A study of what population policy is, how it evolve, types of population policy; weaknesses and strengths taken from the cases of India, China and Zimbabwe
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To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
The issue of world order is central to an understanding of international politics. The shape of world order affects both the level of stability within the global system and the balance within it between conflict and cooperation. However, since the end of the Cold War, the nature of world order has been the subject of significant debate and disagreement. Early proclamations of the establishment of a 'new world order', characterized by peace and international cooperation, were soon replaced by talk of unipolar world order, with the USA taking centre stage as the world's sole superpower. This 'unipolar moment' may nevertheless have been brief. Not only did the USA's involvement in difficult and protracted counter-insurgency wars following September 11 strengthen the impression of US decline, but emerging powers, notably China, started to exert greater influence on the world stage. The notion that unipolarity is giving way to multipolarity has, moreover, been supported by evidence of the increasing importance of international organizations, a trend that is sometimes interpreted as emerging 'global governance'. Of particular importance in this respect have been the major institutions of global economic governance – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization – and the centrepiece of the global governance system, the United Nations. Although some argue that the trend in favour of global governance reflects the fact that, in an interdependent world, states must act together to address the challenges that confront them, others dismiss global governance as a myth and raise serious questions about the effectiveness of international organizations.
Since pollution is an externality firms will not undertake to control their pollution. The answer is in government regulations. Coase argues that in perfect competition with laissez faire, govt regulation is not needed. Instead bargaining between the polluters and their victims can lead to an optimal situation. But this pre supposes equality in bargaining, and does not take note of ecological consequences of pollution.
A study of what population policy is, how it evolve, types of population policy; weaknesses and strengths taken from the cases of India, China and Zimbabwe
In this presentation, we will discuss about International Economics and will focus on various aspects that influence import and export trading, MNCs operational structure etc. We will also discuss about International trade and financial scenario.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
The issue of world order is central to an understanding of international politics. The shape of world order affects both the level of stability within the global system and the balance within it between conflict and cooperation. However, since the end of the Cold War, the nature of world order has been the subject of significant debate and disagreement. Early proclamations of the establishment of a 'new world order', characterized by peace and international cooperation, were soon replaced by talk of unipolar world order, with the USA taking centre stage as the world's sole superpower. This 'unipolar moment' may nevertheless have been brief. Not only did the USA's involvement in difficult and protracted counter-insurgency wars following September 11 strengthen the impression of US decline, but emerging powers, notably China, started to exert greater influence on the world stage. The notion that unipolarity is giving way to multipolarity has, moreover, been supported by evidence of the increasing importance of international organizations, a trend that is sometimes interpreted as emerging 'global governance'. Of particular importance in this respect have been the major institutions of global economic governance – the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization – and the centrepiece of the global governance system, the United Nations. Although some argue that the trend in favour of global governance reflects the fact that, in an interdependent world, states must act together to address the challenges that confront them, others dismiss global governance as a myth and raise serious questions about the effectiveness of international organizations.
Since pollution is an externality firms will not undertake to control their pollution. The answer is in government regulations. Coase argues that in perfect competition with laissez faire, govt regulation is not needed. Instead bargaining between the polluters and their victims can lead to an optimal situation. But this pre supposes equality in bargaining, and does not take note of ecological consequences of pollution.
Transparency as Cure for the Resource Curse? A Nigerian Case Studysebhancock
A case study of the Nigerian resource curse and it\'s underlying causes with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
This Presentation is For Students of Class 10th CBSE Board. This Presentation is on Natural Resources. The Main Topics of this Presentation Are Renewable and Non Renewable Source, Solar Energy, Wind, Forests and Fuel.
The Growing Pharmaceutical Business in Latin America. By Fernando Ferrer. Mul...Fernando Ferrer, MBA
Presentation at the Meadowlands Chamber of Commerce. NJ, USA
Fernando Ferrer, MBA - October 30, 2013
The challenges of the Pharmaceutical business in Latin America
The global pharmaceutical retail market is forecasted to reach US$ 1.2 trillion by 2017.
The 33 Latin American countries when taking together possess certain regional common characteristics in their political, geographical, socio-economic, racial and cultural profile; but many peculiarities and differences that range from infrastructure to local regulations and market access, all of which must be understood in order to create and implement business strategies to capture the market of 600 million people.
Brazil, Mexico, Argentina and Venezuela rank already on the top 20 worldwide pharma markets. At a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12% in 5 years, the sales forecast of the top 7 Latin American markets will reach close to US$ 110 billion, boosting the growth of other regional countries and life science markets.
During the presentation we will discuss on key factors to succeed when entering in these growing markets.
Brazil and the world economy. By the year 2050, the E7, the world´s seven emerging economies – China, India, Russia, Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey – will overtake the economies of the G7 – US, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy and Canada. This will create exciting business and investment opportunities across multiple markets, including consumer, agricultural, industrial, banking and logistics. Brazil faces challenges but offers business opportunities
6 Business–Government Trade Relations
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to
1Describe the political, economic, and cultural motives behind governmental intervention in trade.
2List and explain the methods governments use to promote international trade.
3List and explain the methods governments use to restrict international trade.
4Discuss the importance of the World Trade Organization in promoting free trade.
A LOOKBACK
Chapter 5 explored theories that have been developed to explain the pattern that international trade should take. We examined the important concept of comparative advantage and the conceptual basis for how international trade benefits nations.
A LOOKAT THIS CHAPTER
This chapter discusses the active role of national governments in international trade. We examine the motives for government intervention and the tools that nations use to accomplish their goals. We then explore the global trading system and show how it promotes free trade.
A LOOKAHEAD
Chapter 7 continues our discussion of the international business environment. We explore recent patterns of foreign direct investment, theories that try to explain why it occurs, and the role of governments in influencing investment flows.
Lord of the Media
Hollywood, California — Time Warner (www.timewarner.com) is the world’s leading media and entertainment company and earns around $46 billion annually. Its businesses include television networks (HBO, Turner Broadcasting), publishing (Time, Sports Illustrated), and film entertainment (New Line Cinema, Warner Bros.). As Time Warner marches across the globe, people in almost every nation on the planet view its media creations.
New Line Cinema’s The Lord of the Rings trilogy (based on the tale by J.R.R. Tolkien) is the most successful film franchise in history. The final installment in the trilogy, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, earned more than $1 billion at the worldwide box office. The entire trilogy earned nearly $3 billion worldwide and won 17 Academy Awards. New Line is now producing the prequel to The Lord of the Rings series, The Hobbit.
Source: David James/Warner Bros/Courtesy of Warner Bros./Bureau L.A. Co./CORBIS-NY.
Warner Bros.’s ongoing Harry Potter films, based on the novels of former British schoolteacher J.K. Rowling, have been magically successful. Kids worldwide snatched up Harry Potter books in every major language and now pour into cinemas to watch young Harry on the silver screen. Warner Bros. also hit it big in 2008 with the Batman film, The Dark Knight—one of the highest-grossing films ever. The company also produces mini-movies and games exclusively for its Web site.
Yet Time Warner must tread carefully as it expands its reach. Some governments fear that their own nations’ writers, actors, directors, and producers will be drowned out by big-budget Hollywood productions such as The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter. Others fear the replacement of their tradition.
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www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
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https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
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Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
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Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
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Developing resources – resource curse or resource blessing?
1. Isabelle Ramdoo
European Centre for Development Policy Management
Bangkok, Thailand, 11 – 13 June 2013
Developing Resources –
Resource Curse or Resource
Blessing?
3. • Countries with large natural resource endowments
perform worse in terms of economic development and
governance that those with fewer resources
• Used for the first time by R. Auty in 1993;
• Sachs and Warner (1995; 2001) observed similar
trends: economic dependence on oil and minerals was
correlated with slow economic growth;
• Other studies also find negative effect of oil on
economic performance (Smith 2004; and Kaldor, Karl
and Said 2007); corruption (Sala-i-Martin &
Subramanian, 2003); civil war (Humphreys, 2005) and
democratic development (Ross, 2001).
1.a. Definition and empirical evidence
ECDPM Page 3
5. Fortunately not. The challenge is not about the resources
themselves, but rather the result of their mis-management.
Variations across countries
• Some countries have performed well: Norway, Canada,
Australia but also Botswana, South Africa, Chile, Indonesia
etc
New literature: NR wealth are contingent to other factors –
institutions and governance
- Haber and Menaldo, 2011; Maloney 2007, Dunning 2008;
- Humphreys 2005 – Finds no correlation between NR and
war
- Robinson et al, 2006 – countries with accountable govt
benefit from boom
1.b. Are resources necessarily bad?
ECDPM Page 5
6. First we need to understand what are the distinctive
characteristics of NR?
1. “Enclaved sector” : NR does not need to be produced but
only needs to be extracted. Can operate independently of
other economic activities
2. Non renewable: more like an asset than a source of
income
3. Resources are unevenly spread
4. Unequal geological knowledge and negotiation expertise
These features give rise to a complex set of political and
economic processes that, when combined, may produce
adverse effects on the economy. E.g “rent seeking
behaviour”- which in turn create incentives to use political
mechanisms to capture these rents
2. Where does the resource curse come from?
Specific Characteristics
ECDPM Page 6
7. What is the mechanism for this counter-intuitive
relationship?
At least 4 categories of explanations
1. Price volatility
2. Dutch Disease
3. Procyclicality including
1. Procyclical capital flows
2. Procyclical monetary policy
3. Procyclical fiscal policy.
4. Inhibited development of institutions
3. Channels of resource curse:
ECDPM Page 7
9. Earnings from NR are generally volatile as a result of (a)
variation in rates of extraction; (b) variations in payments
(taxes) to state by companies; (c) fluctuation in value of
NR (and their price on world market). The latter has been
less volatile in recent years as a result of the increasing
“financiarisation” of the commodities sector.
This renders long term economic planning difficult.
Volatility in receipts leads to volatility in government
expenditure on infrastructure, social spending etc.
Volatility has also exacerbated debts of countries when
price of commodities fall (eg. Mexico, Nigeria and
Venezuela in 1980’s when price of oil fell)
Price volatility
ECDPM Page 9
10. Resource-rich countries often experience a decline in pre-
existing domestic sector due to an increase in the value of
Result:
1) A real appreciation in the currency
2) Other sectors find it difficult to export
3) A rise in government spending
4) A rise in non-traded goods prices
5) Simultaneously labour and other factors of production
shift to the NR sector from other sectors (agric, manuf etc).
6) A resultant shift of production out of manufactured goods
7) Sometimes debt.
ii. Dutch disease
ECDPM Page 10
12. • The Dutch Disease describes unwanted side-effects of a
commodity boom.
• Commodity exporting countries are historically prone to
procyclicality,
• Procyclicality in:
Capital inflows; Monetary policy;
Real exchange rate; Non-traded Goods
Fiscal Policy
iii. Pro-cyclical behaviours
ECDPM Page 12
14. 1. Economic challenges
a. Excessive dependence on exports and rents
b. Undiversified economic structures
c. Fast growth but high income inequality
2. Governance and political challenges
a. Weakened accountability and citizens legitimacy
b. Transparency and corruption
c. At times conflicts and war
4. Major challenges facing countries
ECDPM Page 14
15. Oil and Gas rents as a share of GDP, 2010 Mineral rents as a share of GDP, 2010
Oil as gas as a share of exports, 2009 Ores and metals as a share of exports, 2009
i.a Excessive dependence on exports and rents
(Africa)
ECDPM Page 15
16. Number of export products representing more than 75% of total
merchandise exports, 2010
1.b Undiversified economic structures (Africa)
ECDPM Page 16
17. Mineral rich, GNI per capita, $2010 Oil rich, GNI per capita, $2010
1.c High income inequality (Africa)
Source: WB, 2012, WDIs Page 17
ECDPM
21. • The Natural Resource Curse should not be
interpreted as a rule that commodity-rich
countries are doomed to fail.
• The question is what policies to adopt
to avoid the pitfalls and improve the chances of
prosperity.
A wide variety of measures have been tried.
Some work better than others.
Conclusion
ECDPM Page 21