This document provides an introduction to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) presented by Nik Mohd Izual Nik Ibrahim. It discusses CFD as a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and data structures to analyze fluid flow problems. The document then provides an overview of Nik Mohd Izual Nik Ibrahim's background and research interests in fluid dynamics and thermal sciences, which includes current research projects and publications. It concludes with wishes for greater success.

1. Introduction of
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID
DYNAMICS (CFD)
Nik Mohd Izual Nik Ibrahim, Dr. Eng.,
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
8 December 2021

3. 3
From DRB-HICOM University to Universitas Islam Riau
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

4. 4
DRB- HICOM University: Main Building
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

5. 5
PROFILE
Dr. Eng. (Fluid Dynamics), Kyushu University, 2018
M. Eng. (Mechanical), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2011
M. Eng. (Automotive), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 2007
B. Eng. (Mechanical - Automotive), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2004
Guest Visiting, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, Oct., – Dec., 2016
Lattice Boltzmann Method
Researcher, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Kyushu University, Oct., 2011 – Sept., 2014
Wind Engineering
Area of Research:
Fluid Dynamics, Thermal Sciences
Teaching Experience:
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 2004 - 2016
DRB – HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia, 2018 - Present
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

6. 6
Research Experiences
Marine Environment and Energy Engineering
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University
Institute for Applied and Numerical Mathematics 2
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

7. 7
Postgraduate Students
D3: Ir. Ts. Mohd Khairul Mahtar
Manager, Deftech Technologies
D3: Ir. Ts. Asmawi Ahmad Khailani
Senior Lecturer, Nilai University
D1: Eddy Elfiano
Universitas Islam Riau
M3: Mejar Baktiar Bohari
Ministry of Defense
M3: Mejar Ahmad Aziz Mohd Zaki
Ministry of Defense
U1: Faris Imran Zolkifli
DRB-HICOM University
U1: Darren Dexter Desmond
DRB-HICOM University
U1: Nur Quyyum Nadia
DRB-HICOM University
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

8. 8
MOTIVATION
Ocean Engineering Source: https://www.riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp/ship/

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MOTIVATION
Automotive Engineering
Source: Journal of Mathematics in Industry volume 4, Article number: 6 (2014)
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

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MOTIVATION
Aerospace Engineering
Source: https://broadtechengineering.com/cfd-aerospace/
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

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MOTIVATION
Aerospace Engineering
Source: https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/year-in-review/achieving-advanced-cfd-capabilities-with-high-performance-computers/
A CFD grid with 2.4 million surface triangles
and 202 million volume cells was generated on
a U.S. Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet with the
landing gear extended using NASA’s TetrUSS
grid-generation software. The image depicts
iso-surfaces of vorticity colored by pressure and
clearly shows that the wake from the landing
gear and doors extends far downstream. Credit:
U.S. Navy
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

12. 12
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Solving the Navier – Stoke Equation
Solving Lattice Boltzmann Equation
In 1821 French engineer Claude-Louis Navier introduced the element of viscosity (friction) for
the more realistic and vastly more difficult problem of viscous fluids
British physicist and mathematician Sir George Gabriel Stokes improved on this work, though
complete solutions were obtained only for the case of simple two-dimensional flows
The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) describes the statistical
behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium, devised by Ludwig
Boltzmann in 1872
Historically, LBM originated from the method of Lattice gas automata (LGA), which was first
introduced in 1973 by Hardy, Pomeau and de Pazzis (HPP)
Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/Navier-Stokes-equation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_equation

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Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cont.,)
Heat
Transfer
Fluid
Mechanics
Numerical
Method
Computer
Science
Thermodynamics
02
03
04
05
01
Computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) is a branch
of fluid mechanics that
uses numerical
analysis and data structure
to analyze and solve
problems that involve fluid
flows.
+ Engineering
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

14. 14
Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cont.,)
CFD is the simulation of fluids engineering systems using modeling
(mathematical physical problem formulation) and numerical methods
(discretization methods, solvers, numerical parameters, and grid
generations, etc.)
Historically only Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD) and Experimental
Fluid Dynamics (EFD).
CFD made possible by the advent of digital computer and advancing
with improvements of computer resources (500 flops, 1947→20
teraflops, 2003)
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

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What are major applications of CFD analysis?
CFD analysis has applications in many industries to design or improve the system, or develop new products or services.
✓ Automobile and aerospace industries
✓ Cement, process and chemical industries
✓ production and manufacturing industries
✓ Turbo-machinery (fan, turbine, compressor, blowers, and pumps etc.)
✓ Thermal and nuclear power plant
✓ Combustion, fire, and environmental pollution
✓ Heating and ventilation of building, car, bus, and civil aircraft
✓ Weather forecasting
✓ Defense and space applications
✓ Biomedical applications

16. 16
Why use CFD
CFD Analysis and Design
1. Simulation-based design instead of “build & test”
✓ More cost effective and more rapid than EFD
✓ CFD provides high-fidelity database for diagnosing flow field
2. Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult for
experiments
✓ Full scale simulations (e.g., ships and airplanes)
✓ Environmental effects (wind, weather, etc.)
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

17. 17
CFD Commercial and Open- source Software
•Commercial CFD code : Free FLUENT Student Version, Simflow
https://www.ansys.com/academic/students/ansys-student
https://sim-flow.com/
•Research CFD code (Open- source) : Openfoam. Palabos, OpenLB
https://openfoam.org/
https://palabos.unige.ch/
https://www.openlb.net/
•Post- Processing : Paraview, VitsIt
https://www.paraview.org/
https://visit-dav.github.io/visit-website/

18. 18
History of CFD
The brief story of Computational Fluid Dynamics can be understood below:
Until 1910: Improvements on mathematical models and numerical methods.
1910 – 1940:
Integration of models and methods to generate numerical solutions based on hand calculations.
1940 – 1950:
Transition to computer-based calculations with early computers (ENIAC)3. Solution for flow around a
cylinder by Kawaguti with a mechanical desk calculator in 1953.
1950 – 1960:
Initial study using computers to model fluid flow based on the Navier-Stokes equations by Los Alamos
National Lab, US. Evaluation of vorticity – stream function method4. First implementation for 2D, transient,
incompressible flow in the world.
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

19. 19
History of CFD (Continue)
1960 – 1970:
First scientific paper “Calculation of potential flow about arbitrary bodies” was published about computational analysis of 3D
bodies by Hess and Smith in 19675. Generation of commercial codes. Contribution of various methods such as k-ε turbulence
model, Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian, SIMPLE algorithm which are all still broadly used.
1970 – 1980:
Codes generated by Boeing, NASA and some have unveiled and started to use several yields such as submarines, surface
ships, automobiles, helicopters and aircrafts.
1980 – 1990:
Improvement of accurate solutions of transonic flows in the three-dimensional case by Jameson et. al. Commercial codes
have started to implement through both academia and industry.
1990 – Present:
Thorough developments in Informatics: worldwide usage of CFD virtually in every sector.
Source: https://www.simscale.com/docs/simwiki/cfd-computational-fluid-dynamics/what-is-cfd-computational-fluid-dynamics/

20. 20
Modeling (governing equations)
Navier – Stoke Equation
• Navier-Stokes equations (3D in Cartesian coordinates)








+


+


+


−
=


+


+


+


2
2
2
2
2
2
ˆ
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u













+


+


+


−
=


+


+


+


2
2
2
2
2
2
ˆ
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
p
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v





( ) ( ) ( ) 0
=


+


+


+


z
w
y
v
x
u
t




Convection Piezometric pressure gradient Viscous terms
Local
acceleration
Continuity equation








+


+


+


−
=


+


+


+


2
2
2
2
2
2
ˆ
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
p
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w





Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

21. 21
Modeling (governing equations), LBM Equation
Lattice Boltzmann Equation
( ) ( ) ( )
f
t
f
t
t
t
f 
=
−

+

+ ,
, x
c
x
BGK collision model
( ) ( ) ( )
  ( )
f
t
f
t
f
t
f eq
neq

=
−
= ,
,
1
,
1
x
x
x


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
 
t
f
t
f
t
f
t
t
t
f eq
,
,
1
,
, x
x
x
c
x −
−
=

+

+

Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

22. 22
Top-down versus Bottom-up
Partial differential Equations
(Navier-Stokes)
Multi-scale Analysis
Discrete Model
Lattice Boltzmann Equation
Simulate Fluid Flow
Partial Differential Equations
(Navier-Stokes)
Difference Equations
Standard Numerical Methods
Simulate Fluid Flow
Discretization
Finite differences, finite element, finite
volume or spectral methods

23. 23
Micro, meso, and macroscale
Macroscale
Mesoscale
Microscale
The primary goal of LBM is to
build a bridge between the
microscopic and macroscopic
dynamics rather than to dealt
with macroscopic dynamics
directly.
In other words, the goal is to
derive macroscopic equations
from microscopic dynamics by
means of statistics rather than
to solve macroscopic equation.
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

24. 24
CFD Process
Viscous
Model
Boundary
Conditions
Initial
Conditions
Convergent
Limit
Contours
Precisions
(single/
double)
Numerical
Scheme
Vectors
Streamlines
Verification
Geometry
Select
Geometry
Geometry
Parameters
Physics Mesh Solve Post-
Processing
Compressible
ON/OFF
Flow
properties
Unstructured
(automatic/
manual)
Steady/
Unsteady
Forces Report
(lift/drag, shear
stress, etc)
XY Plot
Domain
Shape and
Size
Heat
Transfer
ON/OFF
Structured
(automatic/
manual)
Iterations/
Steps
Validation
Reports
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

25. 25
LBM Research Results
© Corporate Training Institute; All Rights Reserved @ 2021
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia
Flow around Swimming Fish
Droplet motion

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LBM Research Results
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

27. 27
Current Research
✓ Experimental and Numerical Study of Free Surface Flow Impact on a Vertical Cylinder
✓ Development of Isotropic Free Energy Lattice Boltzmann Scheme for Multiphase Simulation
✓ Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer of Hybrid Nanofluid over a Flat Plate Surface and Bluff Body
with Viscous Dissipation Effects
✓ Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer of Ferrofluid over a Flat Plate Surface and Bluff Body with
Viscous Dissipation Effects
✓ Bubble Rising Modeling using Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) technique
✓ Complex Free Surface Modeling using Fluid Dynamics Technique
✓ Impact of Coastal Defences Modeling using Fluid Dynamics Technique
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia

28. 28
Journal of Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Sciences
Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Science Laboratory
DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia
•Combustion fluid mechanics and reacting flows
•Complex and Non Newtonian fluids
•Compressible and rarefied flows, kinetic theory
•Convection
•Drops and bubbles
•Laminar and viscous flows
•Micro and Nano fluidics
•Multiphase flow
•Nonlinear dynamical systems
•Transport and mixing
•Turbulent flows
•Vortex dynamics
•Wave dynamics
•Free surface flows
•Stratified and rotating flows
•Heat and mass transfer
•Chemical processes
•High-temperature chemically reacting flows
•Thermal engineering
•Basic and Applied Thermodynamics
•Sustainability of Energy Systems
•Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency and
•Climate Change Mitigation
•Renewable Energy
•Cooling and refrigeration
•Heat Pump
•Diagnostics and Control of Energy Systems
•Transport Energy and Emissions
•Energy Storage and Distribution

29. We Wish You
Greater Success!
Presented by:
Nik Mohd Izual Nik Ibrahim, Dr. Eng.
Learning is A Journey
Phone:
+6 09 424 2712
Email:
izual@dhu.edu.my
nik@kyudai.jp