American Government - Chapter 8 - Interest Groupscyruskarimian
The document discusses interest groups in America. It defines an interest group as a formally organized association that seeks to influence public policy on issues that reflect the diverse interests in society. Interest groups have grown substantially since the early 1800s and include diverse organizations such as corporations, labor unions, civil rights groups, and professional associations that maintain a presence in Washington. While business interests are well represented, many interests at the bottom of the economic spectrum have minimal representation. Interest groups employ various strategies and tactics to influence policymaking, including lobbying elected officials, mobilizing public support, and in some cases litigation.
Objectives and instruments of Foreign Policy Austin Trantham
This document provides instructions for a POL 403 class assignment where students must write their own foreign policy statement using two objectives and two instruments. It outlines several topics that could be addressed in the statement, such as priorities, roles, instruments, and resources. It also lists potential foreign policy objectives like power, peace, and prosperity as well as instruments like national security intelligence, diplomacy, military force, and economic statecraft.
Constituents, political parties, interest groups, and personal beliefs influence lawmakers. Constituents expect their representatives to listen to concerns and advocate for them in Washington. Political parties help elect candidates and expect support for party positions. Interest groups work to advance shared goals and lobby lawmakers to support their views. Lobbyists aim to sway legislators for their organizations. Lawmakers consider their own values, conscience, and information presented when making decisions.
The document discusses various aspects of political culture and participation. It defines political culture as patterns of orientations towards political systems expressed through beliefs, symbols and values. It notes different components and types of political culture. It also discusses three types of political participation and reasons for participation. Further, it examines the concepts of political socialization, national identity, trust, and political efficacy as they relate to democratic political culture. It outlines key influences on political socialization including families, education, media and political culture itself. Finally, it analyzes some foundations of political culture including religions like Christianity, Islam and Confucianism.
The document discusses the tension between state sovereignty and international governance in matters of international security. It provides an overview of different approaches to humanitarian intervention, democracy and good governance promotion, and international criminal tribunals that have challenged the traditional concept of absolute state sovereignty. While globalization has increased calls for intervention, implementation remains inconsistent and challenges include lack of political will, selective application depending on strategic interests, and tension between universal values and local contexts.
American Government - Chapter 8 - Interest Groupscyruskarimian
The document discusses interest groups in America. It defines an interest group as a formally organized association that seeks to influence public policy on issues that reflect the diverse interests in society. Interest groups have grown substantially since the early 1800s and include diverse organizations such as corporations, labor unions, civil rights groups, and professional associations that maintain a presence in Washington. While business interests are well represented, many interests at the bottom of the economic spectrum have minimal representation. Interest groups employ various strategies and tactics to influence policymaking, including lobbying elected officials, mobilizing public support, and in some cases litigation.
Objectives and instruments of Foreign Policy Austin Trantham
This document provides instructions for a POL 403 class assignment where students must write their own foreign policy statement using two objectives and two instruments. It outlines several topics that could be addressed in the statement, such as priorities, roles, instruments, and resources. It also lists potential foreign policy objectives like power, peace, and prosperity as well as instruments like national security intelligence, diplomacy, military force, and economic statecraft.
Constituents, political parties, interest groups, and personal beliefs influence lawmakers. Constituents expect their representatives to listen to concerns and advocate for them in Washington. Political parties help elect candidates and expect support for party positions. Interest groups work to advance shared goals and lobby lawmakers to support their views. Lobbyists aim to sway legislators for their organizations. Lawmakers consider their own values, conscience, and information presented when making decisions.
The document discusses various aspects of political culture and participation. It defines political culture as patterns of orientations towards political systems expressed through beliefs, symbols and values. It notes different components and types of political culture. It also discusses three types of political participation and reasons for participation. Further, it examines the concepts of political socialization, national identity, trust, and political efficacy as they relate to democratic political culture. It outlines key influences on political socialization including families, education, media and political culture itself. Finally, it analyzes some foundations of political culture including religions like Christianity, Islam and Confucianism.
The document discusses the tension between state sovereignty and international governance in matters of international security. It provides an overview of different approaches to humanitarian intervention, democracy and good governance promotion, and international criminal tribunals that have challenged the traditional concept of absolute state sovereignty. While globalization has increased calls for intervention, implementation remains inconsistent and challenges include lack of political will, selective application depending on strategic interests, and tension between universal values and local contexts.
The document discusses different frameworks for classifying political ideas, including the left-right spectrum, views of human nature, and theories of the state and power. It describes what left and right mean in political terms and different positions along those axes. It also maps various political philosophies and ideologies based on views of the state, economy, and human nature.
This document discusses factors that influence voter turnout and voting decisions. It notes that older, wealthier, more educated, and female individuals are more likely to vote. Younger, poorer, less educated individuals and some racial/ethnic groups have lower turnout. Voting decisions are influenced by political socialization growing up, party identification, attitudes on issues, and candidates' past and future performance. Economic models consider the costs and benefits of voting, including the probability one's vote will impact the outcome and the costs of voting versus civic duty benefits. Pocketbook voting looks at personal finances while sociotropic voting considers national indicators. Party identification, interpersonal networks, media, and perceptions of candidates also shape voting decisions. Legal
The document provides information about Turkey, including that Ataturk founded the Turkish Republic on October 29, 1923. It lists Abdullah Gul as the current President and Recep Tayyip Erdogan as the current Prime Minister. It also notes that there are 16 government ministries and that the number of women deputies in Parliament is 48. Additionally, it shares facts about Turkey's population, largest city of Istanbul, and status as a bridge between Asia and Europe.
The document summarizes the American political system, including its constitution based on separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It also outlines federalism and the distribution of power between the federal and state governments. Finally, it discusses the electoral process, including bipartisanship between the Democratic and Republican parties and the presidential election process.
Declaration of the rights of man and citizenanwa0848
The document discusses the French Revolution of 1789 and the first declaration of rights of a state. It established rights of individuals including liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. These rights were inspired by John Locke's ideas of liberalism and expressed that all men are born free and equal.
This document discusses various theories and models of democracy. It begins by explaining that there is no single theory of democracy, and discusses classical understandings from Greek philosophers. It then outlines several modern theories of democracy, including pluralism, which focuses on competition and participation; realist democracy, where leaders manufacture public will; liberal democracy, which protects individual freedoms; social democracy, addressing inequalities from capitalism; and participatory democracy, maximizing citizen engagement. The document provides an overview of key aspects and thinkers for each democratic model.
The document provides an overview of the United States political system and Constitution. It describes how the Constitution created a unified government and separated it into three branches of government - executive, legislative, and judicial. It outlines some of the key articles and sections of the Constitution regarding the roles and compositions of Congress and the presidency. It also mentions symbols of the US like the flag, bald eagle, and national anthem.
This document summarizes a presentation on populism and globalization given by Professor Terry Flew. It discusses the rise of populism in response to economic issues caused by globalization such as inequality. Four potential scenarios for the future relationship between populism and globalization are outlined: 1) a return to the pre-populism status quo, 2) the rise of competing nationalist movements, 3) an era of competing left-wing and right-wing populist movements, or 4) reforms that address economic issues while maintaining global cooperation.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization with 193 member states. It was established in 1945 to replace the League of Nations and maintain peace and security between countries. The UN aims to promote cooperation in areas like international law, human rights, economic development, and social progress. It has six main organs that carry out its functions: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat, and Trusteeship Council (now suspended). The UN works to prevent wars, protect human rights, and provide humanitarian aid worldwide.
The document discusses anarchy and tyranny, which can result from the absence of laws, inability to enforce laws, or unfair application of laws. Anarchy is defined as a state without rules or government, which can lead to chaos during revolutions or disasters when law enforcement breaks down. Tyranny is defined as the opposite of anarchy, with a single leader having unlimited power over citizens through severe punishment and no rule of law. Both scenarios lack fair and consistent application of rules to regulate society.
A think tank is an organization that conducts research and advocacy on public policy issues. Think tanks generate new information through research, evaluate policies and programs, provide advice to governments, and educate the public. They vary in their areas of research, funding sources, organizational structure, and influence. The United States has the largest number of think tanks in the world, which play an important role in developing and analyzing solutions to complex issues.
The document discusses political ideologies along a spectrum from left to right. It notes that governments attempt to balance freedom and equality, and that different political positions vary in their beliefs about these concepts. It then defines a political spectrum as placing positions on geometric axes to symbolize dimensions like liberal-conservative. The far left and right of the spectrum represent totalitarianism while the center represents democratic forms of government.
Germany government (legislative and judiciary branch) 2John Ver Sosas
The document provides information about the cabinet and parliament of Germany. It discusses the Bundeskabinett (Cabinet of Germany), which is the chief executive body consisting of the Chancellor and cabinet ministers. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of the Bundestag (German parliament), including its legislative functions, election of the Chancellor, and permanent committees. Additionally, it summarizes the structure and role of the Federal Constitutional Court in Germany.
International Politics - International Relations - Chapter 1kkrassan
This document introduces some of the key concepts in world politics, including the complex and interconnected nature of the global system, the challenges of seeking security in an anarchic world, and the difficulties of cooperation between self-interested states. It discusses levels of analysis, theoretical paradigms for understanding international relations, and dilemmas like the Prisoner's Dilemma that illustrate obstacles to cooperation. The overall goal is to set the stage for examining patterns in world politics and issues around achieving security in a complicated global environment.
Political Parties, Party Systems, and Interest Groupsatrantham
This document discusses political parties and interest groups. It begins by outlining the historical development of parties, from elite organizations to mass membership groups. It then defines parties and different party systems, such as dominant-party, two-party, and multi-party systems. The roles and functions of parties are also summarized, including nominating candidates, organizing government, and managing conflict. The document then discusses interest groups and their relationship to the state, as well as their functions like representation, participation, and influencing the policy process through lobbying.
John Locke was an English philosopher considered one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. He is known for his ideas on epistemology and political philosophy. Locke argued that the mind begins as a blank slate and ideas come from experience and sensation. In politics, he advocated for individual rights and limited government in his work Two Treatises on Government, which influenced the Founding Fathers of the United States.
Interest groups are organizations that represent shared policy goals and try to influence the policy process. They pursue their goals through lobbying, gaining access to decision makers, litigation, and going public to mobilize support. There are many theories that explain interest group influence, including pluralism, which argues groups compete democratically, and elite theory, which claims a powerful upper class rules. Successful interest groups are small to avoid free rider problems, focus on intense issues, and have financial resources to access politicians. They use propaganda techniques like plain folks, transfer, and bandwagon appeals to shape public opinion.
This lecture discusses elements of coercive diplomacy and military coercion. It provides three examples: the Battle of Britain in 1940, the bombing of Germany in WWII, and NATO's air war against Serbia in 1999. The Battle of Britain and bombing of Germany failed to coerce their targets due to miscalculations of pain thresholds and unwillingness of leaders to negotiate. NATO initially struggled against Serbia due to limited attacks and mixed messages, but escalated attacks combined with political isolation eventually coerced Serbia's leader to agree to demands. Effective coercion requires capability, credibility, clear communication, and understanding one's opponent.
The document discusses different frameworks for classifying political ideas, including the left-right spectrum, views of human nature, and theories of the state and power. It describes what left and right mean in political terms and different positions along those axes. It also maps various political philosophies and ideologies based on views of the state, economy, and human nature.
This document discusses factors that influence voter turnout and voting decisions. It notes that older, wealthier, more educated, and female individuals are more likely to vote. Younger, poorer, less educated individuals and some racial/ethnic groups have lower turnout. Voting decisions are influenced by political socialization growing up, party identification, attitudes on issues, and candidates' past and future performance. Economic models consider the costs and benefits of voting, including the probability one's vote will impact the outcome and the costs of voting versus civic duty benefits. Pocketbook voting looks at personal finances while sociotropic voting considers national indicators. Party identification, interpersonal networks, media, and perceptions of candidates also shape voting decisions. Legal
The document provides information about Turkey, including that Ataturk founded the Turkish Republic on October 29, 1923. It lists Abdullah Gul as the current President and Recep Tayyip Erdogan as the current Prime Minister. It also notes that there are 16 government ministries and that the number of women deputies in Parliament is 48. Additionally, it shares facts about Turkey's population, largest city of Istanbul, and status as a bridge between Asia and Europe.
The document summarizes the American political system, including its constitution based on separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It also outlines federalism and the distribution of power between the federal and state governments. Finally, it discusses the electoral process, including bipartisanship between the Democratic and Republican parties and the presidential election process.
Declaration of the rights of man and citizenanwa0848
The document discusses the French Revolution of 1789 and the first declaration of rights of a state. It established rights of individuals including liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. These rights were inspired by John Locke's ideas of liberalism and expressed that all men are born free and equal.
This document discusses various theories and models of democracy. It begins by explaining that there is no single theory of democracy, and discusses classical understandings from Greek philosophers. It then outlines several modern theories of democracy, including pluralism, which focuses on competition and participation; realist democracy, where leaders manufacture public will; liberal democracy, which protects individual freedoms; social democracy, addressing inequalities from capitalism; and participatory democracy, maximizing citizen engagement. The document provides an overview of key aspects and thinkers for each democratic model.
The document provides an overview of the United States political system and Constitution. It describes how the Constitution created a unified government and separated it into three branches of government - executive, legislative, and judicial. It outlines some of the key articles and sections of the Constitution regarding the roles and compositions of Congress and the presidency. It also mentions symbols of the US like the flag, bald eagle, and national anthem.
This document summarizes a presentation on populism and globalization given by Professor Terry Flew. It discusses the rise of populism in response to economic issues caused by globalization such as inequality. Four potential scenarios for the future relationship between populism and globalization are outlined: 1) a return to the pre-populism status quo, 2) the rise of competing nationalist movements, 3) an era of competing left-wing and right-wing populist movements, or 4) reforms that address economic issues while maintaining global cooperation.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization with 193 member states. It was established in 1945 to replace the League of Nations and maintain peace and security between countries. The UN aims to promote cooperation in areas like international law, human rights, economic development, and social progress. It has six main organs that carry out its functions: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat, and Trusteeship Council (now suspended). The UN works to prevent wars, protect human rights, and provide humanitarian aid worldwide.
The document discusses anarchy and tyranny, which can result from the absence of laws, inability to enforce laws, or unfair application of laws. Anarchy is defined as a state without rules or government, which can lead to chaos during revolutions or disasters when law enforcement breaks down. Tyranny is defined as the opposite of anarchy, with a single leader having unlimited power over citizens through severe punishment and no rule of law. Both scenarios lack fair and consistent application of rules to regulate society.
A think tank is an organization that conducts research and advocacy on public policy issues. Think tanks generate new information through research, evaluate policies and programs, provide advice to governments, and educate the public. They vary in their areas of research, funding sources, organizational structure, and influence. The United States has the largest number of think tanks in the world, which play an important role in developing and analyzing solutions to complex issues.
The document discusses political ideologies along a spectrum from left to right. It notes that governments attempt to balance freedom and equality, and that different political positions vary in their beliefs about these concepts. It then defines a political spectrum as placing positions on geometric axes to symbolize dimensions like liberal-conservative. The far left and right of the spectrum represent totalitarianism while the center represents democratic forms of government.
Germany government (legislative and judiciary branch) 2John Ver Sosas
The document provides information about the cabinet and parliament of Germany. It discusses the Bundeskabinett (Cabinet of Germany), which is the chief executive body consisting of the Chancellor and cabinet ministers. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of the Bundestag (German parliament), including its legislative functions, election of the Chancellor, and permanent committees. Additionally, it summarizes the structure and role of the Federal Constitutional Court in Germany.
International Politics - International Relations - Chapter 1kkrassan
This document introduces some of the key concepts in world politics, including the complex and interconnected nature of the global system, the challenges of seeking security in an anarchic world, and the difficulties of cooperation between self-interested states. It discusses levels of analysis, theoretical paradigms for understanding international relations, and dilemmas like the Prisoner's Dilemma that illustrate obstacles to cooperation. The overall goal is to set the stage for examining patterns in world politics and issues around achieving security in a complicated global environment.
Political Parties, Party Systems, and Interest Groupsatrantham
This document discusses political parties and interest groups. It begins by outlining the historical development of parties, from elite organizations to mass membership groups. It then defines parties and different party systems, such as dominant-party, two-party, and multi-party systems. The roles and functions of parties are also summarized, including nominating candidates, organizing government, and managing conflict. The document then discusses interest groups and their relationship to the state, as well as their functions like representation, participation, and influencing the policy process through lobbying.
John Locke was an English philosopher considered one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. He is known for his ideas on epistemology and political philosophy. Locke argued that the mind begins as a blank slate and ideas come from experience and sensation. In politics, he advocated for individual rights and limited government in his work Two Treatises on Government, which influenced the Founding Fathers of the United States.
Interest groups are organizations that represent shared policy goals and try to influence the policy process. They pursue their goals through lobbying, gaining access to decision makers, litigation, and going public to mobilize support. There are many theories that explain interest group influence, including pluralism, which argues groups compete democratically, and elite theory, which claims a powerful upper class rules. Successful interest groups are small to avoid free rider problems, focus on intense issues, and have financial resources to access politicians. They use propaganda techniques like plain folks, transfer, and bandwagon appeals to shape public opinion.
This lecture discusses elements of coercive diplomacy and military coercion. It provides three examples: the Battle of Britain in 1940, the bombing of Germany in WWII, and NATO's air war against Serbia in 1999. The Battle of Britain and bombing of Germany failed to coerce their targets due to miscalculations of pain thresholds and unwillingness of leaders to negotiate. NATO initially struggled against Serbia due to limited attacks and mixed messages, but escalated attacks combined with political isolation eventually coerced Serbia's leader to agree to demands. Effective coercion requires capability, credibility, clear communication, and understanding one's opponent.
2. Demokrati
Ordet demokrati stammer fra de oprindelige
demokratier i antikkens Grækenland og er sammensat
af ordene:
Demos: folk
Kratos: Styre
Altså folkestyre.
3. Demokratiformer
Direkte demokrati Indirekte demokrati
Også kaldet basisdemokrati
Folket stemmer direkte om
forskellige forslag.
Eksempelvis:
Folkeafstemninger (f.eks. om
EU deltagelse. Benyttes ofte i
Schweiz)
Også kaldet repræsentativt
demokrati
Folket stemmer på
repræsentanter der tager
beslutningerne på folkets
vegne.
Eksempelvis: Love der
vedtages af politikere.
4. Konkurrence- & deltagelsesdemokrati
Alf Ross
Konkurrencedemokrati
Hal Koch
Deltagelsesdemokrati
Statsform (forfatning/grundlov)
Politiske rettigheder tildeles
folket som vælger
repræsentanter.
Målet er at skaffe et flertal, så
kan mindretallet ignoreres.
Fastlæggelse af det suveræne
folk med valgret.
Tankegang (livsform)
Samtale og gensidig forståelse
for helheden.
Målet er dialog. Afstemninger
er ikke demokrati for
flertallet har ikke altid ret.
Folkeopdragelse til
demokratisk deltagelse.
5. Beslutningsformer
Direkte demokrati (alle stemmer)
Repræsentativt demokrati (folkevalgte politikere)
Konsensus (alle har vetoret)
Diktatur (diktatoren bestemmer)
Oligarki (få fra eliten bestemmer)
Autonomi (alle gør hvad de vil)
6. Magtens tredeling
For at modvirke at magten centraliseres forslog Charles-Louis de Secondat
Montesquieu (1689-1755) en tredeling af magten.
Lovgivende magt: Folketinget
Folketingsmedlemmerne er bunden af deres overbevisning ikke af deres
vælgere. (…eller deres løfter)
Udøvende magt: Regeringen
Herunder vælges ministrene af statsministeren og ministerierne er altså også en
del af den udøvende magt, hvor f.eks. Politiet ligger under justitsministeriet.
Dømmende magt: Dommerne
Den dømmende magts uafhængighed sikres ved at den lovgivende og udøvende
magt ikke må ændre på dommernes afgørelser. Det understreger domstolenes
selvstændige stilling og uafhængighed.
8. Parlamentarisme
Parlamentarisme: Parlamentet/Folketinget vælger og kan afsætte regeringen.
Positiv parlamentarisme: Regeringen skal have flertal (f.eks. Tyskland).
Negativ parlamentarisme: Regeringen må ikke have et flertal imod sig (DK).
I Danmark vælges statsministeren under dronningerunden, hvor alle partier
peger på deres statsministerkandidat. Statsministeren vælger selv
ministrene.
Mistillidsvotum: Når over 50% i folketinget stemmer for at en minister skal
gå af. Statsministeren udpeger en ny. Er mistillidsvotummet til
statsministeren skal regeringen gå af og holde en ny dronningerunde eller
udskrive valg.
9. Tænkeøvelser
Diskutér budskaberne i
citaterne i højre boks:
Hvad er budskabet?
Er du enig?
Hvilken
demokratiforståelse er
citatet udtryk for?
1)”Hvad er forskelle på
demokrati og alt andet?
Alt andet er lettere!”
2) ”Demokrati er anerkendelsen
af, at vi alle er ansvarlige for
hinanden”
3) ”Demokrati er en stat, hvor
den fri meningsudveksling ikke
ender med en begravelse…”
4) ”Skepsis over for autoriteter
er demokratiets salt”
10. Lovgivningsprocessen
En minister, et medlem af folketinget (MF), en
organisation, et medie eller en borger bliver opmærksom
på et problem, som tages op politisk.
Regeringen eller et menigt medlem fremsætter et
lovforslag.
1. behandling: Principiel debat uden afstemning.
Lovforslaget behandles i et af folketingets udvalg.
2. behandling: Der stemmes om forslaget skal gå videre til
3. behandling eller om eventuelle ændringsforslag
3. behandling: Forslaget vedtages eller forkastes.
11. Det politiske styre i Danmark
Kommuner Oversigt over regionerne
Regioner
Stat
EU