1) The document discusses Ontario's Demand Response program DR3, which provides incentives for commercial and industrial customers to reduce electricity usage during peak periods. Under DR3, participants receive availability payments for being on standby and additional energy payments for curtailing usage when requested. 2) It provides details on DR3 program requirements such as a minimum 50kW demand, ability to reduce usage for up to 100 hours per year, and available incentives ranging from $48,000 to $200,000 annually depending on commitment level and contract terms. 3) It promotes the benefits of demand response programs for businesses, including earning revenue from reducing usage during peaks and saving on everyday energy costs to reduce their carbon footprint.

1. Demand Response (DR) program,
Next generation products and Services
Research Paper
Submitted to: Dr. Saeed Nejatian
Prepared By: Prabhdip Singh Rayat
Session: Summer ‘2013
Submission Date: 17-06-2013
E-mail: prabhdip.er@gmail.com
Phone: (647) 539 4306
Course: CKES 190 Renewable Energy and Green Technology

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©Copyright 2013, The Chang School Ryerson University
demand response programs. The Demand Response 3
(DR 3) program was developed by the Ontario Power
Authority (OPA) to provide economic incentives for
participants to reduce consumption. This is a contract-
based program, with DR 3 participants required to
reduce electricity use when called upon. In exchange
for a commitment to reduce load, DR 3 participants
receive an availability payment. Under the program,
the IESO is responsible for activating DR 3 – subject to
a set of protocols established by the OPA
In DR3 businesses will receive a “standby” payment for
each hour they are available and an additional energy
payment when asked to curtail their demand
DEMAND RESPONSE (DR) Programs compensate
participating industrial and commercial businesses for
reducing their energy demand at specific times of
power system need. During such times wholesale
market prices for electricity may be high, the power
system is experiencing large peaks in demand, or there
is a greater risk to the reliability of the electricity grid
By responding to demand, businesses can save money
and protect the environment. Commercial property
owners can capitalize on demand response programs
in two ways. First, the program helps reduce your
energy consumption and control your company's
everyday energy costs, which means that your
business will have a smaller carbon footprint. Second,
you can earn money by reducing consumption at
strategic times when energy demand exceeds the
supply.
In electricity grids, Demand Response (DR) is
similar to dynamic demand mechanisms to manage
customer consumption of electricity in response to
supply conditions, for example, having electricity
customers reduce their consumption at critical times
or in response to market prices.
Demand Response Ontario Detailed
Demand Response 1 (DR1) – Voluntary Participation
These initiatives make cash payments to participants
for reducing their electricity use during certain periods.
Demand Response 2 (DR2) – A Firm Commitment to
Shift Electricity Use to Other Periods
If yours is a company in a position to make a firm
commitment to participate, for the summer only,
summer and winter, or all year, a new and exciting
revenue opportunity awaits.
Demand Response (DR3) – A Powerful Solution for
Managing Electricity Costs
The Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) is
engaged in a number of demand response initiatives
which include both reliability and real-time price
Demand Response DR3 Ontario – Facts
Program Period: Year-round, weekdays
Program Options: 12:00PM – 6:00PM or 12:00PM –
9:00PM and 4:00PM – 9:00PM
Standby Notice: Day-ahead or day-of, followed by an
Activation Notice approximately 2 hours prior to a
dispatch
Dispatch Duration: 4 hours
Dispatch Frequency Historically less than once a
month
DR3 at a Glance
Any customer of greater than 50 kW demand may
contract with a DR provider (Aggregator). DR
providers are companies who bring together groups of
businesses to accumulate their electricity usage. DR
To be eligible your business must be operating and
available during a predefined schedule of about 1,600
hours per calendar year. Within that 1,600-hour
period, you can select to participate in potential
activations of up to 100 hours per year.
DR3 Ontario Program has been shown in following
chart:
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©Copyright 2013, The Chang School Ryerson University
By enrolling in peaksaver PLUS, you can join the other
Ontarians working together to manage our electricity
use. PLUS, you will receive a FREE Energy Display to
help you see and manage your electricity use at your
business, and start making changes that will help you
better manage your bill.
A wide variety of businesses can participate such as
clothing stores, independent restaurants, dry cleaners,
beauty salons, convenience stores, garages and other
small retailers.
Energy Display is an easy-to-use electricity monitor
that is connected to your meter and provides near
real-time feedback on how you are consuming
electricity at your place of business
providers will help you find Demand Response
opportunities, understand risks and rewards in
participating and understanding reasonable
commitment.
■ Each commercial property or industrial load must
have a peak demand of no less than 50 kW.
■ Demand response may be provided by reducing
equipment electricity use or by operating a generator
■ The program provides flexible arrangements for
such events as scheduled maintenance and summer
shutdowns
Available DR3 incentives are predicated on the
participants of commitment to provide Demand
Response. This is based on the number of hours of
participation each year, the contract term,
geographical location, and whether or not you are
dealing directly with the OPA or through a DR provider
(Aggregator). For 1,000 kW of Demand Response,
annual incentives could range from $48,000 to
$200,000.
LIST of DR3 Demand Response PROVIDERS in ON
■ Energy Curtailment Specialists
■ EnerNOC Ltd
■ EnerShift Corporation (a Rodan Energy division)
Pictorial view of demand response working
methodology in Ontario Canada
peaksaver PLUSTM For Small Business
If your business has central air conditioning and an
annual electricity demand of less than 50kW, you’re
invited to participate in this load management
DEMAND RESPONSE creates a new revenue stream
for companies that reduce their load, or shift their load
to other periods of less importance to the power
system.
Some providers respond by: (Options for Reducing
or Shifting Load)
■ Turning off non-essential lights and office
equipment.
■ Adjusting settings on heating, ventilation and air
conditioning equipment.
■ Adjusting refrigeration and water heater
temperatures
■ Delaying or reducing energy-intensive activities
■ Switching to on-site generators
■ Using a building energy management system to pre-
program equipment on/off schedules
■ Curtailing production activities for the response
period
TYPES of Demand Response:
There are five basic types of load response. All of these
responses have some impact on power system
reliability and some have a greater impact than others
■ Energy Efficiency programs reduce electricity
consumption and usually reduce peak demand
■ Price Response programs move consumption from
day to night (real time pricing or time of use)
■ Peak Shaving programs require more response
during peak hours and focus on reducing peaks every
high-load day
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©Copyright 2013, The Chang School Ryerson University
PRODUCTS - Demand Response
Off-the Shelf Products and Future Products
Products to meet Demand response applications are
highly versatile. There are various Off-the-shelf
consumer products, and many others are in
developmental phase. Even Off-the-shelf consumer
products are emerging that will be “demand response
ready.” These products will notionally have flexible
means for communication with utility systems and
internal logic for responding to the signals they
receive. Various Characteristics:
■ Consumer Configurable Response DR Products
possesses consumer configurable responses and event
override capability. To protect consumer privacy,
several organizations have expressed concern that
device status and/or responses to received signals will
not be confirmed unless the consumer expressly acts
to allow such exposure
■ AMI Extension DR Products support extended AMI
functionality and even extension to Smart Grid
Portfolio
Typically, these determine the extent to which interval
energy data from AMI meters might be used to detect,
or even quantify, and hence participation in demand
response programs for individual participants
■ DR Products include partially Home Automation
Network (HAN) devices and link-up extension to Smart
Metering, Advanced Distribution Systems (ADS) and
eventually inclined to Smart Grid Portfolio
development.
■ DR Products are integrated and up-gradation to
existing automation and Smart Grid portfolios.
Typically Demand response enabled features in
Building Automation Systems and Industrial Energy
Management Systems (EMS)
■ DR Products are inclined to form Smart City
infrastructure in future
■ Reliability Response (contingency response)
requires the fastest, shortest duration response.
Response is only required during power system
“events” – this is new and slowly developing
■ Regulation Response continuously follows the
power system’s minute-to-minute commands to
balance the aggregate system – this is very new and
may have the potential to dramatically change
production costs, especially for aluminum and chlor-
alkali
STANDARDS - Demand Response:
The OpenADR Alliance was created to standardize,
automate and simplify DR to enable utilities to cost-
effectively meet growing energy demand, and
customers to control their energy future.
OpenADR : The Demand Response Research Center
(DRRC) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has
led the development of an open communications
specification to automate DR, known as Open
Automated Demand Response, or OpenADR. OpenADR
is intended to facilitate reliable and cost-effective
automation of both electricity price and system grid
reliability signals for DR.
The term “Openness” indicates a measure of how easy
it is to obtain and use a technology. Openness is
important for systems such as the OpenADR
specification because it reduces barriers for new
vendors to enter the market, and therefore helps
create economies of scale and lower costs. There are
also benefits from standardized hardware and
communication protocols which enable the
development of competitive Commercial Off-The Shelf
(COTS) products that can also be applied to traditional
Direct Load Control systems.
Signalling – Open ADR provides continuous, secure,
reliable, two‐way communication with end‐use
customers to allow end‐use sites to be identified as
listening and acknowledging receipt of DR signals
Open ADR Test Tools are available, and OpenADR
Alliance certifies demand response products and
systems
PRODUCTS – DR (Broad Categories)
Products are mainly categorized with respect to
customer types:
■ HAN Devices integrated with DR feature
■ Lighting Control Systems, for all applications
■ DR Systems for Grocery and Convenience Stores
■ DR Systems for Commercial Buildings
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©Copyright 2013, The Chang School Ryerson University
with three LEDs, typically used to indicate Critical Peak
Pricing (CPP) or peak demand events
A red light indicates a Beat the Peak event
A yellow light signals that the utility will initiate a Beat
the Peak event within the next hour.
A green light lets the member know the device is
powered on and is functioning normally
Smart Meters - positive support in Demand Response
programmes, and are even are essential to demand
response. These smart meters enabled with Demand
response features, can work as gateway, to execute
load control (connect/disconnect) commands to
different devices, configured to it. Smart meters
further add to AMI portfolio
DR Data Concentrators: Smart grid data concentrator
enabling near- real time direct residential load control
with precision and verification. This device provides
connectivity to direct load controllers and Smart
Thermostats through a 2.4 GHz wireless mesh
network. Each concentrator has backhaul
communication capability to the utility’s network
operations center via GPRS, 3G, CDMA or Ethernet. It
builds two-way, near-real time communication. And it
monitors, controls and verifies load curtailment.
DR Communications Repeater: Demand Response
data repeater enabling near-real time direct
residential load control with precision and verification.
This device provides connectivity direct load
controllers, data concentrators through a 2.4 GHz
wireless mesh network. Communications repeaters
are used to fill out the mesh network to assure reliable
communication to all controlled devices. It increases
mesh network communications performance
ZigBee with Smart Energy Profile (SEP 2.0):
Transition to SEP 2.0 for Smart Meters, Home Area
Networks, Programmable Communicating
Thermostats, Load Control Devices, In-Home Displays,
and Gateways. ZigBee to be Internet Protocol (IP)
based, and will enable ZigBee devices to communicate
with non-ZigBee devices, such as those using Wi-Fi.
■ DR Systems for high rise condominiums
■ DR Solutions for Industries
■ DR Systems for Irrigation controls for agriculture
and beyond
■ Demand Response enabled Smart Home Appliances
HAN DEVICES integrated DR feature
The demand response-traditional direct load control
involves the AC unit, the water heater, and a pool
pump, which are assumed to already be controlled by
an external agent pursuant to the program provisions.
The two HAN control strategies constitute
opportunities to provide incremental benefit to the
home owner for expanded load control capability.
HAN Level 1 is comprised of devices that were
assumed to be the most readily accommodating of
control under demand response program provisions.
An additional benefit from the central AC is realized,
and the control of lighting and ceiling fans expands the
load available for control by the HAN Level 1 system
HAN Level 2 includes the additional AC control and
adds management of TVs, set-top boxes and related
equipment, along with dimming lighting and taking
advantage of the cycling capabilities of the main
refrigerator
Smart Thermostats: It is a full-featured thermostat
with a graphical display and easy-to use interface. It
can control most conventional HVAC equipment,
including heat pumps, and supports the latest
communications technology likewise Zigbee.
IHD (In-Home Displays) that allow Utilities to
communicate with their customers in real time, and
helps make consumers more aware of their energy use
and their role in reducing consumption
In-home Peak Indicator Plug is part of a family of
Demand Response technology solutions used to inform
members when peak conditions occur. Combined with
effective mailings and other communications from the
power provider (cooperative), this technology enables
members to set and maintain their own cost,
environmental and reliability goals. Peak indicator
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LIGHTING Control Systems, for all applications
Many new lighting controls have been developed in
recent years that provide users with a wide variety of
features beyond ON/OFF switching. Such features
include, but are not limited to: scheduled dimming,
lumen sensing, wireless control, demand response,
color temperature adjustment, and bi-level dimming.
These features provide consumers with the ability use
light efficiently and effectively.
Innovative lighting control technologies are providing
utilities with critical information on product readiness
and usefulness necessary for integration into program
offerings to customers.
Another type includes a motion-sensing light socket, a
power-line communication system, a ZigBee wireless
control system, an add-on occupancy sensor, and an
En-Ocean zero-power light switch. Each of these
devices represents a distinctive, new energy-saving
control. Lighting controls, if properly configured and
utilized, can deliver substantial power savings. Typical
examples as illustrated below
ZigBee dimmer: The 0-10V dimmer is a suitable to
control lights through a ballast 0-10V. It provides an
attractive design, usage simplicity and flexibility
worldwide ranges
Dimmable Hybrid Light: Dimmable Hybrid Light is a
ZigBee Home Automation enabled LED Light. This LED
Light can be controlled by a ZigBee comms enabled
Load switch with integrated smart thermostat that
allows the utility to control the home's central air
conditioning system during critical peak energy use
hours, helping to reduce demand for electricity and
achieve electric demand reduction goals.
ZigBee to IP Bridge: is suitable for interfacing and
communication data and building a link to HAN
devices and Utility over Internet network. As it
provides secure, two-way connectivity over the
customer’s high speed Internet access
Consumer Web Portal: is a secure, web-based
solution which makes it easy for utilities to deploy a
Consumer Portal that provides: Real-time feedback,
Dynamic rate information for consumers, Increased
customer satisfaction, Support for utility DR programs,
HAN device support: smart thermostats and load
control switches. The Consumer Portal empowers
consumers to take action, to improve their energy
efficiency and to shift usage to non-peak times.
HAN Level 2: Intelligent coordinated control of
end-use devices
All traditional demand response and Level 1
strategies.
Central AC Reduce continuously variable
compressor speed to offset
operation of the
dishwasher, clothes washer,
clothes dryer, coffee maker, and
microwave. The
minimum draw will be 400 W for
fan operation to keep air
circulating
TVs, set-top
boxes, PCs and
related
equipment, and
miscellaneous
electronics
Disable devices with standby
draw, based on knowledge of
typical operations,
i.e., cut power to the cable box
only when the TV associated with
it is not operating.
Refrigeration Disable auto-defrost cycle, peak
times only.
Lighting Dim all remaining lighting to 80%,
including ceiling fan fixtures.
Lighting Fixture Control Technologies
Fixture Type Type of Control
Incandescent On-off , Dimming
Fluorescent – standard
ballast
On-off , Step-level dimming
On-off with tandem wiring
HID – standard ballast On-off pulse start
HID – bi-level ballast Step-level &Continuous
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©Copyright 2013, The Chang School Ryerson University
■ Turn off fans, decorative fountains, and other non-
essentials.
■ If you have 2 or more elevator banks, shut one off
during the curtailment period
■ Invest in more energy-efficient lighting solutions in
common area restrooms, hallways, parking garages,
fitness rooms, outdoor spaces, and so-on.
■ Consider using time switches, photocells, and/or
occupancy sensors to help keep the lights off when they
are not needed.
■ Use high-efficiency bulbs.
DR Systems for Grocery and Convenience Stores
Today’s grocery and convenience stores are facing
intense competition from non-traditional food
retailers such as wholesale retailers, mass mer-
chandisers, and pharmacy and dollar stores. This
competition is forcing grocery and convenience stores
to seek ways to attract new customers, reduce
operating costs, and retain their employees
The basic control strategies include scheduling of
lighting, heating, ventilation, and cooling.
DR Systems for Commercial Buildings
Retro-Commissioning for Optimum Efficiency of
Building: Retro-commissioning (RCx) is a full-facility
tune-up designed to help your building perform
optimally. RCx entails a systematic evaluation that can
save owners and managers up to 15 percent of their
annual energy costs. Other potential benefits include:
Targeted energy savings opportunities focused on no-
or low-cost improvements, Reduced maintenance and
repair costs:
Central plant optimization (chilled water, heating,
pumping and distribution systems)
Energy management and control systems
HVAC systems
Lighting retrofits and controls
RCx services that include:
Sophisticated analysis of building energy usage
Comprehensive on-site investigation
Temporary monitoring and review of BMS (Building
Management System) data
Functional testing of savings measures
Credible measurement and verification of final savings
DR Systems for high rise condominiums
Curtailing energy usage in common areas, A high
rise condominium building typically would enroll in a
demand response program and operate the common
areas within a specific curtailment strategy. As follows:
■ Raise the thermostat in the summer or lower the
thermostat in the winter by several degrees in the
lobby during curtailment periods.
■ Dim or turn off non-essential lights.
DR Solutions for Industries
This system assesses opportunities for energy savings,
demand reductions, and/or reductions in energy
intensity through operation and maintenance (O+M)
activities, equipment retrofits, behavioural changes
and/or use of new technologies. This assessment
addresses any energy source, including electricity,
natural gas, and other fuels.
DR Systems for Irrigation controls for agriculture
and beyond
For agriculture and other water-intensive industries,
irrigation and pumping can be a major energy expense.
This systems would offer machine-to-machine equipment
that allows energy users to remotely monitor and control
their pumping equipment to take advantage of demand
response programs and save on time, travel, and effort
involved in turning pumps on or off manually
Demand Response enabled Smart Home
Appliances
■ The Digital TV receives the Price and Scheduled time
data from Smart Meter or Smart Sever via ZigBee
communication module.
■ USB dongle for connection to other portable and
static home appliances
■ The refrigerator receives the price and scheduled
time data from Smart Meter or Smart Sever via ZigBee
communication module.
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Demand Response Automation Server (DRAS)
DRAS is a OpenADR pioneer, software as a service
(SaaS) solution for connecting energy providers to
their residential, commercial and industrial customers.
Next Generation would be compliance with all
OpenADR 2.0a functional tests, including all optional
tests.
DRAS is a secure, scalable solution for broadcasting
price, reliability and other DR signals
Demand Response mobile app.
This is a mobile application provides customers
convenient access to their facilities' demand response
dispatches and energy data profiles from their
smartphones and tablets. Users will be able to
download the app from various internet sites
Projected main features would be
energy profile
Demand Response Dispatch Management
Mobile-Optimized Energy Profiling
One-Click Access to Relevant Staff
Site-by-Site Search
Secure Sign-In
Demand Response Management System (DRMS)
DRMS enables dispatchers to shape and shift load for
operational efficiencies, cost savings, and improved
reliability. Dramatically improve upon traditional load
control models by adding the flexibility to include
various demand- response capabilities, provide
powerful analytics, and support effective operations
via a unified command-and-control center. The result
is dependable, cost-effective energy management
through targeting of concentrated loads
■ It provides a two-way data collection and command-
and-control backbone. In addition, it provides a robust
data-integration, storage, and management solution
■ DRMS the command-and-control center of the
platform provides utilities a one-stop shop for
complete demand response management. Utilities can
use DRMS to create, test, execute, and fine-tune a
variety of load-management programs, while enabling
consumer-driven demand management through a host
of approaches and device types
■ Consumer engagement Solution, It is a industry-
leading consumer data-presentment portal, which
enables consumers to monitor utility usage and costs.
Advanced customer care with insight
In addition to providing direct load control, this
solution provides an extensible platform for
consumer-driven, demand side-management
programs including home area networks, VOLT/VAR
control, Electric Vehicle EV management, and
distributed generation integration. This solution
enables utilities to establish dependable, affordable
load reduction, as well as detailed visibility into energy
consumption.
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Load Following or Fast Energy Markets: Similar to
regulation but slower. Bridges between the
regulation service and the hourly energy markets.
Often supplied at little or no cost by sub-hourly
energy markets. Response time and cycle time for
execution is usually more than 10 minutes.
KNOWN CONDITIONS
Time-of-Use Pricing: Time-of-Use Pricing is a rate
where usage unit prices vary by time period, and
where the time periods are typically longer than one
hour within a 24-hour day. Time-of-use rates reflect
the average cost of generating and delivering power
during those time periods.
Peak Time Rebate: Peak Time Rebates allow
customers to earn a rebate by reducing energy use
from a baseline during a specified number of hours
on critical peak days. Like Critical Peak Pricing, the
number of critical peak days is usually capped for a
calendar year and is linked to conditions such as
system reliability concerns or very high supply
prices.
Direct Load Control: In a Direct Load Control
Program ,the program sponsor remotely shuts down
or cycles a customer’s electrical equipment, e.g. air
conditioner, water heater, lighting, on short notice.
Direct load control programs are primarily offered to
residential or small commercial customers.
Peak Time Rebate Peak Time Rebates allow
customers to earn a rebate by reducing energy use
from a baseline during a specified number of hours
on critical peak days. Like Critical Peak Pricing, the
number of critical peak days is usually capped for a
calendar year and is linked to conditions such as
system reliability concerns or very high supply
prices.
Automated Demand Response
In contrast to the manual DR described above, Automated
Demand Response (AutoDR) does not involve human
intervention, but is initiated at a home, building, or facility
through receipt of an external communications signal to
execute pre-programmed DR strategies. AutoDR allows a
hands-off approach through automation of the entire
response process. When demand reduction is not desired
at a particular site, the AutoDR system allows participants
the choice to override or opt out of DR events.
Relationship Between Demand Response and Smart
Grid. The smart grid and demand response are
intrinsically linked in many areas of application. Many of
the benefits associated with investment in the smart grid,
such as better consumer management of electricity usage
in response to prices or signals from grid operators, are, at
their core, demand response actions. In turn, investments
in some smart grid technologies, such as smart meters,
help enable the demand response potential identified in
the National Assessment
Demand Response (DR) SERVICES
Services are classified and defined for purposes of the
Demand Response.
NORMAL CONDITIONS
Regulation Service It provides the continuous minute-to-
minute balancing of generation and load under normal
conditions. It is a type of Demand Response service in
which a Demand Resource increases and decreases load in
response to real-time signals from the system operator.
Demand Resources providing Regulation Service are
subject to dispatch continuously during a commitment
period. This service is usually responsive to Automatic
Generation Control (AGC) to provide normal regulating
margin. Also known as regulation or regulating reserves,
up-regulation and down-regulation
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Spinning Reserves are demand-side resources
synchronized and ready to provide solutions for
energy supply and demand imbalance within the first
few minutes of an Emergency Event.
Faster services require automatic response to system
operator commands
Non-Spinning Reserve Service is similar to
spinning reserve except that response does not need
to begin immediately. Full response is still required
within 10 minutes. Appropriately responsive loads
are typically allowed to supply non-spinning reserve.
Air conditioning loads (residential and commercial,
central and distributed) can be ideal suppliers of
spinning and non-spinning reserves
Replacement or Supplemental Reserve is an
additional reserve required in some regions. It begins
responding in 30 to 60 minutes. It is distinguished
from non-spinning reserve by the response time
frame. Appropriately responsive loads are typically
allowed to supply replacement or supplemental
reserve.
Emergency Demand Response: An Emergency
Demand Response program provides incentive
payments to customers for load reductions achieved
during an Emergency Demand Response Event.
Real-Time Pricing In Real-Time Pricing rate and price
structures, the retail price for electricity typically
fluctuates hourly or more often to reflect changes in the
wholesale price of electricity on either a day-ahead or
hour-ahead basis.
CONTINGENCY CONDITIONS
Interruptible Load: In an Interruptible Load program,
electric consumption is subject to curtailment or
interruption under tariffs or contracts that provide a rate
discount or bill credit for agreeing to reduce load during
system contingencies. In some instances, the demand
reduction may be effected by action of the System
Operator, called 'remote tripping', after notice to the
customer in accordance with contractual provisions
Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) with Direct Load Control:
Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) with Direct Load
Control combines direct load control with a pre-specified
high price for use during designated critical peak periods
triggered by system contingencies or high wholesale
market price
Energy Imbalance Service is really an accounting
function that accommodates any differences between
scheduled and actual transactions. It is not a “service” that
individual generators or loads provide. Load following is a
related service that compensates for the inter- and intra-
hour changes in demand. This is the slower counterpart to
regulation. Load following is often provided by sub-hourly
energy markets and the effective price for load following
is typically very low.
Spinning Reserve Service is generation (or responsive
load) that is poised, ready to respond immediately, in case
a generator or transmission line fails unexpectedly.
Spinning reserve begins to respond immediately and must
fully respond within ten minutes. Enough contingency
reserve (spinning and non-spinning) must be available to
deal with the largest failure that is anticipated. Some
regions allow appropriate loads to supply spinning
reserve but many currently do not.
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REFERENCES
■http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/
Technologies_Demand_Response/index.html
■http://www.elp.com/energy-efficiency.html
■http://bbptoronto.ca/demand-response/
■http://www.ecsgrid.com/demand-response-
programs
■http://www.demandresponsedirectory.com/progr
amtypes.html
■http://www.jouleassets.com/products.html
■https://saveonenergy.ca/Business/Program-
Overviews/Demand-Response.aspx
■http://www.beywatch.eu/innovations.php
■http://www.pjm.com/sitecore%20modules/web/
~/media/markets-ops/dsr/2011-final-energy-load-
management-and-economic-demand-response-
summary.ashx
■http://www.beywatch.eu/innovations.php
■http://www.survalent.com/en/solutions/smartdr
■A Report on Communication Modularity: A Practical
Approach to Enabling Residential Demand Response,
EPRI, 2011
■A Report on A Framework for Assessing the Net
Benefits of Home Area Networks to Enable Demand
Response, EPRI , 2010
■http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbs
tract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001023245
■http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbs
tract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001021628
Demand Bidding and Buy Back: A Demand Bidding and
Buy-Back program allows a demand resource in retail and
wholesale markets to offer load reductions at a price, or to
identify how much load it is willing to curtail at a specific
price.
Load as a Capacity Resource: A Load as Capacity
Resource commits to make pre-specified load reductions
when system contingencies arise.
System Peak Response Transmission Tariff: System
Peak Response Transmission Tariffs are the terms,
conditions, and rates and/or prices for customers with
interval meters who reduce load during peaks as a way of
reducing transmission charges.
ADS (Advanced Distribution System) Services:
Voltage Control: The injection or absorption of reactive
power to maintain transmission-system voltages within
required ranges. Herein response time is immediate
(within seconds), and cycle time is continuous.
Black Start: Generation, in the correct location, that is
able to start itself without support from the grid and
which has sufficient real and reactive capability and
control to be useful in energizing pieces of the
transmission system and starting additional generators.
CONCLUSION
The implementation of demand response integrates a
number of systems on different levels, from the EMS at the
top all the way through to control units of energy
consuming or producing devices at the bottom.
So broad expertise in energy management for electrical
distribution grids, for non-electrical grids, and within
industrial, commercial, and residential buildings is
required if a demand response solution targets an entire
energy system rather than just a few dedicated aspects,
like remotely switching air conditioners on or off, for
example.
It is, therefore, clear that, in the long run, only demand
response concepts based on an integrated approach will
be capable of creating truly smart energy systems that can
master the challenges of the future.
Demand Response (DR) program,
Next generation products and Services
CKES 190
Research
Paper