Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of concrete and steel reinforcement. François Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Reinforced concrete uses the strengths of both materials - concrete is strong in compression and steel is strong in tension. It is used widely in construction for buildings, bridges, tunnels and other structures due to its high strength and durability.
1) The construction of a slab involves building beams, installing centering and shuttering, laying steel reinforcement in a grid pattern, pouring concrete, and curing.
2) Key steps include constructing beams, erecting temporary supports called centering, installing plywood or metal shuttering, assembling a steel grid from main and distribution bars, pouring and compacting concrete, and curing the slab for at least 21 days before removing supports.
3) Reinforcement is placed in a grid pattern with main steel bars parallel to the longer span and distribution bars parallel to the shorter span, using bar diameters of 6-16mm and maintaining a clear cover of typically 15mm over the reinforcement.
Load bearing vs frame structure(case study)UmairAkhtar26
The document compares the key differences between load bearing and framed structural systems. Load bearing structures use thicker walls that reduce floor area, limit openings, and restrict spans. They are not suitable for tall buildings and have poor earthquake resistance. Framed structures use thinner walls that allow for more floor area and flexibility. Large spans and openings are possible. Framed structures are suitable for tall buildings and have better earthquake resistance.
This document provides details about reinforcing concrete columns and footings. It discusses that columns are vertical members that support loads and transmit them downward. Reinforcement is added to reduce column size and resist compression and bending forces. The main reinforcement runs longitudinally and is arranged in square, rectangular, or circular patterns. Minimum and maximum longitudinal steel requirements are specified. Transverse reinforcement is also included to help position longitudinal bars and confine the concrete.
This document provides information on three types of building construction:
1. Wall bearing or load bearing construction, where walls carry the entire load of the roof and structure down to the foundation. This type is commonly used for residential or 1-2 story buildings and is economical.
2. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) construction, which is used for most high-rise buildings. In RCC, load is transferred from slabs to beams to columns and down to the foundation. Steel bars are embedded in concrete to increase tensile strength. Proper placement and curing of concrete is important.
3. Pre-engineered buildings (PEB), which are designed by manufacturers using standardized materials and fabrication
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of concrete and steel reinforcement. François Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Reinforced concrete uses the strengths of both materials - concrete is strong in compression and steel is strong in tension. It is used widely in construction for buildings, bridges, tunnels and other structures due to its high strength and durability.
1) The construction of a slab involves building beams, installing centering and shuttering, laying steel reinforcement in a grid pattern, pouring concrete, and curing.
2) Key steps include constructing beams, erecting temporary supports called centering, installing plywood or metal shuttering, assembling a steel grid from main and distribution bars, pouring and compacting concrete, and curing the slab for at least 21 days before removing supports.
3) Reinforcement is placed in a grid pattern with main steel bars parallel to the longer span and distribution bars parallel to the shorter span, using bar diameters of 6-16mm and maintaining a clear cover of typically 15mm over the reinforcement.
Load bearing vs frame structure(case study)UmairAkhtar26
The document compares the key differences between load bearing and framed structural systems. Load bearing structures use thicker walls that reduce floor area, limit openings, and restrict spans. They are not suitable for tall buildings and have poor earthquake resistance. Framed structures use thinner walls that allow for more floor area and flexibility. Large spans and openings are possible. Framed structures are suitable for tall buildings and have better earthquake resistance.
This document provides details about reinforcing concrete columns and footings. It discusses that columns are vertical members that support loads and transmit them downward. Reinforcement is added to reduce column size and resist compression and bending forces. The main reinforcement runs longitudinally and is arranged in square, rectangular, or circular patterns. Minimum and maximum longitudinal steel requirements are specified. Transverse reinforcement is also included to help position longitudinal bars and confine the concrete.
This document provides information on three types of building construction:
1. Wall bearing or load bearing construction, where walls carry the entire load of the roof and structure down to the foundation. This type is commonly used for residential or 1-2 story buildings and is economical.
2. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) construction, which is used for most high-rise buildings. In RCC, load is transferred from slabs to beams to columns and down to the foundation. Steel bars are embedded in concrete to increase tensile strength. Proper placement and curing of concrete is important.
3. Pre-engineered buildings (PEB), which are designed by manufacturers using standardized materials and fabrication
Stairs are designed to provide access between different levels of a building. The document defines stairs and their key components like treads, risers, landings, etc. It discusses different types of stairs like straight, turning, circular and geometrical. The materials used for stairs construction are also explained, including stone, timber, RCC, brick and metal stairs. Technical terms related to stairs are defined. In the end, common stair types are identified from images.
Prestressed concrete ,post tensioning ,pre tensioning, where normal concrete can not be used and need of more strength is required this type of concrete are used. Metal bars are replaced by the tendoms which are generally used to create tension in concrete. So because of that beam bends in upward direction and when load is applied it come in normal conditon.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
What Is A Slab? And What Are The Different Types Of Slab?PoojaGurnule
https://civiltech-p.blogspot.com/2021/05/whatisslabandtypeofslab.html
The article is related to what is the slab? And the different types of slab in construction. Different Types of Concrete Slabs in Construction 1. Flat Slab 2. Flat Plates 3.Conventional Slab( I. One Way Slab II.Two Way Slab) 4. Hallow Core Slab 5. Hardy Slab 6. Dome Slab 7. Pitch Roof Slab 8. Slab With Arches 9. Post Tension Slab 10. Pre-Tension Slab 11. Cable Suspension Slab 12. Low Roof Slab 13. Projected Slab 14. Grad Slab / Slab On Grade ( I. Slab On Ground II. Stiffened Raft Slab III. Waffle Raft Slab 15. Bubble Deck Slab 16. Composite Slab
17. Sunken Slab
An introduction to Arches:-- It explains the basic understanding about Arches before students start drafting in their drawing sheets. This presentation could be shown to first year B.Architecture students to make them a clear idea about Arches.
Masonry is the building of structures from units like brick and stone laid together with mortar. There are several types of masonry walls including load-bearing walls that support structural loads, non-load bearing walls that only support themselves, and cavity walls that have two wythes separated by an airspace for insulation and drainage. Masonry construction can also use different bonding patterns, reinforcement, and materials like concrete blocks, stone, or brick veneers to provide durability and strength.
roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather.
Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous.
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind.
This document discusses different types of timber flooring, including:
1. Single joist timber floors which use a single beam and strutting for spans below 3 meters.
2. Double joist timber floors which use binders and bridging joists for spans between 1.8-2.4 meters.
3. Framed or triple joist timber floors which use girders, binders, and bridging joists for spans over 7.5 meters.
Precautions for timber flooring include using a cement course below the floor, installing DPC on exterior walls and sleeper walls, and using well-seasoned timber. Floor boards are typically 100-200mm wide
Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.
different types of roof
types of roofs on houses
roof types and descriptions
This document discusses light gauge steel (LGS), including its concept, manufacturing process, structural behavior, uses in framing, and construction methods. LGS is a thin sheet steel that is roll or brake formed into cross-sectional shapes. Compared to hot rolled steel, LGS is lighter but stronger. Its thin width-to-thickness ratio means it is susceptible to local buckling under compression loads. LGS framing uses C-sections for studs, joists, and beams. Construction involves erecting LGS wall panels, installing floor and roof joists, and finishing with cladding and insulation.
Kerkstoel double walls consist of two reinforced concrete slabs joined by lattice girders. They provide advantages for construction like faster building, lower costs, and strength. The walls are manufactured according to requirements and can include built-in items. They are installed on site by filling the cavity with concrete poured according to specifications to create a solid, watertight wall.
This document summarizes the design of untopped precast concrete diaphragms for two 5-story masonry buildings located in Birmingham, Alabama and New York City. It describes using 8-inch hollow core precast concrete planks for the floor and roof diaphragms. Design parameters are provided from another example. Forces are calculated based on standard equations, with the maximum force used for design. Connection details are from references, using shear friction with a coefficient of 1.0 due to intentionally roughened surfaces.
This document provides details on the design and construction of flat slab structures. It discusses the benefits of flat slabs such as flexibility in layout, reduced building height and faster construction. Key considerations for design include wall and column placement, structural layout optimization, deflection checks, crack control and punching shear. Analysis involves dividing the slab into strips and determining moment and shear distributions. Reinforcement is arranged in two directions and detailing includes reinforcement lapping and service penetrations.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download.
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines roofs and their key components like trusses, rafters, purlins, etc. It classifies roofs into pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further classified into single roofs, double roofs, and trussed roofs. Common truss types discussed include king post, queen post, mansard, and composite trusses. Steel trusses are also introduced as alternatives for larger spans.
Pre-stressed concrete is a combination of steel and concrete that takes advantage of each material's strengths. There are three main types of pre-stressed concrete: pre-tensioned concrete, bonded post-tensioned concrete, and unbonded post-tensioned concrete. Pre-tensioned concrete involves stressing steel reinforcement prior to placing concrete around it, while bonded and unbonded post-tensioned concrete involve stressing steel embedded in cured concrete. Pre-stressing concrete provides benefits like increased strength, reduced cracking and corrosion, and allowing for thinner members. The pre-stressing process requires careful planning and consideration of factors like creep, shrinkage, and stress losses over time.
Trusses are triangular frameworks that use members in axial compression and tension to support loads. They are commonly used for roofs, floors, and bridges to span long distances. The main types are Pratt, Warren, Fink, and North Light trusses. Pratt trusses have diagonal members that slant down toward the middle, while Warren trusses have alternating compression and tension diagonals. Fink and North Light trusses are typically used for shorter roof spans. Truss members can be made of structural steel with standard cross sections like boxes, rectangles, and HEA shapes.
This document discusses different types of roof structures:
1. Single roofs have rafters that do not require intermediate support but are limited to small spans.
2. Double roofs have rafters long enough to require a beam (purlin) for intermediate support halfway between the ridge and wallplate.
3. Trussed roofs make use of manufactured truss assemblies (trussed rafters) for modern roof construction.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses, which are used to build sloped roofs with a bottom chord and two top chords meeting at the peak. Other types discussed include scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, parallel chord trusses, attic trusses, bowstring trusses, gambrel trusses, and steel trusses. The document provides details on the design and purpose of each type of truss.
Prestressed concrete ,post tensioning ,pre tensioning, where normal concrete can not be used and need of more strength is required this type of concrete are used. Metal bars are replaced by the tendoms which are generally used to create tension in concrete. So because of that beam bends in upward direction and when load is applied it come in normal conditon.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
What Is A Slab? And What Are The Different Types Of Slab?PoojaGurnule
https://civiltech-p.blogspot.com/2021/05/whatisslabandtypeofslab.html
The article is related to what is the slab? And the different types of slab in construction. Different Types of Concrete Slabs in Construction 1. Flat Slab 2. Flat Plates 3.Conventional Slab( I. One Way Slab II.Two Way Slab) 4. Hallow Core Slab 5. Hardy Slab 6. Dome Slab 7. Pitch Roof Slab 8. Slab With Arches 9. Post Tension Slab 10. Pre-Tension Slab 11. Cable Suspension Slab 12. Low Roof Slab 13. Projected Slab 14. Grad Slab / Slab On Grade ( I. Slab On Ground II. Stiffened Raft Slab III. Waffle Raft Slab 15. Bubble Deck Slab 16. Composite Slab
17. Sunken Slab
An introduction to Arches:-- It explains the basic understanding about Arches before students start drafting in their drawing sheets. This presentation could be shown to first year B.Architecture students to make them a clear idea about Arches.
Masonry is the building of structures from units like brick and stone laid together with mortar. There are several types of masonry walls including load-bearing walls that support structural loads, non-load bearing walls that only support themselves, and cavity walls that have two wythes separated by an airspace for insulation and drainage. Masonry construction can also use different bonding patterns, reinforcement, and materials like concrete blocks, stone, or brick veneers to provide durability and strength.
roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather.
Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous.
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind.
This document discusses different types of timber flooring, including:
1. Single joist timber floors which use a single beam and strutting for spans below 3 meters.
2. Double joist timber floors which use binders and bridging joists for spans between 1.8-2.4 meters.
3. Framed or triple joist timber floors which use girders, binders, and bridging joists for spans over 7.5 meters.
Precautions for timber flooring include using a cement course below the floor, installing DPC on exterior walls and sleeper walls, and using well-seasoned timber. Floor boards are typically 100-200mm wide
Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.
different types of roof
types of roofs on houses
roof types and descriptions
This document discusses light gauge steel (LGS), including its concept, manufacturing process, structural behavior, uses in framing, and construction methods. LGS is a thin sheet steel that is roll or brake formed into cross-sectional shapes. Compared to hot rolled steel, LGS is lighter but stronger. Its thin width-to-thickness ratio means it is susceptible to local buckling under compression loads. LGS framing uses C-sections for studs, joists, and beams. Construction involves erecting LGS wall panels, installing floor and roof joists, and finishing with cladding and insulation.
Kerkstoel double walls consist of two reinforced concrete slabs joined by lattice girders. They provide advantages for construction like faster building, lower costs, and strength. The walls are manufactured according to requirements and can include built-in items. They are installed on site by filling the cavity with concrete poured according to specifications to create a solid, watertight wall.
This document summarizes the design of untopped precast concrete diaphragms for two 5-story masonry buildings located in Birmingham, Alabama and New York City. It describes using 8-inch hollow core precast concrete planks for the floor and roof diaphragms. Design parameters are provided from another example. Forces are calculated based on standard equations, with the maximum force used for design. Connection details are from references, using shear friction with a coefficient of 1.0 due to intentionally roughened surfaces.
This document provides details on the design and construction of flat slab structures. It discusses the benefits of flat slabs such as flexibility in layout, reduced building height and faster construction. Key considerations for design include wall and column placement, structural layout optimization, deflection checks, crack control and punching shear. Analysis involves dividing the slab into strips and determining moment and shear distributions. Reinforcement is arranged in two directions and detailing includes reinforcement lapping and service penetrations.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download.
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
The document discusses different types of roofs. It defines roofs and their key components like trusses, rafters, purlins, etc. It classifies roofs into pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further classified into single roofs, double roofs, and trussed roofs. Common truss types discussed include king post, queen post, mansard, and composite trusses. Steel trusses are also introduced as alternatives for larger spans.
Pre-stressed concrete is a combination of steel and concrete that takes advantage of each material's strengths. There are three main types of pre-stressed concrete: pre-tensioned concrete, bonded post-tensioned concrete, and unbonded post-tensioned concrete. Pre-tensioned concrete involves stressing steel reinforcement prior to placing concrete around it, while bonded and unbonded post-tensioned concrete involve stressing steel embedded in cured concrete. Pre-stressing concrete provides benefits like increased strength, reduced cracking and corrosion, and allowing for thinner members. The pre-stressing process requires careful planning and consideration of factors like creep, shrinkage, and stress losses over time.
Trusses are triangular frameworks that use members in axial compression and tension to support loads. They are commonly used for roofs, floors, and bridges to span long distances. The main types are Pratt, Warren, Fink, and North Light trusses. Pratt trusses have diagonal members that slant down toward the middle, while Warren trusses have alternating compression and tension diagonals. Fink and North Light trusses are typically used for shorter roof spans. Truss members can be made of structural steel with standard cross sections like boxes, rectangles, and HEA shapes.
This document discusses different types of roof structures:
1. Single roofs have rafters that do not require intermediate support but are limited to small spans.
2. Double roofs have rafters long enough to require a beam (purlin) for intermediate support halfway between the ridge and wallplate.
3. Trussed roofs make use of manufactured truss assemblies (trussed rafters) for modern roof construction.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses, which are used to build sloped roofs with a bottom chord and two top chords meeting at the peak. Other types discussed include scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, parallel chord trusses, attic trusses, bowstring trusses, gambrel trusses, and steel trusses. The document provides details on the design and purpose of each type of truss.
This document discusses different types of roof trusses used in construction. It describes common trusses used for pitched roofs, as well as other types like scissor trusses, raised heel trusses, dropped chord trusses, and parallel chord trusses. Each type is defined and its structural features and benefits are outlined. The document also discusses steel trusses and provides examples of truss designs for various roof spans.
The document provides information about various building components including lintels, arches, vaults, and staircases. It describes 6 different types of lintels - stone, wooden, brick, steel, reinforced concrete, and reinforced brick lintels. It also discusses arches and their classification based on material, shape, and number of centers. Additionally, it covers vaults like barrel, groin, rib, and fan vaults. Finally, it summarizes the different parts of staircases and types including straight, quarter turn, and half turn stairs.
bonding in brick work is arranging of bricks into either columns or wall. the individual brick units are tied to together and vertical joints of the the successive courses do not lie on the same vertical line.to obtain maximum strength throughout the wall column or pier
Shoring is a temporary structure used to support unsafe structures during construction activities. There are three main types of shoring: 1) Raking shoring uses inclined members called rakers to provide lateral support to walls. 2) Flying shoring provides temporary support to party walls when the intermediate building is demolished and rebuilt, using wall plates, needles, cleats, and horizontal and inclined struts. 3) Dead shoring vertically supports walls and roofs when an opening is made in a load-bearing wall, using beams, needles placed in holes in the wall, and vertical props called dead shores.
Roofs come in various types depending on the building, climate, and available materials. Pitched roofs slope in one or multiple directions and include gable, hip, and gambrel styles. Flat roofs are constructed of reinforced concrete and can be one-way slabs, two-way slabs, slab-and-beam, or flat slabs resting directly on columns. Roof coverings include thatch, slates, tiles, asbestos sheets, corrugated metal, shingles, and more, with the selection based on factors like cost, durability, and appearance.
This document provides information on building components such as lintels, arches, vaults, and staircases. It discusses different types of each component and their characteristics. For lintels, it describes stone, wooden, brick, steel, reinforced concrete, and reinforced brick lintels. For arches, it defines various arch terminology and classifies arches based on material, shape, and number of centers. Vaults are classified as barrel, groin, rib, and fan vaults. Finally, it discusses the parts of staircases and types including straight, quarter turn, and bifurcated stairs.
The document discusses various roof designs for homes. It describes common residential roof styles like gable, hip, flat, shed, mansard, Dutch hip, gambrel, butterfly, winged gable, and A-frame roofs. It also covers mixed roof styles, frame roof construction including rafters and roof framing plans, roof slope, pitch and terminology. Finally, it discusses roof ventilation methods, flashing, gutters, and downspouts.
Brick masonry involves constructing walls by bonding bricks together with mortar. There are different types of bonds used including stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond. English bond is the most common, which involves alternating courses of stretchers and headers with queen closers placed after the first header to break vertical joints. Proper bonding is important to impart strength and prevent weaknesses in the masonry wall. Terminology involved includes courses, stretchers, headers, beds, arrises, laps, perpends, quoins, and different types of bats and closures.
This document provides information on various structural elements used in construction including beams, slabs, arches, vaults, trusses, frames, and domes. It describes the basic components, characteristics, types, and applications of each element. For example, it states that a beam is an element that resists bending forces, a slab is a horizontal surface element reinforced with steel bars, an arch distributes vertical loads into sideways forces through wedge-shaped blocks, and a dome is a curved ceiling structure similar to a hemisphere. The document also provides diagrams to illustrate different structural configurations.
Pergola meaning, types, design and constructionArun Saini
The document discusses different types of pergolas, including steel, pitched, open top, and gabled pergolas. It describes the materials and components used to build pergolas, such as wood, steel, aluminum, wall brackets, beams, posts, and footings. The document also provides step-by-step instructions for installing posts, attaching support beams, adding crossbeams, fitting slats, and capping posts when constructing a pergola.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It discusses the different types of roofs including pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further divided into types based on their shape such as gable, hip, gambrel, and mansard roofs. Common roofing materials include thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, galvanized iron sheets, and lightweight materials. Truss systems such as king post, queen post, and steel trusses are used to support larger span roofs. Selection of roofing materials depends on factors like cost, durability, maintenance needs, and climate.
This document provides an overview of roofs and roofing materials. It defines roofs and their key components. There are three main types of roofs discussed: pitched or sloping roofs, flat roofs, and curved roofs. Pitched roofs are further broken down based on their shape, including gable, gambrel, hip, and mansard roofs. Common roof framing elements and types of pitched roof framing structures like trusses are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses various roof covering materials appropriate for pitched roofs, such as thatch, wood shingles, tiles, metal sheets, and lightweight roofing.
This document discusses various types of brick bonds used in masonry construction. It begins by defining common brick laying patterns such as stretcher, header, soldier, etc. It then explains different bond patterns including English bond, Flemish bond, English cross bond, rat trap bond, Dutch bond, and others. It also covers special bonds used for garden walls. Finally, it discusses bonds used at wall connections, specifically tee junctions, cross junctions, and squint junctions between walls of varying thicknesses.
The document discusses various elements of civil engineering including beams, lintels, stairs, and roofs.
[1] It defines beams and describes the main types as simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous, and overhanging. Lintels are defined as horizontal members above openings and the main types are timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete.
[2] Stairs are described as connecting different floors and the main types include straight, doglegged, quarter turn, open newel, three quarter turn, bifurcated, geometric, and circular.
[3] Roofs are defined as covering the space below. Common roof styles are gable, hip,
Brick arches are used architecturally and provide structural support by transferring loads to walls. They are composed of wedge-shaped brick units bonded together in a curved pattern. There are three main types of brick arches: plain brick arches with wider joints on the outside curve; axed brick arches with bricks cut into wedges; and gauged brick arches with precisely cut bricks allowing very thin joints. Stone arches also come in rubble and ashlar varieties, with ashlar arches having dressed stone voussoirs. Relieving arches are built over lintels or architraves to further distribute weight and allow replacement of decayed structural elements below without compromising stability.
Google Calendar is a versatile tool that allows users to manage their schedules and events effectively. With Google Calendar, you can create and organize calendars, set reminders for important events, and share your calendars with others. It also provides features like creating events, inviting attendees, and accessing your calendar from mobile devices. Additionally, Google Calendar allows you to embed calendars in websites or platforms like SlideShare, making it easier for others to view and interact with your schedules.
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalRPeter Gallagher
In this session delivered at NDC Oslo 2024, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
1. Different Parts of Shed
A shed might look simple but it has a lot of parts you never knew exist. Each part plays a big
role in completing a nice sturdy shed.
1. Apex
The topmost, which is the highest point of the center of shed roof, is called the apex.
2. Frame
This part is combined by 2 columns and 2 truss halves.
3. Bay Spacing
The pair of frames have a distance between them called bay spacing.
4. Trusses
Posts called beams that support the roof.
5. Column
From the word column, this is a vertical structure pillar, which supports the truss.
6. Footings
In order for your shed to be held down the ground, footings are built. The base of each column
is connected to this concrete pier.
7. Purlins or Girt
This part spans between the frames. It ties the frames together screwed with iron. It is called
girts when on the wall, and purlin when it is at the roof.
8. Bridging
In each bay between purlins, bridging is fastened. It adds strength to the wall as support to
keep wall girts from sagging.
2. 9. Wind Bracing
This is found between frames at the bay of a shed. It holds the square and vertical of the
building.
10.Span
The sidewalls of the shed have distance referred in width called span.
11.Mullion
The door opening and the wall is supported by a mullion. It is like a column, but the purpose is
different.
12.Pitch
The slope of the rope is measured in degrees called pitch.
13.Lean-to
This is not present in all sheds. It exists when an extension is added to the existing shed itself.
For more information on shed, you may visit a shed builder at Wright’s Shed Co.