The document summarizes the development of architecture in the Punjab region of India during the medieval period. It describes the architectural styles that emerged under different ruling dynasties, including the Mughals. Key developments included the Qutub Minar tower built in the 12th century, and grand buildings constructed under the Mughal emperors Akbar, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb, such as the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Jama Masjid mosque. The architectural styles reflected a blending of Islamic, Persian, and Indian influences. By the late 17th century, political chaos led to a decline in Mughal architecture.

1. Chapter 10:
New Developments in
literature, Art and
Architecture in the
Punjab region
Presented by:
Bhanu Sharma

2. DEVELOPMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE IN
PUNJAB DURING
THE MEDIEVAL
PERIOD

3. INTRODUCTION
The architecture of Punjab had been immensely influenced by the Buddhist and Islamic styles
of architecture. Though Sikhism is the predominant religion of Punjab but it does not have
any exclusive architectural pattern of its own. It is a combination of Islam's Sufism and
Hinduism.
Mughal architecture is characterized by its symmetry, geometrical shapes, and detailed
ornamentation. Typical elements include the use of pointed arches, the bulbous domes,
magnificent minarets with cupolas at the four corners, large halls, and enormous gateways. It
is an amalgam of Islamic, Persian, Turkish and Indian architecture.

4. DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE DURING THE SULTANATE PERIOD
THE BUILDINGS OF THE SLAVE DYNASTY:
QUTUB MINAR ( THE TOWER OF VICTORY)
Qutub -ud -din Aibak started the construction
of the ‘Qutub Minar’ at Delhi and it was
completed by Iltutmish.

5. Adai-din Ka Jhonpra at Ajmer

6. The buildings built during Khilji Dynasty
Alau-ud -din Khilji’s
buildings bear the tinge
of Islamic Art. He got
built a new town at Delhi
called ‘Seri’ near the
Qutub Minar complex.

7. The other principal monuments of Alau-ud-din Khilji were the ‘Jamaat Khana Masjid’ at the
Dargah of Nizam-ud din Auliya and the ‘Alai Darwaza’ near Qutub Minar.
‘Jamaat Khana Masjid ‘Alai Darwaza’

8. The buildings of the Tughlaqs
● The buildings of the Tughlaqs were
simple, austere but vast and solid.
● Some buildings bear mark of Hindu
features.
The fort of Adilabad

9. Ruins of the Tughlaqabad City
Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq built a new city
of Tughlaqabad in the east of Qutub
Minar.

10. FEROZ SHAH KOTLA BY FEROZ SHAH

11. Buildings of Sayyeds and Lodhis
The Sayyeds and the the Lodhis also
could not pay much attention to the
development of building activity due
to the invasion of Timur Lang in
1398 C.E. and also because of the
limited resources.
The Sayyeds and the Lodhis
also could not pay much
attention to the development
of building activity due to the
invasion of Timur Lang in
1398 C.E. and also because
of the limited resources.
‘Moth -ki Masjid’

12. Bara Gumand by Lodhis

13. Chhote Khan Tomb

14. Development
of Architecture
under the
Mughals

15. Babur and Architecture
● Babur, the founder of the
Mughal Empire in India, was
impressed and fascinated by the
Indian Architecture.
● Introduced the Persian touch,
which continued to reign
supreme under the Humayun
and Akbar.
● Imported artisans from Central
Asia to construct buildings.
Kabul Bagh at Panipat

16. Buildings of Humayun and Sher Shah Suri
Palace of Din-i-Panah in Delhi Purana quilla near Delhi

17. Akbar and Architecture
The buildings built by Akbar reflect a
harmonious and fine blending of
Persian and Indian styles with distinct
contribution of Hindu architecture.
Buland Darwaza

18. Red Fort at Agra

19. Humayun’s Tomb
Humayun's Tomb was built
in the 1560's, with the
patronage of Humayun's
son, the great Emperor
Akbar. Persian and Indian
craftsmen worked together to
build the garden-tomb, far
grander than any tomb built
before in the Islamic world.

20. Lahore Fort
The Lahore Fort is a citadel in the city of Lahore, Pakistan.The fortress is located at the northern end of walled city Lahore, and spreads
over an area greater than 20 hectares. It contains 21 notable monuments, some of which date to the era of Emperor Akbar.

21. Jahangir and Architecture
In comparison to the continual architectural
activity maintained during the greater part
of Akbar's regime, his son Jahangir, was in
the field of the building art relative
uneventful. In spite of erection of
architectural monuments, this emperor was
patronized enthusiastically in the school of
miniature painting in the Mughal regime,
and whenever constructional work was
considered there more frequently took the
form of laying out large formal gardens and
similar decorative retreats.
Akbar’s Mausoleum

22. Itmad-ud-Daulah at Agra

23. Buildings of Shahjahan
Shah Jahan period architecture is
an architectural period of Mughal
architecture. It is associated with
Shah Jahan’s thirty-year reign over
the Mughal Empire from 1628 to
1658. The most notable structures
of this period include the Taj Mahal
in Agra and the Red Fort in Old
Delhi.
Moti Masjid

24. Taj Mahal
An immense mausoleum of white marble, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his
favourite wife, the Taj Mahal is the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage.

25. Jama Masjid
Mughal Emperor Shah
Jahan built the Jama Masjid
between 1650 and 1656, at
the highest point of
Shahjahanabad. The
mosque was designed by
architect Ustad Khalil, and
constructed by
approximately 5000
workers. The workforce was
diverse, consisting of
Indians, Arabs, Persians,
Turks, and Europeans.
Style: Indo-Islamic

26. AURANGZEB AND ARCHITECTURE
Mughal architecture during Aurangzeb and its spread makes one comprehend that the emperor was much less involved in architectural production than his
predecessors were. However, the emperor did sponsor momentous monuments, especially religious ones.Aurangzeb got built the Badshahi Masjid in Lahore.
He got built the Badshahi Masjid in Lahore.

27. RED FORT

28. In 1638, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan moved the capital of his empire from Agra to a newly constructed city in Delhi that he called Shahjahanabad. Along with
the construction of this new city, he laid the foundations of his palace, the Red Fort or Lal Qila. This massive walled citadel with red sandstone walls took nearly a
decade to complete. It is considered to be better planned than the Agra Fort, as Shah Jahan learned from his experience of living there.

29. To conclude, the trend of decline of architecture during the reign of Aurangzeb
continued during his successors. After the death of Aurangzeb death chaos
and anarchy spread throughout the Mughal Empire and so the Mughal Kings
could not pay any special attention for the development of art and
Architecture and its decline started at a rapid tempo.

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