In this class we take a look at the process of designing goals and objectives for language courses. We also explore some of the alternatives to objectives such as competencies and standards
In this class we take a look at the process of designing goals and objectives for language courses. We also explore some of the alternatives to objectives such as competencies and standards
Appropriate TopicsThe Research Report, select one of the fo.docxssusera34210
Appropriate Topics:
The Research Report, select one of the following research areas:
1. A Complete Comparative between MongoDB and Oracle 12c
2. A Complete Comparative between IBM DB2 and CA IDMS
3. A Complete Comparative between IBM DB2 and IBM DB2
4. A Complete Comparative between Oracle 12c and CA IDMS
5. A Complete Comparative between Oracle 12c and IBM DB2
6. A Comparative Analysis of Triggers used in Oracle 12c versus Triggers used IBM DB2
7. A Comparative Analysis of Stored Procedures used in Oracle 12c versus Stored Procedures used in IBM DB2
8. A Comparative Analysis of Transaction Processing used in Oracle 12c versus Transaction Processing used IBM DB2
9. A study of DB Transaction Processing / Coordination used in a Cloud environment
10. Common and dissimilar vulnerabilities found in both Oracle 12c and IDMS
11. Managing Transaction Processing using MongoDB
12. The Internet of Things (sensor & actuator data) used in a distributed DB cloud environment
Important Student Notes:
·
Each student submission should be checked for plagiarism.
Students should be warned that Turnitin has a very good historical memory and is capable of accessing reports from both internal and external resources (i.e. Universities, Governments, etc.) including those originally written in non-English written languages. Plagiarism will result in a grade of zero (non-negotiable) for the assignment and may results in other university actions. The department chairperson will be notified of the violation. Additional Campbellsville University penalties may be applicable. Please see class syllabus for additional details.
· Only one submission attempt is permitted – AS THE STUDENT TO BE SURE BEFORE DEPRESSING ENTER.
· Acceptable file formats for submissions include Microsoft Word (doc, docx) or Adobe Acrobat (PDF). No other formats are acceptable.
· The research paper must be at least 3,500 words supported by evidence (citations from peer-reviewed sources).
· A minimum of four (4) peer-reviewed journal citations are required.
· Formatting should be double-spaced, one-inch boarders, no extra space for headings, no extra white space, no more than two levels of heading, page numbers, front and back matter).
· Extra white space use to enhance page count will negatively affect student grade.
· Chapter 1 illustrates the
document details
of the research report and constitutes Background/Introduction, Problem Statement(s), Goal(s), Research Question(s), Relevance and Significance, Barriers and Issues related to topic chosen. Chapter 2 should consist of student paraphrasing the cited research material (i.e. what happened in case study x). Chapter 3 should be the reasoning for doing a basic compare/contrast or advantages/disadvantage of what was stated in Chapter 2 (do not state because the professor said so). Chapter 4 is a complete analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of what was stated in chapter 2. In effect, chapter 3 is a statement of what will .
Assignment 2 Annotated BibliographyTop of FormHide Assignment I.docxsalmonpybus
Assignment 2: Annotated Bibliography
Top of Form
Hide Assignment Information
Turnitin®
This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin®.
Instructions
Task: Create an annotated bibliography of four sources that could be used for your research project, including at least two articles from scholarly journals.
Length: Four citations, each with an annotation of 150 +/- 25 words (125-175 words each). The entire completed assignment should be at least 600 words.
Sources: Four sources related to your research question, including at least two from scholarly journal articles. All four sources should be high-quality sources that you can use in your research project. Refer to Week 3: Selecting Sources Wisely. You may decide to use some or all of the sources that you posted in Week 3, Discussion 1: Identifying and Evaluating Sources.
Due date and grading: This assignment is due by the end of Week 4. This assignment will be graded with a rubric and will count for 20% of your course grade. To view the grading rubric, access the assignment through the Assignments area of the classroom.
Outcomes you should achieve by completing this assignment
The annotated bibliography contributes to the research project by helping you collect and analyze your sources. The outcomes for this assignment are listed below, with the associated course outcomes in parentheses:
· Identify valid and reliable sources that can be used in the composition of a research paper (Course outcome 4)
· Explain the nature of selected sources and their relevance of sources to the research paper (Course outcome 4)
· Set up an annotated bibliography in APA format (Course outcome 4)
· Demonstrate accurate grammar and mechanics in writing (Course outcome 3)
Topic
The annotated bibliography is part of your research project, which examines a current issue or event in the news from the perspective of your field of study. The annotated bibliography builds on your work from the first few weeks of class selecting an appropriate topic and then developing a more focused research question. Indicate your research question at the top of your annotated bibliography, just below the title.
What to do
Following the explanation in the videos posted in class (The Annotated Bibliography) and the Sample Annotated Bibliography, create an annotated bibliography of four sources. For each source, include:
· Reference citation in APA format
· Annotation of 150 ±25 words, formatted in a single paragraph, with
· summary
· evaluation
· use
You may (but do not have to) use CiteFast to create your reference citations. If you use CiteFast, be sure to check for accuracy and make any necessary corrections.
Formatting your assignment
Incorporate these elements of APA style:
· Use one-inch margins.
· Double space.
· Use an easy-to-read font between 10-point and 12-point.
· Reference citations should be formatted with a hanging indent.
· Organize the annotated bibliography in alphabetical order, according to the first word of.
Class Name PTADipMkt25 Module Professional Communicatio.docxMARRY7
Class Name PTADipMkt25
Module Professional Communication
PTADipMgt/Mkt_PC Assignment Proposal
Assessment 1: Individual Assignment, 10% of Module Weighting
Short reflective essay with two questions, both to be answered in 500 words each.
Date Due: Session 4 for PT students
N.B: This assignment does not need to be submitted through Elearn LMS
Scenario
You have just joined a Multi-National Corporation (MNC) as a project manager,
whose tasks include managing global collaboration projects involving staff from
different departments all around the world. You have been informed that similar
previous projects have been difficult to manage due to cultural differences among
global team members, with ineffective and inefficient communication identified as the
main culprit. At the same time, the organization is undergoing major restructuring
and employee job rotation where project team members are shifting job roles.
Project deadlines and desired outcomes have thus suffered because of this
challenge. The Managing Director has tasked you to address and suggest ways to
resolve these challenges by answering the questions below. (You may assume
additional situations not mentioned in this scenario).
Question 1
Based on the scenario above, identify possible barriers to communication within your
project team and provide suggestions on how to improve cross cultural
communication within your project teams.
Question 2
Use the Three-Step-Writing Process to compose your answers in Question 1 and
communicate these answers to the Managing Director.
Assessment 2: Individual Essay Analysing 5 Business Documents
2,000 word analytical essay due in lesson 7 (PT) and 12 (FT), 30% of Module
Weighting
5-minute presentation, 10% of Module Weighting
Date Due: Refer to ELearn LMS
NB: The presentation does not need to be submitted through Elearn LMS
1.0) INSTRUCTIONS:
i) Please submit your final essay only to the Elearn LMS under the Professional
Communication Course “Assignment 2 Final Part 1” and do not include: the original
FIVE (5) business documents on which you are writing, your Reference list, or your
assignment cover sheet in this submission. These documents can be entered
separately under “Assignment 2 Final Part 2”.
NB: For the formatting of in-text citations and the Reference List, refer to the Kaplan
Singapore APA Guide pp.14-16:
http://kaplan-
diploma.s3.amazonaws.com/Kaplan_Singapore_Academic_Works_and_APA_Guide
_2013_v2.pdf
ii) Essay Brief (30%): You are going to choose FIVE (5) examples of Business
Documents/ communications from the following list:
Resume for a job (also include the job ad.)
Cover Letter for a job (also include the job ad.)
Company memo
One section of a company report (no more than 2 pages)
An email
A public blog or other social media message from a company leader
A company vision and values statement
PLEASE ...
Write a scholarly research report on a topic related to Advanced.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a scholarly research report on a topic related to Advanced Database Systems (see
Appropriate Topics
). Please see
Important Notes
and
Document Details
for detailed specifications.
Appropriate Topics:
The Research Report, select one of the following research areas:
1. A Complete Comparative between MongoDB and Oracle 12c
2. A Complete Comparative between IBM DB2 and CA IDMS
3. A Complete Comparative between IBM DB2 and IBM DB2
4. A Complete Comparative between Oracle 12c and CA IDMS
5. A Complete Comparative between Oracle 12c and IBM DB2
6. A Comparative Analysis of Triggers used in Oracle 12c versus Triggers used IBM DB2
7. A Comparative Analysis of Stored Procedures used in Oracle 12c versus Stored Procedures used in IBM DB2
8. A Comparative Analysis of Transaction Processing used in Oracle 12c versus Transaction Processing used IBM DB2
9. A study of DB Transaction Processing / Coordination used in a Cloud environment
10. Common and dissimilar vulnerabilities found in both Oracle 12c and IDMS
11. Managing Transaction Processing using MongoDB
12. The Internet of Things (sensor & actuator data) used in a distributed DB cloud environment
Important Student Notes:
·
Each student submission should be checked for plagiarism.
Students should be warned that Turnitin has a very good historical memory and is capable of accessing reports from both internal and external resources (i.e. Universities, Governments, etc.) including those originally written in non-English written languages. Plagiarism will result in a grade of zero (non-negotiable) for the assignment and may results in other university actions. The department chairperson will be notified of the violation. Additional Campbellsville University penalties may be applicable. Please see class syllabus for additional details.
· Only one submission attempt is permitted – AS THE STUDENT TO BE SURE BEFORE DEPRESSING ENTER.
· Acceptable file formats for submissions include Microsoft Word (doc, docx) or Adobe Acrobat (PDF). No other formats are acceptable.
· The research paper must be at least 3,500 words supported by evidence (citations from peer-reviewed sources).
· A minimum of four (4) peer-reviewed journal citations are required.
· Formatting should be double-spaced, one-inch boarders, no extra space for headings, no extra white space, no more than two levels of heading, page numbers, front and back matter).
· Extra white space use to enhance page count will negatively affect student grade.
· Chapter 1 illustrates the
document details
of the research report and constitutes Background/Introduction, Problem Statement(s), Goal(s), Research Question(s), Relevance and Significance, Barriers and Issues related to topic chosen. Chapter 2 should consist of student paraphrasing the cited research material (i.e. what happened in case study x). Chapter 3 should be the reasoning for doing a basic compare/contrast or advantages/disadvantage of what was stated in Chapt.
ISM3013 Final Project Assignment Project Assignment .docxchristiandean12115
ISM3013 Final Project Assignment
Project Assignment:
This project will test your knowledge and understanding of Data Security Management as well as show
you how to correctly create a well-constructed research paper. The Project will be completed in 3
phases with 3 different Deliverables that build upon each other. Each Deliverable will consist of a
properly referenced paper. In-text citations and the Bibliography must use APA formatting.
Instructions:
Phase 1: Deliverable Heading 1 Topic: Identify and Describe SIEM.
Mechanics:
Name the Deliverable: YourName_ISM3013_Final_Project_Phase_1.docx
1 to 3 single spaced pages not counting the Cover page, Table of Contents or Bibliography
The Word Generated Cover page (or equivalent) has the following information:
o Your Name
o Date
o Course ID: ISM3013
o Course Reference#: example: 123456
o Project Title: ISM 3013 Final Project: Data Security Management
Font size: 11 point
Font type: Calibri or equivalent
1 inch margins: Top/Bottom/Left/Right
Header: Left: Your Name Center: ISM3013 Final Project Right: Ref#: example: 123456
Footer: Center: Page numbers
At least 3 referenced sources following APA rules
Upload the Deliverable to the Final Project dropbox.
Content: Each suggested topic below should be a Heading 2 paragraph (you should have at least 6
topics)
SIEM acronym defined?
Underlying Principles of SIEM
The SIEM Process
SIEM Implementation
SIEM Attributes
SIEM Benefits
Phase 2: Deliverable Heading 1 Topic: Identify at least 5 Best Practices concerning the selection and
implementation of Data Security products and/or services.
Mechanics (same as Phase 1 with differences highlighted):
Name the Deliverable: YourName_ISM3013_Final_Project_Phase_2.docx
1 to 3 single spaced pages, which are added to your Phase 1 Deliverable
The Cover page should already have the following information:
o Your Name
o Date
o Course ID: ISM3013
o Course Reference#: example: 123456
o Project Title: ISM 3013 Final Project: Data Security Management
Font size: 11 point
Font type: Calibri or equivalent
1 inch margins: Top/Bottom/Left/Right
Header: Left: Your Name Center: ISM3013 Final Project Right: Ref#: example: 123456
Footer: Center: Page numbers
At least 3 additional referenced sources
Be sure to update your TOC and Bibliography
Upload the Deliverable to the Final Project dropbox
Content: Each topic below should be a Heading 2 paragraph (You should have at least 5 Best
Practices)
Best Practice 1
Best Practice 2
Best Practice 3
Best Practice 4
Best Practice 5
Best Practice N
Phase 3 Deliverable Heading 1 Topic: Discuss why SIEM projects fail.
Mechanics (same as Phase 1 with differences highlighted):
Name the Deliverable: YourName_ISM3013_Final_Project_Phase_3.docx
1 to 3 single spaced pages, which are added to your Phase 2.
English 1302 Annotated Bibliography (AB) Assignment InstTanaMaeskm
English 1302 Annotated Bibliography (AB) Assignment
Instructor: Tureva Osburn
Email: [email protected]
Format: MLA—Times New Roman, 12-point font, 1” margins, double-space only
The AB is a list of summaries and other information. One entry follows the next.
Due Dates for Self-Review and Dropbox for AB:
Upload AB to Eduflow for a self-review by Tuesday, April 12th by 11:59pm.
Your AB for the self-review can be a draft, but it must provide at least two complete
entries with citation, annotation, analysis paragraph, and a quotation with explanation
sentence for each entry to receive the 50 points for this activity.
Dropbox for Annotated Bibliography Due by Wed., April 13th by 11:59pm
Total Points Possible: 150 points possible (50 for self-review; 100 for AB)
Number of Sources: Four (4) total sources (use your source from the Proposal Essay as
one of your four sources)
Purpose: The purpose of the Annotated Bibliography is to provide students an
opportunity to gather research and evidence for a scholarly research essay and compose a
complete entry for each source.
What is an annotated bibliography? An AB is a list of summaries (these are the
annotations) regarding the same topic along with the Works Cited entry that precedes
each annotation. Each complete annotation follows the next one to create a list.
Additionally, an AB assignment will often include some analysis, quotations, and other
information regarding each source.
Instructions: Using the Steen Library databases and other sources, you should search for
sources that will provide the foundation for your research essay.
Click on this link to access research: Steen Library Research Guides and Databases
Sources: Must use four sources for the Annotated Bibliography.
At least two sources must come from Steen Library or Library databases.
You must use your source from the Proposal Essay as one of your four
sources. In other words, you need one more source from Steen Library,
http://libguides.sfasu.edu/?b=s
but you can choose to find two more sources anywhere online or from
Steen.
Sources may include academic articles, news reports, statistical data, books, ebooks,
podcasts, online journals, art (including songs, films, streaming episodes, etc.), and
many other types of texts.
Using quality research is vital to making a successful argument; the authors and sources you
choose for the Annotated Bibliography become your team members who provide
information and expertise for the AB and the Research Essay.
Organizing the AB: Students will need to follow these directions, so each entry consists of the
following parts:
1. A Works Cited citation
2. the annotation (summary)
3. a short analysis paragraph with specific questions to answer
4. a quotation from each source in MLA format followed by an explanation
Citation for Works Cited
1. First, the student will provide the ...
Additional Files/BM0421_assignment_support-1.ppt
Business Research Analysis
BM0421
Week 12 - Assignment Guidance
*
Part A - Overview
The word limit of 1,250 words refer to the body of the assignment.
You are required to present a copy of the questionnaire and its coding plan in an appendix to your assignment.
The words in the body of the assignment relate to the critical justification of the questionnaire and coding plan presented, as well as other supporting documents.
*
Part A – Hints!
Write in “applied terms” by making reference to the case scenario, avoid writing in a theoretical style.
Credit will be given to additional referencing to research methods texts in support of the arguments you are making.
Think about issues relating to flow, structure, coding, question types, presentation, instructions in your justification.
Do NOT go out and collect data with your questionnaire!
Part B- Overview
The word limit of 1,750 words refers to the body of the assignment.
Any useful graphs and tables should be in the body of this report, not hidden away in the appendices!
The assignment requires you to show how you have selected the relevant graphs, tables, summary statistics and hypothesis tests, so simply submitting Excel or SPSS output with no discussion will result in few or no marks being awarded to this part of the assignment.
Part B is a practical application to a problem, so unlike your essay type subjects and Part A, does not require additional referencing.
Part B – Statistical Analysis
You are required to justify the selection of presentation techniques, summary statistics and hypothesis tests in terms of data types, sample sizes, assumptions that can or cannot be made etc.
For your hypothesis tests, present fully and if significance is found, do provide indication as to why!
Use graphs and tables sparingly within your presentation, sometimes you may be asked specifically, if so, present accordingly, otherwise use your judgement.
Part B – Statistical Analysis – Hints!
Look for key words such as difference (then consider numbers of samples, the relationship between them, sample size etc) or association (consider data types involved).
Present all findings, significant or otherwise!
Part B – Managerial Implications
These are not a repeat of your findings but applications of these findings in the decision making process, this is combined within the section containing the analysis and findings.
Apply your analysis and the case scenario to any findings and discussion, do not pluck ideas out of thin air or make very general observations about the problem.
All results can play a part in this process, significant or otherwise.
General Points I
This is an individual piece of work. Students are likely to discuss the analytical aspects of the assignment (OK – this is a positive part of the learning process), but any written results and recommendations should be undertaken without discussion and without electr.
Additional Files/BM0421_assignment_support-1.ppt
Business Research Analysis
BM0421
Week 12 - Assignment Guidance
*
Part A - Overview
The word limit of 1,250 words refer to the body of the assignment.
You are required to present a copy of the questionnaire and its coding plan in an appendix to your assignment.
The words in the body of the assignment relate to the critical justification of the questionnaire and coding plan presented, as well as other supporting documents.
*
Part A – Hints!
Write in “applied terms” by making reference to the case scenario, avoid writing in a theoretical style.
Credit will be given to additional referencing to research methods texts in support of the arguments you are making.
Think about issues relating to flow, structure, coding, question types, presentation, instructions in your justification.
Do NOT go out and collect data with your questionnaire!
Part B- Overview
The word limit of 1,750 words refers to the body of the assignment.
Any useful graphs and tables should be in the body of this report, not hidden away in the appendices!
The assignment requires you to show how you have selected the relevant graphs, tables, summary statistics and hypothesis tests, so simply submitting Excel or SPSS output with no discussion will result in few or no marks being awarded to this part of the assignment.
Part B is a practical application to a problem, so unlike your essay type subjects and Part A, does not require additional referencing.
Part B – Statistical Analysis
You are required to justify the selection of presentation techniques, summary statistics and hypothesis tests in terms of data types, sample sizes, assumptions that can or cannot be made etc.
For your hypothesis tests, present fully and if significance is found, do provide indication as to why!
Use graphs and tables sparingly within your presentation, sometimes you may be asked specifically, if so, present accordingly, otherwise use your judgement.
Part B – Statistical Analysis – Hints!
Look for key words such as difference (then consider numbers of samples, the relationship between them, sample size etc) or association (consider data types involved).
Present all findings, significant or otherwise!
Part B – Managerial Implications
These are not a repeat of your findings but applications of these findings in the decision making process, this is combined within the section containing the analysis and findings.
Apply your analysis and the case scenario to any findings and discussion, do not pluck ideas out of thin air or make very general observations about the problem.
All results can play a part in this process, significant or otherwise.
General Points I
This is an individual piece of work. Students are likely to discuss the analytical aspects of the assignment (OK – this is a positive part of the learning process), but any written results and recommendations should be undertaken without discussion and without electr.
For more course tutorials visit
www.tutorialrank.com
NSG 512 Week 1 Study Analysis Preliminary Study Review
The ability to critique and evaluate various types of research articles is fundamental to evidence-based practice and generating new research.
Select two of the attached articles – one quantitative study and one qualitative study. You will use these same articles for assignments in Weeks 3-5.
HSAD 301- Weekly Discussion Board Grading Rubric
Students will earn points as follows:
Response to Assignment, Demonstration of Knowledge, and Quality of Response to other learners’ postings
Excellent
35 pts
Average
18 pts
Below Average
9 pts
None
0 pts
Clearly understands concepts and incorporates them in discussion
Always includes examples and real life applications, or reference/s
Always advances discussion
Understands concepts and incorporates them in discussion
Often/sometimes includes examples and real life applications, or reference/s.
Often/sometimes advances discussion
Not evident concepts are understood and are not incorporated in discussion
Examples and real life applications, or reference/s are not included
Responses are copied, have little to do with concepts and does not advance discussion
Did not post a response to the weekly discussion board assignment.
Did not respond/post to other learners’ postings.
Examples of the types of participation
While this obviously isn’t the only way to create a discussion, these examples should be helpful to you in identifying “what is” each level of participation.
Discussion about building a house-Original part of comment you are responding to:
The use of laminated beams in today’s building materials greatly reduces the need for other materials like steel beams.
Excellent
Very true, our text states that laminated beams are also more structurally sound and are made from young growth trees. By using laminated beams you can also reduce the number of regular wood beams you use. In essence, using these beams is also good for our environment-less lumber harvesting. Do you think architects are using more of these in today’s housing construction or do you think some still adhere to “old school” methods?
Average
Good point-I hadn’t thought about how it could reduce the need for steel beams. Laminated beams allow for the same load bearing strength without the cost and overall weight of a steel beam. I wonder if the steel industry is impacted at all by the introduction of laminated beams.
Below Average
Good point- I agree.
BOS 3401, Construction Safety 1
Course Description
Overview of key issues and practices related to the occupational safety and health (OSH) profession in the construction
industry. Examines construction standards, identification and control of hazards common to the construction industry, and
tools necessary for successful management of OSH related efforts.
Course Textbook
Johnson, D. (2013). DeWALT construction safety and OSHA handbook. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
Course Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Examine regulatory standards and laws related to occupational safety and health in the construction industry.
2. Describe occupational safety and health related regulatory practices in the U.S. as they apply to the construction
industry.
3. Evaluate injury, illness, and fata.
BOS 3401, Construction Safety 1 Course Description .docxhartrobert670
BOS 3401, Construction Safety 1
Course Description
Exploration of the OSHA regulations and related safety practices governing the construction industry. Provides an
analysis of the high incident/accident rates in the construction industry and how it contributed to the passage of the OSH
Act in 1970. Presents practical examples of how to apply “on the job” construction safety and health programs and
policies.
Prerequisites
None
Course Textbook
Goetsch, D. L. (2010). Construction safety and the OSHA standards. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Course Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:
1. Examine and explain the theories and concepts of construction safety and health.
2. Discuss, evaluate, and interpret OSHA's construction standards and related safety practices.
3. Describe how to apply construction safety and health programs and policies while on the job.
4. Identify and discuss safety and health issues and practices in the workplace.
5. Explain how to estimate the costs of work accidents and rates.
6. Describe contractors and safety and health teams.
7. Discuss ethics and safety, including how ethics is an important part in the construction safety profession.
8. Explain the Workers' Compensation Program.
9. Discuss hazard analysis and risk assessment.
10. Define and discuss stress, workplace violence, and conflict resolution.
11. Explain the emergency response system and its importance to the construction safety professional.
12. Discuss ISO 14000 and its importance to the construction professional.
Credits
Upon completion of this course, the students will earn three (3) hours of college credit.
Course Structure
1. Unit Learning Objectives: Each unit contains Unit Learning Objectives that specify the measurable skills
and knowledge students should gain upon completion of the unit.
2. Written Lectures: Each unit contains a Written Lecture, which discusses lesson material.
3. Reading Assignments: Each unit contains Reading Assignments from one or more chapters from the
textbook. Supplemental Readings are provided in Units III and V to aid students in their course of study.
4. Learning Activities (Non-Graded): These non-graded Learning Activities are provided in Unit VI to aid
students in their course of study.
5. Key Terms: Key Terms are intended to guide students in their course of study. Students should pay
particular attention to Key Terms as they represent important concepts within the unit material and reading.
BOS 3401, Construction Safety
Course Syllabus
BOS 3401, Construction Safety 2
6. Discussion Boards: Discussion Boards are a part of all CSU term courses. Information and specifications
regarding these assignments are provided in the Academic Policies listed in the Course Menu bar.
7. Unit Assessments: This course contains eight Unit Assessments, one to be completed at the end of each ...