The document discusses deforestation in Indonesia and its impacts. It notes that while deforestation provides some economic benefits to Indonesia through timber exports, it occurs at an unsustainable rate and leads to loss of forests, species extinction, and high carbon emissions. Though Indonesia has passed laws and made agreements to reduce deforestation, enforcement is lacking and deforestation continues due to lack of alternative economic activities and difficulty fully implementing solutions.
The document discusses resource conflicts between indigenous communities and governments/corporations in India. It provides historical context on colonial-era forest policies that alienated tribes from their traditional lands. Subsequent policies failed to recognize tribal rights, leading to current conflicts over mining, plantations, and tiger reserves. The Forest Rights Act of 2006 aimed to address this, but implementation has been problematic, fueling activism and the ongoing Maoist insurgency. Cases from Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Telangana illustrate persisting tensions.
This document discusses definitions of forests from various perspectives including timber management, conservation, climate change mitigation, and more. It provides definitions from organizations like the UN FAO, UNFCCC, as well as definitions according to Indian law. The document also discusses the importance of forests, components of a forest ecosystem like producers, consumers, and decomposers, threats to forests, and forest cover in India.
This document discusses public interest litigation in India as a tool for environmental protection. It provides background on environmental laws and policies in India, as well as several landmark Supreme Court cases where public interest litigation was used to address environmental issues. The summary is as follows:
1) Public interest litigation has become an effective tool in India for protecting the environment through Supreme Court and High Court decisions on cases related to pollution, industrial hazards, and more.
2) Key Supreme Court cases established principles like "polluter pays" and expanded the right to a healthy environment under Article 21 of the Constitution.
3) Landmark rulings ordered the closure of polluting industries, recognized rights like access to unpolluted air and water
The document discusses sustainable development in Mexico. It outlines how Mexico has addressed the challenge of achieving economic recovery while combating environmental degradation through a legal framework that established a constitutional right to sustainable development and an adequate environment. The government has also taken action to measure environmental impacts, ratify international treaties, and establish sustainable practices in areas like tourism and real estate development. For example, the Loreto Bay real estate project in Baja California was developed using sustainable principles for energy, water, habitat protection, and community development.
International conventions and agreements form
an important backdrop to the issues surrounding
biodiversity and the oil and gas industry, and they are
a significant pressure driving the development of a
strong business case for biodiversity conservation.
This document will assist users of the EBI’s Framework
for Integrating Biodiversity into the Site Selection Process
(the Framework) in considering the implications of
international conventions.
Strategy to Increase Public Participation in Forest Management Based On Inter...inventionjournals
Baluran National Park as a conservation area has a wide variety of flora and fauna. But this time Baluran National Park to experience a variety of threats, interruptions and damage to ecosystems. Based on information from the Baluran office (2014) damage incurred includes: (i) Forest fires reached ± 946.75 ha, or about 4% of the total land area is due in large part caused by the irresponsible and not because of natural factors; (Ii) Activities ± 400 ha of land clearing for agriculture plants business; (Iii) timber theft, especially in resort Labuhan Peacock; (Iv) Pastoral wild is a problem that is quite prominent, especially in the area Karangtekok, Labuhan Merak, and Balanan with an area of 3,450 ha. Cattle grazing types, namely cows and goats with an average of 1,447 head of cattle per day; (Iv) Local Trasmigrasi Settlements (Translok) since 1976, covering an area of 57 ha in Pandean area, Wonorejo village; (V) illegal encroachment and the tilling of the soil; and (vi) hunting of wildlife by people with firearms, snares, poison and sap that often occur during the dry season. This study is a non-laboratory scale with the purpose of: (i) to analyze and explain the effect of each variable system of institutions, incentives, social capital ,, the socio-demographic, and social learning to the level of community participation; (Ii) to analyze and explain whether the public welfare mediates the effect of variable incentives on the level of community participation; (Iii) to analyze and explain whether the public welfare mediates the influence of social capital on the level of community participation. The study population includes: (i) the entire village communities buffer consisting of: public Randu Agung, Wonorejo, Bajulmati, Bimorejo, Kalianyar, Watu Kebo and Resources Waru; (Ii) the people occupying forest land TNB illegally consisting of: (a) SPTNW 1 Bekol include: block Balanan, Kakapa, Simacan and Mesigit, and (b) SPTNW II Karangtekok include: block Merak, Shell, Lempuyang, and Sirondo. By using cluster sampling based group / region relating to the location of the existing research in Baluran National Park 60 respondents. It is based on a number of variables used in this study were 6 to 39 indicator variables by using Equation Model Sructural analysis.
Trees gives more than what we are giving to trees. We are not giving anything to trees even though we are not protecting trees. Indian government proposed a act to preserve the forests that means trees. These slides contains information about why we need to protect forests as well as why we need to adhere forest conservation act.
The document discusses resource conflicts between indigenous communities and governments/corporations in India. It provides historical context on colonial-era forest policies that alienated tribes from their traditional lands. Subsequent policies failed to recognize tribal rights, leading to current conflicts over mining, plantations, and tiger reserves. The Forest Rights Act of 2006 aimed to address this, but implementation has been problematic, fueling activism and the ongoing Maoist insurgency. Cases from Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Telangana illustrate persisting tensions.
This document discusses definitions of forests from various perspectives including timber management, conservation, climate change mitigation, and more. It provides definitions from organizations like the UN FAO, UNFCCC, as well as definitions according to Indian law. The document also discusses the importance of forests, components of a forest ecosystem like producers, consumers, and decomposers, threats to forests, and forest cover in India.
This document discusses public interest litigation in India as a tool for environmental protection. It provides background on environmental laws and policies in India, as well as several landmark Supreme Court cases where public interest litigation was used to address environmental issues. The summary is as follows:
1) Public interest litigation has become an effective tool in India for protecting the environment through Supreme Court and High Court decisions on cases related to pollution, industrial hazards, and more.
2) Key Supreme Court cases established principles like "polluter pays" and expanded the right to a healthy environment under Article 21 of the Constitution.
3) Landmark rulings ordered the closure of polluting industries, recognized rights like access to unpolluted air and water
The document discusses sustainable development in Mexico. It outlines how Mexico has addressed the challenge of achieving economic recovery while combating environmental degradation through a legal framework that established a constitutional right to sustainable development and an adequate environment. The government has also taken action to measure environmental impacts, ratify international treaties, and establish sustainable practices in areas like tourism and real estate development. For example, the Loreto Bay real estate project in Baja California was developed using sustainable principles for energy, water, habitat protection, and community development.
International conventions and agreements form
an important backdrop to the issues surrounding
biodiversity and the oil and gas industry, and they are
a significant pressure driving the development of a
strong business case for biodiversity conservation.
This document will assist users of the EBI’s Framework
for Integrating Biodiversity into the Site Selection Process
(the Framework) in considering the implications of
international conventions.
Strategy to Increase Public Participation in Forest Management Based On Inter...inventionjournals
Baluran National Park as a conservation area has a wide variety of flora and fauna. But this time Baluran National Park to experience a variety of threats, interruptions and damage to ecosystems. Based on information from the Baluran office (2014) damage incurred includes: (i) Forest fires reached ± 946.75 ha, or about 4% of the total land area is due in large part caused by the irresponsible and not because of natural factors; (Ii) Activities ± 400 ha of land clearing for agriculture plants business; (Iii) timber theft, especially in resort Labuhan Peacock; (Iv) Pastoral wild is a problem that is quite prominent, especially in the area Karangtekok, Labuhan Merak, and Balanan with an area of 3,450 ha. Cattle grazing types, namely cows and goats with an average of 1,447 head of cattle per day; (Iv) Local Trasmigrasi Settlements (Translok) since 1976, covering an area of 57 ha in Pandean area, Wonorejo village; (V) illegal encroachment and the tilling of the soil; and (vi) hunting of wildlife by people with firearms, snares, poison and sap that often occur during the dry season. This study is a non-laboratory scale with the purpose of: (i) to analyze and explain the effect of each variable system of institutions, incentives, social capital ,, the socio-demographic, and social learning to the level of community participation; (Ii) to analyze and explain whether the public welfare mediates the effect of variable incentives on the level of community participation; (Iii) to analyze and explain whether the public welfare mediates the influence of social capital on the level of community participation. The study population includes: (i) the entire village communities buffer consisting of: public Randu Agung, Wonorejo, Bajulmati, Bimorejo, Kalianyar, Watu Kebo and Resources Waru; (Ii) the people occupying forest land TNB illegally consisting of: (a) SPTNW 1 Bekol include: block Balanan, Kakapa, Simacan and Mesigit, and (b) SPTNW II Karangtekok include: block Merak, Shell, Lempuyang, and Sirondo. By using cluster sampling based group / region relating to the location of the existing research in Baluran National Park 60 respondents. It is based on a number of variables used in this study were 6 to 39 indicator variables by using Equation Model Sructural analysis.
Trees gives more than what we are giving to trees. We are not giving anything to trees even though we are not protecting trees. Indian government proposed a act to preserve the forests that means trees. These slides contains information about why we need to protect forests as well as why we need to adhere forest conservation act.
This document provides an overview of a course on environmental education. The objectives of the course are to:
1) Understand the concept and characteristics of environmental education from various aspects.
2) Develop awareness, understanding, and concern about environmental problems and solutions.
3) Teach and learn about the environment through experiential learning.
4) Develop skills to apply theoretical understanding to practical aspects of environmental issues.
This document discusses the concept of a green economy and its applicability to analyzing one's standpoint as a global citizen. It defines a green economy as one that improves human well-being and reduces environmental risks, using clean energy sources like renewable energy. The document analyzes trends showing declining forest cover due to deforestation and increasing investment in sustainable energy. Applying a green economy approach could help address issues like pollution, poverty and climate change by creating jobs in industries like eco-tourism and organic agriculture. Making the shift to a green economy requires efforts from governments, industries and global citizens to develop sustainably while protecting natural resources and the environment.
Residents’ Perception of Ecotourism Impact in Ekiti State: A Case Study of Ik...BRNSS Publication Hub
The document discusses a case study on residents' perceptions of ecotourism impacts in Ikogosi Warm Spring, Ekiti State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 residents to understand their views. Most residents agreed that the government and non-native tourism staff benefited most from ecotourism development. While some positive sociocultural impacts were seen, benefits were perceived as small and slow. Most residents recognized ecotourism's role in environmental protection but some felt it restricted local access to natural resources. Unequal benefit distribution influenced residents' mixed perceptions of ecotourism.
IRJET- A Review of Studies on Sustainable DevelopmentIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on studies related to sustainable development. It discusses the three pillars of sustainable development: economic, environmental, and social. For the economic component, it focuses on balancing economic growth with environmental protection. For the environmental component, it emphasizes harmonizing development with environmental laws and ecological balance. For the social component, it discusses ensuring social interactions, fair relationships, and quality of life for both present and future generations. The document also reviews various mechanisms to promote sustainable development, including the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, education, science/technology, carbon credits, and international cooperation. It aims to provide a framework for measuring sustainable development using systems theory and indicators related to the UN's goals.
The document discusses the objectives of an environmental education course, which are to develop awareness, understanding, knowledge and skills related to environmental issues and sustainability. The course will cover topics like consumerism, waste management, genetically modified crops and their impacts. It will aim to teach students about linking theoretical understanding with practical applications of environmental concepts.
This document discusses non-timber forest products and their potential commodification and governance. It provides background on NTFPs and definitions used. While markets could help manage some forest services, many services are difficult to commodify due to their complexity, public good characteristics, and ethical and political issues. Commodification may not be a viable or appropriate solution for coordinating management of many forest ecosystem services and non-timber forest products. An integrated approach that considers interactions among multiple forest values may be more effective than separate programs for individual services or products.
This document provides information about environmental education and biodiversity in India. It discusses that India is a mega-diverse country, containing 10 biogeographic regions and being one of 12 mega-diverse nations globally. It also notes that the tropics have greater biodiversity due to warmer temperatures, stable climate, and other factors. The document then discusses objectives of environmental education at different levels and constraints to implementing environmental education programs in India.
This chapter discusses the topic of sustainable development from various perspectives. It provides an overview of UN conferences on sustainability and introduces the concepts of sustainable development and environmental accounting. It then examines the growing environmental impact of human activities since the Industrial Revolution, including unsustainable practices in both developed and developing states that have led to issues like global deforestation, soil erosion, and pollution. The chapter also explores ideas for achieving more sustainable systems, such as reforming agriculture and energy use, and considers important geographic factors that must be addressed for successful sustainable development.
Enforcement of enviornmental legislation, indian scenario in enforment, publi...Vamsi kumar
This document contains summaries of three student papers on environmental topics:
1. Prince Kumar's paper discusses factors affecting international environmental laws such as the identification and severity of problems, statistics, geography, law and order, political pressures, infrastructure, and international cooperation.
2. Tinku's paper examines India's enforcement of environmental legislation, noting that laws need strengthening and proper implementation to protect the environment.
3. Md. Shadab Chaudary's paper focuses on the importance of public awareness for environmental science and sustainable development, the role of various groups in increasing awareness, and suggestions for effective awareness campaigns.
Patrick McAuslan: Legal dimensions to providing for customary forest rightsRights and Resources
The document discusses the legal dimensions of providing for customary forest rights in legislation. It outlines 10 principles for recognizing customary and statutory tenure systems equally. It then summarizes Tanzania's Forest Act of 2002, which recognized customary tenure as equal to statutory tenure and established processes for investigating customary claims and managing forests through community forest groups. The key lessons are that national policy must guide forest laws to recognize customary tenure; a participatory process is needed to document customary rights; and community forest reserves should be legally recognized and supported.
The document discusses deforestation in Indonesia and its impacts. It notes that while deforestation has provided some economic benefits like increased revenue and employment, the environmental and social costs outweigh these benefits. Deforestation has negatively impacted Indonesia's forests and biodiversity, disrupted the climate and water cycles, and harmed local communities. However, alternatives exist that could generate revenue for Indonesia without relying on deforestation, such as carbon credits and ecotourism. While difficult, reducing deforestation would help ensure Indonesia's sustainable growth and development.
Indonesia’s deforestation: Setting reference emission levels and understandin...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation examines the complex issue of determining reference emission levels for REDD+ in Indonesia, including competing historical, modeling and forward-looking approaches.
The document summarizes an experiment that measured the rate of cellular respiration in yeast when exposed to different sugars. Sucrose, lactose, and aspartame were tested at a concentration of 0.4M. The yeast had the highest rate of respiration with sucrose and negative slopes with lactose and aspartame, indicating it could not metabolize those sugars. Statistical analysis found a significant difference between sucrose and the other sugars but not between lactose and aspartame. The results suggest the yeast's ability to respire depends on whether it has enzymes to break down the specific sugar, not whether the sugar is natural or artificial.
The document provides a summary of a reading log analyzing a book by James McPherson titled "American Victory, American Defeat." The log includes an MLA citation, major thesis, supporting evidence from various pages, and a section on the origin, purpose, values, and limitations of the source. The major thesis is that the will of northern and southern people was influenced by military victory. McPherson argues several turning points in the war influenced this, including battles in 1862-1863. The log analyzes internal and external interpretations for why the Confederacy lost and provides flaws for some arguments.
The document summarizes the film Rashomon and discusses two perspectives on truth - objective truth proposed by Errol Morris and subjective truth proposed by Rodger Ebert. It analyzes the film using Plato's definition of knowledge and ways of knowing like perception and emotion. Plato's view supports Morris' position that while perspectives may differ, there is one objective truth. Perception and emotion can distort beliefs but do not change the underlying truth. Overall the document argues Morris' view of an absolute truth is more coherent than Ebert's view of subjective truth.
RaeAnne Smith, a 17-year-old American from Seattle, Washington, describes her favorite trip through her high school's Global Citizenship Week (GCW) program to Africa in 9th grade. During the trip, she visited Zambia and Botswana, going on safaris, building a school, and visiting Victoria Falls. She chose this experience because the Africa trip was more memorable than her trip to Prague. The trip related to emotion and reason - she felt fear jumping off a cliff in Zambia, and while knowing rationally it was safe, her emotions hindered her reasoning. Reflecting on this, she understands emotions can interfere with reasoning, especially during stress, and will
Experts provide valuable insight and information to further people's knowledge, as seen through philosophers like Plato who established definitions that still influence people today. However, experts are still human and subject to the same limitations of emotion and perception as ordinary people. Their opinions can be swayed by emotion or constrained by only seeing things from their limited perspective, potentially overlooking important realities or coming to incorrect conclusions like Marie Curie regarding the effects of radium. While experts expand understanding, their views should not be taken as absolute truth and should still be questioned rather than blindly followed.
Cellular respiration is a process in which cells produce the energy they need to survive. Cells use oxygen to break down the sugar glucose and store its energy in molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration is critical for the survival of most organisms because the energy in glucose cannot be used by cells until it is stored in ATP. Two critical ingredients required for cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen. Although most organisms on Earth carry out cellular respiration to generate ATP, a few rely on alternative pathways to make this vital molecule. These pathways are anaerobic
that is, they don't require oxygen. Fermentation is a type of anaerobic pathway used by certain species of bacteria that live in anaerobic environments, such as stagnant ponds or decaying vegetation. Some cells produce ATP using both anaerobic and aerobic pathways ( Lagunzad, 2004).
o Spatially explicit data from various contexts in Indonesia shows that a very specific understanding of drivers of deforestation and recovery of tree cover is needed as they vary from context to context. Specific leverage points can be identified by understanding this interconnectedness and variation amongst the drivers
Deforestation in Kalimantan has led to several environmental problems, including a loss of biodiversity as species like the proboscis monkey and pygmy squirrel become endangered without sufficient habitat. It also causes changes to the water cycle by reducing rainfall and increasing flooding due to the loss of trees' ability to absorb and store water. Additionally, deforestation results in air pollution from the burning of forests to clear land.
This document provides an overview of a course on environmental education. The objectives of the course are to:
1) Understand the concept and characteristics of environmental education from various aspects.
2) Develop awareness, understanding, and concern about environmental problems and solutions.
3) Teach and learn about the environment through experiential learning.
4) Develop skills to apply theoretical understanding to practical aspects of environmental issues.
This document discusses the concept of a green economy and its applicability to analyzing one's standpoint as a global citizen. It defines a green economy as one that improves human well-being and reduces environmental risks, using clean energy sources like renewable energy. The document analyzes trends showing declining forest cover due to deforestation and increasing investment in sustainable energy. Applying a green economy approach could help address issues like pollution, poverty and climate change by creating jobs in industries like eco-tourism and organic agriculture. Making the shift to a green economy requires efforts from governments, industries and global citizens to develop sustainably while protecting natural resources and the environment.
Residents’ Perception of Ecotourism Impact in Ekiti State: A Case Study of Ik...BRNSS Publication Hub
The document discusses a case study on residents' perceptions of ecotourism impacts in Ikogosi Warm Spring, Ekiti State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 residents to understand their views. Most residents agreed that the government and non-native tourism staff benefited most from ecotourism development. While some positive sociocultural impacts were seen, benefits were perceived as small and slow. Most residents recognized ecotourism's role in environmental protection but some felt it restricted local access to natural resources. Unequal benefit distribution influenced residents' mixed perceptions of ecotourism.
IRJET- A Review of Studies on Sustainable DevelopmentIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review on studies related to sustainable development. It discusses the three pillars of sustainable development: economic, environmental, and social. For the economic component, it focuses on balancing economic growth with environmental protection. For the environmental component, it emphasizes harmonizing development with environmental laws and ecological balance. For the social component, it discusses ensuring social interactions, fair relationships, and quality of life for both present and future generations. The document also reviews various mechanisms to promote sustainable development, including the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, education, science/technology, carbon credits, and international cooperation. It aims to provide a framework for measuring sustainable development using systems theory and indicators related to the UN's goals.
The document discusses the objectives of an environmental education course, which are to develop awareness, understanding, knowledge and skills related to environmental issues and sustainability. The course will cover topics like consumerism, waste management, genetically modified crops and their impacts. It will aim to teach students about linking theoretical understanding with practical applications of environmental concepts.
This document discusses non-timber forest products and their potential commodification and governance. It provides background on NTFPs and definitions used. While markets could help manage some forest services, many services are difficult to commodify due to their complexity, public good characteristics, and ethical and political issues. Commodification may not be a viable or appropriate solution for coordinating management of many forest ecosystem services and non-timber forest products. An integrated approach that considers interactions among multiple forest values may be more effective than separate programs for individual services or products.
This document provides information about environmental education and biodiversity in India. It discusses that India is a mega-diverse country, containing 10 biogeographic regions and being one of 12 mega-diverse nations globally. It also notes that the tropics have greater biodiversity due to warmer temperatures, stable climate, and other factors. The document then discusses objectives of environmental education at different levels and constraints to implementing environmental education programs in India.
This chapter discusses the topic of sustainable development from various perspectives. It provides an overview of UN conferences on sustainability and introduces the concepts of sustainable development and environmental accounting. It then examines the growing environmental impact of human activities since the Industrial Revolution, including unsustainable practices in both developed and developing states that have led to issues like global deforestation, soil erosion, and pollution. The chapter also explores ideas for achieving more sustainable systems, such as reforming agriculture and energy use, and considers important geographic factors that must be addressed for successful sustainable development.
Enforcement of enviornmental legislation, indian scenario in enforment, publi...Vamsi kumar
This document contains summaries of three student papers on environmental topics:
1. Prince Kumar's paper discusses factors affecting international environmental laws such as the identification and severity of problems, statistics, geography, law and order, political pressures, infrastructure, and international cooperation.
2. Tinku's paper examines India's enforcement of environmental legislation, noting that laws need strengthening and proper implementation to protect the environment.
3. Md. Shadab Chaudary's paper focuses on the importance of public awareness for environmental science and sustainable development, the role of various groups in increasing awareness, and suggestions for effective awareness campaigns.
Patrick McAuslan: Legal dimensions to providing for customary forest rightsRights and Resources
The document discusses the legal dimensions of providing for customary forest rights in legislation. It outlines 10 principles for recognizing customary and statutory tenure systems equally. It then summarizes Tanzania's Forest Act of 2002, which recognized customary tenure as equal to statutory tenure and established processes for investigating customary claims and managing forests through community forest groups. The key lessons are that national policy must guide forest laws to recognize customary tenure; a participatory process is needed to document customary rights; and community forest reserves should be legally recognized and supported.
The document discusses deforestation in Indonesia and its impacts. It notes that while deforestation has provided some economic benefits like increased revenue and employment, the environmental and social costs outweigh these benefits. Deforestation has negatively impacted Indonesia's forests and biodiversity, disrupted the climate and water cycles, and harmed local communities. However, alternatives exist that could generate revenue for Indonesia without relying on deforestation, such as carbon credits and ecotourism. While difficult, reducing deforestation would help ensure Indonesia's sustainable growth and development.
Indonesia’s deforestation: Setting reference emission levels and understandin...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation examines the complex issue of determining reference emission levels for REDD+ in Indonesia, including competing historical, modeling and forward-looking approaches.
The document summarizes an experiment that measured the rate of cellular respiration in yeast when exposed to different sugars. Sucrose, lactose, and aspartame were tested at a concentration of 0.4M. The yeast had the highest rate of respiration with sucrose and negative slopes with lactose and aspartame, indicating it could not metabolize those sugars. Statistical analysis found a significant difference between sucrose and the other sugars but not between lactose and aspartame. The results suggest the yeast's ability to respire depends on whether it has enzymes to break down the specific sugar, not whether the sugar is natural or artificial.
The document provides a summary of a reading log analyzing a book by James McPherson titled "American Victory, American Defeat." The log includes an MLA citation, major thesis, supporting evidence from various pages, and a section on the origin, purpose, values, and limitations of the source. The major thesis is that the will of northern and southern people was influenced by military victory. McPherson argues several turning points in the war influenced this, including battles in 1862-1863. The log analyzes internal and external interpretations for why the Confederacy lost and provides flaws for some arguments.
The document summarizes the film Rashomon and discusses two perspectives on truth - objective truth proposed by Errol Morris and subjective truth proposed by Rodger Ebert. It analyzes the film using Plato's definition of knowledge and ways of knowing like perception and emotion. Plato's view supports Morris' position that while perspectives may differ, there is one objective truth. Perception and emotion can distort beliefs but do not change the underlying truth. Overall the document argues Morris' view of an absolute truth is more coherent than Ebert's view of subjective truth.
RaeAnne Smith, a 17-year-old American from Seattle, Washington, describes her favorite trip through her high school's Global Citizenship Week (GCW) program to Africa in 9th grade. During the trip, she visited Zambia and Botswana, going on safaris, building a school, and visiting Victoria Falls. She chose this experience because the Africa trip was more memorable than her trip to Prague. The trip related to emotion and reason - she felt fear jumping off a cliff in Zambia, and while knowing rationally it was safe, her emotions hindered her reasoning. Reflecting on this, she understands emotions can interfere with reasoning, especially during stress, and will
Experts provide valuable insight and information to further people's knowledge, as seen through philosophers like Plato who established definitions that still influence people today. However, experts are still human and subject to the same limitations of emotion and perception as ordinary people. Their opinions can be swayed by emotion or constrained by only seeing things from their limited perspective, potentially overlooking important realities or coming to incorrect conclusions like Marie Curie regarding the effects of radium. While experts expand understanding, their views should not be taken as absolute truth and should still be questioned rather than blindly followed.
Cellular respiration is a process in which cells produce the energy they need to survive. Cells use oxygen to break down the sugar glucose and store its energy in molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration is critical for the survival of most organisms because the energy in glucose cannot be used by cells until it is stored in ATP. Two critical ingredients required for cellular respiration are glucose and oxygen. Although most organisms on Earth carry out cellular respiration to generate ATP, a few rely on alternative pathways to make this vital molecule. These pathways are anaerobic
that is, they don't require oxygen. Fermentation is a type of anaerobic pathway used by certain species of bacteria that live in anaerobic environments, such as stagnant ponds or decaying vegetation. Some cells produce ATP using both anaerobic and aerobic pathways ( Lagunzad, 2004).
o Spatially explicit data from various contexts in Indonesia shows that a very specific understanding of drivers of deforestation and recovery of tree cover is needed as they vary from context to context. Specific leverage points can be identified by understanding this interconnectedness and variation amongst the drivers
Deforestation in Kalimantan has led to several environmental problems, including a loss of biodiversity as species like the proboscis monkey and pygmy squirrel become endangered without sufficient habitat. It also causes changes to the water cycle by reducing rainfall and increasing flooding due to the loss of trees' ability to absorb and store water. Additionally, deforestation results in air pollution from the burning of forests to clear land.
The document summarizes an experiment that measured the rate of cellular respiration in yeast when exposed to different sugars. Sucrose, lactose, and aspartame were tested at a concentration of 0.4M. The yeast had the highest rate of respiration with sucrose and negative slopes with lactose and aspartame, indicating it could not metabolize those sugars. Statistical analysis found a significant difference between sucrose and the other sugars but not between lactose and aspartame. The results suggest the yeast's ability to respire depends on whether it has enzymes to break down the specific sugar, not whether the sugar is natural or artificial.
What is expected from the Group 4 project?
1. Interdisciplinary collaboration
2. Appreciation of the implications of science and the limitations of scientific study
3. Development of teamwork
4. Development of planning skills
5. Exchange or sharing of both data collected and issues raised.
6. Approximately 10 hours of involvement time
This document discusses deforestation in Indonesia. It notes that Indonesia has only 1.3% of the world's land area but contains 10% of the world's plant species and mammal species. Deforestation is reducing Indonesia's forests and threatening endangered species. On average, 1.871 million hectares of Indonesian forests are lost every year, equal to over 50 soccer fields daily. The main causes of deforestation are uncontrolled logging, land conversion for palm oil and other plantations, and abuse of development policies. Deforestation negatively impacts the atmosphere, hydrology, soil and ecosystems. Wise forest management is needed to protect what remains of Indonesia's forests.
The document is a student's report on a yeast experiment investigating how the amount of yeast affects the amount of carbon dioxide produced. The student's hypothesis was that more yeast would produce more carbon dioxide. The results supported this, showing that as yeast amounts increased from 2g to 4g to 6g, the average carbon dioxide produced also increased from 21cm3 to 39cm3 to 72cm3. However, some trials showed inconsistencies. In the conclusion, the student evaluates weaknesses like a moist collection tube and issues with the scale that affected some results.
In a climate of economic growth and faced with an increasingly voracious global appetite for natural resources like coal, palm oil, pulp and timber, how can the trees of Kalimantan survive?
The Civil Aviation, Climate Change Reduction and Legal Aspects of Forest Fire...IOSRJAC
This article describes general review such as introduction and historical background; legal ground such as Indonesian Constitution of 1945, Act Number 6 Year 1994, Act Number 23 Year 1997, Act Number 17 Year 2004, Act Number 25 Year 2004, Act Number 1 Year 2009, Act Number 32 Year 2009 and Presidential Regulation Number 46 Year 2008; action to be taken to reduce climate change in the international as well as national level such as membership of UNFCCC, commits to support ICAO’s recommendation, environmental measure project (EMP), cooperation with IATA and other agencies, discussion with Switzerland related to climate change, such as the policy approach to climate change, socialization and coordination of a national action plan, eco-friendly airport, alternative fuel for aircraft operation , sustainable air transport and aviation alternative fuels, the emission trading scheme; establishment of national committee on climate change , aviation biofuels and renewable energy at the airport; and two kinds of legal aspect such as liability regime and responsibility regime related to dispute arrangement to achieve sustainability development.
India has made progress stabilizing forest cover but still faces issues of degradation. Degradation impacts livelihoods of millions and is linked to lack of community forest rights. Key drivers are demand-supply gaps of forest products, encroachments, shifting cultivation, fires, and forest diversion. Underlying causes include population growth, poverty, and skewed development that has displaced people from village commons without compensation, putting pressure on forests. India's past forest policies prioritized exploitation over local community needs. Assessing India's readiness for REDD+ requires examining policies, tenure, cross-sector links, institutions, and technical capacity.
This presentation, delivered by Dede Rohadi to the Delegation from Ethiopia, outlines the current and historical state of forestry in Indonesia. Topics include forest extent, administration, and policies.
1) India's reliance on GDP as its sole measure of economic progress ignores the negative environmental impacts of growth, such as loss of forests and biodiversity.
2) Green accounting aims to adjust national accounts to reflect the value of natural capital and ecosystem services, providing a more accurate picture of sustainability and human well-being.
3) Studies in India estimate the annual economic costs of environmental degradation to be close to 10% of GDP, and the loss of forest services in some states exceeds 12% of their net state domestic product.
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Social Significance of Social Forestry in Developing CountriesPinkyBain
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This document discusses the impacts of palm oil plantations in Indonesia. It notes that while palm oil brings some economic benefits through jobs and exports, it also causes significant environmental and social problems. Palm oil plantations have led to deforestation, loss of orangutan habitats, pollution, and conflicts with indigenous communities who have lost access to their traditional lands. The rapid expansion of palm oil is also vulnerable to price fluctuations and monocropping issues. While the industry benefits some workers and companies in the short term, many analysts argue that more sustainable agricultural practices would better support local communities and the environment over the long term.
Forests contribute significantly to a country's economy by providing wood, fuel, raw materials, employment opportunities and revenue from charges. However, excessive economic activity from forestry can negatively impact the environment. Deforestation destroys animal habitats, causes floods and soil erosion, and introduces a domino effect of unfavorable consequences like global climate change and biodiversity loss. For sustainable development, the growth rate of forests must be greater than the rate at which they are used for economic activities.
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This document discusses the implications of environmental education for ensuring effective forest services and protection in Nigeria. It begins by defining key concepts like environment, forests, and deforestation. It describes the benefits forests provide, but also how unsustainable human activities like logging, agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, and population growth are leading to high rates of deforestation in Nigeria. Deforestation depletes biodiversity and causes problems like soil erosion, flooding, desertification, and global warming. The document argues that environmental education can help develop people's awareness, knowledge, skills, and commitment to responsibly manage forests and address deforestation through activities in formal schooling, non-formal programs, and informal learning approaches. Overall, environmental
The document discusses environmental issues related to natural resources like forests and water. It provides definitions of environment and discusses the scope of environmental science. It then describes the major uses and ecological importance of forests, as well as causes and impacts of deforestation such as loss of biodiversity and soil erosion. Specific case studies on desertification and disappearing tea gardens are mentioned. Impacts of mining, dams, and water resources are also summarized. The document stresses the need for public awareness and participation to properly address environmental problems.
deforestation is an very important topic on which no one is talking. no one shows how it effects the world.
here is a ppt in which i have written about the vandalism by deforestation .
Forests are vital for biodiversity and life on Earth. Deforestation, the permanent destruction of forests, is a major threat. Humans clear forest lands for many reasons like logging, farming, ranching, mining, and urban development. The main drivers of deforestation are economic needs of communities and industries. Crops like soy and palm oil are major contributors and destroy habitats. High demand for wood and paper also fuels deforestation. Animal grazing and infrastructure development like roads and settlements increase deforestation. Deforestation has negative economic and environmental impacts through increased greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and loss of species.
This document discusses deforestation in India. It provides background on deforestation and its impacts. Key points include:
- India is losing 1.3 million hectares of forest per year to deforestation.
- Deforestation leads to loss of topsoil, fewer food grains produced, more flooding, and disruption of ecosystems like in the Himalayas.
- Major causes of deforestation in India include overgrazing, shifting cultivation, fuelwood collection, forest fires, timber extraction, and infrastructure development.
- Increased population is also a driver of deforestation as more land is needed for housing and agriculture.
- Deforestation poses a serious threat to India's environment if not
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1. 1
RaeAnne Smith
TSEA
Sheridan: Period 4
23 May 2011
The Hunt for Wood
Indonesia is an oceanic country located in South East Asia. Indonesia, being one of the
most populated countries in the world, it requires a steady economy, which is largely dependent
on its exportation of timber, pulp and various other natural resources. The demand for these
resources requires the destruction of millions of hectares (ha) of forests. The worldwide demand
for timber brings high prices in the international market which has helped Indonesia's
international trade flourish ("Background information…"). This industry cannot be met at a
sustainable level, as the rate of deforestation increases with every year ("Indonesia aims…"). As
Indonesia continues to cut down its forests, they are shrinking at a unsettling rate. Moreover,
with the burning of the trees, the carbon emissions of Indonesia are contributing to global
warming ("Indonesia pledges…"). Although Indonesia is one of the most environmentally
diverse countries in the world, deforestation is leading the extinction of many animal and plant
species that only live in Indonesia. In response to this, the government has passed many laws to
prevent further destruction of its forests. Indonesia has also made agreements with other nations,
who pledge to give the country money in return for the reduction of their carbon emissions. The
government is also working with many environmental groups to stop its growing deforestation
issue. Despite this, the government does not strictly uphold these laws and deforestation
continues, and many experts would agree, they are making unrealistic goals for the future
(Padden). Furthermore, many animal species inhabit these forests and only thrive in the ones
2. 2
specific to Indonesia. With the decreasing forests, these animals are becoming endangered and
could possibly bring them to extinction. Although the deforestation of Indonesia provides some
economic benefit to the country, it has more negative economic, political and environmental
impacts.
A positive aspect of Indonesia's deforestation is that it increases the revenue of the
country. The demand for timber is very high worldwide. Since this demand is so high, the price
of timber is also very high, which is beneficial to the Indonesian economy. In the 1970s
Indonesia began to develop its wood-processing industries to use its valuable resource of timber
to improve the economy of the country ("Background information…"). The government has
given permission to favored companies to convert 16 million ha of forest to conversion to timber
or other agricultural plantations (Stolle). Additionally, much of the deforestation of Indonesia is
a result of the palm oil plantations. In 2008, the estimated GDP of Indonesia was about 510.5
billion dollars with an increase of about five percent per year as a result of the growing
importance of industries in Indonesia. ("The Economic Benefit…" and World Bank). Many of
the industries contributing to the growth of the economy are from palm oil and the exportation of
timber. Overall, the great majority of Indonesia's economic growth and success is due to its
forest-related exports.
Although Indonesia is currently benefitting economically from deforestation, this demand
cannot be maintained at a sustainable level. The total amount of forest cover in Indonesia is
about 88 million ha. The rate at which deforestation is occurring is increasing. In the 1980s,
about one million ha per year were cleared and in the 1990s this number rose to about 1.7 million
ha. In 1996, this number increased to about 2 million ha (Stolle). If about 2 million ha per year of
forest is cut down and the total amount of forest in Indonesia is only 88 million ha, the forests
3. 3
would only be able to provide timber for about 40 years (Butler). Illegal logging is also a great
contributor to deforestation and is adding to the instability of the forests. "Illegal logging has
reached epidemic proportions as a result of Indonesia's chronic structural imbalance between
legal wood supply and demand" (Stolle). Along with illegal logging, legal logging also is not
conducted at a sustainable level. In 1995 there were 17 million ha of legal timber production
forests but in only 5 years there were under 8 million ha left. Given the rate at which
deforestation is occurring, it is likely that the forests will be completely gone in only years. If
this happens, not only will the forests be gone, but Indonesia will have lost its most important
source of economic gain.
As the Indonesian government has realized that deforestation has become such a huge
issue, it has begun to pass many laws to restrict deforestation. Some of the laws passed to
prevent deforestation include, a sentence of life in prison or death for anyone who finances
illegal logging, 10 years in prison for anyone who assists illegal logging, 3-10 years in prison for
anyone transporting illegal timber and 5-15 years of imprisonment for holding or handling illegal
timber ("Special Regulation…"). Along with the passage of these laws, Indonesia has also
become involved with many groups that work against deforestation. Indonesian President Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono announced that he would willingly reduce Indonesia's carbon emissions by
42 percent by the year 2020, and in exchange, through REDD, Norway would pay them one
billion dollars to help preserve the forests. In addition, Indonesia has also promised to create a
two- year moratorium of the clearing of the forests ("Indonesia aims…"). Agus Purnomo from
the National Council on Climate Change stated that: "if there are other economic activities which
will be created by this financial assistance, then the local communities, the local companies and
the local governments will be able to continue their economic development activities without
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damaging the forests" (Indonesia aims…"). With the money that is being paid to Indonesia by
Norway, the need for deforestation will cease, as the money will bring about new businesses and
provide financial aid. Since the fall of President Suharto, access to official information
concerning deforestation has improved (Stolle). Moreover, "Indonesia was one of the first
countries to sign the Convention on Biological Diversity and to prepare a National Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan" ("Background information…"). Since the people of Indonesia have
become more aware of the seriousness of the situation of deforestation, they have been taking
increased action to prevent this growing issue.
Despite the fact that the government is taking many steps towards limiting deforestation,
they are not strictly enforcing the laws put in place. Agus Purnomo of the Council on Climate
Change says that "If you are living in area where there are no other economic activities you are
bound to cut the trees" ("Indonesia aims…"). Even if the government passes laws to prevent
illegal logging people will continue to illegally log the forests, if they have no other means of
economic gain. An issue in agreeing to make significant reforms quickly, is that governments are
sometimes hesitant to take action to prevent it because they are expensive to develop or they
conflict with land right issues" (Butler). The ban of deforestation was supposed to be put in place
in January of 2011, but is currently not because the Indonesian government is struggling to figure
out ways to make environmental gains without hurting the economy (Padden). The process of
reducing deforestation is not a simple process but will be extremely difficult, "It will require […]
determining who controls what rights to land; tackling corruption; redirecting misplaced
incentives that drive deforestation…" (Butler). Many experts agree that the terms made by
Indonesia are unrealistic. Yuyun Idradi, Green Peace campaigner states that the ban will only
cover the new land permits and exempt the old ones. He also says that the majority of the areas
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that are meant to be put under the ban are already protected and that putting a new ban on them
will have no effect. Climate Change Group member Robert Daniel states that "Very little forest
will be protected as a result of the moratorium" (Padden). Overall, the results of the moratorium
will not be seen immediately as the process will be long and hard. This is a result of the
government's inability to enforce their laws and cooperate to significantly reduce deforestation
and carbon emissions.
Finally, the deforestation of Indonesia has led to the loss of one of the most
environmentally diverse forests in the world, killing many native plant and animal species as
well as emitting carbon into the atmosphere and contributing to global climate change. Once the
forests of Indonesia are cut down, the rotting trees release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Additionally, the burning of the forests results in the release of carbon as well. In total this adds
up to about 20% of greenhouse gases from humans (“Indonesia pledges…”). Over the years, as a
result of deforestation, the forest cover is now less than half of its original amount. Fires burn
down the forests regularly and the resulting air pollution causes health issues that are evident
even in other countries. After China and the United States, Indonesia is now the world’s third
largest emitter of greenhouse gases (Butler). Furthermore, the deforestation of Indonesia is
destroying the habitats of many species of animals. This has pushed these species to the brink of
extinction. Some examples of animals that are highly endangered in Indonesia include elephants
and tigers. “In the past 25 years, elephant populations in Riau fell 84 percent to only 210
animals, while tiger populations were estimated to have tumbled by 70 percent to perhaps just
192 individuals…” (Reuters). Another animal that is highly endangered as a result of the
deforestation of Indonesia is the orangutan. “Estimates are that as many as 2000 orangutans, out
of a population of only 50,000 to 60,000 animals, are lost every year” (Smith). In an area of
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Indonesia known as the Tripa Swamps which are located on the west side of Aceh, the forest
cover fell by 37,000 ha in a period of four years, from 1993 and 1997. As a result, about 62
percent of the orangutan population in this area declined from 1,350 to only 510 individuals
("The oil for ape…"). This clearly illustrates how deforestation is leading to the extinction of the
animals living in this habitat. The issue of endangered animals in Indonesia is quickly rising.
Many of these species are native only to Indonesia and will not be able to survive in other
countries. If deforestation cannot be stopped, then many of these species will go extinct in the
future.
Although deforestation of Indonesia has increased the revenue of the country, it cannot be
conducted at a sustainable level. As the government becomes aware of this issue, they pass many
laws to restrict deforestation but do not enforce them effectively. Ultimately, the deforestation of
Indonesia is leading to increased carbon emissions into the atmosphere, contributing to overall
climate change, and is leading to the loss of many of the animals and plants native to Indonesia.
The deforestation of Indonesia is a serious world issue. The government is not effectively
enforcing the laws put into place to prevent it and they are not making realistic goals for future
reduction of deforestation. This ineffectiveness is leading to the extinction of many animals, such
as orangutans, elephants and tigers, which are native only to Indonesia and it is contributing to
global warming and climate change.
7. 7
Works Cited
"Background information on Indonesia, deforestation and illegal logging." Abc.net.au. Four
Corners. 2002. Web. 19 Mar. 2011.
Butler, Rhett. "Indonesia's Corruption Legacy Clouds a Forest Protection Plan." Yale.edu. Global
Forest Watch. 27 Dec. 2010. Web. 19 Mar. 2011.
Friends of the Earth, et al. "The Oil For Ape Scandal: How Palm Oil Is Threatening Orang-Utan
Survival." Sep. 2005. Print.
"Indonesia aims to halt deforestation." CNN News. CNN. 27 Nov. 2010. Web. 7 Mar. 2011.
"Indonesia pledges two-year deforestation moratorium." BBC News. BBC. 27 May 2010. Web. 7
Mar. 2011.
Padden, Brian. "Indonesia's Deforestation Moratorium Still On Hold." VoANews.com. Voice of
America. 14 Apr. 2011. Web. 20 May 2011.
Reuters. "Indonesian Deforestation Threatens Elephants: WWT." Enn.com. ENN: Environmental
News Network. 27 Feb. 2008. Web. 10 Mar. 2011.
Smith, Dawn. "Indonesia's Endangered Orangutan: Palm Oil And Pet Trade Threaten World's
Only Arboreal Great Ape." Thekindnessclinic.com. Wildlife Preservation. 7 Nov. 2007.
Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
"Special Regulation Pending A Law (Perpu) On Illegal Logging - (Draft)." Dte.gn.apc.org. DTE.
1 Jul. 2004. Web. 10 Mar. 2011.
Stolle, Fred. "Indonesia's Forests in Brief." Globalforestwatch.org. Global Forest Watch. n.d.
Web. 19 Mar. 2011.
"World Development Indicators." Data.worldbank.org. The World Bank. n.d. Web. 21 May.
2011.
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World Growth. "The Economic Benefit Of Palm Oil To Indonesia." World Growth: Palm Oil
Green Development Campaign. Feb. 2011. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.