This document summarizes the design and simulation of a dual E-shaped microstrip patch antenna. Notches were cut in a rectangular patch to create a dual E-shape. Simulation results showed the antenna operates in three frequency bands with bandwidths of 6.55%, 7.012%, and 34.60%. The antenna has good gain around 6 dBi and directivity of 6.67 dBi. Simulation also showed high antenna efficiency of 85% and radiation efficiency of 95%. A hardware prototype was created and testing showed results agreed with simulations. The dual E-shape enhances bandwidth performance for multi-band operation.
Wideband msa for dual band operation using slot loaded finiteIAEME Publication
This document discusses a modified square microstrip patch antenna with slot loaded finite ground plane for dual band operation. Corner cuts and slits are inserted in the radiating patch to achieve dual band operation with wide bandwidth. Simulation results show operating frequencies of 3.21 GHz and 4.03 GHz with impedance bandwidths of 15.58% and 27.8%, respectively. The compact dual band antenna design with wide bandwidth makes it suitable for wireless communication applications.
An Improved Bandwidth for Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped Microstr...IJERA Editor
This paper presents simulation and analysis of a Stacked Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped
Microstrip Patch Antenna (SEGCRSMPA) to increase the bandwidth. The aim of this paper is to improve the
bandwidth of Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna (EGCRSMPA). To
improve the bandwidth, stacking principle has been used. In this paper an assembly of one central rectangular
patch with four triangular patches forming rhombus shaped microstrip patch antenna is discussed. IE3D
simulation software is used for simulation. The performance of the proposed microstrip patch antenna is
compared with that of a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna and EGCRSMPA having same dimensions.
The proposed designed microstrip patch antenna offers much improved impedance bandwidth 47.62%.
IRJET- Circularly Polarized Ultra Wide Band Ring Shaped DGS Microstrip An...IRJET Journal
This document presents the design and simulation of a circularly polarized ultra-wideband ring shaped defected ground structure microstrip antenna for wireless applications. The proposed antenna was designed on an FR4 substrate using HFSS simulation software. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved over 31% bandwidth with good axial ratio and gain characteristics. The antenna was then fabricated and measured, showing 22.85% bandwidth. The simulated and measured results were found to be in good agreement overall. The antenna is suitable for applications such as mobile satellite services, Bluetooth, and wireless networking due to its wide bandwidth and circular polarization.
Novel design of a low cost microstripline fed shorted patch antennaiaemedu
This document describes the design and testing of a novel low-cost microstrip-fed shorted patch antenna (MSFSPA) for communication applications. Key findings include:
- The MSFSPA was designed with a patch size of 36.3x47.3mm suspended 1.6mm above the substrate and fed via a microstrip line suspended 3.2mm above the substrate.
- Experimental testing found dual resonant frequencies of 3.62GHz and 4.99GHz with bandwidths of 14.25% and 8.07% respectively, suitable for S and C band communications.
- Radiation patterns were linearly polarized and broadside, with low cross polarization levels below -5dB
Simulation and analysis of slot coupled patch antennaiaemedu
The document summarizes research on simulating and analyzing a slot-coupled patch antenna at different frequencies using HFSS software. It describes the structure of the antenna, which consists of a rectangular patch separated from the ground plane by an air gap and dielectric material. The antenna is fed by two slots on the ground plane. Simulation results showed that bandwidth increases at higher frequencies but radiation patterns deteriorate. There is thus a tradeoff between operating frequency, bandwidth, and radiation efficiency. The design was able to achieve bandwidth increases up to 80 MHz at 4.5 GHz but radiation patterns worsened compared to lower frequencies.
Analysis and Design of S-shaped Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper gives a compact analysis and design of S-shaped Microstrip patch antenna which is best suited for Wi-max application. The analysis and design is simulated over IE3D software Ver. 15.2. We have taken a definite ground plane of 50x70 mm and patch size of 30x50 mm.The substrate thickness is taken as 1.6 mm and dielectric constant of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0013. The simulated result shows that the bandwidth is obtained in triple band- 7.79% at 0.262921 GHz band, 13.45% at 1.53034 GHz band and 28.0056% at 2.2382 GHz band. The obtained gain is 3.96 dBi at 2.33945 GHz. The obtained gain and bandwidth is best suited for Wi-max application. Keywords: S shape, Ground plane, Patch Antenna, Triple Band.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a frequency reconfigurable double square microstrip patch antenna. The antenna incorporates four bridges between two square patches to achieve multiple frequency bands with a flat input resistance and linear input reactance profile. By loading the bridges with varactor diodes, the antenna achieves a tunable frequency range of 1.11 GHz to 3 GHz while reducing the size by 90% compared to a conventional patch antenna. Simulated and measured return loss and radiation patterns are presented for different bridge widths, demonstrating tunability of the operating frequencies for applications such as wireless LAN.
Design of t shaped fractal patch antenna for wireless applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Since the evolution of the patch antennas, there is rapid growth observed in the applications of the patch antenna. There are number of advantages such as small size, ease of fabrication and installment, and a stable performance, so there are huge number of designs has been developed and presented by the researchers time to time. Taking an example of the mobile phone antennas, the antenna must have a small size and must be capable to resonate at multiple frequency bands. Reviewing about the various requirements of the antenna design for the wireless applications a novel multiple band fractal patch antenna has been designed. In this paper, a T-shaped patch antenna has been designed and discussed and fractal geometry has been applied to it in order to obtain self-similar characteristics. The dimensions of the Square Patch has been taken as 36 x 36 mm. Dimension of ground has been taken as been taken as 50 x 50 mm. The substrate material used for antenna design is FR-4 having dielectric constant 4.4. Antenna resonates at four operating bands 3.5 GHz, 4.48 GHz, 6.1 GHz and 8.17 GHz. This antenna has return loss of -16.76 dB, -16 dB, -28.63 dB and -15.03dB with bandwidth of 432 MHz, 332 MHz, 295 MHz and 364 MHz at resonant frequencies. Further this antenna has impressive gain of 3.55 dBi, 5.7 dBi and 3.16 dBi and 3.27 dBi at corresponding frequencies. This antenna can be useful for Wi-Max, 4G network, WLAN, Satellite & RADAR communication applications. Key Words: Wireless applications, WLAN, Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna.
Wideband msa for dual band operation using slot loaded finiteIAEME Publication
This document discusses a modified square microstrip patch antenna with slot loaded finite ground plane for dual band operation. Corner cuts and slits are inserted in the radiating patch to achieve dual band operation with wide bandwidth. Simulation results show operating frequencies of 3.21 GHz and 4.03 GHz with impedance bandwidths of 15.58% and 27.8%, respectively. The compact dual band antenna design with wide bandwidth makes it suitable for wireless communication applications.
An Improved Bandwidth for Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped Microstr...IJERA Editor
This paper presents simulation and analysis of a Stacked Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped
Microstrip Patch Antenna (SEGCRSMPA) to increase the bandwidth. The aim of this paper is to improve the
bandwidth of Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna (EGCRSMPA). To
improve the bandwidth, stacking principle has been used. In this paper an assembly of one central rectangular
patch with four triangular patches forming rhombus shaped microstrip patch antenna is discussed. IE3D
simulation software is used for simulation. The performance of the proposed microstrip patch antenna is
compared with that of a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna and EGCRSMPA having same dimensions.
The proposed designed microstrip patch antenna offers much improved impedance bandwidth 47.62%.
IRJET- Circularly Polarized Ultra Wide Band Ring Shaped DGS Microstrip An...IRJET Journal
This document presents the design and simulation of a circularly polarized ultra-wideband ring shaped defected ground structure microstrip antenna for wireless applications. The proposed antenna was designed on an FR4 substrate using HFSS simulation software. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved over 31% bandwidth with good axial ratio and gain characteristics. The antenna was then fabricated and measured, showing 22.85% bandwidth. The simulated and measured results were found to be in good agreement overall. The antenna is suitable for applications such as mobile satellite services, Bluetooth, and wireless networking due to its wide bandwidth and circular polarization.
Novel design of a low cost microstripline fed shorted patch antennaiaemedu
This document describes the design and testing of a novel low-cost microstrip-fed shorted patch antenna (MSFSPA) for communication applications. Key findings include:
- The MSFSPA was designed with a patch size of 36.3x47.3mm suspended 1.6mm above the substrate and fed via a microstrip line suspended 3.2mm above the substrate.
- Experimental testing found dual resonant frequencies of 3.62GHz and 4.99GHz with bandwidths of 14.25% and 8.07% respectively, suitable for S and C band communications.
- Radiation patterns were linearly polarized and broadside, with low cross polarization levels below -5dB
Simulation and analysis of slot coupled patch antennaiaemedu
The document summarizes research on simulating and analyzing a slot-coupled patch antenna at different frequencies using HFSS software. It describes the structure of the antenna, which consists of a rectangular patch separated from the ground plane by an air gap and dielectric material. The antenna is fed by two slots on the ground plane. Simulation results showed that bandwidth increases at higher frequencies but radiation patterns deteriorate. There is thus a tradeoff between operating frequency, bandwidth, and radiation efficiency. The design was able to achieve bandwidth increases up to 80 MHz at 4.5 GHz but radiation patterns worsened compared to lower frequencies.
Analysis and Design of S-shaped Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper gives a compact analysis and design of S-shaped Microstrip patch antenna which is best suited for Wi-max application. The analysis and design is simulated over IE3D software Ver. 15.2. We have taken a definite ground plane of 50x70 mm and patch size of 30x50 mm.The substrate thickness is taken as 1.6 mm and dielectric constant of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0013. The simulated result shows that the bandwidth is obtained in triple band- 7.79% at 0.262921 GHz band, 13.45% at 1.53034 GHz band and 28.0056% at 2.2382 GHz band. The obtained gain is 3.96 dBi at 2.33945 GHz. The obtained gain and bandwidth is best suited for Wi-max application. Keywords: S shape, Ground plane, Patch Antenna, Triple Band.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a frequency reconfigurable double square microstrip patch antenna. The antenna incorporates four bridges between two square patches to achieve multiple frequency bands with a flat input resistance and linear input reactance profile. By loading the bridges with varactor diodes, the antenna achieves a tunable frequency range of 1.11 GHz to 3 GHz while reducing the size by 90% compared to a conventional patch antenna. Simulated and measured return loss and radiation patterns are presented for different bridge widths, demonstrating tunability of the operating frequencies for applications such as wireless LAN.
Design of t shaped fractal patch antenna for wireless applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Since the evolution of the patch antennas, there is rapid growth observed in the applications of the patch antenna. There are number of advantages such as small size, ease of fabrication and installment, and a stable performance, so there are huge number of designs has been developed and presented by the researchers time to time. Taking an example of the mobile phone antennas, the antenna must have a small size and must be capable to resonate at multiple frequency bands. Reviewing about the various requirements of the antenna design for the wireless applications a novel multiple band fractal patch antenna has been designed. In this paper, a T-shaped patch antenna has been designed and discussed and fractal geometry has been applied to it in order to obtain self-similar characteristics. The dimensions of the Square Patch has been taken as 36 x 36 mm. Dimension of ground has been taken as been taken as 50 x 50 mm. The substrate material used for antenna design is FR-4 having dielectric constant 4.4. Antenna resonates at four operating bands 3.5 GHz, 4.48 GHz, 6.1 GHz and 8.17 GHz. This antenna has return loss of -16.76 dB, -16 dB, -28.63 dB and -15.03dB with bandwidth of 432 MHz, 332 MHz, 295 MHz and 364 MHz at resonant frequencies. Further this antenna has impressive gain of 3.55 dBi, 5.7 dBi and 3.16 dBi and 3.27 dBi at corresponding frequencies. This antenna can be useful for Wi-Max, 4G network, WLAN, Satellite & RADAR communication applications. Key Words: Wireless applications, WLAN, Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna.
SINGLE LAYER MONOPOLE HEXAGONAL MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR SATELLITE TELEVI...cscpconf
A single layer monopole hexagonal patch antenna is thoroughly simulated in this paper.Resonant frequency has been reduced drastically by cutting three unequal slots which are the
combinations of one circle and two irregular rectangular slots from the conventional microstrip patch antenna. It is shown that the simulated results are in acceptable agreement. More
importantly, it is also shown that the differentially-driven microstrip antenna has higher gain of simulated 3.36 dBi at 9.61GHz and -0.43 dBi at 13.57GHz and beam width of simulated 162.080 at 9.61GHz and 53.450 at 13.57GHz of the single-ended microstrip antenna. Compared to a conventional microstrip patch antenna, simulated antenna size has been reduced by 50.80% with an increased frequency ratio
expanding the bandwidth of rectangular microstrip antenna by inserting a slotINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this work we were able to improve the reflection coefficient S11 and bandwidth BW of a rectangular microstrip antenna fed by a coaxial cable firstly by adjusting a the feed point and secondly by inserting a rectangular slot in the radiating element The results obtained using the HFSS software, have been compared by those published. These results are very satisfying.
This document describes the design and simulation of a stacked microstrip patch antenna with different shaped patches to improve bandwidth. Two configurations are proposed with an E-shaped patch on bottom and U-shaped slotted patch on top, and vice versa. The E-shaped and U-shaped patches are simulated individually then combined in a stacked configuration. Simulation results in HFSS show the configuration with E-shaped patch on top and U-shaped patch on bottom provides dual band operation with improved bandwidth of 1.3 GHz at 5.06 GHz and 1.1 GHz at 7 GHz. The antenna achieves a gain of 7.5 dB at 5 GHz and 6 dB at 7 GHz with a VSWR of less than 2.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents the design and development of a dual notch loaded square microstrip antenna for operation across five frequency bands (penta band). The antenna was fabricated on a low-cost glass epoxy substrate measuring 80 x 50 x 1.6 mm3. Experimental results showed the antenna operated between 2.83-8.40 GHz with a maximum bandwidth of 5.7% and a peak gain of 2.86 dB. Dual notches placed diagonally on the patch enabled multiband operation. This low-cost and compact antenna design could enable applications in wireless local area networks and systems operating in the C band frequencies.
A Novel Approach for Size Reduction in Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna U...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a novel approach to reducing the size of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for GSM applications through the use of slots.
2) A microstrip patch antenna was initially designed to operate at 3.11GHz without slots. By adding three slots to the patch, the resonant frequency was reduced to 0.932GHz, achieving a size reduction of 89%.
3) The slots included a T-shaped slot, a lower part of a T-shaped slot, and a rectangular slot below the T-shaped slot. Computer simulations were used to analyze the return loss and directivity of the antennas both with and without slots.
Design and Analysis of Triple-Band Multi Slotted Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
In this paper, a multi slotted microstrip patch antenna design has been proposed. The characteristics
of the antenna are obtained in terms of return loss, gain and bandwidth. It is observed that the new proposed
configuration can operate in three different frequency bands with a good amount of bandwidth i.e. bandwidth of
21.12% at 1.1GHz frequency band, bandwidth of 11.65% at 2.11 GHz and bandwidth of 13.05% at 2.76GHz
frequency band . The resonating behavior in different frequency bands makes this antenna structure suitable for
different types of applications with an antenna gain of 6.163dBi and antenna efficiency of 86.82%.The substrate
material with relative permittivity of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0013 is used in this proposed antenna. The
designing and simulation of the antenna structure is done over IE3D simulation software version 15.02.
In the present paper a circular slot rectangular microstrip loaded antenna is proposed. The obtained bandwidth of rectangular microstrip antenna is improved up to 46.92%. The proposed antenna has frequency band in the frequency range 1.979 GHz to 3.192 GHz this frequency band is suitable for WLAN / WiMAX and other wireless communication applications. The microstrip antenna suffers from narrow bandwidth hence the present work provide an alternative solution to increase the bandwidth. The gain has been improved up to 4.68dBi and antenna efficiency is 97.63%. The proposed slot loaded Microstrip antenna is fed by 0.3 mm line feed. The proposed antenna is simulated by IE3D Zealand simulation software based on method of moments.
Bandwidth Enhancement of Rectangular Patch Microstrip Antenna with parallel r...IJERA Editor
Many applications require very broadband antenna, but the narrow bandwidth of a microstrip antenna restricts its wide usage. The aim of this paper is to enhance the bandwidth of rectangular microstrip patch antenna. For this purpose, we cut three rectangular parallel slots in the proposed antenna. The dielectric substrate material of the antenna is glass epoxy FR4 having εr=4. 4 and loss tangent 0.025. The performance of the final modified antenna is compared with that of a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The designed antenna has two resonant frequencies 4.49 GHz and 4.90 GHz. So this antenna is best suitable for the WLAN applications and IMT-band frequency operations. The designed antenna offers much improved impedance bandwidth 19.7%. This is approximately six times higher than that in a conventional rectangular patch antenna (Bandwidth= 3%) having the same dimensions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper on the design and development of a complementary symmetry E-slot rectangular microstrip antenna for triple band operation. The antenna is designed to operate between 5.39-8.87 GHz with a maximum bandwidth of 17.5% and peak gain of 2.84 dB. It uses a simple, low-cost glass epoxy substrate and microstripline feed arrangement. Both simulated and experimental results show the antenna achieves triple band operation through the use of complementary symmetry E-slots on the patch. The antenna exhibits broadside radiation characteristics and may find applications for wireless systems operating in the IEEE 802.11a and C-band frequencies.
This document discusses a proposed design for a wideband compact microstrip antenna using a finite ground plane. The design uses a modified square patch with corner cuts and slits to achieve a bandwidth of 37.47% around a center frequency of 4.35GHz. Simulation results show the antenna achieves good impedance matching and radiation characteristics for wireless communication applications.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper that presents the design and simulation of a single layer monopole hexagonal microstrip patch antenna for use in direct broadcast satellite (DBS) systems operating at 13.71 GHz. The antenna was designed and optimized using IE3D simulation software. Introducing slots in the patch resulted in a 56.55% size reduction compared to a conventional patch antenna, with resonant frequencies of 9.12 GHz and 13.71 GHz and 10dB bandwidths of 535.30 MHz and 1.49 GHz respectively. Radiation patterns for both resonant frequencies exhibited broad beams suitable for DBS applications. The compact size, dual-band operation, and broadband characteristics make this antenna design suitable for DBS
Novel Ultra-Wide Band Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for Space Research and ...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and analysis of an ultra-wide band microstrip patch antenna for space research and radio astronomy applications. The antenna design uses FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.3mm and copper material for the patch and ground plane. The proposed antenna design has an impedance bandwidth of 5.606 GHz between 10.846-16.452 GHz with a return loss of -31.181 dB at a resonant frequency of 11.82 GHz. Simulation results show the antenna has a gain of 3.973 dB, directivity of 4.605 dBi, and fractional bandwidth of 47.42%, making it suitable for applications such as fixed-satellite systems, broadcasting satellites, space research, radiolocation,
Comparison between Rectangular and Circular Patch Antennas Arrayijceronline
In this paper, several designs of micorstip arrays antennas, suitable for wireless communication applications, are presented. This paper demonstratesseveral shapesof microstrip array antennas, such as rectangular and circular patch antennas array. Specifically, 4x1, 2x1, and single element of both shapes are designed and simulated bya full wave simulator(IE3d). Moreover, this paper presents acomparison between both rectangular and circular antenna arrays.Since, the resonance frequency of these antennas is 2.4 GHz, these antennas are suitable for ISM band and WLAN.
Bandwidth and Return Loss Improvement of H-shaped Patch Microstrip Antenna us...IJERA Editor
The future development of personal communication devices will aim to provide image, speech and data
anywhere around the world at any time. This indicates that the future communication terminal antennas must
meet the requirements of wideband to sufficiently cover the possible operating bands. The aim of this paper is to
improve the bandwidth and return loss of H-shaped patch microstrip antenna using EBG structure on ground
plane. EBG structure is a periodic arrangement of dielectric materials and metallic conductors on ground plane
of antennas. Microstrip antennas mounted can radiate only a small amount of its power into free space as more
power leakage through the dielectric substrate. To improve the efficiency of the antenna, the propagation through
the substrate must be prohibited so the antenna can radiate more power towards the main beam direction and
hence improve its efficiency. As the proposed antenna has resonant frequency at 2.496 GHz so suitable for ISMband
applications. For designing this, we uses CST software tool. The designed antenna offers much improved
bandwidth of 59.9 MHz and return loss is -30.02 dB as compared to conventional H-shaped patch microstrip
antenna which having bandwidth of 33 MHz and return loss is -12.43 dB.
Bandwidth efficient stacked arrangement of square patchesIAEME Publication
1) The document describes a stacked arrangement of two square patch antennas separated by a 0.5mm air gap to improve bandwidth.
2) Simulation results show the stacked design operates at two resonant frequencies (5.24GHz and 6.016GHz) with a bandwidth of 32.54%, compared to 3.73% for a single square patch.
3) Radiation patterns are similar between the designs, but the stacked patch configuration enhances bandwidth nearly 9 times over a single square patch antenna.
Design of hexagonal fractal antenna for wlan wi max & bluetooth appl...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, hexagonal fractal antenna is investigated for wide band applications. The proposed antenna is made by removing the equilateral triangles of required dimensions. Modified line feed is used for designing the antenna to achieve wide bandwidth ranging from 1.751Ghz to 2.856Ghz with a bandwidth 47.97%.In the present work size reduction has been achieved. It offers gain of 2.88dBi, directivity of 3.12dBi and antenna efficiency of 94.57% at 1.95Ghz resonant frequency. This antenna is suitable for WLAN, WiMAX and Bluetooth applications. The proposed antenna is simulated by IE3D Zeland simulation software based on method of moments. Keywords: microstrip antenna, fractal, hexagonal bandwidth, line feed, WLAN, IE3D, miniaturization.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and simulated a microstrip patch antenna with an H-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) for bandwidth improvement and miniaturization. Key findings include:
1) A conventional square patch antenna was designed to resonate at 2.36GHz.
2) An H-shaped DGS was embedded in the ground plane of the antenna to perturb the current distribution and affect the input impedance.
3) Simulations showed the DGS antennas resonated at lower frequencies than the conventional antenna, with impedance bandwidth improvements up to 500MHz and size reductions up to 65.51%.
4) Radiation patterns of the DGS antennas remained nearly omn
In this paper microstrip patch antenna is designed for 2.4GHz frequency. For the antenna miniaturization and bandwidth improvement H-shaped DGS on microstrip patch antenna (MSA) is used. The design of DGS has been analyzed for different dimensions of H-slot and achieved optimized dimensions.The simulation process has been done through Finite Element Machine (FEM) based software High Frequency Structure Simulator ( HFSS) software. The properties of antenna such as reflection co-efficient, bandwidth and gain are determined and compared with the properties of single element square patch antenna.Further proposed antennas performance is studied for different size of defect on the same patch antenna. Proposed antenna finds its application in wireless LAN protocols such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and in 2.4GHz ISM Band.
Simulation and analysis of slot coupled patch antennaiaemedu
The document discusses the simulation and analysis of a slot-coupled patch antenna at different frequencies using HFSS software. It describes the structure of the antenna, which consists of a rectangular patch separated from the ground plane by an air gap and dielectric material. The paper simulates the antenna at 2.25 GHz, 3.25 GHz, and 4.5 GHz. It analyzes the return loss and radiation patterns at each frequency. The results show that bandwidth increases at higher frequencies but radiation patterns degrade, indicating a tradeoff between bandwidth and frequency of operation.
SINGLE LAYER MONOPOLE HEXAGONAL MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR SATELLITE TELEVI...cscpconf
A single layer monopole hexagonal patch antenna is thoroughly simulated in this paper.Resonant frequency has been reduced drastically by cutting three unequal slots which are the
combinations of one circle and two irregular rectangular slots from the conventional microstrip patch antenna. It is shown that the simulated results are in acceptable agreement. More
importantly, it is also shown that the differentially-driven microstrip antenna has higher gain of simulated 3.36 dBi at 9.61GHz and -0.43 dBi at 13.57GHz and beam width of simulated 162.080 at 9.61GHz and 53.450 at 13.57GHz of the single-ended microstrip antenna. Compared to a conventional microstrip patch antenna, simulated antenna size has been reduced by 50.80% with an increased frequency ratio
expanding the bandwidth of rectangular microstrip antenna by inserting a slotINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this work we were able to improve the reflection coefficient S11 and bandwidth BW of a rectangular microstrip antenna fed by a coaxial cable firstly by adjusting a the feed point and secondly by inserting a rectangular slot in the radiating element The results obtained using the HFSS software, have been compared by those published. These results are very satisfying.
This document describes the design and simulation of a stacked microstrip patch antenna with different shaped patches to improve bandwidth. Two configurations are proposed with an E-shaped patch on bottom and U-shaped slotted patch on top, and vice versa. The E-shaped and U-shaped patches are simulated individually then combined in a stacked configuration. Simulation results in HFSS show the configuration with E-shaped patch on top and U-shaped patch on bottom provides dual band operation with improved bandwidth of 1.3 GHz at 5.06 GHz and 1.1 GHz at 7 GHz. The antenna achieves a gain of 7.5 dB at 5 GHz and 6 dB at 7 GHz with a VSWR of less than 2.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents the design and development of a dual notch loaded square microstrip antenna for operation across five frequency bands (penta band). The antenna was fabricated on a low-cost glass epoxy substrate measuring 80 x 50 x 1.6 mm3. Experimental results showed the antenna operated between 2.83-8.40 GHz with a maximum bandwidth of 5.7% and a peak gain of 2.86 dB. Dual notches placed diagonally on the patch enabled multiband operation. This low-cost and compact antenna design could enable applications in wireless local area networks and systems operating in the C band frequencies.
A Novel Approach for Size Reduction in Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna U...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes a novel approach to reducing the size of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for GSM applications through the use of slots.
2) A microstrip patch antenna was initially designed to operate at 3.11GHz without slots. By adding three slots to the patch, the resonant frequency was reduced to 0.932GHz, achieving a size reduction of 89%.
3) The slots included a T-shaped slot, a lower part of a T-shaped slot, and a rectangular slot below the T-shaped slot. Computer simulations were used to analyze the return loss and directivity of the antennas both with and without slots.
Design and Analysis of Triple-Band Multi Slotted Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
In this paper, a multi slotted microstrip patch antenna design has been proposed. The characteristics
of the antenna are obtained in terms of return loss, gain and bandwidth. It is observed that the new proposed
configuration can operate in three different frequency bands with a good amount of bandwidth i.e. bandwidth of
21.12% at 1.1GHz frequency band, bandwidth of 11.65% at 2.11 GHz and bandwidth of 13.05% at 2.76GHz
frequency band . The resonating behavior in different frequency bands makes this antenna structure suitable for
different types of applications with an antenna gain of 6.163dBi and antenna efficiency of 86.82%.The substrate
material with relative permittivity of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0013 is used in this proposed antenna. The
designing and simulation of the antenna structure is done over IE3D simulation software version 15.02.
In the present paper a circular slot rectangular microstrip loaded antenna is proposed. The obtained bandwidth of rectangular microstrip antenna is improved up to 46.92%. The proposed antenna has frequency band in the frequency range 1.979 GHz to 3.192 GHz this frequency band is suitable for WLAN / WiMAX and other wireless communication applications. The microstrip antenna suffers from narrow bandwidth hence the present work provide an alternative solution to increase the bandwidth. The gain has been improved up to 4.68dBi and antenna efficiency is 97.63%. The proposed slot loaded Microstrip antenna is fed by 0.3 mm line feed. The proposed antenna is simulated by IE3D Zealand simulation software based on method of moments.
Bandwidth Enhancement of Rectangular Patch Microstrip Antenna with parallel r...IJERA Editor
Many applications require very broadband antenna, but the narrow bandwidth of a microstrip antenna restricts its wide usage. The aim of this paper is to enhance the bandwidth of rectangular microstrip patch antenna. For this purpose, we cut three rectangular parallel slots in the proposed antenna. The dielectric substrate material of the antenna is glass epoxy FR4 having εr=4. 4 and loss tangent 0.025. The performance of the final modified antenna is compared with that of a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The designed antenna has two resonant frequencies 4.49 GHz and 4.90 GHz. So this antenna is best suitable for the WLAN applications and IMT-band frequency operations. The designed antenna offers much improved impedance bandwidth 19.7%. This is approximately six times higher than that in a conventional rectangular patch antenna (Bandwidth= 3%) having the same dimensions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper on the design and development of a complementary symmetry E-slot rectangular microstrip antenna for triple band operation. The antenna is designed to operate between 5.39-8.87 GHz with a maximum bandwidth of 17.5% and peak gain of 2.84 dB. It uses a simple, low-cost glass epoxy substrate and microstripline feed arrangement. Both simulated and experimental results show the antenna achieves triple band operation through the use of complementary symmetry E-slots on the patch. The antenna exhibits broadside radiation characteristics and may find applications for wireless systems operating in the IEEE 802.11a and C-band frequencies.
This document discusses a proposed design for a wideband compact microstrip antenna using a finite ground plane. The design uses a modified square patch with corner cuts and slits to achieve a bandwidth of 37.47% around a center frequency of 4.35GHz. Simulation results show the antenna achieves good impedance matching and radiation characteristics for wireless communication applications.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper that presents the design and simulation of a single layer monopole hexagonal microstrip patch antenna for use in direct broadcast satellite (DBS) systems operating at 13.71 GHz. The antenna was designed and optimized using IE3D simulation software. Introducing slots in the patch resulted in a 56.55% size reduction compared to a conventional patch antenna, with resonant frequencies of 9.12 GHz and 13.71 GHz and 10dB bandwidths of 535.30 MHz and 1.49 GHz respectively. Radiation patterns for both resonant frequencies exhibited broad beams suitable for DBS applications. The compact size, dual-band operation, and broadband characteristics make this antenna design suitable for DBS
Novel Ultra-Wide Band Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for Space Research and ...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and analysis of an ultra-wide band microstrip patch antenna for space research and radio astronomy applications. The antenna design uses FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.3mm and copper material for the patch and ground plane. The proposed antenna design has an impedance bandwidth of 5.606 GHz between 10.846-16.452 GHz with a return loss of -31.181 dB at a resonant frequency of 11.82 GHz. Simulation results show the antenna has a gain of 3.973 dB, directivity of 4.605 dBi, and fractional bandwidth of 47.42%, making it suitable for applications such as fixed-satellite systems, broadcasting satellites, space research, radiolocation,
Comparison between Rectangular and Circular Patch Antennas Arrayijceronline
In this paper, several designs of micorstip arrays antennas, suitable for wireless communication applications, are presented. This paper demonstratesseveral shapesof microstrip array antennas, such as rectangular and circular patch antennas array. Specifically, 4x1, 2x1, and single element of both shapes are designed and simulated bya full wave simulator(IE3d). Moreover, this paper presents acomparison between both rectangular and circular antenna arrays.Since, the resonance frequency of these antennas is 2.4 GHz, these antennas are suitable for ISM band and WLAN.
Bandwidth and Return Loss Improvement of H-shaped Patch Microstrip Antenna us...IJERA Editor
The future development of personal communication devices will aim to provide image, speech and data
anywhere around the world at any time. This indicates that the future communication terminal antennas must
meet the requirements of wideband to sufficiently cover the possible operating bands. The aim of this paper is to
improve the bandwidth and return loss of H-shaped patch microstrip antenna using EBG structure on ground
plane. EBG structure is a periodic arrangement of dielectric materials and metallic conductors on ground plane
of antennas. Microstrip antennas mounted can radiate only a small amount of its power into free space as more
power leakage through the dielectric substrate. To improve the efficiency of the antenna, the propagation through
the substrate must be prohibited so the antenna can radiate more power towards the main beam direction and
hence improve its efficiency. As the proposed antenna has resonant frequency at 2.496 GHz so suitable for ISMband
applications. For designing this, we uses CST software tool. The designed antenna offers much improved
bandwidth of 59.9 MHz and return loss is -30.02 dB as compared to conventional H-shaped patch microstrip
antenna which having bandwidth of 33 MHz and return loss is -12.43 dB.
Bandwidth efficient stacked arrangement of square patchesIAEME Publication
1) The document describes a stacked arrangement of two square patch antennas separated by a 0.5mm air gap to improve bandwidth.
2) Simulation results show the stacked design operates at two resonant frequencies (5.24GHz and 6.016GHz) with a bandwidth of 32.54%, compared to 3.73% for a single square patch.
3) Radiation patterns are similar between the designs, but the stacked patch configuration enhances bandwidth nearly 9 times over a single square patch antenna.
Design of hexagonal fractal antenna for wlan wi max & bluetooth appl...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, hexagonal fractal antenna is investigated for wide band applications. The proposed antenna is made by removing the equilateral triangles of required dimensions. Modified line feed is used for designing the antenna to achieve wide bandwidth ranging from 1.751Ghz to 2.856Ghz with a bandwidth 47.97%.In the present work size reduction has been achieved. It offers gain of 2.88dBi, directivity of 3.12dBi and antenna efficiency of 94.57% at 1.95Ghz resonant frequency. This antenna is suitable for WLAN, WiMAX and Bluetooth applications. The proposed antenna is simulated by IE3D Zeland simulation software based on method of moments. Keywords: microstrip antenna, fractal, hexagonal bandwidth, line feed, WLAN, IE3D, miniaturization.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and simulated a microstrip patch antenna with an H-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) for bandwidth improvement and miniaturization. Key findings include:
1) A conventional square patch antenna was designed to resonate at 2.36GHz.
2) An H-shaped DGS was embedded in the ground plane of the antenna to perturb the current distribution and affect the input impedance.
3) Simulations showed the DGS antennas resonated at lower frequencies than the conventional antenna, with impedance bandwidth improvements up to 500MHz and size reductions up to 65.51%.
4) Radiation patterns of the DGS antennas remained nearly omn
In this paper microstrip patch antenna is designed for 2.4GHz frequency. For the antenna miniaturization and bandwidth improvement H-shaped DGS on microstrip patch antenna (MSA) is used. The design of DGS has been analyzed for different dimensions of H-slot and achieved optimized dimensions.The simulation process has been done through Finite Element Machine (FEM) based software High Frequency Structure Simulator ( HFSS) software. The properties of antenna such as reflection co-efficient, bandwidth and gain are determined and compared with the properties of single element square patch antenna.Further proposed antennas performance is studied for different size of defect on the same patch antenna. Proposed antenna finds its application in wireless LAN protocols such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and in 2.4GHz ISM Band.
Simulation and analysis of slot coupled patch antennaiaemedu
The document discusses the simulation and analysis of a slot-coupled patch antenna at different frequencies using HFSS software. It describes the structure of the antenna, which consists of a rectangular patch separated from the ground plane by an air gap and dielectric material. The paper simulates the antenna at 2.25 GHz, 3.25 GHz, and 4.5 GHz. It analyzes the return loss and radiation patterns at each frequency. The results show that bandwidth increases at higher frequencies but radiation patterns degrade, indicating a tradeoff between bandwidth and frequency of operation.
This document summarizes a research paper on a two element U-slot loaded circular microstrip array antenna designed for dual band wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The antenna was fabricated on a glass epoxy substrate measuring 9 x 5 x 0.16 cm3. Testing showed it achieved a maximum bandwidth of 44.9% between 4.37-6.9 GHz and was able to reduce the size of the antenna by 6.01% while maintaining a peak gain of 5.24 dB. Analysis of the radiation patterns found it exhibited broadside and linearly polarized radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna design was concluded to be simple, low-cost, and suitable for WLAN communication systems.
A New Design of Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless CommunicationIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna with electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures for wireless communication applications. The conventional rectangular microstrip patch antenna has a narrow bandwidth of 54 MHz. To improve bandwidth and return loss, EBG structures in the form of square slots were introduced on the antenna ground plane. The proposed antenna design with EBG structures was simulated using CST software. Results showed the proposed antenna achieved improved bandwidth of 128.6 MHz and better return loss compared to the conventional antenna, demonstrating EBG structures can enhance microstrip antenna performance for wireless applications.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Hexagonal microstrip printed antenna design and analysis of gain for kuIAEME Publication
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a hexagonal microstrip printed antenna for Ku-band applications. It describes the design of a simulated antenna with two triangular and one rectangular slot that reduces the antenna size by 11.99% while increasing the frequency ratio compared to a conventional microstrip patch antenna. Simulation results show the slotted antenna achieves resonant frequencies of 12.6416 GHz and 16.7591 GHz with return losses of -24.9313 dB and -12.1438 dB respectively, representing an improvement over the conventional antenna. Radiation patterns and other performance metrics are analyzed to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed antenna for Ku-band communication systems.
This document describes the simulation and analysis of a dual band E-shape microstrip antenna for GPS applications. The antenna was designed to operate at frequencies of 1.625 GHz and 1.725 GHz. Simulation results using IE3D software showed return losses less than -10dB at both frequencies, with bandwidths of 5 MHz. Radiation patterns and VSWR were also analyzed, demonstrating dual band behavior with good performance characteristics for wireless communication applications. In conclusion, the E-shape design with slot loading provides a compact antenna with dual band capability.
The document describes the design and simulation of a dual-band microstrip patch antenna with a defected ground structure for STM-1 and cellular applications at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz. A rectangular patch antenna was designed on a dielectric substrate above a ground plane. Two slots were etched into the ground plane to create a defected ground structure. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved return losses of -12.75 dB and -13.01 dB at 4.9 GHz and 7.6 GHz respectively, meeting the design requirements. Parameters like slot width and feed length were optimized to improve impedance matching and bandwidth. The antenna design demonstrates a technique for dual-band operation using a defected ground structure.
We recommend a circular monopole antenna (CMPA) with a central feed to operate in three bands. The antenna is circular and has an 8 cm diameter. The suggested antennas' resonance frequency ranges are 2.43 GHz, 5.24 GHz, and 9.61 GHz. The planned CMPA is made up of two circle-shaped slots cut into the radiating patch. The whole structure is supplied via a microstrip feed line and analysed using CST Studio's electromagnetic simulator, which is based on finite integral technique (FIT). To check the structure, the return loss, radiation pattern, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and gain are all examined. The structure's ideal dimensions are determined using a parametric study of three factors: feed position, feed breadth, and ground size. The proposed CMPA is capable of operating in several bands and has good matching impedance in all of them.
Design and Analysis of Triple-Band Multi Slotted Microstrip Patch AntennaIOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper, a multi slotted microstrip patch antenna design has been proposed. The characteristics of the antenna are obtained in terms of return loss, gain and bandwidth. It is observed that the new proposed configuration can operate in three different frequency bands with a good amount of bandwidth i.e. bandwidth of 21.12% at 1.1GHz frequency band, bandwidth of 11.65% at 2.11 GHz and bandwidth of 13.05% at 2.76GHz frequency band . The resonating behavior in different frequency bands makes this antenna structure suitable for different types of applications with an antenna gain of 6.163dBi and antenna efficiency of 86.82%.The substrate material with relative permittivity of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0013 is used in this proposed antenna. The designing and simulation of the antenna structure is done over IE3D simulation software version 15.02. Keywords: Ground plane, Multi slotted, Patch Antenna, Triple band
Semi-circular compact CPW-fed antenna for ultra-wideband applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a simple structure and small size antenna design with dimensions of 43×47 mm2 to perform an ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range using a semicircular co-planar waveguide (CPW). This antenna has been designed and simulated by the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio suit. In this work, we design an ultra-wideband antenna (about 2 GHz to 10 GHz) by feeding a semi-circular compact antenna via a co-planar waveguide for input impedance of 50 Ω. The CST simulation results show that our designed antenna has a very good impedance and radiation characteristic within the intended ultra-wideband. Because of the small size and the suitable shape, this antenna can be used in many wireless communication applications, such as a radio frequency identifier (RFID), indoor wireless local area network or wireless fidelity (WiFi), internet of things (IoT), millimeter waves communications (mmWave), global positioning system (GPS), and many applications of 6G systems.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a novel U-slot loaded circular microstrip antenna design for triple band operation. Key points:
- The antenna is designed to operate between 5.57-8.34 GHz with a maximum bandwidth of 10.34% and peak gain of 1.85 dB.
- It uses a low-cost glass epoxy substrate and a simple fabrication process.
- Experimental results show the antenna achieves triple band operation through the addition of a U-shaped slot on the circular patch and an H-shaped slot on the ground plane.
- Radiation patterns were broadside and linearly polarized across the operating bands.
- The simple design makes this
A Novel Design and Characterization of 3-Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna for C...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and characterization of a novel 3-shape microstrip patch antenna for C-band and X-band applications. A 3-shape slot was cut into a square patch to enhance bandwidth. Finite element method simulations showed the antenna resonated at 4.31 GHz, 6.45 GHz and 8.88 GHz with return losses of -15.39 dB, -11.31 dB and -12.41 dB respectively. Radiation patterns and VSWR were analyzed to characterize antenna performance across C-band and X-band frequencies. The proposed antenna design achieved increased bandwidth over a simple patch antenna.
This document summarizes the design and testing of two corner truncated rectangular slot loaded monopole microstrip antennas (CTSLRMAs) for quad-band and triple-band operation. CTSLRMA-I operates in four bands from 1-16 GHz with a maximum gain of 9.9 dB. CTSLRMA-II operates in three bands and provides a notch band, with a 57.66% virtual size reduction and maximum gain of 16 dB. Both antennas exhibit omnidirectional radiation patterns. Experimental results show good agreement with simulations. The proposed antennas could enable applications in microwave communication systems.
Design and development of low profile, dual band microstrip antenna with enha...IAEME Publication
This document describes the design and development of dual band microstrip antennas with enhanced bandwidth, gain, frequency ratio, and reduced cross polarization. It presents four antenna designs: a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna (CRMA), dual stub rectangular microstrip antenna (DSRMA), dual stub slot loaded rectangular microstrip antenna (DSSRMA), and triple stub slot loaded rectangular microstrip antenna (TSSRMA). Experimental results show that the TSSRMA design achieves a 21.13% upper operating bandwidth, 1.43 frequency ratio, 12.13 dB gain, and -20 dB cross polarization, demonstrating enhancements over the other designs without affecting broadside radiation characteristics.
Microstrip line fed stacked layer e shaped patch antenna for wlanIAEME Publication
The design of stacked layer E-shaped microstrip patch antenna for wideband
operation in the 5-6 GHz frequency range has been presented in this paper. The antenna is
Microstrip line feeded. The Roger RO4350 of 1.6 mm height with relative permittivity of
3.66 and dielectric loss tangent of 0.004 has been used as the substrate on which the patch is
placed. An air box of 2mm height has been introduced between substrate and the ground. The
ANSOFT HFSS software has been used for designing the antenna. High performance
characteristics and good impedance matching have been obtained. The antenna is resonating
at 5.36 GHz with a return loss of -56.5 dB. A maximum gain of 5.3 dB has been obtained in
E-plane. The proposed antenna is suitable for WLAN and WiMax applications operating
within 5.15-5.85 GHz frequency band.
Microstrip line fed stacked layer e shaped patch antenna for wlanIAEME Publication
This document summarizes the design of a stacked layer E-shaped microstrip patch antenna for wideband operation between 5-6 GHz. The antenna is fed by a microstrip line and uses Roger RO4350 substrate with an air box introduced between the substrate and ground plane. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 5.36 GHz with -56.5 dB return loss and maximum gain of 5.3 dB. The proposed antenna design is suitable for WLAN and WiMax applications in the 5.15-5.85 GHz frequency band.
Microstrip patch antenna for pcs and wlaneSAT Journals
Abstract Due to development in wireless devices, it poses a new challenge for the design of an antenna in wireless communication. Patch antennas are well suited for various wireless application systems due to their low weight, low profile, versatility, conformability, low cost and low sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances. This paper present design, simulation of a rectangular micro strip antenna for WLAN and PCS. The aim of the work is to design reliable broadband, compact patch antenna for wireless devices. Antenna is proposed which is providing circular polarization, dual band, resonant frequencies at 1.9 GHz, 2.4 GHz. Key Words: Patch antenna, co-axial feeding, polarization, dual band, HFSS …
Circular shape, Dual band proximity feed UWB AntennaAmitesh Raikwar
This paper presents novel proximity feed, microstrip antenna with dual band operative frequency and having ultra wide bandwidth with center
frequency at 3GHz. This Circular shaped microstrip antenna offers a dual band. This paper suggests an alternative approach in enhancing the band
width of microstrip antenna for the wireless application operating at a frequency of 3 GHz. A bandwidth enhancement of more than 21% was achieved.
The measured results have been compared with the simulated results using software IE3D version-14.0.
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