The document discusses various types of portable lighting equipment used in film and video production, including their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Redhead and blonde lighting are discussed as simple yet inexpensive lighting options that output 650-1000W and more respectively, but get very hot. Other lighting discussed includes practicals, reflector boards, diffusers, spotlights, and floodlights. The key principles of hard and soft lighting, three-point lighting setups, and color temperature are also summarized.

1. Portable lighting equipment:
Red head lighting is the lighting can normally be used in any media work. It has
a power rating of 650- 1000W and about 800W output. Redheads have open
faces which was designed in the 1970s. Apparently, the redhead is
unmanageable, due to the fact that it needs a different lighting source to be
controlled. However, in today’s era, the redhead is quite futile, as it while it runs,
it begins to heat up and also these bulbs have a short life. The price range for a
redhead is about: £125 to £200 per unit.
The redhead lamps operate at about 3200k- in temperature, therefore, it gives of a
yellow/ orange cast. If you wanted to change the colour of the lighting, you need to use
gels to match whatever type of production you are making, as gels can reduce the
amount of light you receive.
Blonde lighting is lighting that is the bigger version of the redhead. This type of
lighting is mainly the same but it outputs more power, and giving more light. Like
redheads, the blonde becomes very hot in operation which would create an
uncomfortable working environment for those working in it. The blonde has four
barn doors which helps the shape of the light shine is its fixed direction. The price
for this specific type of lighting ranges from about £175 to £1000 per unit.
Advantages of redhead and blonde lighting are that, the designs are quite simple yet
complex, they are quite cheap compared to other light. Disadvantages of redhead and
blonde lighting is that the bulbs blow easily, also, it gets very hot, finally, the lighting
is hard to control as it has a fixed direction.
Practical’s lighting is light sources that are visible within a scene. An example
interior practical’s lighting are lamp or light fixers. Examples of exterior practicals
are street lamps, illuminated signs or light from surrounding buildings.
A reflector boards are materials with a reflective surface on one side. Reflector
boards create a directional light source. They are also used for controlling shadows
and highlight contrasts in different lighting situations. There are many types of
reflector boards: silver, white and gold. In today’s era, there some of the boards are
made from flexible fabric, which provides shape and direction to the subject. Gold
reflector boards provides a light source and it will change the colour temperature of
the light. It is used best to make the skin tone and eye colour more vibrant. When using
a silver reflector board, it adds vitality to white lighting, especially since it bounces
off the subject as it add saturation. The silver reflections provides a cool tone and
offers power. The silver reflectors come in either a glossy or a matte finish. Whereas
the white reflector, provides a neutral light, as it is more versatile. This allows the
subject to have smoother looking skin.
A diffuser/ scrims helps to ‘diffuse’ or spread out light to provide a soft light. In
photography a flash diffuser helps to spread out light from the camera flash. The light
will not diffuse from a concentrated area.

2. Scrims come in a different textures for example, silk however, it becomes dense. Also,
they don’t have to be plugged in just like reflectors. According to
https://www.videomaker.com/article/c13/15437-using-scrims-and-reflectors
Hollywood studios use giant scrims on location to provide soft overhead lighting and
network television crews frequently use overhead scrims on outdoor sets when covering
events like parades or outdoor sporting events. They provide consistent lighting all day
long and best of all they don't make noise, which can interfere with audio.
Studio lighting:
A spotlight is stage lighting which projects a bright beam of light onto a space. They
are controlled by an operator, which tracks and follows the actor. They are located
overhead. According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)
These are the characteristics of a spotlight:
 A strong light source, often a high-intensity
discharge lamp with a high color temperature.
 A lens which can be manually focused.
 A manual device to change the intensity of the
beam, especially when an HID source which
cannot be electronically dimmed, is used.
 An "iris" to adjust the size of the spot/angle of the
beam.
 A color magazine or "boomerang" consisting of
several gel frames which can be swung in front of
the beam.
 Some sort of physical sight to assist in aiming is
sometimes added onto the lamp by the operator.
The best-known spotlights are Super Trouper by Strong
Entertainment Lighting. Also, another brand is Altspot
line by Altman Lighting and Aramis and Ivanhoe lines by
Robert Juliat.
Flood lights are light intensity non-natural lights which are broad-beamed. They are
most often used during field games, such as: football and rugby. Also, they are used in,
concerts and theatre plays. In the top industries, the flood light is essential for stadiums
to have these. However, on some sports grounds, don’t have permit to have floodlights
installed in their grounds. Therefore, they have to use temporary ones.

3. There are types of floodlights that can be used. The common ones to
use is the metal-hailde lamp, they emit a white which is 75-100W. Also,
there are the sodium vapor lamps which are frequently used at sporting
events, which has a high lumen-to-watt ratio, 80–140W. This is what
makes them more cost effective. In today’s era, they have developed
them, by using the new technology of the new LED technology. The
LED floodlights, are able to provide bight enough light, which would
be used for illumination purposes on large sport fields. LED have a
lower power consumption, therefore, it will last longer, and then normal
bulbs such has halogen.
A gobo, helps to control the shape of the light being emitted. They are used in stage
lighting instruments, which manipulates and changes the shape of the light. There are
metal gobos with holes, this allows only an anticipated amount of light to go through,
which casts a different shape on the light on the space.
According to: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)#Materials
Though the term "gobo" has come to generally refer to any device which
produces patterns of light and shadow, and various pieces of equipment that
go before a light (such as a gobo arm or gobo head), in theatrical lighting
applications the term more specifically refers to a device placed in 'the gate'
or at the 'point of focus' between the light source and the lenses (or other
optics).
This is essential as, it will help ensure that the patterns- crisp and have sharp edges
which are projected. Gobos are used with projectors and other light sources. This helps
to create types of lighting for scenes in theatrical application. They are also,
incorporated, in clubs, and music venues as they help to create shadows.
Quality and positioning:
Hard lighting is the quality of light which is produced by neutral or an artificial light.
Types of hard lights are unobscured sun and un-diffused a redhead. They create texture,
also, they create a 3D illusion. They refer to a point of source, like the sun or a redhead
as it produces shadows. Hard light can be used to for a long throw. However, it also
creates a dense, high contrast shadows. However, strong shadows will give your images
dynamics. If it is used poorly, it can produce coarse tonal contrasts.
Soft lighting is a light source which has a big surface area, in comparison to the subject
so it can be wrapped around. Previously, lighting men would have achieved the

4. bouncing effects by climbing on the walls, which was the way of achieving soft
lighting. Soft lighting can abolish texture and not controllable like hard lighting, as it
produces a flat image. Soft lighting is usually being used to fill shadows and to control
the contrasts that are created by the main key light, which would normally be hard.
Other common ways of controlling soft light is by using soft boxes; it is black fabric
boxes with white diffusion material around it.
According to: http://www.dvuser.co.uk/lighting.php these are the advantages and
disadvantages: The advantage of soft boxes is that they produce a lovely soft light
source and they pack away efficiently.
However, setting them up and packing them away can be time consuming, especially
when they have been on a hot Redhead for a few hours as the ring and other metal parts
will be very hot and you will have to wait for them to cool down first; this partly offsets
the portability advantage when compared to something like the fluorescent Kino Flo
Diva-Lite, which produces a lovely soft light and only takes seconds to set up and tear
down.
The key light is a main light that is used on the subject. The key light is
much brighter than the other lights. A fill light is to fill the shadows which
was created by the key light and it also prevents the shot from getting to
dark. The fill light often is positioned at an opposite angle than the key. It
also fills in the colour to match the environment. Finally, the back light is
separate the subject from the background. According to:
http://www.mediacollege.com/lighting/three-point/
 These are the rules for 3 point lighting: If you only have one light, it becomes
the key.
 If you have 2 lights, one is the key and the other is either the fill or the backlight.
Temperature- daylight colour temperatures are mainly found on film sets.
Daylight colours are bluer under toned, it is measured at about 5600K, and
the average colour temperature is white. This colour temperature suggest
that it is balanced which means that the film would be recording white
objects and which would appear natural. However, if you film higher than
5500k the images will be bluer, whereas, if you were to film in lower, the
images would appear more orange toned.
According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature
Colour temperature of the radiation emitted from an ideal black body is
defined as its surface temperature in Kelvin, or alternatively in mired (micro-
reciprocal degrees (Kelvin)). This permits the definition of a standard by
which light sources are compared.
Tungsten light bulbs are lights which run on an electrical current, through a
tungsten filament, then as the filament glows and light is created. When
lighting isn’t colour corrected it tends to be a warm; yellow/orange. It is
essential that there must be a white balance. This will ensure that the colours look rich
and vibrant.

5. When working with lighting there are combinations of tungsten and daylight bulbs. If
this occurs you must decide what type of colour temperature you want to match the
theme so you can balance the camera. If you decide you want a daylight then you would
add the colour temperature of blue. You could need to by a correcting gel and attach it
to your tungsten. However if you want a warm orange/ yellow tone you would an
orange correcting gel.
Directional lighting is when the light is traveling in a specific direction. There are
various types of directional lightings: accent lighting, recessed down lighting and
finally track lighting.
Accent lighting is usually lighting used as it creates mood and atmosphere on a set as it
highlights objects. For example, paintings. These lights usually have a small opening
about 3-5 inches; which creates a concentrated beam. These are mainly used in dining
rooms or foyers.
Track lighting is more flexible form of directional lighting. These tracks are mounted
around the walls or ceiling for the use of construction. However, if a ceiling is lower
than expected then it isn’t permitted to be used. Tracking lights are commonly used in:
galleries, modern kitchens and living rooms.
Finally, recessed down lighting can be installed in your ceiling. This is a good fixture
as it creates a negligible visual distribution on your ceiling as it creates a modern accent.
Some of these recessed down lights can provide more of a directional light. These are
mainly used in kitchens, bathrooms and sometimes living rooms.