Due to global supply chain disruptions and high demand for personal protective equipment (PPE), the rapidly expanding COVID-19 crisis left millions of front-line fighters unprotected. The disposal of PPE in the environment caused significant environmental pollution. Hence, indigenous initiatives have been taken to fabricate antiviral and biodegradable face shields with the help of neoteric and cleaner technologies. This paper describes a novel endeavor to design, manufacture, and performance analysis of a face shield made by plastic injection molding and LASER Cutting. Because of the requirement of permanent wear, the face shield’s ergonomic design is considered low weight and easy head fixation, alongside high production ability. Here, face shield frames are made with lightweight, biodegradable plastic called Poly Lactic Acid (PLA), whereas an optical grade PLA sheet is used as the visor for better clarity. Visors PLA Sheet is coated with Nano-Silver disinfectant spray to incorporate antiviral properties to the Faceshield. Partially circumferential adjustable elastic straps are used for comfortable head fixation. To evaluate the product, clinical fit tests along with statistical survey were conducted, and the feedback from the end-users on comfort (41% Excellent, 30% Good, 26% Average and 3% Poor), clear view (33% Excellent, 38% Good, 24% Average, and 5% Poor), design features (43% Excellent, 35% Good, and 22% Average), simplicity of installation and disassembly (29% Excellent, 33% Good, and 38% Average), and ease of wearing/removing (45% Excellent, 40% Good, and 15%Average) are encouraging.

1. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 13 (2023) 100615
Available online 4 March 2023
2666-7908/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Design and fabrication of a biodegradable face shield by using cleaner
technologies for the protection of direct splash and airborne pathogens
during the COVID-19 pandemic
Adib Bin Rashid a,*
, Nazmir-Nur Showva b
a
Industrial and Production Engineering Department, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Bangladesh
b
Biomedical Engineering Department, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Bangladesh
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
COVID-19
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Face shield
Plastic injection molding
Biodegradable
Cleaner technology
A B S T R A C T
Due to global supply chain disruptions and high demand for personal protective equipment (PPE), the rapidly
expanding COVID-19 crisis left millions of front-line fighters unprotected. The disposal of PPE in the environ­
ment caused significant environmental pollution. Hence, indigenous initiatives have been taken to fabricate
antiviral and biodegradable face shields with the help of neoteric and cleaner technologies. This paper describes
a novel endeavor to design, manufacture, and performance analysis of a face shield made by plastic injection
molding and LASER Cutting. Because of the requirement of permanent wear, the face shield’s ergonomic design
is considered low weight and easy head fixation, alongside high production ability. Here, face shield frames are
made with lightweight, biodegradable plastic called Poly Lactic Acid (PLA), whereas an optical grade PLA sheet
is used as the visor for better clarity. Visors PLA Sheet is coated with Nano-Silver disinfectant spray to incor­
porate antiviral properties to the Faceshield. Partially circumferential adjustable elastic straps are used for
comfortable head fixation. To evaluate the product, clinical fit tests along with statistical survey were conducted,
and the feedback from the end-users on comfort (41% Excellent, 30% Good, 26% Average and 3% Poor), clear
view (33% Excellent, 38% Good, 24% Average, and 5% Poor), design features (43% Excellent, 35% Good, and
22% Average), simplicity of installation and disassembly (29% Excellent, 33% Good, and 38% Average), and
ease of wearing/removing (45% Excellent, 40% Good, and 15%Average) are encouraging.
1. Introduction
Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) is a life-threatening disease
caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2), or a novel coronavirus that has been declared as an epidemic
(Garcia Godoy et al., 2020). It is a highly transmissible disease that
occurs through droplets from individual to individual when a diseased
person coughs or sneezes, or touches one’s mouth, nose, or eyes after
contact with contaminated surfaces (Riou and Althaus, 2020). Masks,
respirators, face shields, or goggles have shown their ability to protect
from respiratory infections as they hinder the facial zone, related to
mucous membranes such as eyes, nose, lips, etc (Li et al., 2021). Spe­
cifically, face shields have been revealed a range of interests: they avoid
inoculation of droplets through the conjunctiva, prevent accidental
touching of the eyes or face with infected hands, and secure facial masks,
the efficacy of which decreases after moistening (Lemarteleur et al.,
2021).
To determine the efficiency of face shields in avoiding the spread of
respiratory virus-related diseases, Lindsley et al. utilized a cough aerosol
simulator and a breathing simulator and reported that face shields could
reduce 96% inhalation and 97% surface contamination instantly after a
cough at a distance of 46 cm (Lindsley et al., 2014). Ronen et al. also
investigated the efficacy of the protective equipment utilizing a cough
simulator and an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) and found that
droplets of 0.3 to few microns, a shield was found to perform ten times
better hindering than the medical mask (Ronen et al., 2020). Utilizing a
dummy head to study conjunctival infection during a femoral osteotomy
performance, Mansour et al. found a 30% occurrence of contagion when
an assemblage of a surgical mask and eye shield was used (Mansour
et al., 2009). Shoham et al. tested various disposable eyewear items and
discovered that the Face Shield with an N95 mask produced the best
results (Shoham et al., 2019). Thus, there is a significant indication of
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: adib@me.mist.ac.bd (A.B. Rashid).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Cleaner Engineering and Technology
journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/cleaner-engineering-and-technology
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100615
Received 12 August 2022; Received in revised form 1 March 2023; Accepted 2 March 2023

2. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 13 (2023) 100615
2
face shields’ efficacy against aerosolized contamination for Health Care
Employees.
In the face of a fast-escalating COVID-19 epidemic, severe scarcities
have emerged in personal protective equipment (PPE) as the production
(Larrañeta et al., 2020), supply (Shokrani et al., 2020), and trading
(Shammi et al., 2020) of protection attire are all facing disruptions. The
condition is much worse in low-income countries like Bangladesh
because of poor socioeconomic conditions, pitiable medical facilities
and infrastructure, inadequate government capacity, and technological
insufficiency (Banik et al., 2020).
An interdisciplinary group comprising clinicians, academics, engi­
neers, and technicians created thousands of inexpensive face shields
through rapid prototyping and Laser Cutting Technology to meet the
high demand for eye-protecting products (Chaturvedi et al., 2020).
Hence, many researchers have designed and fabricated 3D printed Face
shields to meet the emergency demand (Armijo et al., 2021). Kalyaev
et al. used a laser cutter to cut the PET sheet of 0.5 mm thickness of the
front visor’s layout pattern with the forehead strip (Kalyaev et al.,
2020). They used an elastic band to fix the visor with the head.
Many authors argue that the Fused Deposition Method (FDM) is a
sluggish procedure and not sufficient for the bulk manufacture of face
shields because the time of printing varies significantly between
different models of face shields (Lemarteleur et al., 2021). Likewise, the
weight of the face shield, fit, comfortable wearing, space for additional
PPE, and protection capability varied between designs (Wesemann et al.,
2020). Hence, some researchers recommend manufacturing face shields
by Injection Molding Process, which can transform raw thermoplastic
material into premeditated parts of a specific form (Kunkel et al., 2020).
It is a standard and quick procedure for the mass manufacture of similar
products to be the opposite of the intended form by melting and
injecting plastic at high pressure into a built mold (Byrne et al., 2020).
Injection molding is prominently chosen in the manufacturing industry
as it can create complex-shaped plastic products and have
well-dimensional precision with short cycle times (Singh and Verma,
2017).
The disposal of PPE (Facemask, earplugs, gloves, goggles helmets,
full-body suits, etc.) creates significant environmental pollution (Pandit
et al., 2021). Bio-based nanostructures with antiviral agents are gaining
importance for developing advanced facial masks (Babaahmadi et al.,
2021). Shanmugam et al. examined the potential natural polymer-based
nanofibres along with their filtration and antimicrobial capabilities for
developing biodegradable facemask that will promote a cleaner pro­
duction (Shanmugam et al., 2021). Deng et al.report a facile and
potentially scalable method to fabricate biodegradable, breathable, and
biocidal cellulose nonwovens (BCNWs) to address both environmental
and hygienic problems of commercially available face masks (Deng
et al., 2022). Zywicka et al. developed novel, sustainable filters based on
bacterial cellulose (BC) functionalized with low-pressure argon plasma
(LPP-Ar) which has >99% bacterial and viral filtration efficiency
(Żywicka et al., 2022). Manakhov et al. prepared a wide range of
nanofibrous biodegradable Self-Sanitizing Filters containing Ag (up to
0.6 at.%) and Cu (up to 20.4 at.%) for the protection against SARS-CoV-2
in Public Areas (Manakhov et al., 2022).
But there is no significant work on biodegradable and antiviral Face
shields. Hence, this article discusses the indigenous development and
evaluation of a biodegradable and antiviral face shield, from prototyp­
ing to clinical testing and consumer acceptance in design and regulation.
This research also analyzes the feasibility of a practical modeling
Fig. 1. Anthropometric measurements of Human Head.
Fig. 2. (a) Head band (b) visor.
A.B. Rashid and N.-N. Showva

3. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 13 (2023) 100615
3
approach using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) coupled with low-cost
digitizing equipment to generate ergonomically designed, bidegradble
and antiviral face shields through various neoteric technologies.
2. Materials & methods
2.1. Design consideration
Frames, visors, and suspension systems are the main operational
constituents of a face shield. The frame’s size should be universal to
comfortably fit almost all the user’s head. Visors should again have
adequate width to cover the ear, reducing a splash going around the
verge of the face shield and reaching the eyes. Besides, visors should
have sufficient length for proper chin and throat protection. So, the
mainframe structure and the visor are ergonomically designed by
anthropometric measurements of the human heads.
As shown in Fig. 1, anthropometric measurements of the human head
deal with the measurement of Circumference (horizontal perimeter of
the head), Head Breadth (The maximum bilateral distance between the
right and left sides of the head.), and length (Middle of the forehead to
chin), Ear to Ear Distance, and Height of the nose. The study is done on
fifty people of different ages, and the value of the measurements is also
shown in Table 1 (see Fig. 2).
2.2. Product design
For the fulfillment of fast and mass fabrication, easy sterilization, and
end-user relaxation, numerous open-source face shield designs were
analyzed along with the anthropometric measurement of the human
head. The face shield is engineered to minimize particles’ ability to be
exposed to a person’s face. It is one-size-fits-all and should be sanitized
for reuse. Each face shield will be distributed as a separate component
for rapid assemblage in the field.
The inner band fits on the user’s temple, and the outer band contains
the plastic visor. The head’s mean width found from the anthropometric
measurement is 155.39 mm, so the inner band’s radius is chosen as 155
mm. The outer band is set as 175 mm to cover at least the ear’s point, as
it is found a mean ear-to-ear distance is 175.23 mm. This configuration
makes it easy to achieve a 35 mm offset between the visor and the user’s
face.
A protracted offset is needed when doctors need to wear a hood over
their PPE bodysuit and eye protection goggles and surgical masks inside
the face shield. The required offset to match the goggles and medical-
grade mask enhances user satisfaction and offers the ability to pro­
duce ventilation to avoid fogging inside the hood.
The U-shaped structure affords stability to the visor’s lower portion.
For the comfortable head fixation of the face shield, partially circum­
ferential adjustable elastic straps are used, fastened to the protrusions at
the edge of the frame. Besides, the forehead foam cushion provides a
secure fit on the head.
The visor’s length is 180 mm, and the maximum value of D (Middle
of the forehead to chin) is 168.35. Approximately 20 mm extension is
kept for better protection over the throat. And the width of the visor is
280 mm, as same as the outer band perimeter.
2.3. Material selection
The suitability of constituents for the face shield frame, visors, and
elastic headband was thoroughly reviewed in (Roberge, 2016). For the
fabrication of the visor use of polycarbonate, propionate, acetate,
polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) was
vindicated by clearness (acetate), economics (PETG), and reputation
(polycarbonate) points of view (Kalyaev et al., 2020). Different mate­
rials used to fabricate the face shield’s various components are shown in
Table 2.
As this paper aims to fabricate biodegradable Face shields, biode­
gradable PLA (Taib et al., 2022) has been selected to make the Head­
band. Also, 0.175 mm thick PLLA poly (L-lactic acid) transparent film
was chosen for the fabrication of the plastic visor because of its lenient
and flexible form and clear vision. Here, 2 mm thick and 10 mm wide
nylon elastic bands were attached to the frame to afford additional
relaxation.
PLA is the most popular commercially used bio-based plastic due to
its better product functionalities among polymers with comparable
characteristics (Balla et al., 2021). Its inherent biodegradability made it
possible to offer multiple end-of-life options, such as anaerobic digestion
and industrial composting. These properties are very helpful in pre­
venting organic waste from ending up in landfills or incineration. PLA is
a versatile material and could replace traditional plastic such as poly­
styrene and polypropylene. Mechanical properties of PLA-based poly­
mer are shown in Table 3.
2.4. Manufacturing of head band
Fabrication of the face shield’s headband combines processes shown
in the flow diagram (Fig. 3).
2.4.1. Mold design and fabrication
Advanced computer-aided design and computer-aided
manufacturing techniques were used successfully during the product
design process. Hence, the CAD model of the face shield’s mainframe
(mold cavity) was designed using Solid Works (Version: 2020). An
image of the product model is shown in Fig. 4(a). Then the part is
simulated using ‘SolidWorks Plastic,’ and the results are shown in
Fig. 5. Necessary correction of the runner’s size, sprue, and gate was
adopted from the simulation result. Also, several cooling channels and
the essential air vent are implemented.
Then core and cavity of the mold are designed from the primary part
geometry. The mold has two halves, in which the Moving half should
have a guide pin and cavity plate, and the Fixed half should have a
guideway/bush, cavity plate, and injection port, as shown in Fig. 4 (b)
Table 1
Anthropometric measurements of Human Head.
Measurements Maximum Minimum Mean
A- Head Breadth (Front head) 167.12 141.94 155.39
B- Ear to Ear Distance 180.56 155.78 175.23
C- Circumference (Horizontal perimeter of the
head)
541.02 582.3 570.54
D- Length (Middle of the forehead to chin) 168.35 142.89 157.25
E− Height of the Nose 33.24 29.39 32.13
Table 2
The material used in the Face shield.
Component Material Thickness
Frame Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) –
Visor film Optical grade PLLA 0.175 mm thick
Foam headband Soft grade Polyurethane 25 mm thick
Elastic headband Medical grade weaved elastic (Nylon) 2 mm thick
Table 3
Mechanical properties of PLA-based polymer (Taib et al., 2022).
Property PLA PLLA
Density, ρ (g/cm3
) 1.21–1.25 1.24–1.30
Tensile strength, σ (MPa) 21–60 15.5–150
Elastic modulus, E (GPa) 0.35–0.5 2.7–4.14
Ultimate strain, ε (%) 2.5–6 3.0–10.0
Glass transition temperature, Tg (◦
C) 45–60 55–65
Melting temperature, Tm (◦
C) 150–162 170–200
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4. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 13 (2023) 100615
4
and 4(c). After the mold’s successful design, G-Code is generated using
‘Master Cam’ Software for the machining on a CNC milling machine
(Adib and M A, 2020). The machining is then done using a 2 mm
diameter end mill cutter with a spindle speed of 2000 rpm and feed rate
of 40. The mold and the final mold’s machining process are shown in
Figs. 6 and 7, respectively.
2.4.2. Injection molding of head band
The specification of the machine used in this project is shown on
Table 4. The injection molding method starts by feeding a polymer
through a hopper into the barrel, which is then heated to the required
temperature to flow. Then, the molten plastic is inserted into the mold
under high pressure. The injection pressure is applied to both plates of
the injection molding machine (moving and fixed platens). The sub­
stance is then set to cool, which assists it in solidification. After the
product has taken shape, the two plates will move apart to separate the
mold opening tool. Eventually, the molded product is expelled or
segregated from the mold.
2.5. Cutting of visor
There is undoubtedly much more efficiency in die cutters or stamp­
ing presses powered by pneumatic, hydraulic, electromagnetic, or me­
chanical actuators operating in-line and cutting thousands of pieces per
working hour. However, the design and production of dice, sharpening,
hardening, and continuous maintenance are required to maintain
performance.
In terms of time, the current tailback stage is the manufacturing and
repairing robust cutting dies that are usually exposed to thermally
persuaded tool wear (Mostaghimi et al., 2020). This route poses
Fig. 3. Process flow diagram of the headband.
Fig. 4. 3D Design of the mold (a) Pattern of Headband (b) Fixed half of the mold; (c) Moving half of the mold.
Fig. 5. Mold Flow Analyses (a) Fill Time (b) Pressure at the end of fill (c) Temperature at the end of the fill.
Fig. 6. Fabrication procedure.
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5. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 13 (2023) 100615
5
significant difficulties under stringent lockdown conditions and will, at
the very least, slow the production build-up. Besides, for stamping
presses, the scrap fraction is so high that it is not appropriate in
restricted availability.
On the other hand, laser cutting has the advantage of already being
available in the laboratory and the essential skills to constitute and
operate it. Automated directives for production can be organized and
implemented within an hour without the reproduction of dice.
2.6. Cutting of foam
10 mm wide and 10 mm thick foam is cut with regular scissors. Glue
the foam into the headband to guarantee the foam stays in place. The use
of foam is not recommended since it cannot be sterilized or removed
from the headband. Thus, the face shield would have to be disposed of
after a single application.
2.7. Cutting of elastic band
A hot knife is used to cut and protect the cut edge from unraveling
simultaneously for cutting elastic bands. To achieve the resulting effi­
ciency of up to one cut every 5 s, a cheap household 200W soldering iron
with an initially dense but manually sharpened stinger was applied.
Also, regular scissors may be used to cut the elastic band.
2.8. Disinfection and assembly
Both pieces are thoroughly disinfected before installation according
to the CDC’s recommendations with standard disinfection solutions such
as isopropyl alcohol or sodium hypochlorite, and later conduct proper
hand hygiene before assembly. The visor material (optical grade PLA) is
coated with Nanosilver disinfectant, and the disinfection performance is
tested later.
The foam pad was added with super glue or hot glue to the inner
band of the headband (unknown manufacturers). Afterward, the trans­
parent visor was connected by attaching one of the visors’ external
hollows to the headband. The screen was drawn across the head band to
match the headband attachments to each screen hole. Face shields were
washed with sanitizing wipes before they were distributed and placed in
the germicidal cabinet for less than 254 nm UV light for 5 min.
3. Result and discussion
3.1. Quality & functionality assessments
The assembled face shield was visually inspected for each compo­
nent’s defects, cracks, and crevices to assess the quality. Then donned
and doffed the face shield according to CDC guidelines by the fabrication
staff and found it comfortable. Manufacturing personnel was fitted with
new face shields to determine functionality, and the following experi­
ments were performed.
(a) Splash resistance test: A sprinkle of water was sprayed at the
middle of the visor for the splash resistance test, and the visor
passed the test as the subject did not encounter any droplets on
his or her face or body.
(b) Wear ability test: with the face mask on, participants were asked
to look left, right, up, and down. It passed the test if none of the
movements were obstructed and the face shield did not fall off.
(c) Fogging test: The face shield was worn under extreme physical
tension with and without a face mask for 30 min and was not
found to experience unnecessary fogging (see Fig. 8).
3.2. Antibacterial test of the visor
The antibacterial activity of the Nano Silver coated visor was
investigated using the agar disk diffusion method (Martí et al., 2018;
Shao et al., 2015). One loop full of mixed anaerobic bacteria was taken
Fig. 7. Mold (a) fixed half of the mold (b) moving half of the mold.
Table 4
Specification of injection molding machine.
Model YS-2280K
Screw diameter 45 mm
Screw L/D ratio 22.2
Injection pressure 196 Mpa
Screw rotation speed 5-200 r.p.m
Clamping force 2280 KN
Opening stroke 480 mm
Mold thickness 200–565 mm
Space between tie-bars (H*V) 520*500 mm
Ejector force 60 KN
Ejector stroke 150 mm
Ejector quantity 5 pcs
Motor power 22 KW
Heater capacity 12.6 KW
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6. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 13 (2023) 100615
6
at a concentration of approximately 1.5 x 108
colony-forming units per
milliliter (CFU/mL) in standard saline solution, and the growth of the
bacteria was stimulated by incubating at 37 ◦
C for 24 h. Bacterial lawns
were cultured aerobically at 37 ◦
C for 24 h with sterile disks (Ag-Coated
PLA) placed on top. The antibacterial disks displayed an inhibition zone
(or halo), as shown in Fig. 9. To achieve reproducible findings, the
antibacterial tests were conducted three times on two separate days.
3.3. User feedback
The face shields were distributed to healthcare professionals of
different genders and ages to conduct an initial survey to evaluate the
face shield’s performance. Feedback was taken from 100 healthcare
professionals, and the percentages are shown in Fig. 10.
The product evaluation survey is shown in Fig. 11, which shows that
the end-users received the protective face shield well. Feedback from the
end-users on easy wear and removal, clear view, comfort, and product
design features were very positive. The chart shows that most of the
people were comfortable (41% Excellent, 30% Good, and 26% Average)
to wear the faceshield when only 3% were uncomfortable. Around 95%
people were satisfied with the visual clarity of the faceshield. About 43%
(excellent) have expressed their highest level of satisfaction with ergo­
nomic features of the frame. The simplicity of installation and disas­
sembly (29% Excellent, 33% Good, and 38%Average), ease of wearing/
removing (45% Excellent, 40% Good, and 15%Average), and reuse
protocols, demonstrating the ability of the face shield to use as a part of
PPE.
The final questions assessed how well the face shield worked with
spectacle/goggles and also earned positive feedback. More than 78%
opined that the performance of face shield is above average when they
are used with spectacles/goggles. This suggests that future iterations of
the face shields, especially in operating surgeons, would be required to
eliminate fogging and improve comfort. One of the significant issues
with face shields and PPE hoods is visor fogging, which impairs end-
users’ ability during operations and surgery. Because of the lack of
proper ventilation, end-user uneasiness is also a severe issue.
4. Conclusion
Starting from prototyping to large-scale development is a process
that usually takes several months but needs to be done in a pandemic
situation in a matter of weeks. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a
significant challenge to society in terms of developing technical solu­
tions for the rapid mass production of low-cost personal protective
equipment to protect medical personnel and the public. If the limitations
on trade and transportation are limited to material sources and the
workforce is quarantined, these technological solutions must be based
on designs proposing the most accessible instruments functioned by a
minimum number of workers. CAM technology is ideal for the quick
mass processing of components produced on-site by a community of
volunteers and end-users through easily accessible university labora­
tories and manufacturing facilities. This analysis offers a valuable study
of the product design case for further research in the conception, pro­
totyping, and manufacturing of basic medical devices, such as face
shields for combating coronavirus-like viral pandemics using advanced
engineering, simulation, and AM applications. This research used CAM
technology to design and produce a competitively lighter, more ergo­
nomic, and easy-to-use medical face shield.
As the disposal of Face shields to the environment creates significant
environmental pollution, this work also focuses on the fabrication of
biodegradable and antiviral face Shields. Biodegradable PLA is selected
Fig. 8. (a) Assembled face shield. (b) face shield attached to a mannequin head.
Fig. 9. Antibacterial Test of the visor material.
Fig. 10. Percentages of participants.
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7. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 13 (2023) 100615
7
for the main headband, and Nano Ag-Coated optical grade PLA is
selected for the visor. Antibacterial test of the visor confirms the anti­
microbial ability of the faceshield as the antibacterial disks displayed an
inhibition zone during the experiment.
To evaluate the product, clinical fit tests along with statistical survey
were conducted, and the feedback from the end-users on comfort (41%
Excellent, 30% Good, 26% Average and 3% Poor), clear view (33%
Excellent, 38% Good, 24% Average, and 5% Poor), design features (43%
Excellent, 35% Good, and 22% Average), simplicity of installation and
disassembly (29% Excellent, 33% Good, and 38% Average), ease of
wearing/removing (45% Excellent, 40% Good, and 15%Average), and
reusability are encouraging. Hence, the face shield could be further
implemented for bulk production and distribution to the front liners of
any pandemic like Covid-19.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank ‘TECHNO-MAKE’ for their incred­
ible support in fabricating the headband’s mold.
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