The document provides an overview of digital manufacturing and design technology, highlighting its definition, impacts of the fourth industrial revolution, and various standards like ISO 27001. It discusses the benefits of transitioning to digital manufacturing, including reduced costs and faster product launches, as well as the implications for manufacturing jobs and supply chains. Additionally, it addresses challenges related to the implementation of digital threads and the importance of cybersecurity measures.

1. Digital Manufacturing& Design
Technology
Date :- 05 Apr 2020Created By :- Manish Joshi

2. Introduction to Digital Manufacturing & Design Technology

3. Introduction to Digital Manufacturing & Design

4. What is Digital Manufacturing & Design

5.  What is the best definition of digital manufacturing?
 Integrated, computer based system to simultaneously create product design and manufacturing
process definitions.
 State at least two effects on people due to “The Fourth Industrial Revolution”.
 A few effects of the “The Fourth Industrial Revolution “ on people include a sense of privacy,
notions of ownership, the time devoted to work and leisure.
 In 4.0 industrial revolutions, list all of the interactions possible options.
 In 4.0 industrial revolution, both Human - Machine Interaction and Machine - Machine
are possible

6. Impact on Manufacturing Careers

7.  An example of a job that is at risk of becoming obsolete as a result of digital manufacturing and
design is?
 In the DM&D world, we should expect the use of 3D models to generate product definitions.
Conventional drawings created by drafts persons is likely to be obsolete.
 Which of the following is related to Standard ISO 27001?
 ISO 27001 standard deals with Information Security and Management.
 What is the difference in terms of feedback of employees between traditional and digital
manufacturing?
 In traditional manufacturing operators are seen in open loop perspective. Their focus is on
machine, material and output. There is no opportunity for feedback. In digital manufacturing,
workforce is highly engaged with the creation of the product. Workers should know how to use
analysis tools and advanced machining to efficiently produce products.

8. Factors Behind the Transition to Digital Manufacturing & Design

9.  Which of the following are likely results from transitioning from conventional to digital
manufacturing?
 Below are the results-
1. Reduce unit manufacturing cost - DM&D results in several outcomes that will reduce unit
manufacturing cost. More efficient communication (reduced iterative design), reduced rework,
better use of data that enable proactive decision, etc. are some examples of expected
that will help reduce unit manufacturing cost.
2. Reduce time taken to launch a product (ideation to launch time) - With effective and efficient
data exchange between design and manufacturing functions and the resulting reduction in
iterations in the product development process, product development process will be shorter.
3. Reduced rework - With tools like advanced analysis and intelligent machining that provide the
ability to predict and prevent process failures, rework should go down.

10.  Explain the scenario of increasing wages in United States and China.
 Between 2000 and 2014, the average wage bill in China's manufacturing sector, as well as overall
average wages, increased at a 13.7 percent annual rate. In contrast, the hourly compensation of
manufacturing workers in the United States increased at a 2.9-percent annual rate during the
period, or 0.6 percentage points faster than growth in consumer prices. If these growth rates
to continue, U.S. wages by 2020 would be about 4 times higher than Chinese wages, down
dramatically from 2008 when U.S. wages were 20 times higher than wages in China.
 Both third generation and fourth generation industrial revolution uses computers. What is the
significant difference between their usage?
 In third generation industrial revolution, computers are introduced and are mostly used for basic
calculations. Whereas in fourth generation, scope of computers is increased. They play an
important role in connecting machines and humans. Business models of many industries are
changed due to computers.

11. Data and Procurement Standards

12.  Standards related to digital manufacturing and their respective uses?
 A few standards related to digital manufacturing and their uses are as follows:
1. STEP - Can be used to share product design data.
2. IGES - Can be used to share product design data.
3. MTConnect - Supports capture and sharing of information from machining equipment.
4. MIL standard 31000 A - Define a way to share product model information.
 Is MTConnect can be used as an analyzing tool?
 Yes, MTConnect can be used as an analyzing tool.
 Which of the standard outlines guidelines about product life cycle?
 MIL-STD-31000 provides guidelines on product life cycle.

13. Manufacturing Supply Chain

14.  Common benefits of a digitally-enabled supply chain compared to a traditional supply chain
include?
 Below are the results-
1. Reduce overproduction (and hence inventory costs) - Sharing information on actual demand
dynamically with suppliers will ensure suppliers do not overproduce assuming an excess (yet
existent) demand. This concept is sometimes referred to as the “bull-whip” effect.
2. Reduce rework - Communicating the correct data to suppliers in a dynamic environment,
especially when design changes are made, will ensure suppliers are producing parts to the
design versions at all times; hence reduce reworks and scrap.
3. Launch products faster - With effective and efficient data exchange between customer and all
tiers of the supply chain, and the resulting reduction in iterations in the product development
process, product development process will be shorter..

15.  Explain two ways by which bullwhip effect can be reduced.
 A few ways to reduce bullwhip effect are:
1. Companies must make supply chain decisions more quickly.
2. Companies should increase the frequency but reduce the size of its orders from it’s suppliers.
3. Companies should make sure that inventory is not piled up.
 Digital manufacturing means using more computers to solve the problem.
 Digital manufacturing means ability to take different parts of the manufacturing life cycle and
connect them with data. And use this data to make business decisions.
 Which of the following factors can affect market in a country?
 Rising wages, Lower Productivity Costs and Turnover can all affect the market in a country.

16.  Which of the following can cause bullwhip effect?
 Order batching, Price Fluctuation and Demand forecast updating can all affect bullwhip effect.
 Digital manufacturing is efficient while manufacturing different products with small batches.
 Digital manufacturing is more efficient while manufacturing different products with small batches.
 Which four of the following are stages of Product Lifecycle?
 Planning, Design, Disposal & Support.

17. Introduction to the Digital Thread

18.  State at least two challenges faced while implementing digital thread?
 Below are the challenges faced while implementing digital thread include:
1. Digital thread approach is disruptive.
2. Transformation of manufacturing jobs from skilled workers to smart workers.
3. Information security
 State the components of Digital Manufacturing and Design paradigm?
 The components of Digital Manufacturing and Design paradigm are:
1. Advanced Analysis
2. Intelligent Machining
3. The Digital Manufacturing Commons
4. Advanced Manufacturing Enterprise
5. Digital Manufacturing Security

19. Advanced Analysis

20.  A company ‘X’ is manufacturing 10 batches of shafts. Each batch consists of five shafts. Diameters
of these five shafts are givens as 67 inches, 65 inches, 63 inches, 67 inches, 62 inches. Calculate
mean and mode for this batch?
 Mean = (Sum of values)/No. of values = (67+65+63+67+62)/5 = 64.8 inches.
 The mode is the number that is repeated more often than any other, so 67 is the mode.
 What are 3V’s associated with Big data?
 3V’s associated with big data are Volume, variety and velocity of data.
 Volume refers to the amount of data, variety refers to the number of types of data and velocity
refers to the speed of data processing

21. Intelligent Machining

22.  Which is more useful, Intelligent Machining or Traditional Automatic feedback machines? Explain
why ?
 Intelligent machining is more useful when compared to traditional automatic feedback machines.
Traditional automatic feedback machines execute a model that is stored in the memory. That
means they can not make smart decisions based on the feedback. Whereas intelligent machines,
based on the feedback, they themselves change inputs appropriately to get efficient outputs.
 How can the safety of employees be increased by using intelligent machining?
 By using data collected from intelligent machining sensors, diagnosis and maintenance of the
machines are performed more regularly and accurately. This decreases no. of machine failures.
Hence, increasing safety of employees.

23. Advanced Manufacturing Enterprise

24. Digital Manufacturing Security

25.  State at least two basic security control steps that can be taken to avoid cyber security attacks?
 Basic security steps that can be taken by organizations to avoid cyber security attacks are:
1. Strong Authentication
2. Location of technology asset inventory should be secured
3. Encryption of devices is protected
4. Proper and recoverable backups of the data
5. Email and Internet activity security
 Cyber attacks on an organization are performed only by outsiders?
 According to the IBM survey, only 45% of the cyber attackers are outsiders whereas 32% are
insiders.

26. Thanks