This document discusses dental anatomy and histology. It begins by classifying and describing the structure of oral mucosa, including the three main types (lining, masticatory, specialized), layers, and features of keratinized versus non-keratinized mucosa. It also describes the histology and clinical features of gingiva. Next, it discusses the developmental stages of teeth from the bud stage to bell stage and root formation in multi-rooted teeth. It then provides short notes on topics like maxillary central incisor anatomy, cement enamel junction types, and stages of deglutition. Finally, it describes the periodontal ligament structure and function, development of occlusion in primary, mixed, and permanent dent
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Introduction
A sound knowledge of the anatomy of the periodontium and the surrounding hard and soft structures is essential to determine the scope and possibilities of surgical periodontal procedures and to minimize their risks.
Blood vessels, and nerves located in the vicinity of the periodontal surgical field, are particularly important during various surgical procedures.
Arterial Supply
Common Carotid Artery
Carotid Sinus & Carotid Body
Applied Anatomy of CCA
CAROTID PULSE :
CCA may be compressed against the carotid tubercle of transverse process of C6 vertebra about 4cm above the sternoclavicular joint.
External Carotid Artery
Generally it lies anterior to the Internal Carotid Artery.
It is the chief artery of supply to structures in the front of neck, oral cavity and in the face.
In carotid triangle
Crossed superficially by:
Cervical branch of facial nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Facial, lingual &superior thyroid vein
Deep to artery lies:
Wall of pharynx
Superior laryngeal nerve
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Above the carotid triangle
ECA lies deep in the substance of parotid gland
Branches
Lingual Artery
Principal artery of tongue.
Arises anteromedially from ECA opposite the tip of greater cornu of hyoid bone.
Divided into three parts by hyoglossus muscle.
Applied anatomy
Sublingual artery injury occurs in premolar & molar region, when sharp instrument or rotating disks slips off a lower molar & injure the floor of mouth.
Sublingual and submental arteries may course anteriorly in close proximity to the lingual plate, and branches of these blood vessels enter accessory foramina along the lingual cortex.
Hofschneider et al (1999)
Inadvertent penetration through the lingual cortical plate into the floor of the mouth while preparing an osteotomy can cause arterial trauma, thereby resulting in development of a sublingual or submandibular hematoma
Flanagan D. et al.2003
Facial Artery
ORIGIN: Arises from the ECA just above the tip of greater cornua of hyoid bone.
COURSE:
Runs upwards in neck as cervical part ;
On face as facial part.
Tortuous course—
In neck allows free movements of pharynx during deglutition,
On face allows free movements of mandible , lips, & cheek during mastication & facial expressions, escapes traction & pressure during movements.
Cervical part :
Cervical part runs upwards on superior constrictor of pharynx deep to the posterior belly of digastric.
It grooves the posterior border of submandibular gland, makes S-bend [2 loops]
1st winding down over submandibular gland &
then up over the base of mandible.
Facial part:
The vessel enters the face by winding around the base of the mandible, and by piercing the deep cervical fascia,at the anteroinferior angle of the masseter muscle, here it can be palpated & is called as anaesthetist’s artery. Using contracted masseter as a landmark, pulse of facia
DR SWARNEET KAKPURE
THIS SEMINAR COVERS ALL ASPECTS OF GINGIVA,ITS MACROSCOPIC & MICROSCOPIC FEATURES, GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID
,CLINICAL FEATURES ,GINGIVAL FIBRES,ARTERIAL SUPPLY
& NERVE SUPPLY,LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE ALONG WITH
GINGIVAL DISEASES
REFERANCE BOOK- CARANZZA TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Introduction
A sound knowledge of the anatomy of the periodontium and the surrounding hard and soft structures is essential to determine the scope and possibilities of surgical periodontal procedures and to minimize their risks.
Blood vessels, and nerves located in the vicinity of the periodontal surgical field, are particularly important during various surgical procedures.
Arterial Supply
Common Carotid Artery
Carotid Sinus & Carotid Body
Applied Anatomy of CCA
CAROTID PULSE :
CCA may be compressed against the carotid tubercle of transverse process of C6 vertebra about 4cm above the sternoclavicular joint.
External Carotid Artery
Generally it lies anterior to the Internal Carotid Artery.
It is the chief artery of supply to structures in the front of neck, oral cavity and in the face.
In carotid triangle
Crossed superficially by:
Cervical branch of facial nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Facial, lingual &superior thyroid vein
Deep to artery lies:
Wall of pharynx
Superior laryngeal nerve
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Above the carotid triangle
ECA lies deep in the substance of parotid gland
Branches
Lingual Artery
Principal artery of tongue.
Arises anteromedially from ECA opposite the tip of greater cornu of hyoid bone.
Divided into three parts by hyoglossus muscle.
Applied anatomy
Sublingual artery injury occurs in premolar & molar region, when sharp instrument or rotating disks slips off a lower molar & injure the floor of mouth.
Sublingual and submental arteries may course anteriorly in close proximity to the lingual plate, and branches of these blood vessels enter accessory foramina along the lingual cortex.
Hofschneider et al (1999)
Inadvertent penetration through the lingual cortical plate into the floor of the mouth while preparing an osteotomy can cause arterial trauma, thereby resulting in development of a sublingual or submandibular hematoma
Flanagan D. et al.2003
Facial Artery
ORIGIN: Arises from the ECA just above the tip of greater cornua of hyoid bone.
COURSE:
Runs upwards in neck as cervical part ;
On face as facial part.
Tortuous course—
In neck allows free movements of pharynx during deglutition,
On face allows free movements of mandible , lips, & cheek during mastication & facial expressions, escapes traction & pressure during movements.
Cervical part :
Cervical part runs upwards on superior constrictor of pharynx deep to the posterior belly of digastric.
It grooves the posterior border of submandibular gland, makes S-bend [2 loops]
1st winding down over submandibular gland &
then up over the base of mandible.
Facial part:
The vessel enters the face by winding around the base of the mandible, and by piercing the deep cervical fascia,at the anteroinferior angle of the masseter muscle, here it can be palpated & is called as anaesthetist’s artery. Using contracted masseter as a landmark, pulse of facia
DR SWARNEET KAKPURE
THIS SEMINAR COVERS ALL ASPECTS OF GINGIVA,ITS MACROSCOPIC & MICROSCOPIC FEATURES, GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID
,CLINICAL FEATURES ,GINGIVAL FIBRES,ARTERIAL SUPPLY
& NERVE SUPPLY,LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE ALONG WITH
GINGIVAL DISEASES
REFERANCE BOOK- CARANZZA TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY
oral mucous membranes-6 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Macroscopic features of Gingiva.
This presentation will help and let u know about the Development and Macroscopic features of gingiva in detail. Thank you.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
oral mucous membranes-6 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Macroscopic features of Gingiva.
This presentation will help and let u know about the Development and Macroscopic features of gingiva in detail. Thank you.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Oral Cavity- It includes the anatomy of oral cavity.
Structure of oral cavity,tongue,sensory and motor nerve supply,It's function, teeth ,hard palate , soft palate, lips,cheeks , gums, oral mucosa, organization of oral mucosa, structure of oral mucosa.
• Introduction
• Definitions
• Macroscopic Features
• Microscopic Features
• Blood supply
• Nerve supply
• Lymphatic drainage
• Role of epithelium in defence mechanism
• Oxygen consumption of gingiva
• Correlation of Macroscopic with microscopic features
• Conclusion
macroscopic/ clinical features of gingiva
With video clips
Short video descriptions
Lecture for 3rd BDS students
Periodontology
Periodontics aspect
Clinical features of the gingiva
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. DENTAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 2018
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Part -1
1. Classify oral mucous membrane. Describe the clinical feature and
histology of gingival. 10
The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane lining the inside of the mouth. It
comprises stratified squamous epithelium, termed "oral epithelium", and an
underlying connective tissue termed lamina propria
Classification
Oral mucosa can be divided into three main categories based on function
and histology:
i. Lining mucosa nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, found
almost everywhere else in the oral cavity, including the:
o Alveolar mucosa the lining between the buccal and labial mucosae. It is a
brighter red, smooth, and shiny with many blood vessels, and is not
connected to underlying tissue by rete pegs
o Buccal mucosa the inside lining of the cheeks and floor of the mouth; part
of the lining mucosa.
o Labial mucosa the inside lining of the lips; part of the lining mucosa.
ii. Masticatory mucosa keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, found on
the dorsum of the tongue, hard palate, and attached gingiva.
iii. Specialized mucosa specifically in the regions of the taste buds on lingual
papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue; contains nerve endings for
general sensory reception and taste perception
Structure
Oral mucosa consists of two layers,
i. The surface stratified squamous epithelium and
ii. The deeper lamina propria.
In keratinized oral mucosa, the epithelium consists of four layers:
Stratum basale (basal layer)
Stratum spinosum (prickle layer)
Stratum granulosum (granular layer)
Stratum corneum (keratinized layer)
In nonkeratinized epithelium, the two deep layers are
i. Basale
ii. Spinosum
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Depending on the region of the mouth, the epithelium may be
i. Nonkeratinized or
ii. Keratinized.
Nonkeratinized squamous epithelium covers the soft palate, inner lips,
inner cheeks, and the floor of the mouth, and ventral surface of the tongue.
Keratinized squamous epithelium is present in the gingiva and hard
palate as well as areas of the dorsal surface of the tongue.
Keratinization is the differentiation of keratinocytes in the stratum
granulosum.
The lamina propria is a fibrous connective tissue layer that consists of a
network of type I and III collagen and elastin fibers in some regions.
The main cells of the lamina propria are the fibroblasts, which are
responsible for the production of the fibers as well as the extracellular
matrix
Function
Protection - One of the main functions of the oral mucosa is to physically protect
the underlying tissues from the mechanical forces, microbes and toxins in the
mouth.
Keratinized masticatory mucosa is tightly bound to the hard palate and
gingivae.
It accounts for 25% of all oral mucosa.
Lining mucosa in the cheeks, lips and floor of mouth is mobile to create space
when chewing and talking.
During mastication, it allows food to move freely around the mouth and
physically protects the underlying tissues from trauma.
It accounts for 60% of oral mucosa
Secretion - Saliva is the primary secretion of the oral mucosa.
It has many functions including lubrication, pH buffering and immunity.
Sensation - The oral mucosa is richly innervated, meaning it is a very good at
sensing pain, touch, temperature and taste.
A number of cranial nerves are involved in sensations in the mouth including
trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) nerves.
Thermal regulation.
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Histology of Gingival
The gingival epithelium encompasses the external surface of the gingiva including
the mobile and fixed areas as well as the gingival sulcus and the junctional
epithelium.
It is divided up into three major sections known as the:
i. Oral epithelium: The oral epithelium is comprised of stratified squamous
keratinizing epithelium and covers the oral and vestibular gingival surfaces.
ii. The sulcular epithelium: The sulcular epithelium is continuous with the oral
epithelium and lines the gingival sulcus.
iii. The junctional epithelium
Clinical feature of gingival:
Knife-edged marginal gingiva.
Pink in color.
Pointed papillae filling interproximal space.
Moderately scalloped contours.
Firm, stippled attached gingiva.
Well demarcated mucogingival junction.
2. Discuss in detail the stages of development of the tooth. Add a short
note on root formation of multirooted tooth. 10
Based on the shape of enamel organ during the development of tooth,
developmental stages of the tooth are divided into the three morphological
stages.
1) Bud stage.
2) Cap stage.
3) Bell stage.
Early.
Late or advanced.
Bud stage:
Enamel organ is bud shaped with peripheral cuboidal cell and central
polyhedral cell.
All cell is attached to each other by desmosomal junction .
Dental papilla adjacent to enamel organ.
Dental follicle surrounding the dental papilla and enamel organ.
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Cap stage:
The first signs of an arrangement of cells in the tooth bud occur in
the cap stage.
Three layers in enamel organ.
i. Inner enamel epithelium.
ii. Stellate reticulum.
iii. Outer enamel epithelium.
Dental papilla with condensation of ectomesenchyme and budding
capillaries.
Dense fibrous dental follicle.
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Early bell stage:
Enamel organ having bell shaped.
Four layer in enamel organ:
i. Inner enamel epithelium.
ii. Stratum intermedium.
iii. Stellate reticulum.
iv. Outer enamel epithelium.
Dental papilla with peripheral cells differentiating to odontoblast.
Distinct dental follicle.
Advanced bell stage:
Dentin and enamel formation.
Four distinct layer of enamel organ collapse of Stellate reticulum.
Distinct layer of odontoblast.
Distinct dental follicle.
6. DENTAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 2018
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Formation of multirooted tooth:
The root start to develop after the crown is completed through the
formation of a cervical loop.
The first formed part of the rot sheath bends to form a disc like structure.
The root of the tooth is composed by dentin and cementum.
Dentin formed when the outer cells of the dental papilla are induced to
differentiation into ODCs.
The development of the multirooted tooth teeth takes place in a same
manner until the furcation area.
When the furcation area is reached the epithelial diaphragm develops
tongue like extensions that grow until they contact each other
3. Write a short note on: 5×3=15
a) Maxillary central incisor.
b) Type of cement enamel junction.
c) Stages of deglutition.
Maxillary central incisor:
Centered in the maxilla, one on either side of median line, with
mesial surface of each in contact with mesial surface of other
Two in number
Larger than the lateral incisor
Major function is to punch and cut food material during the process
of mastication
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CHRONOLOGY:
First evidence of calcification 3-4 months
Crown completion 4-5 years
Eruption 7-8 years
Root completion 10-11 years
Labial Aspect:
Labial surface of crown is usually convex, especially toward cervical 3rd,
some central incisors are flat at middle & incisal portions.
Mesial outline of crown is only slightly convex, with crest of curvature.
Distal outline of the crown is more convex than mesial outline, with the
crest of curvature higher toward the cervical line
Lingual Aspect:
The lingual outline is the reverse of that found on labial aspect
Lingual aspect has convexities and a concavity
Outline of cervical line is similar, but immediately below cervical line a
smooth convexity is found – CINGULUM
Between marginal ridges, below cingulum, a shallow concavity is present -
lingual fossa
8. DENTAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 2018
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Lingual fossa is bordered by:
Mesially: Mesial marginal ridge,
Incisally: Lingual portion of the Incisal ridge,
Distally: Distal marginal ridge,
Cervically: Cingulum.
Developmental grooves extending from the cingulum into the lingual fossa
Mesial Aspect:
Lingual outline
Convex: crest of curvature at the cingulum
Concave: at Middle portion
Slightly convex: at linguo-incisal ridge & incisal edge
Cervical line
Mesially on maxillary central incisor curves incisally to a noticeable
degree.
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Distal Aspect:
The distal surface closely resembles mesial surface, with following
exceptions:
Distal surface is generally smaller than mesial surface, because inciso-
cervical dimension is shorter.
Distal surface is more convex inciso-gingivally.
The cervical margin does not curve as far incisally.
Curvature of cervical line outlining the CEJ is less in extent on the distal
than on the mesial surfaces
Incisal Aspect:
Outline of lingual portion tapers lingually toward cingulum.
Cingulum of crown makes up cervical portion of lingual surface.
Crown of this tooth shows more bulk from incisal aspect than from
mesial or distal aspect.
Root:
The root is single, conical, relatively straight, and tapers to a rounded apex
Horizontal cross section of root near cervical line shows a rounded
triangular outline
Types of cement enamel junction:
Cemento-enamel junction is the junction between enamel and
cementum that occurs at cervical region of the tooth.
There are three types of CEJ
I. Sharp junction:
Cementum and enamel meet at sharp point.
Seen in 30% of teeth.
10. DENTAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 2018
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II. Gap junction:
A gap is present between enamel and cementum.
Occur due to lack of degeneration of HERS.
Seen in 15% of teeth.
III. Overlap junction:
Cementum overlap cervical portion of enamel.
Acellular afibrillar cementum is seen in the region of overlap.
Seen in 60% of teeth.
11. DENTAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 2018
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Deglutition:
The process by which swallowing of food is helped.
It also includes reflex action.
Helped by movement of pharynx.
Closure of epiglottis to close larynx
Upward movement of palate
Stages of deglutition:
Oral stage
Pharyngeal stage
Oesophageal stage
Oral stage:
Oral stage is voluntary stage of deglutition.
When food is ready for swallowing, bolus formed is put over the
dorsum of the tongue.
Tongue pressed against the palate and is moved backward, moving
the bolus from mouth to pharynx.
Pharyngeal stage:
When bolus moves from mouth to pharynx receptors around opening
of pharynx are stimulated impulses from these areas pass to the
brain stem deglutition centre to initiate series of muscular
contraction.
Soft palate moves upwards and close posterior nasal openings to
prevent food into the nose.
Upward movement of larynx enlarges opening of esophagus.
Pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter relaxes.
Oesophageal stage:
Oesophageal stage conducts food from esophagus to stomach by
movements as follows.
Primary Peristalsis:
o It is simply continuation of peristaltic wave initiated in
pharynx.
o It takes 8-10 seconds to carry food to stomach.
Secondary Peristalsis:
o If primary peristaltic wave fails to carry all the food to the
stomach, secondary peristaltic wave is initiated in
esophagus due to distension of esophagus with food.
12. DENTAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 2018
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Part- 2
4. Describe the functions, components and histological structure of
periodontal ligament: 10
Periodontal ligament is a connective tissue structure that attaches the
tooth to the alveolar bone.
It is a part of attachment apparatus of the tooth.
Function:
1. Physical function.
2. Formative function.
3. Nutritional function.
4. Homeostatic function.
5. Sensory function.
Physical function:
i. Transmission of Occlusal forces to the bone.
ii. Attachment of the bone to the teeth.
iii. Maintenance of the gingival tissue in their proper
relationship to the teeth.
Formative function:
Cells of the PDL participate in the formation and Resorption of
cementum and bone, which occur in,
o Physiological tooth movement.
o Accommodation of the periodontium to Occlusal force.
o In the repair of injuries.
Nutritional function:
o PDL supplies nutrient to the cementum, bone and
gingiva by way of blood vessels and provide lymphatic
drainage.
Homeostatic function:
o It is evident that the cell of PDL has the ability to
reabsorb and synthesize the extracellular substance of
the connective tissue of the ligament, alveolar bone and
cementum.
Components of PDL:
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Structure of PDL:
5. Describe the development of occlusion in primary, mixed and
permanent dentition: 10
Term occlusion is derived from the Latin word, “occlusio”.
“Defined as the relationship between all the components of the
masticatory system in normal function, dysfunction and
parafunction.”
Occlusion in primary dentition:
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Occlusion in mixed dentition:
The period during which both primary and permanent teeth are in oral
cavity together is known as mixed dentition period.
Extend from 6-12 year of age.
Successional teeth: those permanent teeth that follow into the arch
once held by primary tooth;
Example: incisor, canine, premolar
Accessional teeth: those permanent teeth that erupt posteriorly to the
primary teeth.
Example: molars
Occlusion in permanent dentition:
6. Write a short note on: 5×3=15
a) Structure and function of alveolar bone.
b) Histology of salivary gland.
c) Shedding of primary teeth.
Structure and function of alveolar bone.
Alveolar process is that part of maxilla and mandible that forms
and supports the sockets of teeth.
Development: it starts in the second month of fetal life.
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Structure of Alveolar bone:
Alveolar bone proper:
It surrounds the root of the tooth and gives attachment to the
periodontal ligament fibers.
It consists of Lamellated bone and Bundle bone
Lamellated bone consists of osteons.
Part of the alveolar bone where periodontal ligament fibers are
inserted is known as Bundle bone.
Supporting alveolar bone:
It consists of two parts –
Cortical plates: these are made up of compact bone & form the outer and
inner plates of alveolar bone.
Spongy bone: it fills the area between the cortical plates and the alveolar
bone proper.
Function of alveolar bone:
Alveolar bone holds the teeth firmly in position to masticate.
Supplies vessels to periodontal ligaments and cementum.
Houses and protects developing permanent teeth while supporting primary
teeth
Alveolar bone
proper
Lamallated
bone
Bundle
bone
Supporting
alveolar bone
Cortical
palte
Spongy
bone
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Histology of salivary gland:
Saliva is produced by three pairs of major salivary glands,
Parotid, Sublingual and Submandibular as well as minor accessory
glands found throughout the mucosa.
Salivary glands are made up of secretory acini and ducts.
There are two types of secretions - serous and mucous.