The document discusses the growing rate of diabetes in school-aged and preschool children. It notes that the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children aged 0-9 has increased 21% between 2001 and 2009 according to the CDC. The current 12.8% prevalence rate in Pakistan is expected to double in the next 20 years without preventative measures. Diabetes is a leading cause of blindness in Pakistan and is linked to unhealthy lifestyles. Risk factors include autoimmunity, genetics, and certain viral exposures. Children with diabetes must carefully monitor their blood sugar levels and carbohydrate intake to manage the disease and avoid complications.

1. GROWING RATE OF DIABETES IN
SCHOOLING AND PRESCHOOLING
CHILDREN
1

2. WHAT IS DIABETES???
 Heterogeneous group of syndrome.
 Destruction of insulin producing β-cells on
pancreas.
 Insulin producing capacity falls below a threshold.
 High level of glucose in the blood stream, not
utilized by cells.
2

3. PREVALENCE OF DIABETES
 In 2009 CDC revealed that type 1 diabetes
prevalence stands at 1.93 in every 1,000 children
and adolescents.
 Incidence of type 1 diabetes in children aged up to
9 years increased by 21% between 2001 and 2009.
 In Pakistan current 12.8% prevalence rate in
diabetes is likely to double in the next 20 years if
preventive measures are not adopted.
3

4. ALARMING FIGURE
 WHO ranked Pakistan 7th on diabetes prevalence
list, and it will be 4th largest by the year 2030.
 KEMU Vice Chancellor Prof Dr Asad Aslam says,
“Diabetes is gradually becoming an emerging
cause of blindness among people.”
 AIMC former principal, Dr Javed Akram says,
“Unhealthy lifestyle was a leading cause of diabetes
among the people in Pakistan.”
4

5. AETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS
 Autoimmunity.
 Genetic predisposition.
 Viral exposure:
 Epstein-Bar virus
 Rubella virus
 Drinking water that contain nitrates.
 Timing of introducing cereals into baby’s diet.
5

6. COMPLICATIONS
 Diabetic angiopathy ( retinopathy, nephropathy,
neuropathy )
 Narrowing of blood vessels.
 Damage walls of blood vessels that are nourishing
child’s brain.
 Diabetic ketoacidosis.
 Kussmaul respiration
6

7. HOW TO DIAGNOSE???
 Polyuria.
 Polydispia.
 Polyphagia.
 Weight loss.
 Fatigue.
 Behavioral problems.
 Blurred vision.
 4 Ts ( Toilet, Thirst, Thinner, Tired)
 3 Ps ( Polyuria, Polydispia, Polyphagia)
7

8. 8

9. HOW TO COPE WITH DIABETES??
 Keep up blood sugar level near to the normal.
 Monitor blood sugar several times a day.
 3 fixed major meals with 2 snacks in between.
 Check pre-prandial and postprandial glucose level
regularly.
 Sugar should make up not more than 10% of total
calorie intake.
 In severe exercise give excess sugar or reduce
insulin dose.
9

10. CARBOHYDRATE COUNTING
 Carbohydrate counting is important to determine
the insulin dosage.
 A dietitian recommend not more than 67g of
carbohydrates at each meal, a child can eat:
 1 hamburger bun → 30g
 2 cookies → 15g
 1 apple → 20g
 Total= 65g
10

11. •Every 19 second a person is
diagnosed by diabetes.
•Every 10 seconds a person dies
from diabetes.
11

12. IMAGINE A WORLD WITHOUT DIABETES
12

13. REFERENCES
 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-
1-diabetes-in-children/basics/definition/con-
20029197
 http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/diabetesc
hildren.htm
 http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/284974.
php
 http://kidshealth.org/kid/diabetes_basics/what/type1
.html
 http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/en/resourcecentres/d
iabetes/aboutdiabetes/SignsandSymptomsofDiabet
es/Pages/default.aspx
 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesinchildr
enandteens.html 13

14. 14