Deoxyribonucleic acid is the fundamental building block of life it c.pdf
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Deoxyribonucleic acid is the fundamental building block of life it contains just four bases guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine, which pair up by hydrogen bonding in only 2 combinations G-c, or A-c to form a double stranded helix the DNA is coiled to form nucleosomes which coil again to form chromosomes. The DNA is packaged into 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and two sex chromosomes xx in females and xy in males. There are some historical scientific experiments with significance that proved DNA was the genetic material. Experiment 1: Hershey and chase were help to confirm that DNA is genetic material, they examined different parts of phages they isolated the phage subsections they inserted the radioactive elements into bacteriophages by adding the isotopes to separate media, in that they allow to grow bacteria for 4 hours, before bacteria phase introduction the bacteriophages infected the bacteria progeny contained the radioactive isotopes in there structures. same procedure they performed on the sulphur labelled phage and phosphorus labelled phages. The labelled progeny where they allowed to insert the unlabeled bacteria the phage coat remind on the outside of the bacteria while genetic material entered thus, the hershey chase experiment confirmed that it is not a protein, it is a genetic material. Experiment 2: DNA is not a protein it is a genetic material proven by some simple experiments and observations with bacteria and viruses.the bacteria diplococcus pneumonia it is also known as pneumoconiosis in mammals. Frederick Griffiths observed that there are two strains of D pneumonia one that forms smooth colonies (s strain) protected by a capsules and another that forms irregular R string without Capsule. When grown on a suitable medium in Petri dish when injected in to mice, only S cells produced the disease not the R cells when the heat killed S cells were mixed with the live K cells and then injected the disease was produced. at last he found that the DNA isolated from the heat killed S cells. When added to R cells changed their surface character. Thus, DNA was proved to be the genetic material. Experiment 3: Avery, macleod and mc carty they used biochemical purification of cellular fractions to determine that DNA and not RNA protein was the transforming principle. transformation: the alteration of phenotype by the addition of foreign DNA. Solution Deoxyribonucleic acid is the fundamental building block of life it contains just four bases guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine, which pair up by hydrogen bonding in only 2 combinations G-c, or A-c to form a double stranded helix the DNA is coiled to form nucleosomes which coil again to form chromosomes. The DNA is packaged into 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and two sex chromosomes xx in females and xy in males. There are some historical scientific experiments with significance that proved DNA was the genetic material. Experiment 1: Hershey and chase were help to confirm that DNA is gene.
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MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE -DNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
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Evidences to prove DNA as genetic material
Frederick Griffith conducted experiments in 1928 using two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria - R strain bacteria that were harmless, and S strain bacteria that were virulent and caused pneumonia. When Griffith combined heat-killed S bacteria with live R bacteria and injected them into mice, the mice unexpectedly developed pneumonia and died, with their blood containing live S bacteria. Griffith concluded the R bacteria must have taken on a "transforming principle" from the S bacteria that allowed them to become virulent. In 1944, Avery, McCarty and MacLeod purified this principle from heat-killed S cells and determined through various tests that it was DNA. However, debate continued until 1952 when Hershey and Chase conclusively identified DNA
DNA -Genetic Material
The document provides an overview of DNA structure and function. It discusses early experiments that established DNA as the genetic material, including Griffith's experiments showing transformation in bacteria and Avery, Macleod and McCarty's experiments proving that DNA is the transforming principle. It describes Chargaff's rules, Watson and Crick's proposal of the double helix model based on X-ray diffraction data, and semiconservative DNA replication demonstrated by Meselson and Stahl's experiment using nitrogen isotopes.
research done to prove DNA a genetic material
1. Genetic inheritance refers to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genetic material. DNA was identified as the genetic material based on its ability to stably replicate and mutate over generations.
2. Experiments in the early 20th century identified DNA as the substance within chromosomes that determines inheritance. Key experiments included Avery, MacLeod and McCarty demonstrating transformation is caused by DNA.
3. The structure of DNA was elucidated in 1953 when Watson and Crick proposed the double helix model based on X-ray crystallography data from Franklin and Chargaff's rules regarding nucleotide base ratios. This established DNA as the molecule of heredity.
Biochemical Evidence For dna As Genetic Material
Biochemical Evidence For dna As Genetic Material
What is genetic material The genetic information in all cell is stored in DNA ,Discovery of Transformation in Bacteria , The transforming principle is DNA , HERSHEY & CHASE (1952) EXPERIMENT WITH T2 BACTERIOPHAGE, Summary of Hershey & Chase (1952 ) experiment
Genetic material
The document discusses the evidence that led scientists to determine that DNA is the genetic material of living organisms. It describes key experiments including Griffith's experiment with pneumonia bacteria strains that showed cell debris could transform one strain into another, and Hershey and Chase's experiment using bacteriophage that demonstrated viral DNA, not proteins, enters host cells to direct new virus production. The document also reviews various lines of evidence that supported DNA as the carrier of hereditary information, such as its location in cell nuclei and ability to accurately replicate.
The Discovery of DNA
DNA was discovered through the work of many scientists over several decades. Gregor Mendel discovered the principles of heredity in 1866. Frederick Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that genetic material could be transferred between bacteria. Avery, Hershey and Chase's experiments in the 1940s-50s proved that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography images in 1952 provided key evidence of DNA's structure. Watson and Crick combined this evidence to propose their model of DNA's double helix structure in 1953.
Molecular Genetics
The document summarizes the central dogma of biology and the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It describes key experiments that showed DNA replicates in a semiconservative manner, with each parental strand serving as a template for a new complementary daughter strand. The process of DNA replication requires several enzymes including DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase and primase to unwind, copy and join new DNA strands.
Recommended
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE -DNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL
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#GRIFFITH EXPE.
#AVERY,MAC CLEOD ,MAC CARTY EXPE.
#HARSHY AND CHASE EXPE.
#Friedrich Miescher
Evidences to prove DNA as genetic material
Frederick Griffith conducted experiments in 1928 using two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria - R strain bacteria that were harmless, and S strain bacteria that were virulent and caused pneumonia. When Griffith combined heat-killed S bacteria with live R bacteria and injected them into mice, the mice unexpectedly developed pneumonia and died, with their blood containing live S bacteria. Griffith concluded the R bacteria must have taken on a "transforming principle" from the S bacteria that allowed them to become virulent. In 1944, Avery, McCarty and MacLeod purified this principle from heat-killed S cells and determined through various tests that it was DNA. However, debate continued until 1952 when Hershey and Chase conclusively identified DNA
DNA -Genetic Material
The document provides an overview of DNA structure and function. It discusses early experiments that established DNA as the genetic material, including Griffith's experiments showing transformation in bacteria and Avery, Macleod and McCarty's experiments proving that DNA is the transforming principle. It describes Chargaff's rules, Watson and Crick's proposal of the double helix model based on X-ray diffraction data, and semiconservative DNA replication demonstrated by Meselson and Stahl's experiment using nitrogen isotopes.
research done to prove DNA a genetic material
1. Genetic inheritance refers to the transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genetic material. DNA was identified as the genetic material based on its ability to stably replicate and mutate over generations.
2. Experiments in the early 20th century identified DNA as the substance within chromosomes that determines inheritance. Key experiments included Avery, MacLeod and McCarty demonstrating transformation is caused by DNA.
3. The structure of DNA was elucidated in 1953 when Watson and Crick proposed the double helix model based on X-ray crystallography data from Franklin and Chargaff's rules regarding nucleotide base ratios. This established DNA as the molecule of heredity.
Biochemical Evidence For dna As Genetic Material
Biochemical Evidence For dna As Genetic Material
What is genetic material The genetic information in all cell is stored in DNA ,Discovery of Transformation in Bacteria , The transforming principle is DNA , HERSHEY & CHASE (1952) EXPERIMENT WITH T2 BACTERIOPHAGE, Summary of Hershey & Chase (1952 ) experiment
Genetic material
The document discusses the evidence that led scientists to determine that DNA is the genetic material of living organisms. It describes key experiments including Griffith's experiment with pneumonia bacteria strains that showed cell debris could transform one strain into another, and Hershey and Chase's experiment using bacteriophage that demonstrated viral DNA, not proteins, enters host cells to direct new virus production. The document also reviews various lines of evidence that supported DNA as the carrier of hereditary information, such as its location in cell nuclei and ability to accurately replicate.
The Discovery of DNA
DNA was discovered through the work of many scientists over several decades. Gregor Mendel discovered the principles of heredity in 1866. Frederick Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that genetic material could be transferred between bacteria. Avery, Hershey and Chase's experiments in the 1940s-50s proved that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material. Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography images in 1952 provided key evidence of DNA's structure. Watson and Crick combined this evidence to propose their model of DNA's double helix structure in 1953.
Molecular Genetics
The document summarizes the central dogma of biology and the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It describes key experiments that showed DNA replicates in a semiconservative manner, with each parental strand serving as a template for a new complementary daughter strand. The process of DNA replication requires several enzymes including DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase and primase to unwind, copy and join new DNA strands.
Week 6 Assignment 2From your course textbook Case Workbook to Ac.docx
Week 6 Assignment 2
From your course textbook Case Workbook to Accompany Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications, read the assigned case study in the following chapters:
· Chapters 9–12, Questions #21–24
In a 4- to 5-page Microsoft Word document, create a work sheet by answering the Questions for Research and Discussion provided for each case study. (Do not answer the multiple-choice questions).
Cite any sources in APA format.
Learning Outcomes
9.1 Experiments Identify and Describe the Genetic Material
1. Describe the experiments that showed that DNA is the genetic material and protein is not.
2. Explain how Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA.
9.2 DNA Structure
3. List the components of a DNA nucleotide building block.
4. Explain how nucleotides are joined into two chains to form the strands of a DNA molecule.
9.3 DNA Replication—Maintaining Genetic Information
5. Explain the semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication.
6. List the steps of DNA replication.
7. Explain how the polymerase chain reaction amplifies DNA outside cells.
9.4 Sequencing DNA
8. Explain the basic strategy used to determine the base sequence of a DNA molecule.
9. Explain how next-generation sequencing improves upon Sanger sequencing.
image The BIG Picture
DNA is the basis of life because of three qualities: It holds information, it copies itself, and it changes.
On the Meaning of Gene
To a biologist, gene has a specific definition—a sequence of DNA that tells a cell how to assemble amino acids into a particular protein. To others, “gene” has different meanings:
To folksinger Arlo Guthrie, gene means aging without signs of the Huntington disease that claimed his father, legendary folksinger Woody Guthrie.
To rare cats in New England, gene means extra toes.
To Adolph Hitler and others who have dehumanized those not like themselves, the concept of gene was abused to justify genocide.
To a smoker, a gene may mean lung cancer develops.
To a redhead in a family of brunettes, gene means an attractive variant.
To a woman whose mother and sisters had breast cancer, gene means escape from their fate—and survivor guilt.
To a lucky few, gene means a mutation that locks HIV out of their cells.
To people with diabetes, gene means safer insulin.
To a forensic entomologist, gene means a clue in the guts of maggots devouring a corpse.
To scientists-turned-entrepreneurs, gene means money.
Collectively, our genes mean that we are very much more alike than different from one another.
Page 164
9.1 Experiments Identify and Describe the Genetic Material
“A genetic material must carry out two jobs: duplicate itself and control the development of the rest of the cell in a specific way,” wrote Francis Crick, codiscoverer with James Watson of the three-dimensional structure of DNA in 1953. Only DNA fulfills these requirements.
DNA was first described in the mid-nineteenth century, when Swiss physician and biochemist F.
Molecular basis of inheritance
This document provides information on DNA structure and replication. It describes that DNA is made of two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases. Replication of DNA is semiconservative, meaning each new DNA molecule contains one original and one newly synthesized strand. Experiments by Meselson and Stahl using isotopes of nitrogen demonstrated that replication results in daughter DNA molecules with one original and one new strand, supporting the semiconservative model proposed by Watson and Crick.
DNA as genetic material
1) Griffith discovered a "transforming principle" that allowed non-virulent bacteria to become virulent after exposure to heat-killed virulent bacteria.
2) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty determined that the transforming principle was DNA through experiments treating components with DNAses, RNAses, and proteases.
3) Hershey and Chase provided definitive evidence that DNA is the genetic material through experiments using bacteriophages containing radioactive DNA or protein to infect bacteria, showing that only DNA was transferred.
The hershey chase experiment
The Hershey-Chase experiment proved that DNA is the genetic material transferred from viruses to bacteria. They labeled the DNA of some bacteriophages with radioactive phosphorus and the protein of others with radioactive sulfur. When the labeled phages infected bacteria, only the bacteria infected with phages containing radioactive DNA became radioactive, showing the DNA entered the bacteria while the labeled proteins did not. This provided evidence that DNA rather than protein carries genetic information.
In the early 1900s. there was considerable debate about whether prote.pdf
In the early 1900s. there was considerable debate about whether protein or DNA was the
hereditary material. For what reasons did many researchers assume that protein was the genetic
material? What key sets of experiments led to the understanding that, in fact. DNA and not
protein was the hereditary material? What evidence did each experiment provide?
Solution
Answer a.
Scientist thought that almost everything inside the cells is done by protein also they gave the
rationale behind this is due to fact that if something complex or any important thing that is being
done inside the cell is may be due to protein
At that time, it was known that proteins are made up of 20 amino acids and DNA is made up of 4
different nucleotides. This might lead them to thought that protein could be genetic material
since it creates multiple variability as compared to DNA.
What key set of experiments that led to the understanding that, in fact, DNA not protein was the
hereditary material?
What evidence did each experiment provide?
Griffiths transformation experiment on mouse
He used two different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. One stain was virulent and other one
was virulent. He boiled both the strain and infected them to mice. But mice survived. Then he
done another experiment where he mixed heat killed virulent strain with live avirulent strain.
Upon injecting the mixture, the mice died. Upon isolation of the strain he found virulent strain
from dead mice. Since protein denature upon heating so proposed that some material transfer
from heat killed virulent strain and passes into avirument strain which is the cause of mice death.
This experiment first indirect proof which showed that DNA not protein is the genetic material.
Harshey and Chase Experiment
They used 35sulphur and radio 32phosphorus. Since phosphorus is found in DNA not is proteins
same way sulphur is found in proteins not in DNA. They incorporated radiolabelled isotopes into
the T phage and transduce onto their host. When phage will multiply in the host their genetic
material will also divide. But not the phage ghost. After multiple cycle, they blend the cells and
centrifuge them. When they check the radioactivity in supernatant where phage ghost present and
pellet where bacterial cells were present they found 32phosphorus in the pellet where bacterial
cells were present and 35sulphur in supernatant containing phage ghost. Phage incorporate their
DNA into the bacterial DNA so this lead the detection of 32phosphorus in bacterial pellet.
What key set of experiments that led to the understanding that, in fact, DNA not protein was the
hereditary material?
What evidence did each experiment provide?
Griffiths transformation experiment on mouse
He used two different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. One stain was virulent and other
one was virulent. He boiled both the strain and infected them to mice. But mice survived. Then
he done another experiment where he mixed heat killed virulent strain with l.
Powerpoint Chapter 12.1
The document discusses experiments that identified DNA as the genetic material. Frederick Griffith discovered that live bacteria could be transformed by dead bacteria, indicating transfer of some transforming factor. Avery determined this factor was DNA. Hershey and Chase found that when bacteriophage infected bacteria, only the DNA core, not the protein coating, entered the bacterial cells. Their results confirmed that DNA is the genetic material that carries inheritable traits.
Chapter 3ppthorti
This is brief introductory to genetic material course to Horticultural students in Mekdela Amba Univesity by Kasahun Amare
Hershey and chase
The Hershey-Chase experiment helped confirm that DNA is the genetic material by showing that the DNA, but not the proteins, of bacteriophages enters host bacterial cells during infection. They uniquely labeled the DNA and proteins of bacteriophages with different radioactive isotopes, then showed that the progeny of infected bacteria contained the radioactivity from the original phage DNA but not proteins. This provided strong evidence that DNA, rather than protein, carries the genetic information required for reproduction.
DNA
Frederick Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that something from dead virulent bacteria could transform live non-virulent bacteria of the same species, allowing them to become virulent. Later experiments by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty in 1944 identified that the transforming principle was DNA. Further evidence that DNA carries genetic information came from Hershey and Chase's 1953 experiment with bacteriophage virus infecting E. coli bacteria, which showed that viral DNA, not proteins, entered the bacterial cells.
DNA.pptx
The document summarizes key evidence and discoveries that led to the acceptance of DNA as the genetic material:
1) Chargaff's rule showed equal amounts of certain DNA base pairs and hinted at DNA's structure.
2) Franklin and Wilkins' X-ray crystallography provided clues to Watson and Crick, whose 1953 double helix model explained DNA's structure.
3) Griffith's experiment showed one type of bacteria could transform another through some "transforming principle," later shown by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty to be DNA. Hershey and Chase's experiment confirmed DNA is the genetic material of viruses.
12.1 notes
1) Bacterial transformation experiments by Griffith and Avery's team showed that DNA is the genetic material that can be transferred between bacteria to alter traits like disease-causing ability.
2) Hershey and Chase's experiments with bacteriophages demonstrated that viral DNA, not the protein coat, enters bacterial cells to transmit the viral genes.
3) DNA functions to store, copy, and transmit genetic information from parent to daughter cells and between generations through its molecular structure and role in heredity.
Dn ato protein
- The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It describes key experiments that helped establish DNA as the genetic material, including Griffith's transformation experiments with bacteria and Hershey and Chase's experiments with bacteriophage. It then explains Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA and how this explained the rules of base pairing. Finally, it provides details on the semi-conservative mechanism of DNA replication and how leading and lagging strands are synthesized.
DNA IS GENETIC METERIAL.pptx
This document summarizes three key experiments in the discovery of DNA as the genetic material:
- In 1927, Frederick Griffith discovered the "transforming principle" through experiments showing that living bacteria could be transformed from harmless to virulent.
- In 1944, Avery, Macleod and McCarty treated bacteria with enzymes that broke down proteins, RNA and DNA, finding that only treatment with DNAses inhibited bacterial transformation, proving DNA was the genetic material.
- In 1952, Hershey and Chase used radioactive labeling to show that DNA, not protein, entered bacteria during viral infection, confirming DNA as the hereditary material.
MB class 2.ppt
DNA is the genetic material in most organisms as shown through experiments. Frederick Griffith showed bacterial transformation through DNA in 1928. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty isolated DNA from bacteria and showed it could transform other bacteria in 1944. Hershey and Chase used radioactive labels in 1952 to track bacteriophage DNA and proteins entering bacteria, demonstrating that only DNA entered and was used to produce new phage particles. While some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, these classical experiments provided strong evidence that DNA carries hereditary information in the majority of living things.
Transforming principle..
Frederick Griffith discovered the principle of transformation through experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. He found that heat-killed virulent S-strain bacteria could make non-virulent R-strain bacteria transform and become virulent. Later, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty discovered that DNA alone from S bacteria could transform R bacteria. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase provided conclusive evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material through experiments using bacteriophages infecting E. coli bacteria. They found that radioactive DNA, but not protein, passed from the bacteriophages into the bacterial cells.
DNA as genetic material
The genetic material of a cell refers to materials like DNA, RNA, and proteins that play a fundamental role in determining cell structure and heredity. Early experiments suggested DNA, RNA, or proteins could be the genetic material. However, later experiments provided strong evidence that DNA is the primary genetic material:
1. Frederick Griffith's experiments in 1928 with pneumococcus bacteria showed that genetic information could be transferred between bacteria.
2. In 1944, Avery, Macleod, and McCarty proved that the transforming principle in pneumococcus was DNA, not RNA or proteins.
3. In 1952, Hershey and Chase's experiment with bacteriophage T2 virus showed that only DNA entered bacterial cells
1. Why was the appearance of a single white-eyed fly so important to.pdf
1. Why was the appearance of a single white-eyed fly so important to Thomas Morgan and his
lab? (Multiple Answer: Choose all that are correct)
They were able to show that genes are located on chromosomes thus supporting Mendelian
genetics.
It enabled them to demonstrate sex-linkage
It enabled them to show how wing mutations arise in flies.
D. It helped them in illustrating that sex cells are indeed diploid in flies
2. Choose all of the following that are true of the Hersey-Chase Blender Experiment:
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 35S and the protein
coat was labelled with 32P
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 32P and the protein
coat was labelled with 35S
It showed that DNA is composed of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
It offered definitive proof that DNA is the molecule of heredity
3. Which of the following is true (Multiple Answer: Choose all that apply):
Beadle and Tatum used the model organism Neurospora to map out the biochemical pathway for
the biosynthesis of lysine
Beadle and Tatum used the model organism Neurospora to map out the biochemical pathway for
the biosynthesis of arginine
The work of Beadle and Tatum supported the ‘one gene/one enzyme’ hypothesis
D. Beadle and Tatum used the R-strain to create damaged metabolic pathways
4. Watson & Crick along with Maurice Wilkins and Rosiland Franklin. (Choose all that apply)
Solved the molecular structure of DNA
Discovered DNA
Determined that DNA is where our genes are located
D. Showed that traits are found on chromosome.
5. Cell theory was advanced by (Choose all that apply):
Linus Pauling
Theodor Schwann
Matthias Schleiden
William HarveyA.
They were able to show that genes are located on chromosomes thus supporting Mendelian
genetics.B.
It enabled them to demonstrate sex-linkageC.
It enabled them to show how wing mutations arise in flies.
D. It helped them in illustrating that sex cells are indeed diploid in flies
2. Choose all of the following that are true of the Hersey-Chase Blender Experiment:A.
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 35S and the protein
coat was labelled with 32PB.
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 32P and the protein
coat was labelled with 35SC.
It showed that DNA is composed of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and ThymineD.
It offered definitive proof that DNA is the molecule of heredity
Solution
5) the answer are (B & C) cell theory was given by two scientists and they were Theodor Schwan
& Matthias Schleiden.. They both stated that it consists of double layer phospholipids
membrane..
4) Watson and Crick discovered DNA & Rosalind Franklin determined the structure of the
dsDNA by X-rays crystallography..!! (A& B)
2) Hershey and Chase experiment they radio labeled the DNA with 32P and protein with 32S as
DNA contains Phosphorus and protein contains Sulphur.. It offered the definite proof that D.
CBSE-Class-12-Molecular-Basis-Study-Notes.pdf
The document summarizes several classic experiments that helped identify DNA as the genetic material:
1) Griffith's experiment showed that live bacteria could transform non-virulent bacteria into virulent ones, suggesting the transfer of a "transforming principle."
2) Avery, MacLeod and McCarty purified components from transformed bacteria and found that only DNA could induce transformation, demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material.
3) Hershey and Chase used bacteriophages labeled with radioactive sulfur or phosphorus to track entry into bacteria, finding that only DNA, not protein, entered the cells.
THE GENETIC MATERIAL
GENETIC MATERIAL refers to the material of which genes are made up of. It includes both DNA and RNA. Though in most of the organism DNA is playing this role, but in certain viruses RNA is storing all the genetic information of the individual. Here we are discussing about the discovery and property of these genetic material.
Nucleic acid carries genetic material
Nucleic acid carries genetic material (Griffith’s Hershey & Chase Experiment, Avery- Macleod-McCarty Experiment, Hershey- Chase Experiment and Fraenkel-Conrat’s Experiment)
You need to provide the data for the 4 other meas.pdf
You need to provide the data for the 4 other measurements. Without it I don\'t think
the answer can be figured out!
Solution
You need to provide the data for the 4 other measurements. Without it I don\'t think
the answer can be figured out!.
When an acid reacts with a base produces a salt &.pdf
When an acid reacts with a base produces a salt & water H2SO4 + NaOH -->
Na2SO4 + H2O Thats why water is on the right side
Solution
When an acid reacts with a base produces a salt & water H2SO4 + NaOH -->
Na2SO4 + H2O Thats why water is on the right side.
More Related Content
Similar to Deoxyribonucleic acid is the fundamental building block of life it c.pdf
Week 6 Assignment 2From your course textbook Case Workbook to Ac.docx
Week 6 Assignment 2
From your course textbook Case Workbook to Accompany Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications, read the assigned case study in the following chapters:
· Chapters 9–12, Questions #21–24
In a 4- to 5-page Microsoft Word document, create a work sheet by answering the Questions for Research and Discussion provided for each case study. (Do not answer the multiple-choice questions).
Cite any sources in APA format.
Learning Outcomes
9.1 Experiments Identify and Describe the Genetic Material
1. Describe the experiments that showed that DNA is the genetic material and protein is not.
2. Explain how Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA.
9.2 DNA Structure
3. List the components of a DNA nucleotide building block.
4. Explain how nucleotides are joined into two chains to form the strands of a DNA molecule.
9.3 DNA Replication—Maintaining Genetic Information
5. Explain the semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication.
6. List the steps of DNA replication.
7. Explain how the polymerase chain reaction amplifies DNA outside cells.
9.4 Sequencing DNA
8. Explain the basic strategy used to determine the base sequence of a DNA molecule.
9. Explain how next-generation sequencing improves upon Sanger sequencing.
image The BIG Picture
DNA is the basis of life because of three qualities: It holds information, it copies itself, and it changes.
On the Meaning of Gene
To a biologist, gene has a specific definition—a sequence of DNA that tells a cell how to assemble amino acids into a particular protein. To others, “gene” has different meanings:
To folksinger Arlo Guthrie, gene means aging without signs of the Huntington disease that claimed his father, legendary folksinger Woody Guthrie.
To rare cats in New England, gene means extra toes.
To Adolph Hitler and others who have dehumanized those not like themselves, the concept of gene was abused to justify genocide.
To a smoker, a gene may mean lung cancer develops.
To a redhead in a family of brunettes, gene means an attractive variant.
To a woman whose mother and sisters had breast cancer, gene means escape from their fate—and survivor guilt.
To a lucky few, gene means a mutation that locks HIV out of their cells.
To people with diabetes, gene means safer insulin.
To a forensic entomologist, gene means a clue in the guts of maggots devouring a corpse.
To scientists-turned-entrepreneurs, gene means money.
Collectively, our genes mean that we are very much more alike than different from one another.
Page 164
9.1 Experiments Identify and Describe the Genetic Material
“A genetic material must carry out two jobs: duplicate itself and control the development of the rest of the cell in a specific way,” wrote Francis Crick, codiscoverer with James Watson of the three-dimensional structure of DNA in 1953. Only DNA fulfills these requirements.
DNA was first described in the mid-nineteenth century, when Swiss physician and biochemist F.
Molecular basis of inheritance
This document provides information on DNA structure and replication. It describes that DNA is made of two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases. Replication of DNA is semiconservative, meaning each new DNA molecule contains one original and one newly synthesized strand. Experiments by Meselson and Stahl using isotopes of nitrogen demonstrated that replication results in daughter DNA molecules with one original and one new strand, supporting the semiconservative model proposed by Watson and Crick.
DNA as genetic material
1) Griffith discovered a "transforming principle" that allowed non-virulent bacteria to become virulent after exposure to heat-killed virulent bacteria.
2) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty determined that the transforming principle was DNA through experiments treating components with DNAses, RNAses, and proteases.
3) Hershey and Chase provided definitive evidence that DNA is the genetic material through experiments using bacteriophages containing radioactive DNA or protein to infect bacteria, showing that only DNA was transferred.
The hershey chase experiment
The Hershey-Chase experiment proved that DNA is the genetic material transferred from viruses to bacteria. They labeled the DNA of some bacteriophages with radioactive phosphorus and the protein of others with radioactive sulfur. When the labeled phages infected bacteria, only the bacteria infected with phages containing radioactive DNA became radioactive, showing the DNA entered the bacteria while the labeled proteins did not. This provided evidence that DNA rather than protein carries genetic information.
In the early 1900s. there was considerable debate about whether prote.pdf
In the early 1900s. there was considerable debate about whether protein or DNA was the
hereditary material. For what reasons did many researchers assume that protein was the genetic
material? What key sets of experiments led to the understanding that, in fact. DNA and not
protein was the hereditary material? What evidence did each experiment provide?
Solution
Answer a.
Scientist thought that almost everything inside the cells is done by protein also they gave the
rationale behind this is due to fact that if something complex or any important thing that is being
done inside the cell is may be due to protein
At that time, it was known that proteins are made up of 20 amino acids and DNA is made up of 4
different nucleotides. This might lead them to thought that protein could be genetic material
since it creates multiple variability as compared to DNA.
What key set of experiments that led to the understanding that, in fact, DNA not protein was the
hereditary material?
What evidence did each experiment provide?
Griffiths transformation experiment on mouse
He used two different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. One stain was virulent and other one
was virulent. He boiled both the strain and infected them to mice. But mice survived. Then he
done another experiment where he mixed heat killed virulent strain with live avirulent strain.
Upon injecting the mixture, the mice died. Upon isolation of the strain he found virulent strain
from dead mice. Since protein denature upon heating so proposed that some material transfer
from heat killed virulent strain and passes into avirument strain which is the cause of mice death.
This experiment first indirect proof which showed that DNA not protein is the genetic material.
Harshey and Chase Experiment
They used 35sulphur and radio 32phosphorus. Since phosphorus is found in DNA not is proteins
same way sulphur is found in proteins not in DNA. They incorporated radiolabelled isotopes into
the T phage and transduce onto their host. When phage will multiply in the host their genetic
material will also divide. But not the phage ghost. After multiple cycle, they blend the cells and
centrifuge them. When they check the radioactivity in supernatant where phage ghost present and
pellet where bacterial cells were present they found 32phosphorus in the pellet where bacterial
cells were present and 35sulphur in supernatant containing phage ghost. Phage incorporate their
DNA into the bacterial DNA so this lead the detection of 32phosphorus in bacterial pellet.
What key set of experiments that led to the understanding that, in fact, DNA not protein was the
hereditary material?
What evidence did each experiment provide?
Griffiths transformation experiment on mouse
He used two different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. One stain was virulent and other
one was virulent. He boiled both the strain and infected them to mice. But mice survived. Then
he done another experiment where he mixed heat killed virulent strain with l.
Powerpoint Chapter 12.1
The document discusses experiments that identified DNA as the genetic material. Frederick Griffith discovered that live bacteria could be transformed by dead bacteria, indicating transfer of some transforming factor. Avery determined this factor was DNA. Hershey and Chase found that when bacteriophage infected bacteria, only the DNA core, not the protein coating, entered the bacterial cells. Their results confirmed that DNA is the genetic material that carries inheritable traits.
Chapter 3ppthorti
This is brief introductory to genetic material course to Horticultural students in Mekdela Amba Univesity by Kasahun Amare
Hershey and chase
The Hershey-Chase experiment helped confirm that DNA is the genetic material by showing that the DNA, but not the proteins, of bacteriophages enters host bacterial cells during infection. They uniquely labeled the DNA and proteins of bacteriophages with different radioactive isotopes, then showed that the progeny of infected bacteria contained the radioactivity from the original phage DNA but not proteins. This provided strong evidence that DNA, rather than protein, carries the genetic information required for reproduction.
DNA
Frederick Griffith's experiment in 1928 showed that something from dead virulent bacteria could transform live non-virulent bacteria of the same species, allowing them to become virulent. Later experiments by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty in 1944 identified that the transforming principle was DNA. Further evidence that DNA carries genetic information came from Hershey and Chase's 1953 experiment with bacteriophage virus infecting E. coli bacteria, which showed that viral DNA, not proteins, entered the bacterial cells.
DNA.pptx
The document summarizes key evidence and discoveries that led to the acceptance of DNA as the genetic material:
1) Chargaff's rule showed equal amounts of certain DNA base pairs and hinted at DNA's structure.
2) Franklin and Wilkins' X-ray crystallography provided clues to Watson and Crick, whose 1953 double helix model explained DNA's structure.
3) Griffith's experiment showed one type of bacteria could transform another through some "transforming principle," later shown by Avery, MacLeod and McCarty to be DNA. Hershey and Chase's experiment confirmed DNA is the genetic material of viruses.
12.1 notes
1) Bacterial transformation experiments by Griffith and Avery's team showed that DNA is the genetic material that can be transferred between bacteria to alter traits like disease-causing ability.
2) Hershey and Chase's experiments with bacteriophages demonstrated that viral DNA, not the protein coat, enters bacterial cells to transmit the viral genes.
3) DNA functions to store, copy, and transmit genetic information from parent to daughter cells and between generations through its molecular structure and role in heredity.
Dn ato protein
- The document discusses DNA structure and replication. It describes key experiments that helped establish DNA as the genetic material, including Griffith's transformation experiments with bacteria and Hershey and Chase's experiments with bacteriophage. It then explains Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA and how this explained the rules of base pairing. Finally, it provides details on the semi-conservative mechanism of DNA replication and how leading and lagging strands are synthesized.
DNA IS GENETIC METERIAL.pptx
This document summarizes three key experiments in the discovery of DNA as the genetic material:
- In 1927, Frederick Griffith discovered the "transforming principle" through experiments showing that living bacteria could be transformed from harmless to virulent.
- In 1944, Avery, Macleod and McCarty treated bacteria with enzymes that broke down proteins, RNA and DNA, finding that only treatment with DNAses inhibited bacterial transformation, proving DNA was the genetic material.
- In 1952, Hershey and Chase used radioactive labeling to show that DNA, not protein, entered bacteria during viral infection, confirming DNA as the hereditary material.
MB class 2.ppt
DNA is the genetic material in most organisms as shown through experiments. Frederick Griffith showed bacterial transformation through DNA in 1928. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty isolated DNA from bacteria and showed it could transform other bacteria in 1944. Hershey and Chase used radioactive labels in 1952 to track bacteriophage DNA and proteins entering bacteria, demonstrating that only DNA entered and was used to produce new phage particles. While some viruses use RNA as their genetic material, these classical experiments provided strong evidence that DNA carries hereditary information in the majority of living things.
Transforming principle..
Frederick Griffith discovered the principle of transformation through experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. He found that heat-killed virulent S-strain bacteria could make non-virulent R-strain bacteria transform and become virulent. Later, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty discovered that DNA alone from S bacteria could transform R bacteria. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase provided conclusive evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material through experiments using bacteriophages infecting E. coli bacteria. They found that radioactive DNA, but not protein, passed from the bacteriophages into the bacterial cells.
DNA as genetic material
The genetic material of a cell refers to materials like DNA, RNA, and proteins that play a fundamental role in determining cell structure and heredity. Early experiments suggested DNA, RNA, or proteins could be the genetic material. However, later experiments provided strong evidence that DNA is the primary genetic material:
1. Frederick Griffith's experiments in 1928 with pneumococcus bacteria showed that genetic information could be transferred between bacteria.
2. In 1944, Avery, Macleod, and McCarty proved that the transforming principle in pneumococcus was DNA, not RNA or proteins.
3. In 1952, Hershey and Chase's experiment with bacteriophage T2 virus showed that only DNA entered bacterial cells
1. Why was the appearance of a single white-eyed fly so important to.pdf
1. Why was the appearance of a single white-eyed fly so important to Thomas Morgan and his
lab? (Multiple Answer: Choose all that are correct)
They were able to show that genes are located on chromosomes thus supporting Mendelian
genetics.
It enabled them to demonstrate sex-linkage
It enabled them to show how wing mutations arise in flies.
D. It helped them in illustrating that sex cells are indeed diploid in flies
2. Choose all of the following that are true of the Hersey-Chase Blender Experiment:
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 35S and the protein
coat was labelled with 32P
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 32P and the protein
coat was labelled with 35S
It showed that DNA is composed of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
It offered definitive proof that DNA is the molecule of heredity
3. Which of the following is true (Multiple Answer: Choose all that apply):
Beadle and Tatum used the model organism Neurospora to map out the biochemical pathway for
the biosynthesis of lysine
Beadle and Tatum used the model organism Neurospora to map out the biochemical pathway for
the biosynthesis of arginine
The work of Beadle and Tatum supported the ‘one gene/one enzyme’ hypothesis
D. Beadle and Tatum used the R-strain to create damaged metabolic pathways
4. Watson & Crick along with Maurice Wilkins and Rosiland Franklin. (Choose all that apply)
Solved the molecular structure of DNA
Discovered DNA
Determined that DNA is where our genes are located
D. Showed that traits are found on chromosome.
5. Cell theory was advanced by (Choose all that apply):
Linus Pauling
Theodor Schwann
Matthias Schleiden
William HarveyA.
They were able to show that genes are located on chromosomes thus supporting Mendelian
genetics.B.
It enabled them to demonstrate sex-linkageC.
It enabled them to show how wing mutations arise in flies.
D. It helped them in illustrating that sex cells are indeed diploid in flies
2. Choose all of the following that are true of the Hersey-Chase Blender Experiment:A.
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 35S and the protein
coat was labelled with 32PB.
It utilized radioactively labelled phages in which the DNA was labelled with 32P and the protein
coat was labelled with 35SC.
It showed that DNA is composed of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and ThymineD.
It offered definitive proof that DNA is the molecule of heredity
Solution
5) the answer are (B & C) cell theory was given by two scientists and they were Theodor Schwan
& Matthias Schleiden.. They both stated that it consists of double layer phospholipids
membrane..
4) Watson and Crick discovered DNA & Rosalind Franklin determined the structure of the
dsDNA by X-rays crystallography..!! (A& B)
2) Hershey and Chase experiment they radio labeled the DNA with 32P and protein with 32S as
DNA contains Phosphorus and protein contains Sulphur.. It offered the definite proof that D.
CBSE-Class-12-Molecular-Basis-Study-Notes.pdf
The document summarizes several classic experiments that helped identify DNA as the genetic material:
1) Griffith's experiment showed that live bacteria could transform non-virulent bacteria into virulent ones, suggesting the transfer of a "transforming principle."
2) Avery, MacLeod and McCarty purified components from transformed bacteria and found that only DNA could induce transformation, demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material.
3) Hershey and Chase used bacteriophages labeled with radioactive sulfur or phosphorus to track entry into bacteria, finding that only DNA, not protein, entered the cells.
THE GENETIC MATERIAL
GENETIC MATERIAL refers to the material of which genes are made up of. It includes both DNA and RNA. Though in most of the organism DNA is playing this role, but in certain viruses RNA is storing all the genetic information of the individual. Here we are discussing about the discovery and property of these genetic material.
Nucleic acid carries genetic material
Nucleic acid carries genetic material (Griffith’s Hershey & Chase Experiment, Avery- Macleod-McCarty Experiment, Hershey- Chase Experiment and Fraenkel-Conrat’s Experiment)
Similar to Deoxyribonucleic acid is the fundamental building block of life it c.pdf (20)
Week 6 Assignment 2From your course textbook Case Workbook to Ac.docx
Week 6 Assignment 2From your course textbook Case Workbook to Ac.docx
In the early 1900s. there was considerable debate about whether prote.pdf
In the early 1900s. there was considerable debate about whether prote.pdf
1. Why was the appearance of a single white-eyed fly so important to.pdf
1. Why was the appearance of a single white-eyed fly so important to.pdf
More from anandshingavi23
You need to provide the data for the 4 other meas.pdf
You need to provide the data for the 4 other measurements. Without it I don\'t think
the answer can be figured out!
Solution
You need to provide the data for the 4 other measurements. Without it I don\'t think
the answer can be figured out!.
When an acid reacts with a base produces a salt &.pdf
When an acid reacts with a base produces a salt & water H2SO4 + NaOH -->
Na2SO4 + H2O Thats why water is on the right side
Solution
When an acid reacts with a base produces a salt & water H2SO4 + NaOH -->
Na2SO4 + H2O Thats why water is on the right side.
The one with the lowest Ksp will precipitate firs.pdf
The one with the lowest Ksp will precipitate first and hence AuCl will precipitate.
Solution
The one with the lowest Ksp will precipitate first and hence AuCl will precipitate..
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) consists of the sugar alc.pdf
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) consists of the sugar alcohol D-ribitol attached to 7,8 -
dimethyl isoalloxazine. The coenzymes are flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD). Good luck!
Solution
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) consists of the sugar alcohol D-ribitol attached to 7,8 -
dimethyl isoalloxazine. The coenzymes are flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD). Good luck!.
molar mass, or atomic weight, its true False. .pdf
molar mass, or atomic weight, its true False. The atomic mass unit is defined as
1/12 the mass of a C-12 atom, this is slightly different than the mass of H-1
Solution
molar mass, or atomic weight, its true False. The atomic mass unit is defined as
1/12 the mass of a C-12 atom, this is slightly different than the mass of H-1.
just multiply 806 by the molar mass of water and .pdf
just multiply 806 by the molar mass of water and divide that by the latent heat of
fusion.
Solution
just multiply 806 by the molar mass of water and divide that by the latent heat of
fusion..
Image is not visible, kindly repost. .pdf
This document could not be summarized as the image is not visible and no text content was provided. To generate an accurate summary, more context about the document is needed such as visible images or readable text.
When it comes categorizing hazardous waste, the EPA has broken it do.pdf
When it comes categorizing hazardous waste, the EPA has broken it down by four
characteristics:
These high level categories each have their own characteristics that further help you as a
generator define with what your are dealing.
Ignitability
There are three types of ignitable forms:
Corrosivity
Corrosive substances, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid, have the ability
eat through containers, causing the leakage of harmful materials. A corrosive is anything liquid
with a pH of less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5, or has the ability to corrode
steel. Everyday example of corrosives include battery acid and rust removers.
Reactivity
Given their instability, reactive wastes can be very dangerous. The EPA recognizes that there
are too many conditions and situations to identify all types of reactive materials. However, they
use the following as guidelines to assist generators:
Toxicity
Poisonous materials pose a threat to our groundwater, which can have long term effects to
human health and the environment. This is different from the first three characteristic groups,
which the EPA views as containing immediate and firsthand dangers. There are 60 contaminants
on the toxicity characteristics list. These contaminants are identified solely through a test method
called Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure or TCLP
Solution
When it comes categorizing hazardous waste, the EPA has broken it down by four
characteristics:
These high level categories each have their own characteristics that further help you as a
generator define with what your are dealing.
Ignitability
There are three types of ignitable forms:
Corrosivity
Corrosive substances, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid, have the ability
eat through containers, causing the leakage of harmful materials. A corrosive is anything liquid
with a pH of less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5, or has the ability to corrode
steel. Everyday example of corrosives include battery acid and rust removers.
Reactivity
Given their instability, reactive wastes can be very dangerous. The EPA recognizes that there
are too many conditions and situations to identify all types of reactive materials. However, they
use the following as guidelines to assist generators:
Toxicity
Poisonous materials pose a threat to our groundwater, which can have long term effects to
human health and the environment. This is different from the first three characteristic groups,
which the EPA views as containing immediate and firsthand dangers. There are 60 contaminants
on the toxicity characteristics list. These contaminants are identified solely through a test method
called Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure or TCLP.
Visual hacking is used to visually capture private,sensitive informa.pdf
Visual hacking is used to visually capture private,sensitive information for unauthorized
access.for example we give a visiting pass to a person he can roam anywhere in the offie.person
can snap photo of employee device screen.by this information he can hack the company
databases.
Employees who have access to company databases may either leak the essential data with out
knowing it or employees can be lured by financial gain
social engineering happens when malicious employee try to gain access by asking passwords to
resolve issues.spear pishing is another technique they will sent an email as a friend and ask to
clik below link.
viruses-Attackers can develop harmful code known as viruses. Using hacking techniques, they
can break into systems and plant viruses.
worms. These are programs that run independently and travel from computer to computer across
network connections. Worms may have portions of themselves running on many different
computers. Worms do not change other programs, although they may carry other code that does.
password cracking. This is a technique attackers use to surreptitiously gain system access
through another user\'s account. This is possible because users often select weak passwords. The
two major problems with passwords is when they are easy to guess based on knowledge of the
user.
E-mail hacking. Electronic mail is one of the most popular features of the Internet. With access
to Internet e-mail, someone can potentially correspond with any one of millions of people
worldwide.
Denial-of-service attacks. They will create the need to have a service available. It is a growing
trend on the Internet because Web sites in general are open doors ready for abuse. People can
easily flood the Web server with communication in order to keep it busy. Therefore, companies
connected to the Internet should prepare for (DoS) attacks. They also are difficult to trace and
allow other types of attacks to be subdued.
Trojan horses. These are malicious programs or software code hidden inside what looks like a
normal program. When a user runs the normal program, the hidden code runs as well. It can then
start deleting files and causing other damage to the computer. Trojan horses are normally spread
by e-mail attachments.
Network spoofing. In network spoofing, a system presents itself to the network as though it were
a different system
intrusion attacks. In these attacks, a hacker uses various hacking tools to gain access to systems.
These can range from password-cracking tools to protocol hacking and manipulation tools.
Solution
Visual hacking is used to visually capture private,sensitive information for unauthorized
access.for example we give a visiting pass to a person he can roam anywhere in the offie.person
can snap photo of employee device screen.by this information he can hack the company
databases.
Employees who have access to company databases may either leak the essential data with out
knowing it or employees can be lured by financial g.
The standards used for the various layers in an Ethernet-based netwo.pdf
The standards used for the various layers in an Ethernet-based network that is man-aged by the
Internet management protocol is IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD. Ethernet works at layer 2 of OSI
model(7 layers).
The commonly used protocol for management of network devices is known as Simple Network
Management Protocol, i.e. SNMP
Solution
The standards used for the various layers in an Ethernet-based network that is man-aged by the
Internet management protocol is IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD. Ethernet works at layer 2 of OSI
model(7 layers).
The commonly used protocol for management of network devices is known as Simple Network
Management Protocol, i.e. SNMP.
The probability of at least one goal is P(X 1) = 1SolutionTh.pdf
The probability of at least one goal is P(X ? 1) = 1
Solution
The probability of at least one goal is P(X ? 1) = 1.
The end result of double fertilization is zygote and edosperm. In th.pdf
The end result of double fertilization is zygote and edosperm. In this process, out of two sperm
cells, one sperm feritilizes egg cell which forms diploid zygote, while other sperm fuses with two
polar nuclei forming endosperm.
Solution
The end result of double fertilization is zygote and edosperm. In this process, out of two sperm
cells, one sperm feritilizes egg cell which forms diploid zygote, while other sperm fuses with two
polar nuclei forming endosperm..
The conus medullaris (Latin for medullary cone) is the tapered, .pdf
The conus medullaris (Latin for \"medullary cone\") is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord.
It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), occasionally lower. The upper end of
the conus medullaris is usually not well defined.
2. C 1 through T 1 and L 1 through S4
3. Motor
4.Extension of the knee
Solution
The conus medullaris (Latin for \"medullary cone\") is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord.
It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), occasionally lower. The upper end of
the conus medullaris is usually not well defined.
2. C 1 through T 1 and L 1 through S4
3. Motor
4.Extension of the knee.
D is the answer take care .pdf
The document states that D is the answer and to take care in a concise manner. It provides a single statement indicating that D is the solution followed by a brief reminder to be careful. In just a few words, the key information conveyed is that D is the answer and caution is advised.
Endothermic or exothermic reaction nature .pdf
The document discusses whether a chemical reaction is endothermic or exothermic. An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings, while an exothermic reaction releases heat to the surroundings. Determining whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic can provide insight into the reaction's energy changes and heat transfer properties.
Step1 mass of 1 litre of sea water = 1.025x1000 =1025 g Step2 ma.pdf
Step1 mass of 1 litre of sea water = 1.025x1000 =1025 g
Step2 mass of iodine = 60x10^-9 x 1025 g
Step3 Atomic mass of iodine =126.90447
Step4 Molarity of I- ion = (60x10^-9 x1025)/126.90447 = 4.846x10^-7= 4.8x10^-7 M
Step5 Option B is correct
Solution
Step1 mass of 1 litre of sea water = 1.025x1000 =1025 g
Step2 mass of iodine = 60x10^-9 x 1025 g
Step3 Atomic mass of iodine =126.90447
Step4 Molarity of I- ion = (60x10^-9 x1025)/126.90447 = 4.846x10^-7= 4.8x10^-7 M
Step5 Option B is correct.
Solution66. Candida albicans is vaginal Yeast infection or “Thrus.pdf
Solution
:
66. Candida albicans is vaginal Yeast infection or “Thrush”.
67. Aflatoxin is a fungal toxin that can affect peanut Butter. It is a potent human carcinogen.
68. Trypanosoma Tsetse fly transmitted disease causes insomnia and can affect the nervous
system
69. Babesiosis infections parasite carried by ticks.
70. Tinea versicolor is the fungal infection that affects the skin of young people.
71. Giardiasis peanut parisite found in fecal matter and can be contracted through oral contact
with feces
72. Trichophyton grows on skin, hair; can get from towels, comb, hat; ringworm or athletes foot
73. Ambiasis cysts develop in colon or rectum; bloody stool, high fever
74. Cryptococcus neoformans found in soil and can effect the respiratory tract and cause mild
pneumonia
75. Azoles is most commonly used to treat fungal infections..
Rate of formation of P2O5=rate of reaction Rate of formation =2.9.pdf
Rate of formation of P2O5=rate of reaction
Rate of formation =2.9*10-3/10
Rate of formation =2.9*10-4M/s
Solution
Rate of formation of P2O5=rate of reaction
Rate of formation =2.9*10-3/10
Rate of formation =2.9*10-4M/s.
Solution Lymphoid stem cell is a type of blood stem cells.These s.pdf
Solution
:
Lymphoid stem cell is a type of blood stem cells.These stem cells develops into a white blood
cell.Mainly it develops lymphocytes.White blood cells destroy infectious bacteria after
identifying them.It play different role in providing immunity to our body from
virus,bacteria,fungi etc..
copper sulphate when added to 5 moles of water ge.pdf
copper sulphate when added to 5 moles of water gets hydrated and forms CuSO4
which is of blue colour
Solution
copper sulphate when added to 5 moles of water gets hydrated and forms CuSO4
which is of blue colour.
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The end result of double fertilization is zygote and edosperm. In th.pdf
The end result of double fertilization is zygote and edosperm. In th.pdf
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The conus medullaris (Latin for medullary cone) is the tapered, .pdf
Step1 mass of 1 litre of sea water = 1.025x1000 =1025 g Step2 ma.pdf
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Solution66. Candida albicans is vaginal Yeast infection or “Thrus.pdf
Solution66. Candida albicans is vaginal Yeast infection or “Thrus.pdf
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Solution Lymphoid stem cell is a type of blood stem cells.These s.pdf
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https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdLAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
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of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
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changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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