoarealsoPMI
members, certification holders, or volunteers and who do not
conduct
themselvesinaccordancewiththesestandardswillbesubjecttodiscip
linary
proceduresbeforePMI’sEthicsReviewCommittee.
1.2FOUNDATIONALELEMENTS
Thissectiondescribesfoundationalelementsnecessaryforworkingi
nand
understandingthedisciplineofprojectmanagement.
1.2.1PROJECTS
Aproject isa temporaryendeavorundertaken
89. tocreateauniqueproduct,
service,orresult.
Unique product, service, or result. Projects are undertaken to
fulfillobjectivesbyproducingdeliverables.Anobjectiveisdefined
as an outcome toward which work is to be directed, a strategic
position to be attained, a purpose to be achieved, a result to be
obtained,aproducttobeproduced,oraservicetobeperformed.A
deliverable isdefinedasanyuniqueandverifiableproduct, result,
orcapabilitytoperformaservicethatisrequiredtobeproducedto
completeaprocess,phase,orproject.Deliverablesmaybetangible
orintangible.
Fulfillment of project objectives may produce one or more of
the
followingdeliverables:
Auniqueproductthatcanbeeitheracomponentofanotheritem,
an enhancement or correction to an item, or a new end item in
itself(e.g.,thecorrectionofadefectinanenditem);
A unique service or a capability to perform a service (e.g., a
businessfunctionthatsupportsproductionordistribution);
Auniqueresult,suchasanoutcomeordocument(e.g.,aresearch
project that develops knowledge that can be used to determine
90. whetheratrendexistsoranewprocesswillbenefitsociety);and
Auniquecombinationofoneormoreproducts,services,orresults
(e.g., a software application, its associated documentation, and
helpdeskservices).
Repetitive elements may be present in some project deliverables
and
activities. This repetition does not change the fundamental and
unique
characteristicsoftheprojectwork.Forexample,officebuildingscanb
e
constructed with the same or similar materials and by the same
or
different teams.However, eachbuildingproject remains unique in
key
characteristics (e.g., location, design, environment, situation,
people
involved).
Projectsareundertakenatallorganizationallevels.Aprojectcaninvol
ve
a single individual or a group. A project can involve a single
91. organizational unit or multiple organizational units from
multiple
organizations.
Examplesofprojectsincludebutarenotlimitedto:
Developinganewpharmaceuticalcompoundformarket,
Expandingatourguideservice,
Mergingtwoorganizations,
Improvingabusinessprocesswithinanorganization,
Acquiringandinstallinganewcomputerhardwaresystemforuse
inanorganization,
Exploringforoilinaregion,
Modifyingacomputersoftwareprogramusedinanorganization,
Conductingresearchtodevelopanewmanufacturingprocess,and
Constructingabuilding.
Temporaryendeavor. The temporary nature of projects indicates
thataprojecthasadefinitebeginningandend.Temporarydoesnot
necessarily mean a project has a short duration. The end of the
projectisreachedwhenoneormoreofthefollowingistrue:
Theproject’sobjectiveshavebeenachieved;
Theobjectiveswillnotorcannotbemet;
Funding is exhaustedor no longer available for allocation to the
92. project;
The need for the project no longer exists (e.g., the customer no
longerwantstheprojectcompleted,achangeinstrategyorpriority
ends the project, the organizational management provides
directiontoendtheproject);
Thehumanorphysicalresourcesarenolongeravailable;or
Theprojectisterminatedforlegalcauseorconvenience.
Projectsare temporary,but
theirdeliverablesmayexistbeyondtheend
oftheproject.Projectsmayproducedeliverablesofasocial,economic
,
material, or environmental nature. For example, a project to
build a
national monument will create a deliverable expected to last for
centuries.
Projects drive change. Projects drive change in organizations.
From a business perspective, a project is aimed at moving an
organization from one state to another state in order to achieve
a
specific objective (see Figure 1-1). Before the project begins,
93. the
organization iscommonlyreferred toasbeing in thecurrentstate.
Thedesiredresultof thechangedrivenbytheproject isdescribed
asthefuturestate.
Forsomeprojects,thismayinvolvecreatingatransitionstatewhere
multiple steps are made along a continuum to achieve the future
state. The successful completion of a project results in the
organizationmoving to the future state and achieving the
specific
objective. For more information on project management and
change,seeManagingChangeinOrganizations:APracticeGuide
[6].
Projects enable business value creation. PMI defines business
value as the net quantifiable benefit derived from a business
endeavor. The benefit may be tangible, intangible, or both. In
business analysis, business value is considered the return, in the
form of elements such as time, money, goods, or intangibles in
return for something exchanged (see Business Analysis for
Practitioners:APracticeGuide,p.185[7]).
Business value in projects refers to the benefit that the results
94. of a
specific project provide to its stakeholders. The benefit from
projects
maybetangible,intangible,orboth.
Examplesoftangibleelementsinclude:
Monetaryassets,
Stockholderequity,
Utility,
Fixtures,
Tools,and
Marketshare.
Examplesofintangibleelementsinclude:
Goodwill,
Brandrecognition,
Publicbenefit,
Trademarks,
Strategicalignment,and
Reputation.
ProjectInitiationContext.Organizationalleadersinitiateprojects
in response to factors acting upon their organizations. There are
95. four fundamental categories for these factors, which illustrate
the
contextofaproject(seeFigure1-2):
Meetregulatory,legal,orsocialrequirements;
Satisfystakeholderrequestsorneeds;
Implementorchangebusinessortechnologicalstrategies;and
Create,improve,orfixproducts,processes,orservices.
Thesefactorsinfluenceanorganization’songoingoperationsandbus
iness
strategies.Leadersrespondtothesefactorsinordertokeeptheorganiz
ation
viable.Projectsprovidethemeansfororganizationstosuccessfullym
akethe
changesnecessarytodealwiththesefactors.Thesefactorsultimatelys
hould
link to thestrategicobjectivesof theorganizationand
thebusinessvalueof
eachproject.
96. 1.2.2THEIMPORTANCEOFPROJECTMANAGEMENT
Project management is the application of knowledge, skills,
tools, and
techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.
Project
management is accomplished through the appropriate
application and
integration of the project management processes identified for
the project.
Projectmanagementenablesorganizationstoexecuteprojectseffecti
velyand
efficiently.
Effective project management helps individuals, groups, and
public and
privateorganizationsto:
Meetbusinessobjectives;
Satisfystakeholderexpectations;
Bemorepredictable;
Increasechancesofsuccess;
98. organizations. In
today’s business environment, organizational leaders need to be
able to
manage with tighter budgets, shorter timelines, scarcity of
resources, and
rapidly changing technology.Thebusiness environment is
dynamicwith an
accelerating rate of change. To remain competitive in the world
economy,
companiesareembracingprojectmanagementtoconsistentlydeliver
business
value.
Effectiveandefficientprojectmanagementshouldbeconsideredastr
ategic
competencywithinorganizations.Itenablesorganizationsto:
Tieprojectresultstobusinessgoals,
Competemoreeffectivelyintheirmarkets,
Sustaintheorganization,and
Respondtotheimpactofbusinessenvironmentchangesonprojects
by appropriately adjusting projectmanagement plans (see
100. activitiesmanaged in a coordinatedmanner to obtain benefits not
available
frommanaging them individually. Programs are not large
projects. A very
large project may be referred to as a megaproject. As a
guideline,
megaprojectscostUS$1billionormore,affect1millionormorepeopl
e,and
runforyears.
Someorganizationsmayemploytheuseofaprojectportfoliotoeffecti
vely
managemultipleprogramsandprojectsthatareunderwayatanygiven
time.
A portfolio is defined as projects, programs, subsidiary
portfolios, and
operations managed as a group to achieve strategic objectives.
Figure 1-3
illustrates an exampleofhowportfolios, programs, projects,
andoperations
arerelatedinaspecificsituation.
Program management and portfolio management differ from
project
management in their life cycles, activities, objectives, focus,
101. and benefits.
However,portfolios,programs,projects,andoperationsoftenengage
withthe
samestakeholdersandmayneedtousethesameresources(seeFigure1
-3),
whichmay result in a conflict in the organization. This type of a
situation
increasestheneedforcoordinationwithintheorganizationthroughth
euseof
portfolio,program,andprojectmanagementtoachieveaworkablebal
ancein
theorganization.
Figure1-3 illustrates a sample portfolio structure indicating
relationships
between the programs, projects, shared resources, and
stakeholders. The
portfoliocomponentsaregroupedtogetherinordertofacilitatetheeff
ective
governanceandmanagementoftheworkthathelpstoachieveorganiza
tional
strategies and priorities. Organizational and portfolio planning
impact the
components by means of prioritization based on risk, funding,
and other
102. considerations. The portfolio view allows organizations to see
how the
strategicgoalsarereflectedintheportfolio.Thisportfolioviewalsoen
ables
the implementation and coordination of appropriate portfolio,
program, and
projectgovernance.Thiscoordinatedgovernanceallowsauthorizeda
llocation
ofhuman, financial, andphysical resourcesbasedon
expectedperformance
andbenefits.
Looking at project, program, and portfolio management from an
organizationalperspective:
Program and project management focus on doing programs and
projectsthe“right”way;and
Portfoliomanagement focuses on doing the “right” programs and
projects.
Table 1-2 gives a comparative overview of portfolios, programs,
and
103. projects.
1.2.3.2PROGRAMMANAGEMENT
Programmanagement is defined as the application of knowledge,
skills,
andprinciples
toaprogramtoachievetheprogramobjectivesandtoobtain
benefits and control not available by managing program
components
individually. A program component refers to projects and other
programs
withinaprogram.Projectmanagementfocusesoninterdependencies
withina
projecttodeterminetheoptimalapproachformanagingtheproject.Pr
ogram
managementfocusesontheinterdependenciesbetweenprojectsandb
etween
projects and the program level to determine the optimal
approach for
managing them. Actions related to these program and project-
level
interdependenciesmayinclude:
104. Aligningwith the organizational or strategic direction that
affects
programandprojectgoalsandobjectives;
Allocatingtheprogramscopeintoprogramcomponents;
Managinginterdependenciesamongthecomponentsoftheprogram
tobestservetheprogram;
Managing program risks thatmay impactmultiple projects in the
program;
Resolving constraints and conflicts that affect multiple projects
withintheprogram;
Resolving issues between component projects and the program
level;
Managingchangerequestswithinasharedgovernanceframework;
Allocatingbudgetsacrossmultipleprojectswithintheprogram;and
Assuring benefits realization from the program and component
projects.
Anexampleof aprogram is anewcommunications satellite
systemwith
projects for the design and construction of the satellite and the
ground
105. stations,thelaunchofthesatellite,andtheintegrationofthesystem.
For more information on program management, see The
Standard for
ProgramManagement[3].
1.2.3.3PORTFOLIOMANAGEMENT
A portfolio is defined as projects, programs, subsidiary
portfolios, and
operationsmanagedasagrouptoachievestrategicobjectives.
Portfoliomanagementisdefinedasthecentralizedmanagementofon
eor
moreportfolios to achieve
strategicobjectives.Theprogramsorprojectsof
theportfoliomaynotnecessarilybeinterdependentordirectlyrelated
.
Theaimofportfoliomanagementisto:
Guideorganizationalinvestmentdecisions.
Select theoptimalmixof programs andprojects tomeet strategic
objectives.
Providedecision-makingtransparency.
106. Prioritizeteamandphysicalresourceallocation.
Increasethelikelihoodofrealizingthedesiredreturnoninvestment.
Centralize the management of the aggregate risk profile of all
components.
Portfolio management also confirms that the portfolio is
consistent with
andalignedwithorganizationalstrategies.
Maximizing thevalueof theportfolio
requirescarefulexaminationof the
components that comprise the portfolio. Components are
prioritized so that
thosecontributingthemosttotheorganization’sstrategicobjectivesh
avethe
requiredfinancial,team,andphysicalresources.
Forexample,aninfrastructureorganizationthathasthestrategicobje
ctive
ofmaximizingthereturnonitsinvestmentsmayputtogetheraportfoli
othat
includes a mix of projects in oil and gas, power, water, roads,
107. rail, and
airports. From this mix, the organization may choose to manage
related
projectsasoneportfolio.Allofthepowerprojectsmaybegroupedtoge
ther
as a power portfolio. Similarly, all of the water projects may be
grouped
togetherasawaterportfolio.However,whentheorganizationhasproj
ectsin
designingandconstructingapowerplantandthenoperatesthepowerp
lantto
generateenergy,thoserelatedprojectscanbegroupedinoneprogram.
Thus,
thepowerprogramandsimilarwaterprogrambecomeintegralcompo
nentsof
theportfoliooftheinfrastructureorganization.
For more information on portfolio management, see The
Standard for
PortfolioManagement[2].
1.2.3.4OPERATIONSMANAGEMENT
Operations management is an area that is outside the scope of
formal
108. projectmanagementasdescribedinthisguide.
Operationsmanagementisconcernedwiththeongoingproductionofg
oods
and/or services. It ensures that business operations continue
efficiently by
using the optimal resources needed to meet customer demands.
It is
concerned with managing processes that transform inputs (e.g.,
materials,
components, energy, and labor) into outputs (e.g., products,
goods, and/or
services).
1.2.3.5OPERATIONSANDPROJECTMANAGEMENT
Changes in business or organizational operations may be the
focus of a
project—
especiallywhentherearesubstantialchangestobusinessoperations
as a result of a new product or service delivery. Ongoing
operations are
outsideofthescopeofaproject;however,thereareintersectingpoints
where
thetwoareascross.
110. Portfolios, programs, and projects are aligned with or driven by
organizational strategies and differ in the way each contributes
to the
achievementofstrategicgoals:
Portfolio management aligns portfolios with organizational
strategies by selecting the right programs or projects,
prioritizing
thework,andprovidingtheneededresources.
Program management harmonizes its program components and
controlsinterdependenciesinordertorealizespecifiedbenefits.
Project management enables the achievement of organizational
goalsandobjectives.
Within portfolios or programs, projects are a means of
achieving
organizationalgoalsandobjectives.Thisisoftenaccomplishedinthe
context
ofastrategicplanthat is
theprimaryfactorguidinginvestmentsinprojects.
Alignmentwith the organization’s strategic business goals can
be achieved
through the systematic management of portfolios, programs, and
projects
111. through theapplicationoforganizationalprojectmanagement
(OPM).OPM
is defined as a framework in which portfolio, program, and
project
management are integratedwith organizational enablers in order
to achieve
strategicobjectives.
ThepurposeofOPMistoensurethattheorganizationundertakestheri
ght
projects and allocates critical resources appropriately. OPM
also helps to
ensure that all levels in theorganizationunderstand the
strategicvision, the
initiativesthatsupportthevision,theobjectives,andthedeliverables.
Figure
1-4 shows the organizational environment where strategy,
portfolio,
programs,projects,andoperationsinteract.
For more information on OPM, refer to Implementing
Organizational
ProjectManagement:APracticeGuide[8].
115. opment
life cycle.Development life cycles canbepredictive, iterative,
incremental,
adaptive,orahybridmodel:
In a predictive life cycle, the project scope, time, and cost are
determinedintheearlyphasesofthelifecycle.Anychangestothe
scope are carefully managed. Predictive life cycles may also be
referredtoaswaterfalllifecycles.
Inan iterative lifecycle, theprojectscopeisgenerallydetermined
early in the project life cycle, but time and cost estimates are
routinely modified as the project team’s understanding of the
productincreases.Iterationsdeveloptheproductthroughaseriesof
repeated cycles, while increments successively add to the
functionalityoftheproduct.
Inan incremental lifecycle, thedeliverable isproduced througha
series of iterations that successively add functionality within a
predetermined time frame. The deliverable contains the
necessary
and sufficient capability to be considered complete only after
the
finaliteration.
Adaptivelifecyclesareagile,iterative,orincremental.Thedetailed
116. scope is defined and approved before the start of an iteration.
Adaptive life cycles are also referred to as agile or change-
driven
lifecycles.SeeAppendixX3.
Ahybridlifecycleisacombinationofapredictiveandanadaptive
life cycle. Those elements of the project that are well known or
havefixedrequirementsfollowapredictivedevelopmentlifecycle,
and those elements that are still evolving follow an adaptive
developmentlifecycle.
Itisuptotheprojectmanagementteamtodeterminethebestlifecyclefo
r
eachproject.Theproject lifecycleneeds
tobeflexibleenoughtodealwith
the variety of factors included in the project. Life cycle
flexibilitymay be
accomplishedby:
Identifyingtheprocessorprocessesneededtobeperformedineach
phase,
Performing the process or processes identified in the
appropriate
phase,
Adjusting the various attributes of a phase (e.g., name, duration,
exitcriteria,andentrancecriteria).
117. Project life cycles are independent of product life cycles,
whichmay be
produced by a project. A product life cycle is the series of
phases that
represent theevolutionofaproduct,fromconcept
throughdelivery,growth,
maturity,andtoretirement.
1.2.4.2PROJECTPHASE
A project phase is a collection of logically related project
activities that
culminatesinthecompletionofoneormoredeliverables.Thephasesin
alife
cycle can be described by a variety of attributes. Attributes may
be
measurableanduniquetoaspecificphase.Attributesmayincludebuta
renot
limitedto:
Name(e.g.,PhaseA,PhaseB,Phase1,Phase2,proposalphase),
Number(e.g.,threephasesintheproject,fivephasesintheproject),
118. Duration(e.g.,1week,1month,1quarter),
Resourcerequirements(e.g.,people,buildings,equipment),
Entrance criteria for a project to move into that phase (e.g.,
specified approvals documented, specified documents
completed),
and
Exit criteria for a project to complete a phase (e.g., documented
approvals,completeddocuments,completeddeliverables).
Projects may be separated into distinct phases or
subcomponents. These
phasesorsubcomponentsaregenerallygivennamesthatindicatethet
ypeof
workdoneinthatphase.Examplesofphasenamesincludebutarenotli
mited
to:
Conceptdevelopment,
Feasibilitystudy,
Customerrequirements,