Importance of enzymes : The two aminotransferases that are checked are the alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT). These liver enzymes form a major constituent of the liver cells. They are present in lesser concentration in the muscle cells.
Diagnostic enzymology
Enzymes are normally intracellular and LOW concentration in blood
Enzyme release (leakage)in the blood indicates cell damage (cell –death, hypoxia, intracellular toxicity)
Quantitative measure of cell/tissue damage
Organ specificity- but not absolute specificity inspite of same gene content.
Most enzymes are present in most cells-differing amounts
Importance of enzymes : The two aminotransferases that are checked are the alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT). These liver enzymes form a major constituent of the liver cells. They are present in lesser concentration in the muscle cells.
Diagnostic enzymology
Enzymes are normally intracellular and LOW concentration in blood
Enzyme release (leakage)in the blood indicates cell damage (cell –death, hypoxia, intracellular toxicity)
Quantitative measure of cell/tissue damage
Organ specificity- but not absolute specificity inspite of same gene content.
Most enzymes are present in most cells-differing amounts
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY
Plasma contains many functional enzymes which are actively secreted into
plasma
Eg:enzymes of blood coagulation
Non functional enzymes coming out from cells of various tissues-normal
wear and tear-normal values in blood are very low but drastically
increased during necrosis/ diseases
Assays of these-helpful to diagnose disease
3. LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE
Enzymes involved in energy production
Found in almost all of the body’s cells > in heart,liver,muscle,kidneys,lungs
and in blood cells. Bacteria also produce-LDH
Convert pyruvate lactate
Reference range 100-200 U/L
Blood
Small amnt seen in serum/plasma
Released into serum –cells are damaged or destroyed
Non specific marker –tissue damage,liver,blood disease or cancer
Fluid
High in CSF-bacterial manenigitis
High-children,strenuous excersice.high in RBC-hemolysis
4. Clinical significance
Blood- indicator of existence and severity of acute or chronic tissue damage
- to detect anemia
Body fluid-distinguish b/w bacterial and viral meningitis
Increased LDH seen in hemolytic anemia,hepatocellular damage,muscular
dystrophy,carcinomas,leukemias and necrosis
Isoenzymes
is a tetramer with 4 subunits –H (HEART) & M (MUSCLE)
Myocardial infarction H4>H1M1
Isoenzymes Subunit orginated from percentage
LDH1 H4 heart muscle 30%
LDH 2 H3M1 RBC 35%
LDH 3 H2M2 Brain 20%
LDH 4 H1M3 Liver 10%
LDH 5 M4 sleletal muscle 5%
5. CREATINE KINASE
Found in heart, brain,skeletal muscle & other tissues
Increased amnt in blood- in muscle damage
Strenous exercise & inflammation of muscle (myositis) –incrase CK
Myopatheis,rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of skeletal muuscle)
Creatine creatine phosphate
Referene range : male 15-1000 U/L ;female 10-80 U/L
Clinical significance
Increased-myocardial infarction,rise within 3-6 hrs of infarction
Muscular dysdrophies -500-1500 U/L
Highly elevated in crush injury,fracture,acute cerebrovascular accidents
6. Isoenzymes
MB isoenzyme estimated in myocardial infarction
isoenzymes subunits Tissue of origin percentage
CK1 BB Brain 1%
CK2 MB Heart 5%
CK3 MM Skeletal muscle 5%
7. ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST /SGOT)
Also called as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
Found throughout body mostly,in heart,liver & lesser extend in muscle
Detect liver damage-hepatitis,drugs toxic to liver,cirrhosis or alcoholism
Reference range :8-20 U/L
Clinical significance
Elevated in myocardial infarction
Moderately elevated-liver disease
Marked increase-primary hepatoma
8. Symptoms of elevated AST
Swelling-legs & angles
Tendency-bruice easily (discolouration of skin)
Weakness,fatigue,loss of apetite
Nausea,vomiting
Abdominal swelling/pain
Jaundice
dark urine,light coloured stool
itching
9. ALANINE AMINO TRANSFERASE (ALT/SGPT)
Called as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase
Found mostly-cells(liver & kidney)
Alanine (amino acid) pyruvate
Reference range :males 13-35 U/L
females 10-30 U/L
Clinical significance
Detect liver injury
Released into blood-liver damage (jaundice)
Very high values (300-1000U/L)-acute hepatitis,either toxic or viral
Moderate increase (50-100U/L)-chronic liver disease –cirrhosis,hepatitis c,non
alcoholic steatohepatitis
10. Symptoms of elevated AST
Swelling-legs & angles
Tendency-bruice easily (discolouration of skin)
Weakness,fatigue,loss of apetite
Nausea,vomiting
Abdominal swelling/pain
Jaundice
dark urine,light coloured stool
itching
11. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Found in several tissue throughout body
Highest con. Seen in bone & liver cells
Elevated alp in blood – liver & bone disorders
Reference range : 40-125 U/L
In Liver
Found in edges of cells that join to form bile ducts,tiny tubes that drain bile
from liver to bowels where it is needed to digest fat in the diet
Increased- one or more bile ducts blocked,inflammation of gall bladder
(cholecystis) or gallstones
Smaller increase-liver cancer & cirrhosis (drugs toxic to liver), hepatitis
12. In Bone
Produced by special cells- osteoblasts
Children and adolscents –higher blood alp bcoz their bones are still growing
Clinical significance
Increased alp-liver damage or a condition increasedbone cell activity
Moderate increase (2-3 times)-hepatic disease (infective hepatitis,alcoholic
hepatitis or hepatocellular carcinoma)
High level (10-12 times)- obstructive jaundice
Drastically high level (10-25)- bone diseases (Paget’s
disease,rickets,osteomalacia,metastatic carcinoma of bone &
hyperparathyroidism)
Decrease level- blood transfusion,heart bypass
surgery,hypophosphatasia,Wilson disease (accumulation of Cu)
13. Isoenzymes
Alpha 1 alp-syn by epithelial cells of biliary canaliculi,increased-obstructive
jaundice
Alpha 2 heat labile alp – syn – hepatic cells
Alpha 2 heat stable alp – placental origin;found in normal pregnancy in
blood;found in circulation abt 15% in case of carcinoma of lung, liver & gut
Pre beta alp-syn –bone;elevated in bone disease
Gamma alp-syn-intestinal cells;increased in ulcerative colitis
Leucocyte alp-decrease in chronic myeloid luekemia;increased in lymphomas
14. GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE (GGT)
Found throughout body-increased con in liver
Elevated in blood-damage to liver or bile ducts
Seen in kidney,pancreas,intestinal cells & prostate gland
Used in syn of glutathione
Reference range : 10-30 U/L
Clinical significance
Moderately increased-infective hepatitis & prostate cancer
First liver enzyme to rise-bile ducts become obstructed (tumors or stones)
Increased –small amnts of alcohol consumption (binge drinkers)
Increase in congestive heart failure, diabetes or pancreatitis
