Delivering Accessible Content with WCAG 2.0

Delivering Accessible Content with WCAG 2.0
STC 2012 Summit
May 22, 2012
Mike Paciello, TPG
Copyright The Paciello Group 2012©

Web Accessibility
Toolbar

 1st – Rehab / Architectural Barriers (Rehab Act/ADA)
 2nd – Computer/Education/Employment (AT Act/IDEA)
 3rd – Ubiquitous/Harmonized (WCAG 2/508)
Great progress, but still 4 key concerns…

It can get pretty confusing out there…
W3C/WAI
VPATs
Validation,
Certification
TEITAC
EU’s M/376
1194.21 (Software
Applications &
Operating
Systems)
ISO/ANSI
Section 508
1194.22 (Web-based
Intranet & Internet
Information & Applications)
1194.31
Subpart B
(Functional
Performance
Criteria)
1194.41 Subpart
C (Information,
Documentation
and Support)
3rd Party Apps
Exceptions
WCAG 2.0

 “Accessibility Gap”
◦ Emerging information
technology growth, adoption
vs. assistive technology.
 Net Effects
◦ AT adapts long after IT is
mainstreamed
◦ People with disabilities &
older adults lack mainstream
technology inclusion.
◦ Rather than closing, the Gap
widens.
Time
AccessibilityGap
Technology
Accessible
Technology

1
Make Accessible
2
Needs Assessment
Analysis & Audit
Fix it – 508 & WCAG 2
Compliant
Usability Testing
QA Tools to maintain
3
How Do We
Engage?
Enable Users
Customized User Experience
Personalization
Customization
Industry Specific
Functionality
--- CONCERNS ---
< 2% those with visual
disabilities have software to
use websites or software
How does business justify
the investment/ROI?

◦ 508 Requirements
◦ Depth & Breadth; portal like
◦ Clear path to information
◦ Harmonization w/WCAG 2.0
◦ Procurement toolkit
◦ “Universal” enforcement
◦ Consistent, quantifiable test results
◦ Weighted checkpoints; measurable provisions
◦ Compliance score
◦ Scorecard/dashboard tools
US Access Board / TEITAC gave them…

A Celebration of Usability in Civic Life
Access + Usability
TEITAC
New Recommendations for Section 508
Sarah Swierenga, Whitney Quesenbery, Kate Walser, and Michael Paciello, Co-Chair, TEITAC
Who: The Telecommunications and Electronic and Information
Technology Advisory Board Committee (TEITAC): 41 members from
industry, government and disabilities advocacy groups
What: Recommendations for how the U.S. Access Board should
update Section 508 (and Section 255) regulations.
Why: To make ICT products accessible to as wide a range of people
with disabilities as possible.
When: July 2006 – April 2008
Requirements based on product characteristics rather than product
types. How do we classify products that have so many features?
Functional Performance Criteria (FPC) refer to different disability categories and the
necessity of providing access to the functionality of products. The FPC have been modified
from the previous version to include a note on the role of assistive technology in meeting
the FPC.
Products must provide at least one mode that allows access to all functionality of the
product:
A – Without Vision G – Without Speech
B – With Limited Vision H – With Limited Reach, Strength or Manipulation
C – With Color Vision Deficits I – Without Physical Contact
D – Without Hearing J – With Cognitive, Language, or Learning Limitations
E – With Limited Hearing
Subpart B: Functional Performance Criteria
1194.23(g)Volume Reset2.2.F
1194.23(f)Volume (Gain)2.2.E
1194.25(f)Volume2.2.D
1194.25(e)Audio Connection2.2.C
1194.23(i)Interference with Hearing Device2.2.B
1194.23(h)Magnetic Coupling2.2.A
1194.25(j)Installed or Free-Standing Products2.1.F
1194.26(d)Standard Connection2.1.E
1194.25(c), 1194.26(b)Touch Operated2.1.D
1194.23(k), 1194.26(a)Mechanical Controls2.1.C
1194.21(i), 1194.25(j), 1194.25(k)Flashing2.1.B
1194.21(j), 1194,25(h)Reflectance Contrast for Legends and Passive Displays2.1.A
1194.23(e)Speech Operation1-H
Text size1-G
1194.21(i), 194.25(g)Color1-F
Visual Information1-E
Audio information1-D
1194.23(j)Pass Through1-C
1194.25(d), 1194.26(c)Biometric ID1-B
1194.25(a)Closed Functionality1-A
Subpart C
Section 508 SourceTEITAC Recommendations
Accessible Content2.D
Accessibility Configuration2.C
Video Support2.B
Relay Services Accessibility2.A
Training1.2-C
Manufacturer Contact1.2-B
1194.41(c)Support Services1.2-A
Support and E&IT related services1.2
Keyboard Shortcuts1.1-B
194.41(a), 194.41(b)Accessible Documentation and Features1.1-A
Product Documentation and Help1.1
Information, Documentation & Support1
Subpart D
Accessible Templates7.D
Prompts7.C
Preserve Accessibility Information7.B
Accessible Output7.A
Authoring Tools7
External Alerting Devices6.G
Audio clarity for VoIP6.F
Video Support6.E
Caller and Status Information6.D
1194.23(c)IVR, Auto-Attendant and Messaging6.C
1194.23(a)Voice Terminal Hardware & Software6.B
1194.23(b)Real-Time Text Reliability & Interoperability6.A
1194.24(d), 1194..22(b)Interactive Elements5.C
1194.24(d)Video Description5.B
1194.24(c)Captions and Transcripts5.A
Access to Caption and Video Controls4.C
1194.24(b)Supplemental Audio Playback (Process?)4.B
1194.24(a)Caption Process4.A
Headings and Labels3.BB
Error Identification3.AA
On Input3.Z
On Focus3.Y
Labels or Instructions3.X
Multiple Ways3.W
Assistive Technology3.VV
Accessibility Services3.V
1194.21(d), (c), (f) & (m)AT Interoperability3.U
1194.21(c)Focus Indicator3.T
Visual Indication of Keyboard Shortcuts3.SS
1194.21(a), (e), (f), (k), (l) & (m)Keyboard Operation3.S
1194.22(p), 1194.23(d), 1194.25(b)Timing3.R
1194.21(b)Disruption of Access Features3.Q
1194.21(l), 1194.22(l), 1194.22(n)User Interface Components3.P
1194.22(g), (h), (i), & (n), & (o), 1194.21(l)Information and Relationships3.O
Link Purpose3.N
1194.22(d)Reading Sequence3.M
1194.25(e)Audio Turnoff3.L
1194.21(e)Consistent Identification3.K
1194.21(k), 1194.22(j), 1194.25(i)Flashing (Content and User Interfaces)3.J
1194.21(h)Pausing3.I
Language of Parts3.H
Human Language3.G
1194.22(a)Non-text Objects3.F
1194.21(j)Color Adjustment3.E
1194.21(g)User Preferences3.D
Size, shape, location3.C
1194.21(j)Contrast3.B
1194.21(i), 1194.22(c), 1194.25(h)Color3.A
What’s New?
We considered:
Testability – Can we create standards that are precise and
unambiguous enough to easily determine if products meet the
requirements, but open enough so that the provisions do not stifle
innovation?
Assistive Technology – How can we promote interoperability?
Accessibility for People with Cognitive Disabilities – How do we meet
their needs?
Usability of the Standard and Guidelines – How can we make technical
requirements clear?
What Else?
1. General Technical Requirements
Subpart C: Technical Provisions
6. Additional
Requirements for
Real-Time Voice
Conversation
Functionality
5. Requirements for Audio and/or Video Content
4. Additional
Requirements
for Audio-Visual
Players or
Displays
3. Requirements
for User Interface
and Electronic
Content
2. Requirements for
Hardware Aspects of
Products
7. Additional
Requirements for
Authoring Tools
The Recommendations

What is Web accessibility?
Site accessibility is a measure of how effectively all people, including
those with disabilities, are able to access and use web properties.
“The power of the web is in its universality. Access by
everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect.”
Tim Berners-Lee
Founder of the World Wide Web
Director of W3C

 WCAG 2 itself - the document at
www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20 - is the formal Web
standard"W3C Recommendation".
 It is the only document that defines what is
required. (Other documents provide additional
information, but are not part of the formal
standard.)
 WCAG 2 Guidelines and Success Criteria are
technology-independent (so as not to go out of
date), and specific guidance is provided in the
Techniques.

 Formal W3C Specification, Dec. 2008
 Organized around the following 4 principles:
◦ Perceivable
◦ Operable
◦ Understandable
◦ Robust
 Each principle has guidelines
 Each guideline has testable, success criteria

 Perceivable
◦ Provide text alternatives for non-text content.
◦ Provide captions and alternatives for audio and video
content.
◦ Make content adaptable; and make it available to
assistive technologies.
◦ Use sufficient contrast to make things easy to see and
hear.
 Operable
 Understandable
 Robust

 Perceivable
 Operable
◦ Make all functionality keyboard accessible.
◦ Give users enough time to read and use content.
◦ Do not use content that causes seizures.
◦ Help users navigate and find content.
 Understandable
 Robust

 Perceivable
 Operable
 Understandable
◦ Make text readable and understandable.
◦ Make content appear and operate in predictable ways.
◦ Help users avoid and correct mistakes.
 Robust

 Perceivable
 Operable
 Understandable
 Robust
◦ Maximize compatibility with current and future
technologies.

Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0
http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG/
Understanding WCAG 2.0
http://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/
Techniques for WCAG 2.0
http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/
WCAG 2.0 Quick Reference
http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/quickref/
Key WCAG 2 Documents

Analysis & Audit
Fix it – 508 & WCAG 2
Compliant
Usability Testing
Manage & Maintain
Make Software Accessible
3. Visually Impaired not reached
Accessibility analysis, audit and plan to
achieve accessibility
Fix code, new process flow, training,
help desk support, reassess/retest
User testing of product by people with
disabilities
Certification Services, training, process
controls
The Analysis / Test Process

 Deque WorldSpace & FireEyes
◦ www.deque.com
 HiSoftware Compliance Sheriff
◦ www.hisoftware.com
 SSB Bart AMP
◦ www.ssbbartgroup.com

 TPG Tools (paciellogroup.com/resources)
◦ Web Accessibility Toolbar
◦ Color Contrast Analyser
◦ aViewer
 Dom Inspector (addons.mozilla.org/en-
US/firefox/addon/dom-inspector-6622/)
◦ (free Firefox extension)
 WAVE (wave.webaim.org)
◦ (free web page validation service)
 MAC OS X Accessibility
Inspector (/Developer/Applications/Utilities/Ac
cessibility Tools)

 In-browser Testing Tool

 Included in WAT
 Test for color contrast issues in web and desktop
applications

A tool for inspecting accessibility information
View accessibility information of web content

Accessibility
properties
Accessibility tree
HTML code
aViewer 2012 alpha

• Accessibility tree
• Content structure
exposed to assistive
technology by the
browser
• Accessibility properties
• Information about
content exposed to
assistive technology via
accessibility APIs in
browsers

◦ Flash content/player is not capable of exposing an
accessible hierarchical structure that has more than two
levels. (Ex. Tree structures)
◦ Default reading order in Flex UI is often not logical.
◦ Keyboard focus inside/outside the Flash player
◦ Flash content does not inherit high contrast mode /
browser specified text size

 Accessible Rich Internet Applications
◦ W3C Candidate Recommendation
◦ Use with any markup language
 ARIA is about interaction more than content
 Bridges the gap between what can be
specified using HTML4 and required semantic
elements
 Adds semantic information to HTML5 for AT
 Provides familiar experience to that of regular
desktop: no learning curve for AT users

 Make custom widgets understandable to
assistive technology users
 Fix or correct inaccessible content without
completely recreating widgets from scratch
 Programmatically indicate relationships
between elements
 Hide irrelevant visible content from assistive
technology
 Notify users of dynamic updates

 Superset of HTML4
 Maintains backward compatibility
 New semantic elements, primarily for RIA
◦ 30 new elements that can be used with traditional
"static" pages
◦ New form controls eliminate need for JavaScript and
form validation
◦ Defines error handling for browsers

 Short answer: It can…
 Long answer: It is not ready yet
◦ Limited browser support
◦ AT is further behind than browsers
 Don’t rely solely on HTML5 for semantics
◦ Add ARIA
◦ Always test across browsers, assistive technology
and different versions of each

 None fully support HTML5
 Updates and References
◦ Browser Support: http://html5accessibility.com/
◦ Assistive Technology Support:
http://html5accessibility.com/index-aria.html

 Challenges
• Content, Navigation, UI
• Accessibility of applications
• RIA, HTML5
• AT/IT interoperability
• Multi-platforms
• Usability
• Disability awareness
 Solutions
• Harmonized standards, laws
• WCAG2, TEITAC
• End-to-End process
• Emerging tools, WAI ARIA
One should be able to see that things are
hopeless yet be determined to make them
otherwise…”
- F. Scott Fitzgerald

Delivering Accessible Content with WCAG 2.0

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