1) The document discusses deductive reasoning, explaining that it is a type of logical reasoning where conclusions are drawn from general statements and specific facts. 2) Deductive reasoning is demonstrated through syllogisms, which have a major premise stating a general principle, a minor premise providing a specific instance, and a conclusion that logically follows. 3) Examples of deductive syllogisms are provided to illustrate this process of reasoning from general to specific.

1. ASSIGNMENT #5 : POWER POINT PRESENTATION
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
DATE OF SUBMISSION : DECEMBER 15, 2023
079_ Dr. Sidra Shoaib Qureshi
CHPE(05)_079_2023
Deductive
Reasoning
‫استخراجی‬
‫استدالل‬

2. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• The learners will be able to
 Define Logical reasoning
 Differentiate different types of Reasonings- Deductive versus
Inductive
 Explain Deductive reasoning with examples.
 Define Statement, Reasoning, Deductions and conclusions.

3. WHAT IS LOGICAL REASONING ANYWAY?
The Ability to Assess things
rationally
by
Applying logic based on information
while
“making a decision”.

4. WHAT IS LOGICAL REASONING ANYWAY?
The Ability to Assess things
rationally
by
Applying logic based on information
while
“making a decision”.

5. WHAT IS LOGICAL REASONING ANYWAY?
The Ability to Assess things
rationally
by
Applying logic based on information
while
“making a decision”.

6. WHY
TO
PERFORM
LOGICAL
REASONING
Solving
problems
Handles
uncertainty
Assess
situation
carefully
Verify claims

7. TYPES OF LOGICAL REASONING
Inductive Deductive

8. TYPES OF LOGICAL REASONING
Our main focus
of discussion
today is
Deductive

9. Before we explain the
DEDUCTIVE REASONING WITH
EXAMPLES
Lets briefly learn about
INDUCTIVE REASONING

10. INDUCTIVE REASONING Observing Data
Recognizing
Patterns
Making
Generalizations

11. The inference made from
inductive reasoning may
never happen as it is based on
observations and not facts .
The results are predictable
but NOT ALWAYS correct

12. An example of
Inclusive reasoning
End of the day
Final result

14. DEDUCTIVE REASONING/ LOGIC
• A type of logic in which one goes from a
general statement to a specific instance.
• It uses facts, rules, definitions or properties
to arrive at a conclusion

15. DEDUCTIVE REASONING/ LOGIC
• A type of logic in which one goes from a
general statement to a specific instance.
• It uses facts, rules, definitions or properties
to arrive at a conclusion

16. General theory
exists
AN EXPLANATION
Formulated
Collect & ANALYZE
Data
CONCLUSION
DERIVED
Deductive theory – Main Steps

18. LET DIVE DEEPER INTO DEDUCTIVE REASON

19. DEDUCTIVE SYLLOGISM - KEY DEFINITIONS
Argument
Premise
Conclusion
‫بیان‬/‫دلیل‬
‫مفروضہ‬ ‫ممکنہ‬
‫نتیجہ‬

20. DEDUCTIVE SYLLOGISM- SYLLOGISM: AN
ARGUMENT ARRANGED IN THREE PARTS
• 1. Major Premise: General Principle
• 2. Minor Premise: Specific Instance
• 3. Conclusion: Follows Logically
GENERAL  SPECIFIC

21. LETS PRACTICE A COUPLE OF
EXAMPLES

22. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE 1
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All Good Students are on Dean’s list”
Minor Premise: Specific Instance
• “Samreen is a good Student.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Samreen is on Dean’s List.”

23. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE 1
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All Good Students are on Dean’s list”
Minor Premise: Specific Instance
• “Samreen is a good Student.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Samreen is on Dean’s List.”

24. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All Good Students are on Dean’s list”
Minor Premise: Specific Instance
• “Samreen is a good Student.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Samreen must be on Dean’s List.”

25. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE 2
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All New Faculty members need to attend a certificate
course in medical education prior to appointment.”
Minor Premise: (Specific Instance)
• “ Allah Nawaz has been selected as Assistant professor
today in a medical university.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Allah Nawaz has passed his CMT .”

26. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE 2
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All New Faculty members need to attend a certificate
course in medical education prior to appointment.”
Minor Premise: (Specific Instance)
• “ Allah Nawaz has been selected as Assistant professor
today in a medical university.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Allah Nawaz has passed his CMT .”

27. SYLLOGISM – EXAMPLE 2
Major Premise: ( General Principle )
• “All New Faculty members need to attend a certificate
course in medical education prior to appointment.”
Minor Premise: (Specific Instance)
• “ Allah Nawaz has been selected as Assistant professor
today in a medical university.”
Conclusion: Follows Logically
“Allah Nawaz has passed his CMT .”

28. HOW WILL PAKISTAN DO IN AUSTRALIA ?
DATA
Pak has won 15
and Aus 34 times
out of 70
matches
Pattern
Pakistan has won
last 07 matches
played in
Australia.
Conclusion
Pakistan will win
the series in 2023
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH TYPE OF REASONING ?

29. INCLUSIVE REASONING
DATA
Pak has won 15
and Aus 34 times
out of 70
matches
Pattern
Pakistan has won
last 07 matches
played in
Australia.
Conclusion
Pakistan will win
the series in 2023
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH TYPE OF REASONING ?

30. WAS SOCRATES MORTAL OR IMMORTAL ?
Major
Premise
All human
beings are
Mortal
Minor
Premise
Socrates was
a human
being
Conclusion
Socrates
must be
mortal .
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH TYPE OF REASONING ?

31. DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Major
Premise
All human
beings are
Mortal
Minor
Premise
Socrates was
a human
being
Conclusion
Socrates
must be
mortal .
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH TYPE OF REASONING ?

32. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
• The Ability to Assess things rationally by Applying logic
based on information while “making a decision” is called
reasoning
• Reasoning can be Inductive or Deductive.
• Deductive reasoning is explained by using principles of
Syllogism.
• A general argument uses premises ( general principles &
Specific instance) to deduct LOGICAL conclusions.