Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is broken up and separated from the root, allowing differentiation of cementoblasts and formation of cementum. This marks the transition from root formation to development of the periodontium, including the periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Mesenchymal cells in the dental follicle and perifollicular region develop into fibroblasts that synthesize collagen fibers and other proteins to form the principal fiber groups of the periodontal ligament. Homeostasis of the periodontium is maintained by regulators that prevent mineralization and allow proliferation and remodeling of tissues in response to forces.
Cementum is the mineralized connective tissue covering tooth roots. It has several functions including anchoring collagen fibers from the periodontal ligament to provide attachment between the tooth and bone. Cementum can be classified based on its location, cellularity, fiber content, and other characteristics. It plays roles in adaptation, repair, and maintaining the periodontium. The cemento-enamel junction describes the interface between cementum and enamel at the cervical portion of the tooth root.
Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering tooth roots. It consists of inorganic minerals like hydroxyapatite and organic materials like collagen. Cementum forms through cementogenesis, led by cementoblasts. There are two stages of cementogenesis - matrix formation where cementoblasts lay down an unmineralized matrix, and mineralization where crystals are deposited. Cementum can be classified as acellular or cellular based on the presence of cementocytes, and primary or secondary based on formation time. Cementum functions to attach teeth to bone and allows for adaptation.
The junctional epithelium is a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that forms an attachment to the tooth surface. It develops from the reduced enamel epithelium during tooth eruption. The junctional epithelium acts as a barrier against oral pathogens and allows for host defense mechanisms to reach the gingival sulcus. It has a rapid turnover rate of 4-6 days and can quickly regenerate after injury. The attachment to enamel is mediated by hemidesmosomes in the epithelial cells that are connected to the internal basal lamina on the tooth surface. Disruption of this attachment can initiate periodontal pocket formation and disease.
The document discusses the peridontium and its components, which include the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. It focuses on cementum, describing it as a hard connective tissue that covers tooth roots and provides attachment for collagen fibers. Cementum begins forming at the cementoenamel junction and continues to the root apex. It contains cementoblasts and cementocytes that aid in its formation and structure. Cementum comes in cellular and acellular varieties and demonstrates incremental lines from its continuous deposition over time.
This document provides an overview of cementum, the mineralized tissue that covers tooth roots. It defines cementum and discusses its development, physical and chemical characteristics, classification, cells, functions, and involvement in periodontal disease. Cementum is composed of collagen fibers embedded in mineralized matrix. It provides attachment for periodontal ligament fibers and aids in tooth function and repair. The document also examines cementum at the microscopic level and various proteins and cells involved in its formation and remodeling.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. The junctional epithelium is a specialized non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that attaches to the tooth surface and forms a collar around the cervical portion.
2. It develops from the reduced enamel epithelium during tooth eruption. The reduced enamel epithelium fuses with the oral epithelium and transforms into the junctional epithelium.
3. The junctional epithelium attaches firmly to the tooth surface through hemidesmosomes of the basal cells (called DAT cells) and an internal basal lamina. This structure is called the epithelial attachment apparatus.
This document provides an overview of bone histology and development. It discusses that bone is a specialized mineralized connective tissue that can be divided into compact and cancellous bone microscopically. Bone develops through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification. The key cells involved are osteoblasts, which form new bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. Bone is remodeled throughout life by the balanced actions of these cells.
Cementum is the mineralized connective tissue covering tooth roots. It has several functions including anchoring collagen fibers from the periodontal ligament to provide attachment between the tooth and bone. Cementum can be classified based on its location, cellularity, fiber content, and other characteristics. It plays roles in adaptation, repair, and maintaining the periodontium. The cemento-enamel junction describes the interface between cementum and enamel at the cervical portion of the tooth root.
Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering tooth roots. It consists of inorganic minerals like hydroxyapatite and organic materials like collagen. Cementum forms through cementogenesis, led by cementoblasts. There are two stages of cementogenesis - matrix formation where cementoblasts lay down an unmineralized matrix, and mineralization where crystals are deposited. Cementum can be classified as acellular or cellular based on the presence of cementocytes, and primary or secondary based on formation time. Cementum functions to attach teeth to bone and allows for adaptation.
The junctional epithelium is a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that forms an attachment to the tooth surface. It develops from the reduced enamel epithelium during tooth eruption. The junctional epithelium acts as a barrier against oral pathogens and allows for host defense mechanisms to reach the gingival sulcus. It has a rapid turnover rate of 4-6 days and can quickly regenerate after injury. The attachment to enamel is mediated by hemidesmosomes in the epithelial cells that are connected to the internal basal lamina on the tooth surface. Disruption of this attachment can initiate periodontal pocket formation and disease.
The document discusses the peridontium and its components, which include the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. It focuses on cementum, describing it as a hard connective tissue that covers tooth roots and provides attachment for collagen fibers. Cementum begins forming at the cementoenamel junction and continues to the root apex. It contains cementoblasts and cementocytes that aid in its formation and structure. Cementum comes in cellular and acellular varieties and demonstrates incremental lines from its continuous deposition over time.
This document provides an overview of cementum, the mineralized tissue that covers tooth roots. It defines cementum and discusses its development, physical and chemical characteristics, classification, cells, functions, and involvement in periodontal disease. Cementum is composed of collagen fibers embedded in mineralized matrix. It provides attachment for periodontal ligament fibers and aids in tooth function and repair. The document also examines cementum at the microscopic level and various proteins and cells involved in its formation and remodeling.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. The junctional epithelium is a specialized non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that attaches to the tooth surface and forms a collar around the cervical portion.
2. It develops from the reduced enamel epithelium during tooth eruption. The reduced enamel epithelium fuses with the oral epithelium and transforms into the junctional epithelium.
3. The junctional epithelium attaches firmly to the tooth surface through hemidesmosomes of the basal cells (called DAT cells) and an internal basal lamina. This structure is called the epithelial attachment apparatus.
This document provides an overview of bone histology and development. It discusses that bone is a specialized mineralized connective tissue that can be divided into compact and cancellous bone microscopically. Bone develops through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification. The key cells involved are osteoblasts, which form new bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. Bone is remodeled throughout life by the balanced actions of these cells.
Ultrastructure and function of cementum pptnaseemashraf2
Cementum is the calcified tissue covering the roots of teeth. It begins forming during tooth development and continues growing throughout life. Cementum is composed of inorganic minerals like hydroxyapatite and organic materials like collagen. It exists in cellular and acellular forms and helps attach periodontal ligaments to provide structural support and sensory feedback for teeth. Cementum can undergo resorption from trauma or disease but also facilitates repair through continued deposition over the life of the tooth.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, composition, structure, cells, blood supply, and changes associated with orthodontic forces. It notes that alveolar bone surrounds and supports the teeth sockets. It is composed primarily of inorganic minerals and collagen. Microscopically, it contains osteons arranged in concentric lamellae around Haversian canals. Osteoblasts build bone while osteoclasts resorb it, maintaining a constant state of remodeling. The alveolar bone has a rich blood supply from the superior and inferior alveolar arteries and drains via lymph vessels. Orthodontic forces induce changes in the bone's morphology and turnover.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, components, development, structure, clinical applications, and appearance on x-rays. It notes that the alveolar bone contains the tooth sockets and supports the teeth. The alveolar bone proper surrounds the tooth root and is perforated by Volkmann's canals. The supporting alveolar bone consists of cortical plates and spongy bone between the plates and alveolar bone proper. The alveolar bone undergoes remodeling and modeling during tooth movement and in response to functional forces.
Cementum is the mineralized tissue that covers the roots of teeth. It has lower hardness than dentin and a pale yellow color. Cementum is permeable and its thickness increases from the cervical region to the apex. It contains cementoblasts that lay down the cementum matrix, and cementocytes that are incorporated into the matrix. Cementum development involves matrix formation by cementoblasts followed by mineralization. Cementum can be classified as primary/secondary, acellular/cellular, and according to fiber origin. Age-related changes include increased irregularity and continued apical deposition. Hypercementosis is abnormal cementum thickening.
Cementum is a hard, avascular connective tissue that covers the roots of teeth. It provides attachment for the periodontal ligament fibers and protects the underlying dentin. There are two types of cementum - acellular and cellular. Acellular cementum is laid down early in development and provides the main attachment for teeth. Cellular cementum is laid down later and is found mainly in the apical regions. Cementum is continuously deposited over the life of the tooth to maintain its length and acts to repair resorption of the root surface.
The periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue that connects the cementum of teeth to the alveolar bone. It develops from the dental follicle during root formation and tooth eruption. The periodontal ligament is composed of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, blood vessels and nerves. The principal collagen fibers are arranged in bundles and attach to the cementum and bone. The periodontal ligament helps maintain homeostasis between the teeth and surrounding tissues and allows for tooth mobility.
5. alveolar bone in health part a dr-ibrahim_shaikhDrIbrahim Shaikh
The document provides an overview of alveolar bone structure and function. It begins with definitions of key terms like the periodontium and alveolar process. It then discusses the classification, composition, development and typical morphology of alveolar bone. Specific structures are described like the alveolar bone proper, cortical and spongy bone, bundle bone, and lamina dura. The final section outlines some common radiographic features seen in alveolar bone like the lamina dura, alveolar crest, and trabecular patterns. In summary, the document serves as a comprehensive review of alveolar bone anatomy and histology.
Here are the key types of dentin and their histological features:
- Primary dentin (mantle, circumpulpal) - forms bulk of tooth, contains dentinal tubules
- Mantle dentin - thin layer near pulp, large collagen fibers perpendicular to DEJ
- Circumpulpal dentin - below mantle dentin, smaller collagen fibers parallel to DEJ
- Predentin - unmineralized matrix secreted by odontoblasts
- Secondary dentin - forms with age/stimulation within pulp chamber
- Regular secondary dentin - mild stimulus, uniform deposition on pulp chamber walls
- Irregular/reparative dentin - severe stimulus, localized deposition near exposed dentin
The periodontium refers to the tissues that surround and support teeth. The periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue that connects the tooth root to the inner surface of the alveolar bone. It is made up of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and contains blood vessels. The periodontal ligament develops from cells of the dental follicle that differentiate into cementoblasts, fibroblasts, and other cells after the root forms and erupts. It contains principal fibers that connect the cementum to bone and resist various forces on the teeth. Other components include cementoblasts, osteoblasts, epithelial cell rests, and defense cells that maintain the periodontium.
This document describes the clinical features of the gingiva. It discusses the four main anatomical portions of the gingiva: the gingival sulcus, free gingiva, interdental gingiva, and attached gingiva. It provides details on the texture, color, contour, and size of healthy gingiva. Key anatomical landmarks are then described in more depth, including the gingival sulcus, marginal gingiva, attached gingiva, and interdental gingiva. Probings depths and widths of different regions are provided. Diagrams are included to illustrate features like the interdental col in different situations.
Hypercementosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of cementum on tooth roots. It can be localized, affecting a single tooth due to conditions like periapical osteitis, or generalized, affecting many teeth as an age-related factor or due to diseases like Paget's disease of bone. Radiographically, it appears as thickening and blunting of roots with a bulbous or irregular apex. Diagnosis is clinical based on the bulbous root appearance. Treatment focuses on managing any underlying primary causes.
This document provides an overview of cementum, including its definition, physical characteristics, chemical composition, formation, classification, functions, repair capabilities, anomalies, and clinical considerations. Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering tooth roots that anchors periodontal ligament fibers and allows for tooth attachment. It is softer than dentin, continues depositing throughout life, and plays roles in tooth support, compensation, and repair of root surfaces. The document discusses the stages of cementum formation, types based on location/composition, and roles in maintaining tooth structure and occlusion. Pathologies like hypercementosis and cementoma are also summarized.
This document provides information on cementum, which is the mineralized tissue covering the roots of teeth. It begins at the cemento-enamel junction and extends to the root apex. There are different types of cementum based on cellularity and the presence of fibers, including acellular, cellular, and intermediate cementum. Cementum is composed of collagen fibers, ground substance, and may contain cementocytes. It provides various functions such as attachment of periodontal ligament fibers and protection of the tooth root.
The document discusses the periodontal ligament (PDL), which is the soft connective tissue that surrounds tooth roots and attaches cementum to alveolar bone. It defines PDL and describes its extent, average width, development from the dental follicle, orientation of collagen fibers, cellular elements including fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and epithelial rests of Mallassez. The document also covers the biochemical composition and ground substance of PDL, as well as its blood supply, nerve supply, age-related changes, and role in healing after periodontal surgery.
- Cementum is the calcified tissue that covers the roots of teeth and attaches to the periodontal ligament.
- It is formed by cementoblasts in two stages - primary cementum formation before a tooth reaches occlusion, and secondary cementum formation after. Primary cementum is acellular while secondary cementum is cellular.
- Cementum provides for tooth attachment via Sharpey's fibers embedded within it from the periodontal ligament. It aids in repair of root surfaces and maintains tooth position from functional forces.
Cementum is the calcified tissue that covers the root surface of teeth. It is less calcified and harder than dentin. Cementum is classified based on the presence or absence of cells and fibers. Cellular cementum contains cementocytes within lacunae and forms later in life, while acellular cementum lacks cells and forms earlier. Cementum is deposited throughout life to maintain tooth structure and plays an important role in tooth attachment through Sharpey's fibers inserting into the cementum. Cementum can undergo resorption and repair in response to environmental changes and maintains tooth integrity under forces.
The periodontium consists of cementum, the periodontal ligament (PDL), alveolar bone, and gingiva surrounding the tooth. The PDL is a specialized connective tissue between cementum and alveolar bone that functions to support the teeth, absorb chewing forces, provide sensory feedback, and enable nutrient transport. It contains collagen fiber bundles arranged to withstand forces. Cementum is a hard, avascular tissue covering roots that provides attachment for collagen fibers. The alveolar bone forms the tooth sockets and contains the PDL. Molecular factors regulate tissue development and regeneration.
This document provides information about the dento-gingival unit, which refers to the junctional epithelium and gingival fibers that maintain the attachment between the gingiva and tooth. It discusses the development, structure, and functions of the junctional epithelium. In particular, it describes how the junctional epithelium forms a specialized attachment to the tooth through hemidesmosomes and an internal basal lamina. It also discusses the dynamic cellular processes and molecular components that allow the junctional epithelium to regenerate and maintain a strong yet permeable attachment between the oral cavity and periodontium.
This document discusses dental nomenclature and terminology. It covers topics like tooth numbering systems, terminology for tooth surfaces and dental caries, non-carious tooth defects, and cavity/tooth preparation classifications. The three most popular tooth numbering systems - Zsigmondy/Palmer, ADA, and FDI - are described. Terminology for locations, extent, and rates of dental caries are defined. Non-carious defects and their terminology include abrasion, attrition, erosion, and fractures. Cavity preparation terminology includes definitions for walls, floors, angles, and cavosurface margins. Classifications of tooth preparations are by anatomic area and type of treatment.
The root sheath breaks down and cementoblasts arise from the dental sac as dentin growth causes the physical breakdown of the epithelial diaphragm. Dental follicle cells then invade and form cementoblasts, which lay down cementum on the root surface. Remnants of the broken down root sheath remain as rests of Malassez.
Why do these remnants proliferate?
The origin of epithelial odontogenic neoplasms, hamartomas and cysts is inextricably bound up with a discussion of the parent cells of these lesions.
Epithelial Remnants may develop into Cysts, Tumors, and Hamartomas.
Ultrastructure and function of cementum pptnaseemashraf2
Cementum is the calcified tissue covering the roots of teeth. It begins forming during tooth development and continues growing throughout life. Cementum is composed of inorganic minerals like hydroxyapatite and organic materials like collagen. It exists in cellular and acellular forms and helps attach periodontal ligaments to provide structural support and sensory feedback for teeth. Cementum can undergo resorption from trauma or disease but also facilitates repair through continued deposition over the life of the tooth.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, composition, structure, cells, blood supply, and changes associated with orthodontic forces. It notes that alveolar bone surrounds and supports the teeth sockets. It is composed primarily of inorganic minerals and collagen. Microscopically, it contains osteons arranged in concentric lamellae around Haversian canals. Osteoblasts build bone while osteoclasts resorb it, maintaining a constant state of remodeling. The alveolar bone has a rich blood supply from the superior and inferior alveolar arteries and drains via lymph vessels. Orthodontic forces induce changes in the bone's morphology and turnover.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, components, development, structure, clinical applications, and appearance on x-rays. It notes that the alveolar bone contains the tooth sockets and supports the teeth. The alveolar bone proper surrounds the tooth root and is perforated by Volkmann's canals. The supporting alveolar bone consists of cortical plates and spongy bone between the plates and alveolar bone proper. The alveolar bone undergoes remodeling and modeling during tooth movement and in response to functional forces.
Cementum is the mineralized tissue that covers the roots of teeth. It has lower hardness than dentin and a pale yellow color. Cementum is permeable and its thickness increases from the cervical region to the apex. It contains cementoblasts that lay down the cementum matrix, and cementocytes that are incorporated into the matrix. Cementum development involves matrix formation by cementoblasts followed by mineralization. Cementum can be classified as primary/secondary, acellular/cellular, and according to fiber origin. Age-related changes include increased irregularity and continued apical deposition. Hypercementosis is abnormal cementum thickening.
Cementum is a hard, avascular connective tissue that covers the roots of teeth. It provides attachment for the periodontal ligament fibers and protects the underlying dentin. There are two types of cementum - acellular and cellular. Acellular cementum is laid down early in development and provides the main attachment for teeth. Cellular cementum is laid down later and is found mainly in the apical regions. Cementum is continuously deposited over the life of the tooth to maintain its length and acts to repair resorption of the root surface.
The periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue that connects the cementum of teeth to the alveolar bone. It develops from the dental follicle during root formation and tooth eruption. The periodontal ligament is composed of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, blood vessels and nerves. The principal collagen fibers are arranged in bundles and attach to the cementum and bone. The periodontal ligament helps maintain homeostasis between the teeth and surrounding tissues and allows for tooth mobility.
5. alveolar bone in health part a dr-ibrahim_shaikhDrIbrahim Shaikh
The document provides an overview of alveolar bone structure and function. It begins with definitions of key terms like the periodontium and alveolar process. It then discusses the classification, composition, development and typical morphology of alveolar bone. Specific structures are described like the alveolar bone proper, cortical and spongy bone, bundle bone, and lamina dura. The final section outlines some common radiographic features seen in alveolar bone like the lamina dura, alveolar crest, and trabecular patterns. In summary, the document serves as a comprehensive review of alveolar bone anatomy and histology.
Here are the key types of dentin and their histological features:
- Primary dentin (mantle, circumpulpal) - forms bulk of tooth, contains dentinal tubules
- Mantle dentin - thin layer near pulp, large collagen fibers perpendicular to DEJ
- Circumpulpal dentin - below mantle dentin, smaller collagen fibers parallel to DEJ
- Predentin - unmineralized matrix secreted by odontoblasts
- Secondary dentin - forms with age/stimulation within pulp chamber
- Regular secondary dentin - mild stimulus, uniform deposition on pulp chamber walls
- Irregular/reparative dentin - severe stimulus, localized deposition near exposed dentin
The periodontium refers to the tissues that surround and support teeth. The periodontal ligament is a specialized connective tissue that connects the tooth root to the inner surface of the alveolar bone. It is made up of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and contains blood vessels. The periodontal ligament develops from cells of the dental follicle that differentiate into cementoblasts, fibroblasts, and other cells after the root forms and erupts. It contains principal fibers that connect the cementum to bone and resist various forces on the teeth. Other components include cementoblasts, osteoblasts, epithelial cell rests, and defense cells that maintain the periodontium.
This document describes the clinical features of the gingiva. It discusses the four main anatomical portions of the gingiva: the gingival sulcus, free gingiva, interdental gingiva, and attached gingiva. It provides details on the texture, color, contour, and size of healthy gingiva. Key anatomical landmarks are then described in more depth, including the gingival sulcus, marginal gingiva, attached gingiva, and interdental gingiva. Probings depths and widths of different regions are provided. Diagrams are included to illustrate features like the interdental col in different situations.
Hypercementosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of cementum on tooth roots. It can be localized, affecting a single tooth due to conditions like periapical osteitis, or generalized, affecting many teeth as an age-related factor or due to diseases like Paget's disease of bone. Radiographically, it appears as thickening and blunting of roots with a bulbous or irregular apex. Diagnosis is clinical based on the bulbous root appearance. Treatment focuses on managing any underlying primary causes.
This document provides an overview of cementum, including its definition, physical characteristics, chemical composition, formation, classification, functions, repair capabilities, anomalies, and clinical considerations. Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering tooth roots that anchors periodontal ligament fibers and allows for tooth attachment. It is softer than dentin, continues depositing throughout life, and plays roles in tooth support, compensation, and repair of root surfaces. The document discusses the stages of cementum formation, types based on location/composition, and roles in maintaining tooth structure and occlusion. Pathologies like hypercementosis and cementoma are also summarized.
This document provides information on cementum, which is the mineralized tissue covering the roots of teeth. It begins at the cemento-enamel junction and extends to the root apex. There are different types of cementum based on cellularity and the presence of fibers, including acellular, cellular, and intermediate cementum. Cementum is composed of collagen fibers, ground substance, and may contain cementocytes. It provides various functions such as attachment of periodontal ligament fibers and protection of the tooth root.
The document discusses the periodontal ligament (PDL), which is the soft connective tissue that surrounds tooth roots and attaches cementum to alveolar bone. It defines PDL and describes its extent, average width, development from the dental follicle, orientation of collagen fibers, cellular elements including fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and epithelial rests of Mallassez. The document also covers the biochemical composition and ground substance of PDL, as well as its blood supply, nerve supply, age-related changes, and role in healing after periodontal surgery.
- Cementum is the calcified tissue that covers the roots of teeth and attaches to the periodontal ligament.
- It is formed by cementoblasts in two stages - primary cementum formation before a tooth reaches occlusion, and secondary cementum formation after. Primary cementum is acellular while secondary cementum is cellular.
- Cementum provides for tooth attachment via Sharpey's fibers embedded within it from the periodontal ligament. It aids in repair of root surfaces and maintains tooth position from functional forces.
Cementum is the calcified tissue that covers the root surface of teeth. It is less calcified and harder than dentin. Cementum is classified based on the presence or absence of cells and fibers. Cellular cementum contains cementocytes within lacunae and forms later in life, while acellular cementum lacks cells and forms earlier. Cementum is deposited throughout life to maintain tooth structure and plays an important role in tooth attachment through Sharpey's fibers inserting into the cementum. Cementum can undergo resorption and repair in response to environmental changes and maintains tooth integrity under forces.
The periodontium consists of cementum, the periodontal ligament (PDL), alveolar bone, and gingiva surrounding the tooth. The PDL is a specialized connective tissue between cementum and alveolar bone that functions to support the teeth, absorb chewing forces, provide sensory feedback, and enable nutrient transport. It contains collagen fiber bundles arranged to withstand forces. Cementum is a hard, avascular tissue covering roots that provides attachment for collagen fibers. The alveolar bone forms the tooth sockets and contains the PDL. Molecular factors regulate tissue development and regeneration.
This document provides information about the dento-gingival unit, which refers to the junctional epithelium and gingival fibers that maintain the attachment between the gingiva and tooth. It discusses the development, structure, and functions of the junctional epithelium. In particular, it describes how the junctional epithelium forms a specialized attachment to the tooth through hemidesmosomes and an internal basal lamina. It also discusses the dynamic cellular processes and molecular components that allow the junctional epithelium to regenerate and maintain a strong yet permeable attachment between the oral cavity and periodontium.
This document discusses dental nomenclature and terminology. It covers topics like tooth numbering systems, terminology for tooth surfaces and dental caries, non-carious tooth defects, and cavity/tooth preparation classifications. The three most popular tooth numbering systems - Zsigmondy/Palmer, ADA, and FDI - are described. Terminology for locations, extent, and rates of dental caries are defined. Non-carious defects and their terminology include abrasion, attrition, erosion, and fractures. Cavity preparation terminology includes definitions for walls, floors, angles, and cavosurface margins. Classifications of tooth preparations are by anatomic area and type of treatment.
The root sheath breaks down and cementoblasts arise from the dental sac as dentin growth causes the physical breakdown of the epithelial diaphragm. Dental follicle cells then invade and form cementoblasts, which lay down cementum on the root surface. Remnants of the broken down root sheath remain as rests of Malassez.
Why do these remnants proliferate?
The origin of epithelial odontogenic neoplasms, hamartomas and cysts is inextricably bound up with a discussion of the parent cells of these lesions.
Epithelial Remnants may develop into Cysts, Tumors, and Hamartomas.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The dentogingival junction is the region where the tooth is attached to the gingiva. It initially forms with the emergence of the tooth into the oral cavity, with the enamel covered by epithelium. Over time, the junction shifts apically as the epithelium separates from the enamel surface in a process called passive eruption. The junctional epithelium, which is more permeable, eventually attaches at the cementoenamel junction. In unhealthy conditions, the junction and sulcus can shift further onto the root surface, forming a pathological periodontal pocket.
The document summarizes different types of cysts that can occur in the oral and paraoral regions. It describes odontogenic cysts that arise from epithelial remnants associated with tooth development, including inflammatory and developmental periodontal cysts. Non-odontogenic cysts such as dermoid and thyroglossal duct cysts in the soft tissues are also mentioned. Key characteristics such as location, histology, clinical features and treatment are provided for different cyst types.
This document summarizes a presentation on the periodontal ligament given by Dr. Abhishek Gakhar. It discusses the structure, development, constituents including cells, fibers and blood/nerve supply of the periodontal ligament. The functions of the periodontal ligament and its clinical correlations are also reviewed. Diagrams illustrate the fiber groups and cells found in the periodontal ligament.
This document provides an overview of the periodontal ligament (PDL), including its development, cells, extracellular components, fiber groups, and structures. The PDL is a specialized connective tissue that attaches teeth to alveolar bone. It contains fibroblasts that secrete collagen fibers, along with blood vessels, nerves, and progenitor cells. The principal fiber groups resist various forces on teeth. The PDL allows teeth to withstand chewing forces through its extracellular matrix and continual remodeling by synthetic and resorptive cells.
General Service Contractors Presentation Julia Albaugh
The document describes the process of delivering exhibit materials from the dock to an assigned location for an event, then removing empty crates and returning materials and crates to the dock after the event ends. It also mentions that delivering and returning materials is sometimes called "drayage" and discusses various aspects involved in setting up a successful event, from floor installation to ensuring equipment is ready despite potential unexpected issues.
Growing Asian Demand In Physical Gold And Its Impact On Gold PricesKirill Klip
This document discusses growing Asian demand for physical gold and its impact on gold prices. It notes that key East Asia and Middle Eastern markets account for 53% of global gold demand. It also discusses several market trends, including a softening of physical demand in China as domestic stocks have increased, ample gold supply in India since import restrictions were relaxed, and more balanced investor positioning in gold compared to previous liquidations of gold ETFs. The document argues that Asia's economic ascendance will increase future gold demand and that total Asian retail and institutional demand could double to around 5,000 metric tonnes annually by 2050 as the region's wealth and institutional investment sectors grow substantially.
This document summarizes the features of a 1919 home for sale in Ferndale, Michigan. It has been fully updated with many modern amenities while retaining its turn of the century style. Updates include new kitchen cabinets and appliances, refinished hardwood floors, fresh paint, and new plumbing and electrical fixtures. The home has an open floor plan, large backyard, and is walking distance to downtown Ferndale amenities. It is listed for $169,900.
The document describes a six-month coaching program called Sophia b that aims to support participants' personal and professional development. It uses various techniques including collecting feedback, setting objectives, and discussing topics related to mindfulness, relationships, human potential, performance, and leadership. The program is intended to help participants make wise decisions and positive changes through challenging discussions and the application of models and concepts. It is currently in a pilot phase and open for interested individuals to explore how the coaching could benefit them.
Red Clay Capital is a private equity firm that focuses on investing in emerging middle market companies located in the Southeast United States. It targets family-owned businesses valued between $10-40 million that are transitioning ownership. Red Clay will invest in easily understood sectors like manufacturing and services, and use conservative leverage to finance acquisitions. The firm aims to professionalize portfolio companies with operational improvements and strategic guidance from its experienced team led by H. Beecher Hicks III and C. Mark Arnold.
Presentazione User Conference ManageEngine Italia 2013, soluzioni per il monitoraggio completo dell'infrastruttura IT, rete, sistemi, applicazioni e storage.
International Lithium Corp is a lithium exploration company with projects in Argentina, Canada, and Ireland. Their flagship project is the Mariana Lithium-Potassium-Boron brine project in Argentina, which has delineated high grades of lithium, potassium, and boron based on drilling. They also have a rare metals pegmatite project in Canada with high lithium and tantalum grades intersected, and a lithium pegmatite project in Ireland where drilling has confirmed historical lithium grades. International Lithium is advancing these projects with the assistance of strategic partner Ganfeng Lithium, a large lithium product manufacturer.
The document is from a meeting between analysts and the Chief Investment Officer of Swiss Re on April 10, 2002 in Zurich, Switzerland. It summarizes Swiss Re's investment strategy and performance in 2001. Specifically, it notes that Swiss Re increased its investments in US fixed income securities and US dollar exposure in 2001. It also reduced the duration of its North American bond portfolio as interest rates were expected to decline. Additionally, the document shows that Swiss Re gradually increased its equity exposure in 2001 by purchasing stocks on market dips and not renewing hedges.
Use cases for secure Sms chat - im - mms in support of patient adherenceRaymond Silk
Convergence was acquired by Infinite Computer Solutions in 2010 and provides messaging and mobility services. It processes over 1 trillion messages annually across 200+ employees with offices in the US, Germany, Singapore, and India. The document provides information on Convergence's enterprise messaging service, adherence tools using SMS/MMS, and secure instant messaging for patients.
Sky Ways Health Care Private Limited is a pharmaceutical company located in Chandigarh, India that is seeking dedicated franchise partners. The company trades a wide range of pharmaceutical products including tablets, injections, capsules, syrups, suspensions and others. Under the guidance of managing director Mr. Munish Gupta, the company has maintained a strong presence in the pharmaceutical market and looks to expand its franchise partnerships.
Managementondersteuning provides consulting, interim management, and outsourcing services to small and medium-sized companies. Services include management support, management consulting, recruitment and staffing, and serving as a confidant or interim associate. The company aims to help entrepreneurs, staff, and companies through special situations by regenerating organizational roots and setting targets to increase sales. Its competitive advantages include the founder's dedication, thoroughness, reliability, and ability to serve as a single point of contact.
This document discusses the development of the periodontium, which includes the cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and gingiva. It describes how the tooth germ develops from the enamel organ and dental papilla through stages of growth. Root formation is induced by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, which regulates the development of cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone through cellular differentiation and protein signaling. The periodontium develops through reciprocal interactions between the enamel organ and dental follicle mesenchyme.
The document discusses dental cementum, which covers the root surfaces of teeth. It begins by defining cementum and describing its development, characteristics, and histology. Cementum begins forming at the cementoenamel junction and extends to the root apex. It is composed of cementoblasts, cementocytes, and cementoclasts. The document classifies cementum based on location, cellularity, collagen fiber composition, and the classification system of Schroeder. Cementum plays an important role in attaching the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone.
This document discusses the development of the periodontium, which includes the cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and gingiva that support teeth. It first describes the development of cementum, which forms on tooth roots through the process of cementogenesis by cementoblasts. It then discusses the development of the periodontal ligament from the dental follicle prior to tooth eruption, and the development of alveolar bone and gingiva from the dental follicle. The document provides details on the structure, composition and functions of cementum and the periodontal ligament.
This document summarizes the development of the periodontium. It describes the stages of tooth development from the primary epithelial band to root formation overseen by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath. Cementum formation and the role of cementoblasts are discussed. The periodontal ligament develops from the dental follicle and maintains homeostasis through various molecules. Alveolar bone formation occurs concurrently to provide support. The junctional epithelium proliferates during passive eruption. Clinical significance and conclusions emphasize repairing lost periodontal tissues through understanding periodontium development.
The periodontium develops from neural crest cells that migrate into the developing dental arches. The dental lamina forms and invaginates into the underlying mesenchyme, forming the tooth bud. The bud develops through the cap and bell stages as the enamel organ and dental papilla form. The dental follicle gives rise to the periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. Cementoblasts deposit cementum on the root surface. Periodontal ligament fibers develop from the dental follicle and insert into the cementum and bone. The gingiva develops as the tooth erupts, with the reduced enamel epithelium transforming into junctional epithelium and sulcular epithelium.
The periodontium develops from neural crest cells that migrate to form dental tissues. The dental lamina forms and invaginates, leading to tooth bud development through the bud, cap, and bell stages. Mesenchymal cells aggregate to form the dental papilla and follicle. The follicle gives rise to cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Cementum forms on the root surface in two stages - primary acellular cementum deposited before eruption, and secondary cellular cementum deposited after eruption. The periodontal ligament develops prior to eruption from the dental follicle.
This document summarizes the development of the periodontium, which consists of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. It describes how the dental lamina forms and then divides into the inner and outer processes. Tooth development occurs through the bud, cap and bell stages as the enamel organ forms. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath induces root formation and cementum development. The periodontal ligament then develops from the dental follicle, with principle fibers forming between the cementum and alveolar bone.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The periodontium develops from the dental follicle, which gives rise to the cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Cementum is deposited on the root surface by cementoblasts derived from the follicle. The periodontal ligament develops as collagen fibers remodel between the cementum and bone. The dental follicle also forms the bony crypt and gives rise to osteoblasts that deposit alveolar bone. Remnants of the epithelial root sheath become the epithelial cell rests of Malassez. The gingiva develops as the reduced enamel epithelium transforms into the junctional epithelium during tooth eruption.
The document summarizes the development of the periodontium. It discusses how the dental follicle derived from neural crest cells gives rise to cementum, periodontal ligament fibroblasts, and alveolar bone. It also describes the development of the individual tissues - how cementum and periodontal ligament fibers form along the developing root surface, how the gingiva and junctional epithelium develop during tooth eruption, and how alveolar bone develops from the dental follicle to support the tooth socket. The periodontium develops as an integrated unit with interactions between tissues to provide structural support for teeth.
Final - Cementum - Basics and Applied Aspects (Dr. Sabitha Sudarsan)1.pptxPrasanthThalur
This document provides an overview of cementum, a specialized connective tissue that covers tooth roots. It discusses the development, physical characteristics, composition, and microscopic structure of cementum. There are two main types - acellular cementum which covers the cervical third of roots and lacks cells, containing mineralized Sharpey's fibers, and cellular cementum which forms after tooth eruption and contains cementocytes in lacunae. The document outlines the roles of cementoblasts, cementocytes, and various proteins involved in cementogenesis.
cementum in health and disease final ppt.pptxPrasanthThalur
Cementum is the mineralized tissue covering tooth roots. It is avascular and non-innervated. There are two types - acellular and cellular cementum. Acellular cementum is deposited earlier and covers cervical root surfaces. Cellular cementum is deposited later and is found apically. Cementum functions to anchor teeth via Sharpey's fibers inserting into it from the periodontal ligament. Cementum deposition continues throughout life, maintaining proper tooth position and compensating for wear. Age-related changes include increased thickness with no change at the cementodentinal junction.
The periodontal ligament is a complex connective tissue that connects teeth to the alveolar bone. It contains fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and epithelial rests of Malassez. The fibroblasts are the predominant cells and produce collagen fibers that develop into principal fiber bundles. The periodontal ligament allows for adaptation during function by remodeling its collagen fibers and allows movement within the periodontal space. It develops from the dental follicle prior to tooth eruption and contains stem cells that can differentiate into cementoblasts, osteoblasts or fibroblasts.
Development of periodontium. periodonticsGururam MDS
This document provides an overview of tooth and periodontal tissue development. It discusses how neural crest cells give rise to dental and periodontal structures. Tooth development progresses through bud, cap, and bell stages as the enamel organ and dental papilla interact. Cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone develop during root formation guided by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath. The gingiva develops from both epithelial and connective tissue precursors. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are important for maintaining tissue phenotypes and regulating epithelial growth.
The document summarizes key aspects of the periodontium, including its components of cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It describes in detail the types of cementum (acellular extrinsic fiber, cellular intrinsic fiber, acellular afibrillar), their formation processes, composition and roles in tooth attachment. Factors regulating cementogenesis like growth factors, collagens and signaling molecules are also discussed. The aging changes and clinical correlations of cementum are presented.
This document discusses genetics in tooth development. It begins with an introduction to the stages of tooth development from initiation to root formation. It describes the molecular control of tooth development including key genes such as Msx1, Pax9, Lef1, and Dlx genes. Tooth morphogenesis is controlled by the enamel knot through genes such as Bmp4. The roles of genes in enamel formation including AMELX, ENAM, KLK4 and MMP20 are discussed. Genetics of dentin formation including the role of the DSPP gene in dentinogenesis imperfecta are also summarized. The document provides an overview of the molecular genetics underlying tooth development and malformations.
This document provides an overview of the development of dental and periodontal tissues. It discusses how neural crest cells give rise to dental tissues like cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Tooth development progresses from the bud stage to the bell stage to root formation directed by Hertwig's epithelial root sheath. Cementum develops through cellular cementoblasts on the root surface. The periodontal ligament develops from the dental follicle with fibers inserting into cementum and bone. Alveolar bone forms during root development through osteoblasts. The gingiva develops from the oral epithelium and underlying connective tissue, with the gingival sulcus forming as teeth erupt. Epithelial and
The initiation of tooth development begins at 37 days of development
with formation of a continuous horseshoe-band of thickened epithelium
in the location of upper and lower jaws – Primary Epithelial Band
Dental lamina appears as a thickening
of the oral epithelium adjacent to
condensation of ectomesenchyme
20 areas of enlargement or knobs
appear, which will form tooth buds
for the 20 primary teeth
Not all will appear at the same time.
The first to develop are those of the
anterior mandible region
At this early stage the tooth buds
have already determined their crown morphology
Successional lamina: lamina from
which permanent teeth develop
The dental lamina begins to function
at 6th prenatal week and continues to
15th year of birth (3rd molar)
Tooth development is a continuous process, however can be
divided into 3 stages:
1. Bud Stage
2. Cap Stage
3. Bell Stage
4. Hertwigs epithelial root sheath and root formation
The bud stage is represented by the first epithelial incursion into the ectomesenchyme of the jaw.
The epithelial cells show little if any change in shape or function.
The supporting ectomesenchymal cells are packed closely beneath and around the epithelial bud. As the epithelial bud continues to proliferate into the ectomesenchyme, cellular density increases immediately adjacent to the epithelial outgrowth.
This process is classically referred to as a condensation of the ectomesenchyme.
The epithelium of the dental lamina separated from the underlying ectomesenchyme by basement membrane.
Bud stage is characterized by rounded, localized growth of
epithelium surrounded by proliferating mesenchymal cells,which are packed closely beneath and around the epithelial buds
The transition from bud to cap marks the onset of morphologic differences between tooth germs that give rise to different types of teeth.
Differential cellular division in the epithelial bud initiates a change in shape so that now the epithelial outgrowth assumes a more complex outline with a flattened internal portion along which the mesenchymal condensation densifies.
As the tooth bud grows larger, it drags along with it part of the dental lamina; thus from that point on, the developing tooth is tethered to the dental lamina by an extension called the lateral lamina.
At this early stage of tooth development, identifying the formative elements of the tooth and its supporting tissues is already possible.
The epithelial outgrowth, which superficially resembles a cap sitting on a ball of condensed ectomesenchyme , is still referred to widely as the dental organ but actually should be called the enamel organ, because it eventually will form the enamel of the tooth. Henceforth, the term enamel organ is used.
Condensation of the ectomesenchyme immediately subjacent to the tooth bud caused by lack of extracellular matrix secretion by the cells thus preventing separation.
Cementum is a hard, mineralized tissue found on the anatomical roots of teeth. It has several subtypes based on cellularity and collagen fiber organization. Cementum is composed of hydroxyapatite crystals and collagen fibers. It is formed by cementoblasts and cementocytes. Cementum provides attachment of periodontal ligament fibers to the tooth and continues growing throughout life. The main types are acellular and cellular cementum. Acellular cementum forms earlier and is less cellular while cellular cementum forms later and more rapidly to adapt to functional forces. Cementum plays an important role in tooth attachment and is involved in pathological processes like root resorption.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. Contents :
•Introduction
•Development of teeth
•Stages of tooth growth
•Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath & root formation
•Development of cementum/ cementogenesis
•Development of PDL
•Development of alveolar bone
•Development of dentogingival unit
•conclusion
Dr.Jignesh
3. Introduction
The periodontium is simply defined as the tissues supporting
and investing the tooth - consists of cementum, PDL, bone
lining the alveolus & that part of the gingiva facing the tooth.
The tissues supporting the tooth are developmentally derived
from the dental follicle proper, whereas those investing the
tooth, that is the gingiva, are an adaptation of the oral mucosa.
- Richard Ten Cate
Dr.Jignesh
4. The widespread occurrence of periodontal diseases & the realization that
periodontal tissues lost to the disease can be repaired has resulted in
considerable effort to understand the factors & cells regulating the
formation, maintenance, & regeneration of the periodontium.
- Ten Cate et al Periodontology 2000, Vol. 13
Dr.Jignesh
6. Tooth germ
Ectodermal cells of dental lamina divide more rapidly & form little knobs
that grow into underlying mesenchyme.
These little down growths from the dental lamina represents the beginning
of enamel organ of the tooth bud.
Dr.Jignesh
7. As cell proliferation continues...
Each enamel organ increase in size & sink deeper into the
ectomesenchyme, & due to differential growth shape also changes.
First it takes a shape that resembles a Cap, with an outer convex facing
the oral cavity & inner concavity.
Dr.Jignesh
8. Three basic parts of Tooth germ
◦ Enamel organ (ectodermal component)
◦ Dental papiila
◦ Dental sac or dental follicle
Ectomesenchymal
component
Enamel organ
• Enamel
Dental papilla
• dentin
• pulp
Dental follicle
• Cementum
• PDL
• Alveolar bone
Dr.Jignesh
9. Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath
(HERS) & root formation
Schour & Massler suggested that the major function of the
Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath is to induce and regulate root
formation, including the size, shape and number of roots
Characteristics of HERS:
1. HERS consists of inner & outer enamel epithelia only.
2. Cells of inner layer remain short in size and induce the
differentiation of radicular dental papilla cells into
odontoblast which lays down first layer of radicular dentin.
Dr.Jignesh
10. 3. Some outer layer cells in coronal root region induce cells of dental follicle to
differentiate into cementoblasts similar to osteoblasts which give rise to acellular
cementum.
4. Slavkin suggests, since the epithelial cells of the inner layer of Hertwig’s epithelial root
sheath are analogous to the preameloblasts, it is suggested that they might secrete
enamel matrix proteins over the newly deposited root dentin.
5. In addition to these matrix proteins there are also the components of the epithelial
basement membrane, such as laminin and collagen type IV are sectreted by root sheath.
Dr.Jignesh
12. Development of cementum
Process of cementum development is called as “cementogenesis”.
Cementum is calcified, avascular mesenchymal tissue that forms outer coverings of the
anatomic root.
It was first demonstrated microscopically in 1835 by two pupils of purkinje.
It is a specialized connective tissue that shares some physical, chemical & structural
characteristics with compact bone.
Dr.Jignesh
14. [Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath is broken up &
separated from root, and differentiation of
cementoblasts lead to formation of cementum] Dr.Jignesh
15. Varieties of cementum
Two basic types of cementum, hence they are usually classified on the basis of presence of
cementocyte (cellular cementum) or absence of it (acellular cementum).
It can also be classified on the basis of the types of fibers (extrinsic/intrinsic) presence or
their absence (afibrillar cementum).
acellular extrinsic fiber cementum is regarded as Primary cementum as it forms first.
Cellular cementum is regarded as secondary cementum because it forms later than
primary cementum.
Dr.Jignesh
16. Growth factor families involved in the differentiation of
cemetoblasts from dental follicle
TGFβ 1-5
BMP2-8
EGF & IGF
PGE2 & PGF2α enhance differentiation by
activating protein kinase cell signalling
pathway
Fibroblast growth factor promotes
proliferation, migration & angiogenesis
CAP, BSP and osteopontine helps in
attachment of differentiated cells to newly
forming tissue
Dr.Jignesh
17. Development of acellular cementum
Development of acellular cementum is associated with secretion of
enamel matrix protein (EMP) by HERS after mineralization of first
layer of dentin adjacent to the root.
Enamel proteins including amelogenin & certain basement membrane
constituents are reported to be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal
reaction.
HERS also secrete cementum related proteins like Bone sialoprotein
(BSP), osteopontin & fibrillar collagen.
Dr.Jignesh
18. At the same time fibroblast precursors cells from dental follicle come in contact with
predentine matrix and start depositing bundle of collagen fibrils to form a thin layer of
perpendicularly oriented “Sharpey’s fibers” or “fringe fibers”.
Sharpey’s fibers interdigitate with unmineralized dentin at one end and into extracellular
compartment of acellular cementum at another end.
As the mineralization front advances, it contacts the sharpey’s fibers and they undergo slow
mineralization to complete the process of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum formation.
Dr.Jignesh
19. Development of cellular cementum
(a more rapidly formed & less mineralized variety of cementum)
Formation occurs after at least half the root is formed.
Development can be divided into 2 stages:
An early stage in which extrinsic sharpey’s fibers produced by fibroblasts are few &
traces of intrinsic fibers produced by cementoblasts are randomly arranged
Later stage of cementogenesis- it closely resembles bone formation. Cementoblasts and
cementocytes are involved in the secretion of intrinsic fibers.
Dr.Jignesh
20. Rapid and multipolar mode of mineralization
takes place
Entrapped cementoblasts are called as –
cementocytes
Cementcytes have processes that lodge in
canaliculi that communicate but do not form a
syncitium that extends all the way to the surface,
as is the case with in the bone.
Dr.Jignesh
21. Cementoid tissue & calcification of matrix
The uncalcified matrix is called as cementoid.
the growth of cellular cementum is a rhythmic process, and as a new layer of cementoid is
formed, the old calcifies.
Gla proteins – osteocalcin & osteonectin acts as neucleators for mineralization due to their
strong affinity for calcium & BSP.
Alkaline phosphatase promotes mineralization.
Osteopontine regulates growth of apatite crystals.
Major proteoglycan located in non-mineralized cementum is keratan sulfates- lumican &
fibromodulin.
Dr.Jignesh
23. The periodontal ligamment (PDL) is composed of a complex
vascular & highly cellular connective tissue that surrounds the tooth
root & connects it to the inner wall of the alveolar bone.
Over the years it has been described by number of terms:
• Desmodont
• Gomphosis
• Pericementum
• Dental periosteum
• Alveodental ligament
• Periodontal membrane
Dr.Jignesh
24. Development
Development of PDL begins with root formation, prior to tooth eruption.
The dental follicle cells located between the alveolar bone & HERS are composed of two
subpopulations:
Mesenchymal cells of dental follicle proper
Perifollicular mesenchyme
Perifollicular mesenchymal cells bounded by mesenchymal cells of dental follicle proper.
Dr.Jignesh
25. As the root formation continues, cells in the perifollicular region and follicle proper are gain their
polarity & the cellular volume & synthetic activity increases.
These cells obtain long & thin, elongated cytoplasm with increased amount of mitochondria,
RER & active Golgi complex.
As a result, these cells actively synthesize & deposits collagen fibrils & glycoprotein in the
developing periodontal ligament.
progenitors for periodontal ligament, osteoblast and cementoblast cells adopt a paravascular
location in the periodontal ligament, and these cells, which exhibit some features of stem cells,
can regenerate functional tissues when the need arises.
Dr.Jignesh
26. Developmet of principal fibers
Immediately before tooth eruption & for sometimes there
after, active fibroblasts adjacent to the cementum of the
coronal 1/3 of the root, aligne in oblique direction to the
long axis of the tooth.
Soon, thereafter, first collagen fiber bundles of the
ligament become discernible. These are the precursors of
the alveolar crest fiber bundle group.
Later, similar fibers are observed on the adjacent osseous
surface of the developing alveolar bone.
Dr.Jignesh
27. Both set of fibers, alveolar & cemental, continue to elongate toward each other, ultimately to meet,
intertwine & fuse, & cross linking of individual collagen molecules occur.
By the time of first occlusal contact of the tooth with its antagonist, the principle fibers around the
coronal 1/3 of the root, the horizontal group are almost completely developed
Oblique fibers in middle third of the root are still being formed.
After complete root apex is formed, apical group of fibers are developed.
Dr.Jignesh
28. PDL homeostasis
A remarkable capacity of PDL is that it maintains its width more or less, despite the fact, it is
squeezed in between two hard tissues.
Various molecules have been proposed, which play a role in maintaining an unmineralized PDL.
Msx2
Bone sialoprotein
Matrix Gla proteins
(Inhibitors of mineralization)
• Inhibit mineralized
bone tissue
• Prevents osteogening
differentiation of PDL
fibroblasts by repressing
cbfa1 activity
• osteopontin
Prostaglandins
Dr.Jignesh
30. Epithelial cell rests of malassez
Roles attributed to the Epithelial Rest of Malassez cells
range from bad to good.
Bad Role
Malassez cells are held responsible for the formation of
periodontal cysts and tumours as a result of peri-apical
inflammation associated with pulpal necrosis.
Epithelial Rest of Malassez cells contribute to the
formation of the periodontal pocket because of their
continuum with the junctional epithelium.
-Ohshima M, Nishiyama T, Tokunaga K, Sato S, Maeno M, Otsuka K.
Dr.Jignesh
31. Good Role
The cells of the Epithelial Rest of Malassez may protect the root from resorption
- Wallace JA, Vergona K.
Epithelial cells Rest of Malassez secrete hyaluronic acid, which contributes to the formation
of the loose connective tissue characteristics of the periodontal ligament & react to
mechanical stress, like that associated with orthodontic tooth movement, by increasing their
proliferation rate and cell size. - Brunette DM & Merrilees MJ, Sodek J, Aubin JE
Epithelial Rest of Malassez - help in cementum repair because of their ability to activate
matrix proteins, such as amelogenin, which are also expressed during tooth development -
Hamamoto Y, Nakajima T, Ozawa H, Uchida T.
Dr.Jignesh
33. The alveolar process is the portion of the maxilla & mandible that forms & supports the tooth
sockets.
It forms when the tooth erupts to provide the osseous attachment to the forming PDL & it
disappears gradually after the tooth is lost.
Dr.Jignesh
34. Intramembranous
ossification
Formation of bone matrix
Formation of woven bone
Appositional growth &
formation of harvesian
system (osteon)
Endochondral bone
formation
Formation of
cartiagenous model
Dr.Jignesh
35. Development of alveolar process
An alveolar bone in the strict sense of words develops only during the eruption of the teeth.
As the root & its covering of primary cementum form, new bone is deposited against the
crypt wall.
Dr.Jignesh
36. Crystal form coalescing bone nodules with fast
growing, non oriented collagen fibers- is the
substructure of woven bone, first bone formed in the
alveolus.
Later, through bone deposition, remodelling &
secretion of oriented collagen fibers in sheets, mature
lamellar bone is formed.
Subsequently, a tissue may develop at alveolar crest
that combines characteristics of cartilage & bone.
It is called as chondroid bone.
Dr.Jignesh
37. Structure of alveolar bone
(a thin lamella of the bone that surrounds the rootof the tooth & gives attachment to the
principle fibers of the PDL)
• Inner socket wall of thin compact bone
• Bundle bone
• Cribriform plate
• Lamina Dura (radiographically)
supporting alveolar bone
(the bone that surrounds the alveolar bone proper
& gives support to the socket)
• External plate of cortical bone
• Spongy bone/ cancellous trabeculae
Dr.Jignesh
38. Bone remodeling
Bone is a highly dynamic connective tissue with continuous remodeling.
Process of bone formation & bone breakdown go on simultaneously, thus the bone represents
the net results of a balance between the two processes
This phenomena is called as coupling of bone resorption & bone formation.
The main function of the remodeling are to prevent the accumulation of damaged & fatigued
bone by regenerating new bone & to facilitate mineral homeostasis.
Dr.Jignesh
39. Mediators of bone remodeling
Mechanical factors : when stress is applied on the alveolar bone, two sites are formed, bone is
resorbed at compression site & bone is deposited at tension site.
Parathyroid hormone
Vita. D metabolites
Growth factors
Bacterial products
Dr.Jignesh
42. Gingiva is an adaptation of oral epithelium in areas involved in mastication of food
The gingiva is a part of the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar processes of the jaws &
surrounds the neck of the teeth.- McCall
Dr.Jignesh
44. Dentogingival junction
(junctional epithelium)
The epithelium of the gingiva which gets
attached to the tooth is called as junctional or
attachment epithelium.
It consists of collar like band of stratified
squamous non keratinizing epithelium, located at
CEJ in healthy tissue
Dr.Jignesh
45. JE resembles reduced enamel epithelium (RER) in its structure in that they have a basal
layer & few layers of flattened cells & express CK 5, 14, 19, which is typical of
nondifferentiating tissue like RER.
Highest turnover rate of 5-6 days
JE is highly permeable & it has large intracellular spaces, so that neutrophils can easily pass
in & out of the epithelium.
Permits easy flow of GCF
Dr.Jignesh
48. Shift of dentogingival junction
A. The actual movement of crown towards the occlusal plane is called as a active eruption
B. The separation of primary attachment epithelium from the enamel is termed as passive
eruption
crown exposure involving passive eruption & further recession has been described in
four stages
firsr two stages may be physiologic but last two are probably pathologic.
Dr.Jignesh
51. Reciprocal induction between oral ectoderm & mesenchymal cells derived from neural crest
cells form the major pathway for the development of periodontal tissues.
Various histochemical molecules favours the differentiation of fibroblasts, cementoblasts &
osteoblasts from the inner cells of the dental sac, which are also secreted at the time of
periodontal regeneration or repair by PDL
PDL contains both formative & resorptive cells for cementum, A.bone & PDL itself.
Dr.Jignesh
52. Based on the information presented, it appears that the developed or adult
periodontium retains its potential for repair/regeneration in the form of
cells of the Epithelial Rest of Malassez, progenitor cells and stem cells,
which can be induced to differentiate into cementoblast, osteoblast or
periodontal ligament cells to regenerate periodontal tissues.
Dr.Jignesh
53. References:
1. Textbook of Orban’s Oral histology & Embryology, 12th Ed.
2. Textbook of TenCate’s Oral histolgy & Embryology, 8th Ed.
3. Margarita zeichner-david, Regeneration of periodontal tissues: cementogenesis revisited,
Periodontology 2000, Vol. 41, 2006, 196–217.
4. A. Richard ten cate, The development of the periodontium - a largely ectomesenchymally derived
unit, Periodontology 2000, Vol. 13, 1997, 9-19.
5. Thomas HF, Kollar EJ. Differentiation of odontoblasts in grafted recombinants of murine epithelial
root sheath and dental mesenchyme. Arch Oral Biol 1989; 34: 27-35.
6. Textbook of clinical periodontology, F.A.Carranza, 10th Ed.
Dr.Jignesh