The document discusses the concept of the digital divide, both in terms of access and usage of technology. It addresses how the digital divide has evolved from differences in access to computers and the Internet, to differences in individuals' digital skills and literacy. The document emphasizes that education and policy need to focus on enhancing digital literacy in order to reduce this "second-level digital divide" and promote 21st century skills.

2. Summary of the presentation
This presentation gives an overview about concept and factors causing digital divide
internationally mainly in OECD countries. Initially I will be addressing about the
concept of digital divide (first level to second level) and how the gap in access to
computers and internet is reducing due to broadband access . However, the
literature review shows that new form of digital usage divide is emerging which
widens the gap among individuals digital literacy and multimedia skills .
Later , the presentation focuses on ways to bridge the second level digital divide
trough education and government policies.
Also emphasis is given on enhancing digital literacy skills to create digital native
learners who can use the modern technologies to develop twenty first century skills
to participate actively in modern workplace and knowledge economy.
Graphs, YouTube videos, pictures and diagrams are used to support the digital
divide concept in the presentation.

3. Introduction
Globalisation has enabled new opportunities for individuals to navigate
Information and communication technologies in the internet world. These ICT’s
has led to a shift in the concept of digital divide from digital access divide(first
level digital divide) to digital usage divide(second level digital divide). Access and
use of ICT’s effectively require critical skills such as ability to search, select,
process and apply information but many people lack effective internet skills which
give rise to second level digital divide(Min 2010).Although access to internet is
only a part in bridging the digital divide while crux in bridging this gap is
possible by educating internet users to develop digital literacy that enable them to
be efficiently and effectively multi-tasking with technology with respect to
workplace and global requirements.

4. The digital divide defined by OECD (2001)as the gap between different individuals,
households, business and geographic areas at different socio- economic levels
(age, gender, income, education and culture) with regard to their opportunities to
access Information technology and their use of internet.

5. DIGITAL DIVIDE IS A MAJOR ISSUE

7. Digital divide
Developed / Developing countries
YouTube video shows the impact of digital divide faced by individuals in
developing countries(for instance Africa) where access to computers are still not a
available in many rural areas.
Many of the students in India particularly in rural areas do not have access to
computers or internet as a result lag behind developed country digital native
learners in education, business and accessing ICT’s.
Most of the developed countries are connected to home broadband as compared to
the developing countries .The bar graph in Fig.1 shows that 97.6 % of South Korean
households had a broadband enabled computer as compared to 4.7% Indians.

8. Proportion of households in possession of broadband enabled computers in
selected countries: 2010 –
Source: Euromonitor International from trade sources/national statistics
http://blog.euromonitor.com/2011/02/global-digital-divide-persists-but-is-narrowing-
1.html#sthash.xzzN8AfI.dpuf

9. Factors that has a significant effect on
computer and internet home access
Montagnier and Wirthmann (2011) surveyed that
Geographical Location: Urban people are benefitting from information age
than rural people.
Income: High income households are less prone to digital divide approximately
four times less than that of low income group.
Gender: Being a man also increases the probability of internet intensive user.
Age and education attainment: Belonging to younger generation with high
level of educational qualification has a strong impact on accessing information
and communication technology with internet access.

10. Percentage of U.S. Teenagers Who Use the Internet at
Different Locations
Anywhere At Home At School At Library
All teens 94 89 77 60
Gender
Girls 95 91 76 59
Boys 93 86 78 60
Age (years)
12–14 92 89 71 58
15–17 96 89 82 61
Race/ethnicity
White 96 91 78 59
Black 92 80 83 69
Hispanic 87 85 69 53
Annual household
income ($)
<30,000 86 70 75 72
30,000–49,000 93 86 88 63
50,000–74,000 96 87 72 55
≥75,000 97 99 74 57
Source. Lenhart, Arafeh, Smith, and Macgill (2008) cited in Warschauer &
Matuchniak (2010)

11. Beyond digital divide
Traditionally digital divide is observed as differences between haves and have-nots
regarding access , inequality in computer and internet use whereas currently digital divide
can be observed through differences in individuals online activities and skills to find
information online in efficient and effective ways by using modern technologies
(Montagnier &Wirthmann 2011 ).
Moreover differences in physical access to internet is decreasing due to more broadband
penetration but the differences in skills to use technology is widening among individuals
particularly on the internet usage and digital literacy (Van Deursen & van Dijk, 2014).The
predictors for differences in internet usage, access and skills as researched by Van Deursen
& van Dijk (2014) are gender, age, education, internet experience, income, employ status
and culture.
It is very important for modern citizens to acquire digital skills to manage and monitor the
multimedia information in a useful way that can narrow the new digital usage divide.

12. Digital Access To Digital Use Divide
Schools are no more seen as a main source of digital access for vast
majority of students as most of the students go to school already equip with
technical skills due to broadband access at home. Access to computers and
internet is no more a problem in many of the OECD countries as
broadband is diffusing more rapidly at home (OECD 2008). Therefore the
digital access divide decreases but a digital use divide is emerging where
there is a wide gap in digital literacy among people to access, analyse and
evaluate new emerging technologies. Efficient digital skills promote
twenty first century skills of critical thinking, collaboration and
communication which are crucial for ‘digital native’ people to participate
actively in a knowledge driven economy (OECD 2010).

13. Broadband diffusion at home has been increased significantly in ten years (approx. 4%
to 60% in U.S)

14. Internet retailing as a proportion of total retailing market size: 2005 vs 2010
% of total retail value RSP excluding sales tax, in US$ -
Source: http://blog.euromonitor.com/2011/02/global-digital-divide-persists-but-is-narrowing-
1.html#sthash.aezpfkiw.dpuf

15. OECD Report
OECD(2010) reports that schools would be a means of countering the new
form of emerging digital divide related to using technology with advanced skills
to enable digital natives to develop ICT skills that is necessary for global
workplace.
The report says that:
•Education should actively engage students to bridge the gap against the new
form of digital divide through technology supported education innovation. This
will make the new millennium learner better or more effective in the networked
society and economy.
•Education must provide students to enhance 21st century competences to fully
participate in the knowledge economy and society driven by technology.

16. Bridging Digital Divide Gaps
Learners competencies in ICT skills is greatly influenced by learners access
to computer and internet inside and outside the school. Therefore,
educational authorities and policy makers must focus on increasing access
to ICT for all learners and teachers to enhance digital natives twenty first
century skills. However, despite ICT access at school, individual differences
and home access can affect digital natives ways of using technology
effectively to develop workplace skills (Gudmundsdottir 2010).

17. Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Different_Approaches_to_
Educate_the_Digital_Native.jpg

18. Digital native learner

19. source: - http://ictlogy.net/img/posts/0000001771a.png

20. Digital Literacy Make People Active User Of
Technology
The You tube video describes about the modern concept of digital divide and
its impact on education and employment. It also suggest ways to address the
issues of twenty first century digital literacy learners by developing skills to
effectively use ICT .
http://youtu.be/X537MiN6COI?list=PLW8LWUS7iWkXqtNO
ytSkLcuSz7sr4Kcwe

21. Addressing second level digital divide
“Digital literacy”
Changes in society demands new skills, especially those related to internet
which focus on different aspects of internet use hence internet skills are
considered as valuable assets of modern world.
The new digital divide gap can be narrowed only if user’s skill level is developed
in using ICT’s to become digital natives of technology in the modern society. The
issues in digital divide includes quality of access such as speed as well as ease of
access (Min 2010). The new millennium learners can diminish these issues by
enhancing digital literacy. Therefore, as a result of digital media expanding into
the digital society, digital literacy to access, understand and create content using
digital media is mandatory for new millennium learner to participate in digital
culture (Park 2012)

23. References
1. Gudmundsdottir, G.B. 2010,‘From digital divide to digital equity: Learners' ICT
competence in four primary schools in Cape Town, South Africa’, International
Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication
Technology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp.1-22.
2. Min, S. 2010, "From the Digital Divide to the Democratic Divide: Internet Skills,
Political Interest, and the Second-Level Digital Divide in Political Internet
Use", Journal of Information Technology & Politics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 22-35.
3. Montagnier, P & Wirthmann, A 2011, ‘Digital Divide: From Computer Access to
Online Activities - A Micro Data Analysis’, OECD Digital Economy Papers, , no. 189,
pp. 0_1
4. Organisation For Economic Co-O, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development & OECD 2008, OECD information technology outlook
2008, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris.

24. 5.OECD Publishing, Centre for Educational Research and Innovation & OECD 2010,
Are the New Millennium Learners Making the Grade? : Technology Use a0nd
Educational Performance in PISA 2006, OECD Publishing, Paris.
6.OECD 2001, Understanding the Digital Divide, OECD Publishing, Paris.
7. Park, S. 2012, ‘Dimensions of digital media literacy and the relationship with
social exclusion’, Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture &
Policy, , no. 142, pp. 87-100.
8. Van Deursen, A. & van Dijk, J. 2011, ‘Internet skills and the digital divide’, New
Media & Society, vol. 13, no. 6, pp.893-911.
9. Van Deursen, A.J. & van Dijk, J.A. 2014, ‘The digital divide shifts to differences in
usage’, New Media & Society, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 507-526.
10.Warschauer, M., & Matuchniak, T 2010’ New technology and digital worlds:
Analyzing evidence of equity in access, use, and outcomes’, Review of Research in
Education, vol.34, no.1, pp.179-225. doi: 10.3102/0091732x09349791.