Bijan Yavar is a research fellow, PhD student, and founder and CEO of MEPCO. The document discusses definitions of risk, emergency, crisis, and disaster from perspectives of both certainty and uncertainty. It provides details on definitions of disaster risk and crisis from various sources. Crisis is defined as a point of change that can have both negative and positive outcomes, while disaster refers to events beyond a community's capacity to respond on its own.
Corporate Crisis Management - Minimize the ChaosMissionMode
This white paper is an executive introduction to crisis management—what it is, why it's important, and key principles for success. Senior managers in particular will benefit from this insider's guide.
People, processes and management tools are critical components of a successful crisis response, and effective communication is the foundation. Neglect any of these facets, and a crisis can easily escalate.
Crisis management expert Elizabeth Stevens provides a solid overview of these areas, as well as expert advice.
Table of Contents:
What is Crisis Management?
Preparedness:
– People
– Program
– Platform
Communication: the single most important element
Critical communications considerations
Crisis management for non crisis managers Taha ABULAYNINTaha ABULAYNIN
Crisis management for non crisis managers
What is Crisis?
Crisis Characteristics
Crisis vs. incidents
Risk to Crisis
Crisis Typology
Crisis management
Operating During Crisis
Strategic management and crisis
Corporate Crisis Management - Minimize the ChaosMissionMode
This white paper is an executive introduction to crisis management—what it is, why it's important, and key principles for success. Senior managers in particular will benefit from this insider's guide.
People, processes and management tools are critical components of a successful crisis response, and effective communication is the foundation. Neglect any of these facets, and a crisis can easily escalate.
Crisis management expert Elizabeth Stevens provides a solid overview of these areas, as well as expert advice.
Table of Contents:
What is Crisis Management?
Preparedness:
– People
– Program
– Platform
Communication: the single most important element
Critical communications considerations
Crisis management for non crisis managers Taha ABULAYNINTaha ABULAYNIN
Crisis management for non crisis managers
What is Crisis?
Crisis Characteristics
Crisis vs. incidents
Risk to Crisis
Crisis Typology
Crisis management
Operating During Crisis
Strategic management and crisis
Situational crisis communication theory (SCCT).docxbudabrooks46239
Situational crisis communication theory (SCCT)
It was proposed by W. Timothy Coombs implying that there is need for crisis managers to harmonize strategic crisis responses to the extent of crisis responsibility and threat to reputation caused by that crisis. Crisis type evaluation, history of the crisis and previous relationship reputation assist crisis managers to forecast the level of threat to the organization and how the organization’s publics are likely to perceive the crisis and respond to the crisis (Coombs & Holladay, 2012). A crisis is any threat to operations of an organization that can have significant negative effects if not handled properly. These threats could involve loss of reputation, financial meltdown or even a hazard to public safety. Coombs created an experimental SCCT that gives communicators scientific support in decision making implying that actions by an organization after the crisis depend on the situation of the crisis (Coombs, 2007).
Coombs designed strategy guidelines in response to a crisis. The first step is that information and adjustment to the information are adequate when the crisis has minimum crisis responsibility attribution (victim crises) and absence of history of identical crises prior to the reputation of the relationship. Playing victim may be used partly in response to violence, tampering with products, rumors and natural disasters (Coombs & Holladay, 2002). Strategies for reducing the crisis should be employed for any crisis with minimum crisis responsibility attribution (victim crises) and absence of history of identical crises prior to the reputation of the relationship. Rebuilding actions must be taken for a crisis with a low attribution of crisis responsibility (accidental).
Rebuilding response strategies must be used for a crisis with strong attribution of crisis responsibility (preventable) irrespective of history or previous relationship with reputation. The strategy of denying must only be used in the case of rumors when necessary. Consistency has to be maintained throughout the crisis to increase effectiveness of the response to the crisis (Coombs, 2006a). The main factor determining an effective strategic response to a crisis is understanding of the situation and the amount of threat posed by the crisis. Threat to reputation is influenced by the initial crisis responsibility, history of the crisis and previous relational reputation.
Initial crisis responsibility is based on quickness, accuracy and consistency. A response to a crisis must be provided as soon as it occurs. During a crisis, people need to know the cause and experts in crisis management usually talk of information vacuums created by the crisis. Accurate information needs to be disseminated to the public (Coombs, 2007). Any statements that are not correct have to be corrected since they make an organization look incompetent. Speaking with one voice during a crisis maintains accuracy. Consistent feedback needs to b.
Crisis Management and Communications by W. Timothy Coombs, P.docxfaithxdunce63732
Crisis Management and Communications
by W. Timothy Coombs, Ph.D
October 30, 2007
Introduction
Crisis management is a critical organizational function. Failure can result in serious harm to stakeholders, losses
for an organization, or end its very existence. Public relations practitioners are an integral part of crisis
management teams. So a set of best practices and lessons gleaned from our knowledge of crisis management
would be a very useful resource for those in public relations. Volumes have been written about crisis
management by both practitioners and researchers from many different disciplines making it a challenge to
synthesize what we know about crisis management and public relations’ place in that knowledge base. The best
place to start this effort is by defining critical concepts.
Definitions
There are plenty of definitions for a crisis. For this entry, the definition reflects key points found in the various
discussions of what constitutes a crisis. A crisis is defined here as a significant threat to operations that can have
negative consequences if not handled properly. In crisis management, the threat is the potential damage a crisis
can inflict on an organization, its stakeholders, and an industry. A crisis can create three related threats: (1)
public safety, (2) financial loss, and (3) reputation loss. Some crises, such as industrial accidents and product
harm, can result in injuries and even loss of lives. Crises can create financial loss by disrupting operations,
creating a loss of market share/purchase intentions, or spawning lawsuits related to the crisis. As Dilenschneider
(2000) noted in The Corporate Communications Bible, all crises threaten to tarnish an organization’s reputation.
A crisis reflects poorly on an organization and will damage a reputation to some degree. Clearly these three
threats are interrelated. Injuries or deaths will result in financial and reputation loss while reputations have a
financial impact on organizations.
Effective crisis management handles the threats sequentially. The primary concern in a crisis has to be public
safety. A failure to address public safety intensifies the damage from a crisis. Reputation and financial concerns
are considered after public safety has been remedied. Ultimately, crisis management is designed to protect an
organization and its stakeholders from threats and/or reduce the impact felt by threats.
Crisis management is a process designed to prevent or lessen the damage a crisis can inflict on an organization
and its stakeholders. As a process, crisis management is not just one thing. Crisis management can be divided
into three phases: (1) pre-crisis, (2) crisis response, and (3) post-crisis. The pre-crisis phase is concerned with
prevention and preparation. The crisis response phase is when management must actually respond to a crisis.
The post-crisis phase looks for ways to better prepare for the next.
Running Head: CRISIS MANAGEMENT 1
CRISIS MANAGEMENT 2
Crisis Management
College:
Name:
Date of Submission:
Introduction
A crisis may occur in a firm at any time of the day whether during normal working hours or after normal working hours. It all depends on how the stakeholders or the parties involved approach the situation. There is an incidence response plan that get developed and implemented to provide instructions for employees to follow during and immediately after a disaster or a crisis. After-hour emergency notifications are often different from those identified to get called during regular working hours.
Moreover, crisis responsibility might be moderated through the interactions between severity of damage and injured parties. Communication scholarship often emphasizes the harmful effects of media (Noll, 2003). It is because the effects of television violence on children and the crisis-oriented people increase. There are also privacy threats on the web and telemarketing scams which accelerate the outcomes and critics of the crisis. The information provided to the media need to focus on the functions of the media in people’s lives and can find positive values in entertainment and relief from the tensions of the everyday world.
External stakeholders also ought to be included in the crisis management if they majorly play a part in the functioning of the firm. It always leads to a good crisis management plan which focuses on eradicating the issue in a more professional way. Enlightened organizations respond early and modify their strategies to adapt to or participate in the development of the issue. You need to identify key personnel, establish functional roles, notify in advance and prepare the damage control to respond to a crisis management plan Galloway & Kwanash, 2005).
References
Galloway, C., & Kwanash-Aidoo, K. (2005). Public relations issues and crisis
management. Southbank, Vic: Thompson / Scoial Science Press.
Noll, A. M. (2003). Crisis communications: Lessons from September 11. Lanham, Md:
Rowman & Littlefield.
Goel, S. (2009). Crisis management: Master the skills to prevent disasters. New Delhi:
Global India Publications.
...
Crisis management prevention, diagnosis and interventionKash, T.docxfaithxdunce63732
Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis and intervention
Kash, Toby J; Darling, John R. Leadership & Organization Development Journal19.4(1998): 179-186.
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This article deals basically with the dynamic environment of today's businesses. Despite all of the efforts a company puts forth to scan the environmental issues, crises can occur and have to be managed. The article first reviews several crises in businesses during the recent times, to define and identify the nature of a crisis. Then the anatomy of a crisis is presented schematically. Finally, by recommending certain preventive measures and interventions, the article concludes that acknowledging a crisis and communicating with the stakeholders are as important as planning the prevention, diagnosis, and intervention to solve crisis situations.
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Toby J. Kash: Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA
John R. Darling: Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA
Introduction
Strategic planning as a discipline has been concurrently taught and exercised in the past 40 years. This relatively new concept has been the major thrust in the management of US corporations. The art of strategic planning has helped the planners to forecast and cope with a variety of forces, issues and problems beyond their operating control. Nevertheless, all the non-foreseeable issues cannot be forecasted. Therefore, a certain productive function for the management of these issues and crises seems to be missing in a large number of companies. The strategic planning literature shows an experience curve in such forecasts, i.e. as mistakes are made, we learn from them. That is how contingency planning, scenario analysis and surprise management have evolved. The Johnson and Johnson Tylenol case, and the Union Carbide tragedy in Bhopal, India, are examples recurrently referred to in the strategic management literature. The way these two companies dealt with a crisis issue has provided us with a certain level of knowledge and experience that can be used in similar situations.
We have also learned that it is no longer a question of "if" a business will face a crisis; it is, rather, a question of "when," "what type" and "how prepared" the company is to deal with it (Mittroff et. al., 1996). Whether it is a natural disaster, such as an earthquake, tornado or flood, or a man made disaster, such as accidents, wildcat strikes or product tampering, a business will eventually face some form of crisis.
The MIR space station, built and placed in operation by the Soviet Union in 1986, had a very limited mission and encountered anticipated mechanical problems, for which the planners had devised solutions. With the infusion of $400 million by the USA to jointly operate the system, MIR faced a situation in June 1997 that was not forecasted. An unmanned cargo ship hit the spacecraft, disabling the MIR solar pane.
Crisis management and The Art of Problem SolvingTANKO AHMED fwc
The knowledge and skill for crisis management is imperative to all individuals, groups or agencies, particularly to the youth in a crises-ridden time and space like Nigeria. This paper attempts to describe the meaning and understanding of crisis management to a group of educated, smart and active young people in the pursuit of in leadership and professional competence. Models and theories associated with crisis management are employed to outline strategies for problem-solving in crisis management. The way forward calls for a clear and active role for youth in crisis management. It is recommended for youth, to actively engage in seeking for knowledge and skills, including clear thinking on what to do in times of crisis.
A crisis intervention is an immediate and short-term emergency response to mental, emotional, physical, and behavioral distress. Crisis interventions help to restore an individual's equilibrium to their biopsychosocial functioning and minimize the potential for long-term trauma or distress
Effective Crisis CommunicationChapter 1 The Conceptual FoundatEvonCanales257
Effective Crisis Communication
Chapter 1 The Conceptual Foundation
Ulmer, R., Sellnow, T., and Seeger, M. (2019). Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA.
Importance of Crisis Communication Skills
No community, organization, public or private is immune from crises.
The need for understanding effective crisis communication has increased in demand.
Cyber attacks, public relations disasters, natural disasters, corporate, government, and private mistakes.
Because of the prevalence of crises, crisis communication skills are some of the most sought after.
Subsequent slides offer examples of crisis situations
Sports example requiring crisis communication skills
3
Business example requiring crisis communication skills
4
Government example requiring crisis communication skills
5
Political example requiring crisis communication skills
6
Natural disaster example requiring crisis communication skills
7
Defining Crisis Communication
Bad experiences are not crises
Hermann (1963) identified 3 characteristics
Surprise
Threat
Short Response Time
Traditional Definition of Crisis
Surprise
Even natural disasters such as flooding and fires do not count unless they come with an intensity that was unpredicted or beyond expectations of government officials.
Threat
Crises involve threats beyond the normal problems faced.
Can affect an organization’s financial security, customers, residents nearby, and others.
Short Response Time
Organizations must provide effective communication immediately after the initial crisis.
Difficult because in the immediate aftermath little is often known about the cause of the crisis.
Only a short window to take control and set the tone for response and recovery.
Expanding the definition of Crisis Communication
Unexpected – Could not have anticipated or planned for.
Nonroutine – Events that cannot be managed by normal procedures and often require unique or extreme measures.
Produces Uncertainty – Cannot be aware of all causes and effects and investigations and efforts to reduce uncertainty may have to continue for months or years.
Creates Opportunities – To learn, make strategic changes, grow, or develop new competitive advantages.
Threat to image, reputation, or high-priority goals – Can be intense enough to permanently damage or destroy the organization.
Types of Crises
Intentional
Terrorism
Sabotage
Workplace violence
Poor employee relationships
Poor risk management
Unethical leadership
Unintentional
Natural disasters
Disease outbreaks
Unforeseeable technical interactions
Product failure
Downturns in the economy
Types of Crises
Intentional
Terrorism
Sabotage
Workplace violence
Poor employee relationships
Poor risk management
Unethical leadership
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/dec/10/volkswagen-emissions-scandal-systematic-failures-hans-dieter-potsch
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/chicago-cps-teachers-strik ...
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بیژن یاور، دیدگاهی جدید به مدیریت خطرپذیری و بلایا، با تمرکز بر افراد با سکونتگاه های پویا (عشایر) به عنوان استاندارد توسعه پایدار
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ویرایش فنی و محتوایی متن فارسی و زیر نظر: بیژن یاور
Persian Technical Editor In Chief and Under Supervision of: Bijan Yavar
گروه ترجمه: بیژن یاور، مریم رحمانی، میثم میرطاهری، فاطمه مهریان
Translators: Bijan Yavar, Maryam Rahmani, Maisam Mirtaheri, Fatemeh Mehrian
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1. Bijan Yavar
•
•
•
•
Research Fellow and PHD Student at UKM
MEPCO CEO & Founder
Disaster Management Institute of Southern Africa
Cooperate Member Since 2008 (License Number: 1834)
Researcher ID: (A-3544-2010)
Disaster
Crisis
Emergency
Risk
Definitions (World of Certainty & Uncertainty)
3. There are many terms which need more attention such as: Uncertainty,
Ignorance, Ignoring the Ignorance, Reliability, Flexibility, perception,
vulnerability, risk (soft, Semi Soft and Hard), DRM Theories (Chaos, SCCT, Black
Swan Effect, etc), etc.
We would hereby explain in brief the Definitions of Risk, Emergency, Crisis and
Disaster to prepare a platform for a better understanding, to better decide and act.
Disaster
Can you Notice , Identify and recognize The Difference Between a Disaster
(Natural Caused) and Crisis (Human Caused)?
Crisis
To better Understand What is an Incident is of high importance to better plan
and to implement the exact precautionary actions and also to plan for the
preparedness Phase and of course the response phase .
Emergency
Introduction
Risk
Definitions (World of Certainty & Uncertainty)
4. Disaster Risk
The potential disaster losses, in lives, health
status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a
particular community or a society over some specified future time
period.
The definition of disaster risk reflects the concept of disasters as the
outcome of continuously present conditions of risk. Disaster risk
comprises different types of potential losses which are often
difficult to quantify. Nevertheless, with knowledge of the prevailing
hazards and the patterns of population and socio-economic
development, disaster risks can be assessed and mapped, in broad
terms at least.
Risk =
Hazard × Vulnerability
Capacity
Disaster
Risk
Risk is the probability of occurrence and to better say the
probability of occurrence of an Incident, Crisis, Disaster or
whatsoever it may be.
Crisis
Risk
Emergency
Risk
Definitions
6. The oxford English dictionary defines an emergency as:
“a serious, unexpected , and potentially dangerous
situation requiring immediate action.” in the field of
crisis management , emergencies are events that need
a professional response from people who are specially
trained and equipped to cope with them.
Most emergencies are relatively minor events that can
be dealt with in a routine way using resources that are
normally available.
It is evident that not all emergencies are disasters, but
all disasters are emergencies, as the latter is much
broader and less restrictive term. (Encyclopedia of
Crisis Management, 2013)
Emergencies can occur either as a result of cumulative
processes or as materialization of a sudden threat. (Ibid)
Disaster
Emergency
Crisis
Emergency
Risk
Definitions
7. Crisis
As we may know the topic has a
multidisciplinary theme. For this the author
has suggested to focus on the definition of
crisis.
There have been many definitions for crisis
especially by the new kind and set of crisis
generated in today’s changing world from
different aspects, viewpoints and different
factors internally and externally causing it.
Based on the literature reviewed the
definition for crisis shows to be problematic
and there are some debates on the crisis
exact definition (Smith, 2005).
Victor L. Heller and his colleague John R.
Darling (2012) by referring to (Shelton et al.,
2003) have mentioned that crisis definition is
related to different variables. Which is means
a world of variable verities and
diversification.
Disaster
Crisis
Emergency
Risk
Definitions
8. Crisis
Heller and his colleague (2012) has a definition for crisis
where it states that: A “crisis” can be determined as senses of
fear, panic and peril or danger, and the proportionate intraorganizational impacts that these senses and feelings may
have.
As stated by Lee (1999) crisis is how and the way to see,
which can be a changing and turning point that can be named
Sight. From the other hand based on (Darling, et al., 2002)
and in the same path, Heller and his colleague (2012) propose
that: a Crisis is a time of criticalness and a point for change
and turn which can prepare a wrong or better status. The
crisis is a condition where it has approached to the crucial
stage. crisis has also been defined as a point of change or
turn, either in the mindset or whatsoever it may be causing
and generating positive and better or negative and worse
conditions (Heller, et al., 2012) they also add that a crisis
although having large negative effects, even though Big names
such as Toyota car manufacturing company as an example can
also have positive effects in the firms future life only when it
will take its chance and opportunity to make good and correct
operations rearrangements (and changes) to help constancy
of positive development and growth.
Disaster
Crisis
Emergency
Risk
Definitions
9. Crisis
From a view, crisis is a complex of situations that produces
task demand to an organization that is out of the range of
an organization’s capability to adapt without the use of the
extra significant or frequently external sources (Smith,
2005).
Based on another definition mention by (Zhong, 2009) in
line with (Parsons ., 1996) crisis is a probability of low
occurrence, great impact phenomenon that endangers the
livability (and continuity) of organizations and is determined
by uncertainty of reason, impact, and means of intent,
besides by a faith that as soon as possible the decisions
should be made.
Crisis is something unexpected and quick by their origin
which the majority mainly concentrates on the effects and
how to mitigate instead of the causes which generated it
(Kippenberger, 1999).
It is important to point out that the crisis shows up to
twinkle in the most safe assumptions of all cooperations.
(Nurmi and darling, 1997 as cited in Heller, et al., 2012)
which is been specified as “Black Swan”
Crisis in another definition is a horror which cannot be
easily seen and is invisible and awaiting us (Parsons, 1996).
Disaster
Crisis
Emergency
Risk
Definitions
10. Disaster
Crisis
Emergency
Risk
Definitions
Disaster
Disaster Is referred to a critical disorder in a community functioning or vast
material, economic, environmental and human (indirect) disorders, effects and
destructions involving the community which is beyond the capability to
respond and to cope self-sufficiently (UNISDR, 2009).
Sometimes Crisis and Disaster are used interchangeably which may cause a
misunderstanding and ambiguity. To make it clear, at first the causes of the
occurrence of an incident should be analyzed in depth and after the analysis it
will help to better understand and distinguish whether the incident occurred
has changed into a crisis or a disaster which by this means will help to make
better decisions and to act much more accurately.
11. Disaster
Crisis
B. Penuel, K. Statler, Matt, Hagen, Ryan (Eds.), 2013. The Encyclopedia of
Crisis Management, Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Heller, L. & Darling, J., 2012. Anatomy of crisis management: Lessons from the
infamous Toyota Case, European Business Review Journal, Vol. 24 No. 2, 151168.
Kippenberger, T, 2013. Reducing the Impact of the Unexpected, Management
Research, MCB UP ltd, 1999 [accessed 23 May 2013]
Lee, Young-Jai & Harrald, John R, 1999. Critical issue for business area impact
analysis in business crisis management: Analytical capability. Disaster
Prevention and Management Journal, 3: 184-189.
Parsons, Will, 1996. Crisis Management, Career development International.
U.S.A. Senior Partner, and Sterling Management Consultants, 26–28.
Perrow, C. 1999. Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies (2nd
edn). Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Smith, Denis, 2005. Business (not) as Usual: Crisis Management, Service
Recovery and the Vulnerability of Organizations, Journal of Services Marketing,
19: 309–320.
UNISDR, Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction, (2009). United Nations
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), Geneva, Switzerland.
Yavar, Bijan, 2012. SoTech Risks an important context to be taken into
consideration, International Disaster and Risk Conference (IDRC), page: 233,
Davos, GRF Press.
Zhong, Ying, and Sui Pheng Low .2009. Managing Crisis Response
Communication in Construction Projects – from a Complexity Perspective,
Disaster Prevention and Management, 18: 270–282.
Emergency
Sources
Risk
Definitions (World of Certainty & Uncertainty)