Democracy
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Democracy has its origins in ancient Greece, where in the 5th century BC people could meet in the city-states to make laws and vote in assemblies. However, only free men could participate, not women or slaves. During the Middle Ages in Europe, feudal systems developed where nobles offered protection to peasants in exchange for work and military service. Merchants in cities like Venice and Florence participated more in decision making through guilds. The Magna Carta in 1215 established that laws outranked kings in England. The American and French Revolutions in the late 1700s further spread democratic ideals of equal rights and representation. New Zealand became the first country to grant all adults the right to vote in 1893.
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The document provides summaries of several historical revolutions and documents that restricted monarchical power and established rights for citizens and rule of law:
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- The English Bill of Rights (1689) restated the rights of Parliament and gave citizens the rights to bear arms and religious freedom for Protestants.
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4
Revolutionary transformations and new languages of freedom
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Several ancient Greek, Roman, English, and Enlightenment influences shaped early American political thought. In ancient Greece, Athenian democracy allowed all citizens to debate and vote, though citizenship excluded many groups. Rome established representative government with its Senate and assemblies. England's Magna Carta, Petition of Right, and Bill of Rights protected rights and limited royal power. Enlightenment thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Montesquieu advocated natural rights, social contracts, separated powers, and limited government. The American colonies experimented with different forms of self-government under royal, proprietary, and charter systems.
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The document discusses key terms and people from several important historical documents and movements that established concepts of individual rights and limited the power of monarchies:
The Magna Carta established laws that limited a monarch's power and could not be overruled. The Glorious Revolution transferred power from the king to Parliament in England. The English Bill of Rights restricted a monarch's ability to impose cruel punishments or collect taxes without permission. Figures like Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Jefferson advanced ideas of natural rights, separation of powers, social contracts, and opposition to slavery during the Enlightenment.
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“All men are born free yet everywhere they are in chains” – Jean-Jacques Rousseau
“Challenge Authority” – Immanuel Kant
“Have the Courage to use your own reason”-Immanuel Kant
Absolute Monarchy bad, government is the result of a social contract between the ruler and the people—John Locke
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This document provides an overview of the Age of Revolutions from 1789-1814. It discusses the key revolutions and events during this period, including the American Revolution and independence movement, the French Revolution and establishment of a republic, and the Napoleonic Era in which Napoleon rose to power in France and established a French Empire throughout Europe before his eventual defeat. It also summarizes the crisis of the Spanish monarchy during this time as it faced opposition from within and invasion by France.
The History of Democracy in France
The Age of Enlightenment in France saw the development of ideas of freedom of thought, expression, and separation of powers. Voltaire defended these principles after the unjust execution of Jean Calas for his Protestant religion. French philosophers like Montesquieu, Diderot, and Rousseau promoted tolerance and limiting the power of the monarchy. Montesquieu first proposed separating executive, legislative, and judicial powers. The French Revolution established the Republic and a constitution, declaring human rights and citizenship. The Third Republic reinforced republican symbols like the flag and motto while establishing secular public education. The current Fifth Republic created by de Gaulle in 1958 strengthened the executive power of the presidency.
The french revolution
The document summarizes the key causes and events of the French Revolution:
1) Economic hardship, rising food prices, and the monarchy's inability to manage finances caused widespread discontent before 1789.
2) The meeting of the Estates-General and formation of the National Assembly marked the start of the Revolution.
3) Public unrest grew through 1789, culminating in the storming of the Bastille in July and abolition of feudalism in August, radically transforming French society.
4) The Declaration of the Rights of Man established France as a constitutional monarchy but conflict continued as the Jacobins took control and instituted the Reign of Terror from 1793-94 to eliminate dissent.
Human rights grupo4
Human rights are conceived as universal entitlements that all humans possess merely due to being human. However, there is no consensus on what specifically should be considered a human right. The concept of rights has existed throughout history but the modern notion of universal human rights is a relatively recent development originating from European history in the 16th century. Major developments in philosophy and documents like the US Declaration of Independence established certain legal rights, and human rights became a central concern regarding issues like slavery in the 19th century. The World Wars were a driving force behind the modern development of human rights instruments and bodies like the UN.
History of human rights, UDHR, ICCPR & ICESCR
The document provides a history of the evolution of human rights from ancient Greek and Roman concepts of natural law and rights to modern international agreements like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It discusses influential documents like the Magna Carta, French Declaration of Rights of Man, American Bill of Rights, and how they established principles of equality, liberty, and rule of law. The UN Charter established respect for human rights as a core purpose and led to the UDHR in 1948, which defined basic civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights for all people.
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In India, laws focusing on women were enacted with the admirable goal of empowering women and shielding them from various sorts of violence, injustice, and discrimination. However, worries regarding the possible abuse of these rules have been voiced over time. This abstract examines the underlying causes, effects, and potential remedies to give insight on the complicated social realities surrounding the abuse of women-centric policies in India. There are many facets to the misuse of laws that target women, and there are no easy answers. Even though it is critical to recognize the prevalence of actual occurrences of gender-based violence and discrimination, there have been occasions in which these laws have been abused for vengeance, personal gain, or family feud resolution. Power relationships, sociocultural factors, and the ignorance and This issue is made worse by sensitivity to gender concerns. The abuse of laws pertaining to women has far-reaching effects. Men and their families have experienced false accusations against them, legal retaliation, social humiliation, and financial hardship. Furthermore, the legitimacy and trustworthiness of these laws have been called into question, which has resulted in a decrease in faith in the legal system. Misuse of this kind might unintentionally reinforce gender
Essays On The Declaration Of Independence
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The document provides definitions of key terms related to human rights such as "human", "rights", and "human rights". It then discusses the history and development of concepts of human rights from ancient documents like the Cyrus Cylinder to modern declarations like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Key milestones discussed include the Magna Carta, the US Bill of Rights, and the four Geneva Conventions protecting victims of war.
Human rights (by Advocate Raja Aleem)
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.
Human rights
This document provides a historical overview of the development of human rights from ancient civilizations to the modern era. It discusses early codes of law from Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome that established some basic rights but excluded many groups. Key documents that outlined fundamental rights include the English Bill of Rights of 1689, the US Declaration of Independence of 1776, and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen from 1789. The aftermath of World War 2 led to the founding of the United Nations in 1945 to promote and protect human rights globally.
summary of human rights development.pptx
The document summarizes the development of human rights from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses early concepts of rights in ancient Persia, India, Greece and Rome. Key milestones mentioned include the Magna Carta in 1215, the English Petition of Right in 1628, the US Declaration of Independence in 1776, the French Rights of Man in 1789, the First Geneva Convention in 1864 protecting wounded soldiers, and finally the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN in 1948 which established fundamental human rights for all.
Evolution of Democracy by Samruddhi Chepe.pptx
Phase One Assembly Democracy
Starting around 2,500 BCE, in lands now within the territories of Iran, Iraq and Syria
“During the first phase of democracy the seeds of its basic institution – self-government through an assembly of equals – were scattered across many different soils and climes, ranging from the Indian subcontinent and the prosperous Phoenician empire to the western shores of provincial Europe.
These popular assemblies took root, accompanied by various ancillary institutional rules and customs, like written constitutions, the payment of jurors and elected officials, the freedom to speak in public, voting machines, voting by lot and trial before elected or selected juries. There were efforts as well to stop bossy leaders in their tracks, using such methods as the mandatory election of kings…” (The Life and Death of Democracy, p.xvi)
Best-known example – Athens, 5th century BCE
Athenian Democracy
Direct democracy: citizens (about 10% of the population) participated directly in initiating, deliberating, and passing of, the legislation. The Assembly, no less than 6,000 strong (out of 22,000 citizens of Athens), convened about every 10 days. Supreme power to decide on every issue of state policy
Citizen juries: justice is responsibility of citizens (juries composed of 501-1001 citizens)
Appointment of citizens to political office by lot
Citizen-soldiers: every citizen had a duty to serve in the army
Ostracism: a bad politician could be kicked out of office by the people
Phase Two Representative Democracy
Started around 10th-12th centuries in Western Europe with the invention of parliamentary assemblies
Reaches its classic forms in the 18th century. Officially regarded as normative today.
Marquis d’Argenson, Foreign Minister of French King Louis XV, 1765.
Phase Two
The Glorious revolution laid the foundation of the first democratic principles of the Rule of Law.
Earlier it was believed that the king was the ‘representative of the God’ and that the King’s wishes were the law.
The people strongly protested the idea and dethroned King James II of England.
They passed the Bill Of Rights which firmly stated that the country should be governed by the laws passed by the people and not by the whims of the king.
The French Revolution took place between 1789 and 1851.
In the revolution King Louis XVI was executed .
It was decided that the country should be ruled by the laws passed by the people.
It laid down the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man’ which highlighted that liberty, Equality etc. were important in a Democracy.
In 1792, France became a Republic.
Phase Three Monitory Democracy
(term coined by John Keane)- After World War II
Increase citizen ability to control the state which is organized on the basis of representative democracy
Public integrity commissions Judicial activism Local courts Workplace tribunals Citizens assemblies Think tanks The Internet Etc.
How much power do they have? And whose interests do they serve?
Key
Unit 2 Presentation - The Age of Revolutions (1789-1814).pdf
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https://https://jaimegeografiaehistoria.wordpress.com/
French revolution
The French Revolution began in 1789 and overthrew the French monarchy and feudal system of government. French society was divided into three estates, with the clergy and nobility comprising the first two estates and enjoying special privileges, while the third estate of commoners paid taxes and served the upper classes. Growing discontent with the unequal system and the country's financial troubles led King Louis XVI to call a meeting of the Estates General. The third estate declared itself a national assembly and began drafting a constitution, while unrest grew among the common people. This led to the storming of the Bastille prison and the abolition of feudalism as the revolution transformed France into a constitutional monarchy and then a republic.
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https://https://jaimegeografiaehistoria.wordpress.com/
Benchmark study guide
The document provides important dates in American history from 1607 to the 1860s, including the first English settlement at Jamestown in 1607, the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the writing of the Constitution in 1787, and the Civil War from 1861-1865. It also lists key figures from the American Revolution like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin. The document further discusses principles of the US Constitution such as separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism.
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Democracy
- 1. Chapter 24 The Story Of Democracy
- 7. Means all people are equal before the law and each one should be given the same benefits and opportunities .
- 10. Greece
- 11. Around 5th century some form of democratic government existed in Greece In the city states of Greece ,people could meet in one place to make laws.
- 12. People could take part in political decisions . They could express their views and vote in the assembly which framed the laws for the city –states . This form of democracy was known as direct democracy .
- 14. Europe In middle ages
- 16. A social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return.
- 17. OverLord I pledge to provide military support .
- 18. Fief Noble ( also known as Vassal as he received the land from the overlord
- 22. Republican form of Government existed in the provinces like Venice , Florence and Lucca. The basis of this form of government was the merchant and the trading class. They formed guilds and participated in decision making. Elections were held and leaders were appointed for a limited period of time .
- 23. England
- 24. The Magna Carta which was passed in 1215 in England paved the way for the creation of a law making body called Parliament .
- 25. The Nobles forced King John the reigning monarch to sign this document (Magna Carta) which stated that written laws held a higher power than the King .
- 26. The petition rights 1628 (king could not impose taxes without permission of the parliament ) The English bill of rights 1689 granted freedom of speech and expression . Thus , the power of the king declined , and he was accountable to the elected representatives .
- 27. America
- 29. The American War of Independence 1776 gave a boost to the concept of democracy
- 30. One of the founding fathers of America Thomas Jefferson declared ‘That all men are created equal and have a right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness’.
- 31. Written constitution was adopted in 1789.
- 32. France
- 35. The Slogan of French revolution
- 36. On 17 June 1789 the third estate declared itself an assembly.
- 39. In 1893. New Zealand became the first country to grant Universal Adult Franchise .
- 40. After Second world war in 1945 decolonization and civil rights movement took place all over the world . Countries like Africa , South America and Asia declared their Independence . In 1948 A declaration of Human rights 1948 emphasizing on human rights was signed by most countries .