This chapter introduces research in Islamic economics and finance. It defines research as the search for pertinent information on a topic and an original contribution to existing knowledge. The objectives of research are to answer research problems through scientific methodology and gain new knowledge. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees, solving problems, and serving society. Research methodology refers to the scientific steps taken to solve research problems. Research in Islamic economics and finance has specific characteristics as it must be grounded in Islamic principles. The topics of research are diverse and classified using systems like KAUJIE codes from the Islamic Economics Institute in Saudi Arabia.
How to design a protocol for medical researchاحمد البحيري
The document provides guidance on designing research protocols and outlines the steps to writing a protocol. It discusses the components of a protocol, including the title page, introduction, aims, hypothesis, methodology, and references. It also provides examples of three research projects being conducted by trainees at Abbassia Psychiatry Hospital, covering topics on adolescent psychiatric disorders, parenting programs for conduct disorders, and personality disorders in addict populations.
Business research involves systematically gathering and analyzing data to make good business decisions. It aims to answer questions related to marketing, human resources, finance, and other areas. Learning research methods is important for managers to solve day-to-day problems using a scientific approach that reduces uncertainty. Understanding research allows managers to identify issues, diagnose problems, select actions, and evaluate outcomes. It also helps complete academic requirements like master's theses, stay updated in one's field, and critically evaluate other studies. Quantitative research uses numerical data to test theories while qualitative research aims to understand phenomena through words. Mixed methods combine both approaches.
This document outlines the objectives and requirements of a research methods course. The course will introduce students to key aspects of proposing, designing, conducting, and reporting research projects. It will span 12 weekly sessions. Students will be graded based on a research proposal, two assignments, and a final paper. The document provides contact information for the course convenor and teaching assistants. It also outlines computing requirements and the format of lectures, assignments, and grading.
This document discusses different aspects of hypotheses in research. It defines hypothesis, lists its characteristics and importance. It describes the steps in scientific method, research, educational research and problem solving method. It explains the different forms of hypotheses like simple, complex, working, null, alternative and logical hypotheses. It also discusses the types of hypotheses such as directional, non-directional and declarative hypotheses.
The document outlines guidelines for a dissertation/research proposal. It explains that the purpose of a proposal is to: describe the intended study and its importance; show how the study is grounded in literature; and outline a plan for conducting the study. It provides details on what should be included in the introduction, literature review, theoretical framework, hypotheses, and method sections of a proposal to convince readers that the proposed study is worthwhile and the methods are sound. The method section in particular should provide specifics on study design, data collection instruments, procedures, and analytical strategies.
This document discusses research hypotheses. It begins by defining a research hypothesis as a single sentence that specifies what an investigator expects to find. It then provides several definitions and characteristics of hypotheses, including that they should be clear, precise, testable, and consistent with established facts. The document outlines the importance of hypotheses in guiding research and preventing blind studies. It also distinguishes between descriptive, null, and alternative hypotheses. Finally, it lists criteria for good hypotheses such as being compatible with current knowledge and being logical, consistent, succinct, and testable.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and defines key terms. It discusses that research is a systematic process of enunciating a problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. The scientific method relies on empirical evidence, objectivity, and logical reasoning. There are different types of research including qualitative, quantitative, primary and secondary research. The document also outlines various research methods like experimental research, surveys, case studies, and analytical studies. It discusses key aspects of research like the literature review and criteria for good research.
How to design a protocol for medical researchاحمد البحيري
The document provides guidance on designing research protocols and outlines the steps to writing a protocol. It discusses the components of a protocol, including the title page, introduction, aims, hypothesis, methodology, and references. It also provides examples of three research projects being conducted by trainees at Abbassia Psychiatry Hospital, covering topics on adolescent psychiatric disorders, parenting programs for conduct disorders, and personality disorders in addict populations.
Business research involves systematically gathering and analyzing data to make good business decisions. It aims to answer questions related to marketing, human resources, finance, and other areas. Learning research methods is important for managers to solve day-to-day problems using a scientific approach that reduces uncertainty. Understanding research allows managers to identify issues, diagnose problems, select actions, and evaluate outcomes. It also helps complete academic requirements like master's theses, stay updated in one's field, and critically evaluate other studies. Quantitative research uses numerical data to test theories while qualitative research aims to understand phenomena through words. Mixed methods combine both approaches.
This document outlines the objectives and requirements of a research methods course. The course will introduce students to key aspects of proposing, designing, conducting, and reporting research projects. It will span 12 weekly sessions. Students will be graded based on a research proposal, two assignments, and a final paper. The document provides contact information for the course convenor and teaching assistants. It also outlines computing requirements and the format of lectures, assignments, and grading.
This document discusses different aspects of hypotheses in research. It defines hypothesis, lists its characteristics and importance. It describes the steps in scientific method, research, educational research and problem solving method. It explains the different forms of hypotheses like simple, complex, working, null, alternative and logical hypotheses. It also discusses the types of hypotheses such as directional, non-directional and declarative hypotheses.
The document outlines guidelines for a dissertation/research proposal. It explains that the purpose of a proposal is to: describe the intended study and its importance; show how the study is grounded in literature; and outline a plan for conducting the study. It provides details on what should be included in the introduction, literature review, theoretical framework, hypotheses, and method sections of a proposal to convince readers that the proposed study is worthwhile and the methods are sound. The method section in particular should provide specifics on study design, data collection instruments, procedures, and analytical strategies.
This document discusses research hypotheses. It begins by defining a research hypothesis as a single sentence that specifies what an investigator expects to find. It then provides several definitions and characteristics of hypotheses, including that they should be clear, precise, testable, and consistent with established facts. The document outlines the importance of hypotheses in guiding research and preventing blind studies. It also distinguishes between descriptive, null, and alternative hypotheses. Finally, it lists criteria for good hypotheses such as being compatible with current knowledge and being logical, consistent, succinct, and testable.
This document provides an overview of research methodology and defines key terms. It discusses that research is a systematic process of enunciating a problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. The scientific method relies on empirical evidence, objectivity, and logical reasoning. There are different types of research including qualitative, quantitative, primary and secondary research. The document also outlines various research methods like experimental research, surveys, case studies, and analytical studies. It discusses key aspects of research like the literature review and criteria for good research.
A presentation on basics of research by Dr. Keshava, Professor, Department of Studies and Research in Library and Information Science, Tumkur University, Karnataka, India.
This document outlines an educational webinar on scientific research. It discusses key topics like the definition of research, the basic vs applied distinction, the scientific method, and the 10 hallmarks of scientific research. These include research being a driver of innovation, moving fast, being purposeful, rigorous, hypothesis-driven, reproducible, precise and objective. The webinar aims to explain the basic concepts and process of scientific research.
This document discusses research methodology, specifically focusing on research questions and hypotheses. It defines what a research question is and discusses the different types of research questions. It also defines what a hypothesis is, discusses the importance and nature of hypotheses, and types of hypotheses. It provides guidance on formulating research questions and hypotheses, including characteristics of good research questions and how hypotheses vary based on whether a study is qualitative or quantitative. Finally, it outlines the key differences between research questions and hypotheses.
Research methodology & principles and pitfalls of a clinical trial designDr Antarleena Sengupta
The document discusses principles and pitfalls of clinical trial design in research methodology. It covers topics like the objectives of research, types of research methodology including qualitative and quantitative methods, principles of clinical trial design, and potential pitfalls in clinical trial design. The document emphasizes that research methodology involves systematically solving research problems through logical steps like problem formulation, hypothesis formulation, sampling, data collection, data presentation, analysis and interpretation.
This document discusses case study research and provides guidance for conducting case studies. It covers when case studies are appropriate to use, elements of research design such as questions and propositions, data collection, and analysis. The key points are:
- Case studies are well-suited for exploratory research when existing theory is inadequate or a fresh perspective is needed. They can be used to answer "how" and "why" questions.
- Components of research design include questions, propositions, units of analysis, linking data to propositions, and interpreting criteria. Questions need to be translated into propositions to structure data collection and analysis.
- Case studies investigate contemporary phenomena in their real-world context when clear boundaries between phenomenon
This document provides guidance on how to write an abstract for an academic paper or research study. It discusses the key components and structure of an abstract, including the title, authors, introduction/background, methods, results, and conclusions sections. The introduction explains the purpose of an abstract is to concisely summarize the entire paper in a short space. The body provides tips for writing each section of an abstract and examples of well-structured abstracts. It emphasizes the abstract should answer why the study was conducted, what methods were used, what results were found, and what the overall conclusions and implications are.
Research methodology and medical statistics book previewarmarcayurveda
This document provides an introduction to a book on research methodology and medical statistics for students in Ayurveda and related medical fields. The book is divided into two main sections - research methodology and medical statistics. It aims to simplify complex topics for undergraduate and postgraduate students. In the preface, the author expresses his goal of making the subject and language easy to understand. He was inspired to write the book based on teaching students over 17 years and shaping the content into a simplified reference guide. The book covers key areas of research like the historical context in Ayurveda, different types of research, the research process, ethics, and use of information technology. It also addresses important statistical concepts for medical research such as data collection,
This document is a project report on the perceptions of inhabitants regarding health and sanitation in Cooch Behar Municipality, India. It includes an acknowledgement, research methodology section explaining different research approaches and processes. It then discusses the author's research problem focusing on degraded health and sanitation in Cooch Behar district. The objectives are to examine hygiene conditions, health issues, civic amenities, public reactions, water supply, and prevalent diseases. The literature review covers definitions of urban areas and facilities provided by municipalities. It also gives background details on Cooch Behar Municipality.
Research in Ayurveda provides scope in theoretical, experimental, and clinical research areas. Theoretical research could explore fundamental Ayurvedic principles like doshas. Experimental research could involve tests described in Ayurvedic texts. Clinical research offers an important domain to develop new treatment protocols by studying Ayurvedic case observations and medicine trials. Research is needed to validate Ayurveda's efficacy, safety, and quality according to modern standards, and to upgrade Ayurveda over time based on new health issues. Researchers face problems with variables like individualized Ayurvedic dosing and assessing non-quantitative concepts.
Research refers to a careful, systematic study aimed at establishing facts or principles. It involves structured inquiry using scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge. The key characteristics of research are that it is controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable, empirical, and critical. There are different types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
This document discusses research design. It begins by defining research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economical procedures. The document then outlines the key parts of research design including sampling, observational, statistical, and operational design. It also discusses important concepts such as independent and dependent variables, extraneous variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments. The document concludes by describing three main types of research design: exploratory, descriptive/diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing designs. It provides examples of methods used for each type of design.
The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing, including:
- Definitions of hypothesis as an assumption that can be tested, and characteristics of a good hypothesis.
- The process of hypothesis testing including formulating the null and alternative hypotheses, selecting a significance level, calculating a test statistic, and deciding whether to reject the null hypothesis.
- Sources of hypotheses such as previous studies, observations, theories.
- Types of hypotheses like universal/descriptive versus statistical, and errors that can occur in hypothesis testing like Type I and Type II errors.
In summary, the document outlines the key concepts and steps involved in hypothesis testing.
The document defines research as a systematic, careful investigation aimed at discovering and interpreting new facts or information to increase knowledge. Research involves formulating hypotheses, collecting data through various methods, analyzing findings, and drawing conclusions. The objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe phenomena, determine frequency of associations, and test hypotheses about causal relationships. Research is motivated by various factors like the desire for knowledge, career benefits, intellectual stimulation, and helping society. The key types are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical. Research is significant as it promotes logical thinking, informs government policy, solves business problems, and addresses social issues.
This document outlines the course description and topics to be covered in a research methodology course at University of Taibah Department of Biology. The 15-week course covers various stages of scientific research including identifying problems, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and scientific writing and publication. It also includes training sessions on formulating hypotheses, presenting data, and identifying correct and incorrect examples of scientific writing. The course aims to equip students with the necessary skills to conduct scientific research properly and ethically.
This document provides an overview of research methodology for a master's degree in computer science. It defines key terms like research, hypothesis, theory, and law. It discusses the benefits of conducting research and qualities of good researchers. The scientific method is explained as a process involving observation, hypothesis development, experimentation, and evaluation. Research methodology refers to general research approaches while research methods provide precise procedures. The document outlines the typical steps in the research process from identifying a problem to publishing results.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH.Sheina Mae Casem.pptxsheinaasuncion
This document discusses the significance and process of research. It begins by defining research and describing its objectives, which include gaining new insights, describing characteristics, and testing hypotheses. It then outlines the main types of research as descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Finally, it details the eight steps of the research process: 1) identifying the problem, 2) reviewing literature, 3) formulating hypotheses, 4) designing the research, 5) collecting primary data, 6) carrying out the research, 7) preparing results, and 8) reporting findings. The document provides explanations and examples for each step of the research process.
The document discusses the aims and objectives of research. It outlines four broad groupings of research objectives: 1) to gain familiarity with a phenomenon, 2) to accurately portray characteristics of a situation or group, 3) to determine frequency of occurrences or associations, and 4) to test hypotheses about causal relationships. It also lists criteria for scientific research such as having a clearly defined purpose, using an appropriately described research procedure, and obtaining objective results.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses definitions of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It covers research design principles like defining variables and controlling for extraneous factors. It also outlines different research designs for exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies. Sample design concepts involving probability and non-probability sampling are presented. Methods of primary data collection like observation, interviews and questionnaires are explained. Finally, it provides guidance on constructing questionnaires and successful interviewing techniques.
The document provides an overview of research design and methods of data collection in research. It discusses key aspects of research design including defining variables, developing hypotheses, and different types of designs for exploratory, descriptive, and experimental studies. It also covers sampling design, important concepts in sample design, and different sampling techniques. Finally, it discusses primary and secondary data, and different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides guidelines for developing good questionnaires and conducting successful interviews.
General Characteristics of Research, Criteria of a Good Research, Types of Re...GeraldCorrales
This document outlines various characteristics and types of research. It discusses that research aims to discover general principles through systematic and accurate investigation using valid data collection. Good research is systematic, logical, and replicable. The basic types of research are descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, and conceptual vs empirical. Other variations include exploratory vs formulated and historical vs decision-oriented research. The document concludes with an activity asking students to find examples of each type of research.
The document discusses scientific research methods. It introduces key concepts like hypotheses, the scientific method, and different types of research methods including observations, correlations, self-reports, and experiments. It also outlines the goals of descriptive, correlational, and experimental research and discusses basic and applied research.
A presentation on basics of research by Dr. Keshava, Professor, Department of Studies and Research in Library and Information Science, Tumkur University, Karnataka, India.
This document outlines an educational webinar on scientific research. It discusses key topics like the definition of research, the basic vs applied distinction, the scientific method, and the 10 hallmarks of scientific research. These include research being a driver of innovation, moving fast, being purposeful, rigorous, hypothesis-driven, reproducible, precise and objective. The webinar aims to explain the basic concepts and process of scientific research.
This document discusses research methodology, specifically focusing on research questions and hypotheses. It defines what a research question is and discusses the different types of research questions. It also defines what a hypothesis is, discusses the importance and nature of hypotheses, and types of hypotheses. It provides guidance on formulating research questions and hypotheses, including characteristics of good research questions and how hypotheses vary based on whether a study is qualitative or quantitative. Finally, it outlines the key differences between research questions and hypotheses.
Research methodology & principles and pitfalls of a clinical trial designDr Antarleena Sengupta
The document discusses principles and pitfalls of clinical trial design in research methodology. It covers topics like the objectives of research, types of research methodology including qualitative and quantitative methods, principles of clinical trial design, and potential pitfalls in clinical trial design. The document emphasizes that research methodology involves systematically solving research problems through logical steps like problem formulation, hypothesis formulation, sampling, data collection, data presentation, analysis and interpretation.
This document discusses case study research and provides guidance for conducting case studies. It covers when case studies are appropriate to use, elements of research design such as questions and propositions, data collection, and analysis. The key points are:
- Case studies are well-suited for exploratory research when existing theory is inadequate or a fresh perspective is needed. They can be used to answer "how" and "why" questions.
- Components of research design include questions, propositions, units of analysis, linking data to propositions, and interpreting criteria. Questions need to be translated into propositions to structure data collection and analysis.
- Case studies investigate contemporary phenomena in their real-world context when clear boundaries between phenomenon
This document provides guidance on how to write an abstract for an academic paper or research study. It discusses the key components and structure of an abstract, including the title, authors, introduction/background, methods, results, and conclusions sections. The introduction explains the purpose of an abstract is to concisely summarize the entire paper in a short space. The body provides tips for writing each section of an abstract and examples of well-structured abstracts. It emphasizes the abstract should answer why the study was conducted, what methods were used, what results were found, and what the overall conclusions and implications are.
Research methodology and medical statistics book previewarmarcayurveda
This document provides an introduction to a book on research methodology and medical statistics for students in Ayurveda and related medical fields. The book is divided into two main sections - research methodology and medical statistics. It aims to simplify complex topics for undergraduate and postgraduate students. In the preface, the author expresses his goal of making the subject and language easy to understand. He was inspired to write the book based on teaching students over 17 years and shaping the content into a simplified reference guide. The book covers key areas of research like the historical context in Ayurveda, different types of research, the research process, ethics, and use of information technology. It also addresses important statistical concepts for medical research such as data collection,
This document is a project report on the perceptions of inhabitants regarding health and sanitation in Cooch Behar Municipality, India. It includes an acknowledgement, research methodology section explaining different research approaches and processes. It then discusses the author's research problem focusing on degraded health and sanitation in Cooch Behar district. The objectives are to examine hygiene conditions, health issues, civic amenities, public reactions, water supply, and prevalent diseases. The literature review covers definitions of urban areas and facilities provided by municipalities. It also gives background details on Cooch Behar Municipality.
Research in Ayurveda provides scope in theoretical, experimental, and clinical research areas. Theoretical research could explore fundamental Ayurvedic principles like doshas. Experimental research could involve tests described in Ayurvedic texts. Clinical research offers an important domain to develop new treatment protocols by studying Ayurvedic case observations and medicine trials. Research is needed to validate Ayurveda's efficacy, safety, and quality according to modern standards, and to upgrade Ayurveda over time based on new health issues. Researchers face problems with variables like individualized Ayurvedic dosing and assessing non-quantitative concepts.
Research refers to a careful, systematic study aimed at establishing facts or principles. It involves structured inquiry using scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge. The key characteristics of research are that it is controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable, empirical, and critical. There are different types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
This document discusses research design. It begins by defining research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economical procedures. The document then outlines the key parts of research design including sampling, observational, statistical, and operational design. It also discusses important concepts such as independent and dependent variables, extraneous variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments. The document concludes by describing three main types of research design: exploratory, descriptive/diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing designs. It provides examples of methods used for each type of design.
The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing, including:
- Definitions of hypothesis as an assumption that can be tested, and characteristics of a good hypothesis.
- The process of hypothesis testing including formulating the null and alternative hypotheses, selecting a significance level, calculating a test statistic, and deciding whether to reject the null hypothesis.
- Sources of hypotheses such as previous studies, observations, theories.
- Types of hypotheses like universal/descriptive versus statistical, and errors that can occur in hypothesis testing like Type I and Type II errors.
In summary, the document outlines the key concepts and steps involved in hypothesis testing.
The document defines research as a systematic, careful investigation aimed at discovering and interpreting new facts or information to increase knowledge. Research involves formulating hypotheses, collecting data through various methods, analyzing findings, and drawing conclusions. The objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe phenomena, determine frequency of associations, and test hypotheses about causal relationships. Research is motivated by various factors like the desire for knowledge, career benefits, intellectual stimulation, and helping society. The key types are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical. Research is significant as it promotes logical thinking, informs government policy, solves business problems, and addresses social issues.
This document outlines the course description and topics to be covered in a research methodology course at University of Taibah Department of Biology. The 15-week course covers various stages of scientific research including identifying problems, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and scientific writing and publication. It also includes training sessions on formulating hypotheses, presenting data, and identifying correct and incorrect examples of scientific writing. The course aims to equip students with the necessary skills to conduct scientific research properly and ethically.
This document provides an overview of research methodology for a master's degree in computer science. It defines key terms like research, hypothesis, theory, and law. It discusses the benefits of conducting research and qualities of good researchers. The scientific method is explained as a process involving observation, hypothesis development, experimentation, and evaluation. Research methodology refers to general research approaches while research methods provide precise procedures. The document outlines the typical steps in the research process from identifying a problem to publishing results.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH.Sheina Mae Casem.pptxsheinaasuncion
This document discusses the significance and process of research. It begins by defining research and describing its objectives, which include gaining new insights, describing characteristics, and testing hypotheses. It then outlines the main types of research as descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Finally, it details the eight steps of the research process: 1) identifying the problem, 2) reviewing literature, 3) formulating hypotheses, 4) designing the research, 5) collecting primary data, 6) carrying out the research, 7) preparing results, and 8) reporting findings. The document provides explanations and examples for each step of the research process.
The document discusses the aims and objectives of research. It outlines four broad groupings of research objectives: 1) to gain familiarity with a phenomenon, 2) to accurately portray characteristics of a situation or group, 3) to determine frequency of occurrences or associations, and 4) to test hypotheses about causal relationships. It also lists criteria for scientific research such as having a clearly defined purpose, using an appropriately described research procedure, and obtaining objective results.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses definitions of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It covers research design principles like defining variables and controlling for extraneous factors. It also outlines different research designs for exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies. Sample design concepts involving probability and non-probability sampling are presented. Methods of primary data collection like observation, interviews and questionnaires are explained. Finally, it provides guidance on constructing questionnaires and successful interviewing techniques.
The document provides an overview of research design and methods of data collection in research. It discusses key aspects of research design including defining variables, developing hypotheses, and different types of designs for exploratory, descriptive, and experimental studies. It also covers sampling design, important concepts in sample design, and different sampling techniques. Finally, it discusses primary and secondary data, and different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides guidelines for developing good questionnaires and conducting successful interviews.
General Characteristics of Research, Criteria of a Good Research, Types of Re...GeraldCorrales
This document outlines various characteristics and types of research. It discusses that research aims to discover general principles through systematic and accurate investigation using valid data collection. Good research is systematic, logical, and replicable. The basic types of research are descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, and conceptual vs empirical. Other variations include exploratory vs formulated and historical vs decision-oriented research. The document concludes with an activity asking students to find examples of each type of research.
The document discusses scientific research methods. It introduces key concepts like hypotheses, the scientific method, and different types of research methods including observations, correlations, self-reports, and experiments. It also outlines the goals of descriptive, correlational, and experimental research and discusses basic and applied research.
This document provides an overview of the key aspects of conducting research. It defines research as a scientific, systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering new knowledge or validating existing knowledge. The document outlines the typical steps in a research investigation, from identifying a research problem to analyzing and reporting results. It also discusses important considerations like research ethics and available resources that impact a research study.
The document provides information on research design, including its meaning, parts, characteristics, needs, and types. It defines research design as a blueprint or plan for conducting a study that minimizes bias and maximizes reliability of data collection and analysis. The key parts of a research design include the sampling, observational, statistical, and operational designs. Characteristics of a good research design include objectivity, reliability, validity, and generalizability of findings. Research design helps reduce inaccuracy, improve efficiency, and guide the research process. The document discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing studies.
Business research is a systematic process of gathering and analyzing information to answer business questions and make good decisions. It helps reduce uncertainty. Examples include determining the best marketing strategy for a product, reasons for employee turnover, and returns on investments. Research methods are important for managers to solve business problems scientifically. Understanding research allows managers to better identify issues, diagnose problems, select and evaluate solutions, and reduce uncertainty. It also helps students complete academic requirements like master's theses. Research skills are useful for reading and understanding new studies, brief descriptions of research, and making informed decisions in daily life. Different types of research include exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, and mixed methods research. Theory is used to explain relationships between concepts and help predict and
Research Methology: Fundamentals of research.pptxssusera7122c
This document provides an overview of research fundamentals from a lecture by Dr. Hadeel N. Abdullah. It defines research as a systematic process of answering questions through study and experimentation. The document outlines the objectives, motivations, and characteristics of good research. It also describes the main types of research, including descriptive vs. analytical, applied vs. fundamental, quantitative vs. qualitative, and conceptual vs. empirical. The types of research vary based on their purpose, time scale, environment, or other distinguishing factors.
This document discusses research methods and defines research. It provides several definitions of research from different authors that emphasize research as a scientific, systematic process of investigating problems to find solutions. The document also outlines the characteristics of good research, including being empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, replicable, critical, and systematic. It discusses the meaning and types of research, including rationalistic vs. naturalistic inquiry and pure, applied, and developmental research. Common problems in research and the steps of systematic research are also summarized.
Research and scientific method - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
For a clear perception of the term research, one should know the meaning of scientific method. The two terms, research and scientific method, are closely related.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to research methodology and data collection. It discusses topics such as research methodology, types of research, research paper writing tips, determining quality in research papers, referencing styles, hypothesis testing, sampling methods, and data collection. The document emphasizes the importance of proper planning, organization, referencing, and following ethical guidelines when conducting research. It aims to equip students and early-career researchers with fundamental knowledge on best practices in research.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to research methodology and data collection. It discusses topics such as the definition of methodology, different research philosophies and methodologies, types of research, and the relationship between methodology and methods. Tips are also provided for writing research papers, determining paper quality, referencing styles, sampling techniques, and data collection methods. The document aims to equip researchers, students and academics with fundamental knowledge and skills for conducting research.
This document discusses research methodology and the scientific method. It defines research as the inquiry into circumstances, whether controlled or natural, with interest in repeatability and application to broader situations. The scientific method aims to achieve a logical, systematic interrelation of facts through experimentation, observation, and logical arguments. It relies on empirical evidence, objective considerations, and aims to make adequate statements about objects. The scientific method is thus a rigorous, impersonal procedure dictated by logic.
Introduction to Research Methodology for Information systemgebrsh
This document introduces key concepts in research methods. It defines research as a systematic process of asking and answering questions through rational and empirical means. The document outlines different types of research (e.g. descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental), their objectives, and the importance of theory, hypotheses, and motivation in research. Overall, the document provides a foundational overview of research methodology.
Research/thesis for post graduate students in dentistry.Shivangi Shreya
This document provides an overview of key aspects of research, including:
- Definitions of research as finding answers to unanswered questions or a scientific search for information on a topic.
- Types of research such as descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
- Research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research.
- Key parts of the research process including developing a research methodology, designing the study, formulating research questions and hypotheses, developing a research protocol, and interpreting results.
- Principles of research design for different types of studies.
The document outlines considerations for all stages of the research process from selecting a topic to analyzing
This document provides an introduction to a course on research. It discusses the purpose of the course and today's session, which is to start learning the new language and process of research by focusing on the relationship between research and science and the role of research questions. It then defines research as the generation of knowledge and emphasizes that research follows set methods and processes and must always be guided by a question. The document goes on to define science and its goals of measuring, understanding, predicting and controlling. It outlines the assumptions of science around order, determinism and empiricism. Finally, it discusses the scientific method, different types of research, and provides a 10 step overview of the research process.
Similar to Methodology of Research in Islamic Economics and Finance. Dr kaouther toumi (20)
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Duba...mayaclinic18
Whatsapp (+971581248768) Buy Abortion Pills In Dubai/ Qatar/Kuwait/Doha/Abu Dhabi/Alain/RAK City/Satwa/Al Ain/Abortion Pills For Sale In Qatar, Doha. Abu az Zuluf. Abu Thaylah. Ad Dawhah al Jadidah. Al Arish, Al Bida ash Sharqiyah, Al Ghanim, Al Ghuwariyah, Qatari, Abu Dhabi, Dubai.. WHATSAPP +971)581248768 Abortion Pills / Cytotec Tablets Available in Dubai, Sharjah, Abudhabi, Ajman, Alain, Fujeira, Ras Al Khaima, Umm Al Quwain., UAE, buy cytotec in Dubai– Where I can buy abortion pills in Dubai,+971582071918where I can buy abortion pills in Abudhabi +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Sharjah,+97158207191 8where I can buy abortion pills in Ajman, +971)581248768 where I can buy abortion pills in Umm al Quwain +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Fujairah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Ras al Khaimah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Alain+971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in UAE +971)581248768 we are providing cytotec 200mg abortion pill in dubai, uae.Medication abortion offers an alternative to Surgical Abortion for women in the early weeks of pregnancy. Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdfcoingabbar
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
2. Chapter 1
Research in Islamic Economics and Finance:
An Introduction
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ:ﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ
KaoutherToumi
2
3. 1. Meaning of research
• Research refers to:
• a ‘search for pertinent information’ on a specific
topic. ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙﻋﻥﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔﺣﻭﻝﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉﻣﻌﻳﻥ
• an ‘original contribution’ to the existing stock of
knowledge. ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔﺃﺻﻠﻳﺔﻭﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓﻓﻲﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲﻟﻠﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ.
• ‘an art’ of scientific investigation to search for
knowledge. ﻓﻥﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙﻋﻥﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ
KaoutherToumi
3
4. 2. Objectives of research
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ /2
• Objective1: Give answers to research
problem/question through the application of scientific
procedure.
ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ1:ﺇﻋﻁﺎءﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕﻹﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ/ﺳﺅﺍﻝﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙﻣﻥﺧﻼﻝ
ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻖﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺟﻳﺔﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ.
• Objective2: Gain a ‘new’ knowledge to Increase the
‘existant knowledge’.
ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ2:ﺍﻛﺗﺳﺎﺏﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ"ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ"ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ"ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ".
KaoutherToumi
4
5. 3. Motivation in doing scientific research
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻓﻊ /3
• The possible motives for doing research :
• Desire to get a research degree
• Desire to solve the unsolved problems
• Desire to be of service to society
• Desire to get respectability
• Etc..
•ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ:
•ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻟﺣﻝﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ
ﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ
ﺇﻟﺦ…
KaoutherToumi
5
6. 4. Meaning of research methodology
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ؟ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ 4/ﻣﻌﻨﻰ
• Science of studying how research is done scientifically;
ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻡﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﻭﺙ ﺇﺟﺭﺍءﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ
• Various steps adopted by a researcher to solve the research
problem.
ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻳﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻲﻟﺣﻝﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
KaoutherToumi
6
11. 6. Diversity of researchproblems in Islamiceconomics
and finance
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ 6/ﺗﻨﻮﻉ
• Please take time to consult these
documents: ﺍﻟﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺟﻭﻉ ﻳﺭﺟﻰ
• KAUJIE codes: classification of the fields of
research in Islamic economics/finance/fiqh
provided by the Islamic Economics Institute,
Saudi Arabia. https://iei.kau.edu.sa/Pages-A-
KAUJIE.aspx?fbclid=IwAR39ZhY4ncO6IvSdcRb
_uEcZlLpSLlqOsXhxiGeYje--2yWNn1DLwrtl-
eA
• JEL codes: The standard method of
classifying scholarly literature in the field of
economics provided by the American
association of economics.
https://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php
KaoutherToumi
11
12. 6. Diversity of researchproblems in Islamiceconomics
and finance
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ 6/ﺗﻨﻮﻉ
• « »
KaoutherToumi
12
Example
13. 6. Diversity of researchproblems in Islamiceconomics
and finance
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ 6/ﺗﻨﻮﻉ
KaoutherToumi
13
Example
14. 6. Diversity of researchproblems in Islamiceconomics
and finance
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ 6/ﺗﻨﻮﻉ
KaoutherToumi
14
Example
15. 6. Diversity of researchproblems in Islamiceconomics
and finance
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ 6/ﺗﻨﻮﻉ
KaoutherToumi
15
Example
16. 6. Diversity of researchproblems in Islamiceconomics
and finance
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ 6/ﺗﻨﻮﻉ
KaoutherToumi
16
Example
17. 6. Diversity of researchproblems in Islamiceconomics
and finance
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ 6/ﺗﻨﻮﻉ
https://iei.kau.edu.sa/Files/121/Files/157790_31-03-02-MMArnaoot.pdf
KaoutherToumi
17https://iei.kau.edu.sa/Files/121/Files/157790_31-03-02-MMArnaoot.pdf
Example
18. 6. Diversity of researchproblems in Islamiceconomics
and finance
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ 6/ﺗﻨﻮﻉ
KaoutherToumi
18
19. Chapter 2
Process of research methodology for social
and humain sciences
ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻣﻧﻬﺟﻳﺔﻭﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻳﺔ
KaoutherToumi
19
20. Introduction:Inductiveanddeductivestrategiesofresearch
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ :ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ
KaoutherToumi
20
Inductive approach
ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ
Deductive approach
ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ
Specific observation
special case
Theory, general rule
ﻭﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ
ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺣﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻣﻳﻣﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺃﻣ ﺗﺳﺗﻧﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕﻧﻬﺎ
ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﺛﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ
ﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺑﺣﺛﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﺣﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ
Hypotheses.
Must be tested
propositions.
Not necessary to
be tested
21. Introduction:Inductiveanddeductivestrategiesofresearch
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ :ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ
KaoutherToumi
21
Deductive reasoning ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ
• Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts out with a general
statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a
specific, logical conclusion. The scientific method uses deduction
to test hypotheses and theories.
• In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make
a prediction of its consequences. That is, we predict what the
observations should be if the theory were correct.
• We go from the general “the theory” to the specific “the
observations”.
22. Introduction:Inductiveanddeductivestrategiesofresearch
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ :ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ
KaoutherToumi
22
Inductive reasoning ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ
• Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning.
• Inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific
observations. Basically, there is data, then conclusions are drawn
from the data. This is called inductive logic.
• We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a
generalization, and infer an explanation or a theory.
• In inductive reasoning, we go from the specific to the general
24. 1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
(Review concepts and theories)
(Review previous research findings)
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
24
• The chart shown in Figure well illustrates a research methodology process.
ﻳﻭﺿﺢﻣﻧﻬﺟﻳﺔ ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
1. ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
2. ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ
3. ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ
5. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝﺎﺕ
6. ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ
4. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻊﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ
ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
Introduction:Theresearchmethodologyprocess
ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
If deductive logic,
3. formulate hypotheses
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
3.ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
ﻓﻲ6.
26. 1.1 Definition of the research problem
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
(Review concepts and theories)
(Review previous research findings)
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
26
1. ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
3. ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ
5. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝﺎﺕ
6. ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ
4. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻊ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ
ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
If deductive logic,
3. formulate hypotheses
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
3.ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
ﻓﻲ6.
27. 1.1 Definition of the research problem
ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
Defining a research problem is :
- the foundation of any research method;
- the ‘fuel‘ that drives the scientific process.
2727
1. Define the
research
problem
KaoutherToumi
28. 1.1 Definition of the research problem
ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
i. Properly defining the problem of research is
the most important step in the research
process. ﻳﻌﺩﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙﺑﺷﻛﻝﺻﺣﻳﺢﺃﻫﻡ
ﺧﻁﻭﺓﻓﻲﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ.
ii. The research problem undertaken for study
must be carefully selected. ﻳﺟﺏﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙﺍﻟﺗﻲﺗﻡﺇﺟﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔﺑﻌﻧﺎﻳﺔ.
iii. The task is a difficult one and it takes time.
ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔﺻﻌﺑﺔﻭﺗﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕﻭﻗﺗﺎ.
KaoutherToumi
2828
1. Define the
research
problem
29. 1.1 Definition of the research problem
ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
KaoutherToumi
29
..is what needs
to be known..
30. 1.2. Selecting a research problem
.. ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ..
(i) Subject which is overdone should not be normally chosen.
ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﻩ ﻳﻧﺑﻐﻲ ﻻ ﻓﻳﻪ.
(i) Too vague research problems should be avoided. ﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﻳﺟﺏ
ًﺍﺩﺟ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﺿﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺎﺕ.
(ii) The subject selected for research should be familiar and feasible
so that the related research material or sources of research are
within one’s reach. ﺎًﻳﻭﻣﺟﺩ ﺎًﻓﻣﺄﻟﻭ ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺟﺏ
ﺍﻟﻳﺩ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﺣﺎﺙ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺛﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ.
(iii) Controversial subjects should be avoided mainly for young
researchers ﺍﻟﺷﺑ ﻟﻠﺑﺎﺣﺛﻳﻥ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻟﻠﺟﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺿﻳﻊ ﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﻳﺟﺏﺎﻥ
KaoutherToumi
30
31. 1.2. Selecting a research problem..
ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
(v) Other criteria : Qualifications of a researcher, costs and time
factor. ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭﺃﺧﺭﻯ:ﻣﺅﻫﻼﺕﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑﻭﻋﺎﻣﻝﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ.
Before the final selection, a researcher must ask himself the
following questions:
a. Whether he is well equipped in terms of his background?
b. Whether the study falls within the budget he can afford?
c. Whether the necessary cooperation can be obtained from
those who must participate in research as subjects
• Affirmative answers to all these questions => the
practicability of the study.
KaoutherToumi
31
32. 1.3. What makes a research problem « good »
… ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ
• It’s topic that strongly interests you… ﻳﻬﻣﻙ ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ
• It’s creative ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉﺟﺩﻳﺩ
• It’s not too broad/vague ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻏﻳﺭ/ﻏﻳﺭﻏﺎﻣﺽ
KaoutherToumi
32
33. 1.4. Processof defining a research problem… …
ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
• The process involves the undertaking of the following steps
generally one after the other:
KaoutherToumi
33
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
available literature
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
35. 1.4. Process of defining a research
problem… … ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
KaoutherToumi
35
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
available literature
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
• The idea of a topic could arise
from your colleague, your
supervisor, a scientific article, a
conference, a course, etc.
• It could be in finance,
economics, fiqh, etc. but should
be in your area of interest and
discipline
1.ﺍﻗﺗﺭﺍﺡﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ
ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔﻋﺎﻣﺔ
36. 1.4. Process of defining a research
problem… … ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
KaoutherToumi
36
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
available literature
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
The problem stated in a broad
general way may contain various
ambiguities which must be
resolved by cool thinking and
rethinking over the problem.
1.ﺍﻗﺗﺭﺍﺡﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ
ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ
37. 1.4. Process of defining a research
problem… … ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
KaoutherToumi
37
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem and its
origin
3. surveying the
available literature
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
2.ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﻓﻬﻡ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ
Discuss it with those who
first raised it in order to find
how the problem originally
came.
enter into discussion with
those who have a good
knowledge of the problem
concerned
Reconsider the article/the
source of information.
etc.
38. 1.4. Process of defining a research
problem… … ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
KaoutherToumi
38
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
available literature
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
• Available literature concerning the problem must necessarily be surveyed and
examined before the definition of the research problem.
• The researcher must devote sufficient time in reviewing of research already
undertaken on related problems.
=> This would help a researcher to know if there are certain “gaps”
3.ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺳﺢ
ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ
39. 1.4. Process of defining a research
problem… … ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
KaoutherToumi
39
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
available literature
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
A researcher must discuss this “Gap” with colleagues who
have enough or in working on similar problems (May be
your supervisor).
Discussions should not only be confined to the formulation
of the specific problem, but should also be concerned with
the general approach, research methods, possible
solutions, etc.
4.ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ
ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ
40. 1.4. Process of defining a research
problem… … ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
KaoutherToumi
40
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
available literature
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
Finally, the researcher must
sit to rephrase the research
problem into a working
proposition.
41. 1.4. Process of defining a research
problem + Research question
KaoutherToumi
41
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
available literature
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
6. One Central
Research
question?
The objective of the research is to answer this
central question ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺳﺅﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻣﻥ
6. ﺳﺅﺍﻝﺑﺣﺙﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ
42. Section 2
Step 2 :
Writing the literature
review
KaoutherToumi
42
43. Rememberthat the second step in the methodologyof
researchis to…
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
(Review concepts and theories)
(Review previous research findings)
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
43
1. ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
3. ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ
5. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝﺎﺕ
6. ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ
4. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻊ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ
ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
If deductive logic,
3. formulate hypotheses
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
3.ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
ﻓﻲ6.
44. 2.1 What is literature review? ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ
• It could be a :
• Chapter in a phd thesis or a dissertation
• Section in a research proposal
• Section in a research article
• full-length, stand alone review article
ﺃﻁﺭﻭﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺻﻝ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻗﺗﺭﺍﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺑﺣﺙ
ﺑﺣﺛﻳﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺑﺣﺙ
ﻣﻘﺎﻝﻧﻅﺭﻱ 100% 4444
KaoutherToumi
45. 2.1. What is literature review? ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ
• A literature review is a critical look at the existing research
that is significant to the work that researcher is carrying out.
ﻧﺎﻗﺩﺓ ﻧﻅﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔﻟﻼﺑﺣﺎﺙﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ
4545
KaoutherToumi
46. 2.2. Why is the literature review
important? ﻣﻬﻤﺔ؟ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ
KaoutherToumi
4646
• Establishes what is already known about a particular topic and how
authors have approached similar issues using different theoretical
and methodological appraoches => prevents you from reproducing
what is already known. ﺗﻣﻧﻌﻙﻣﻥﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔﻣﺎﻫﻭﻣﻌﺭﻭﻑ
• Enables you to acquire the ideas and language of the topic => it is
where you look for key ideas and concepts. ﻣﺻﺩﺭﺍﻷﻓﻛﺎﺭﻭﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ
ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ.
• Exposes « gaps » in the literature and helps you position your
research => Where you look for the evidence to support your
arguments. ﻣﺻﺩﺭﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙﻋﻥﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔﻟﺩﻋﻡﺍﻟﺣﺟﺞ
47. 2.3. Characteristics of “good” Literature
Reviews
KaoutherToumi
4747
• Outlines important research “trends” in a topic
ﺗﺣﺩﺩ"ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ"ﻣﺎ ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
• Assesses the “strengths” and “weaknesses” of existing
research ﺗﻘﻳﻡ"ﻧﻘﺎﻁﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ"ﻭ"ﻧﻘﺎﻁﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ"ﻟﻠﺑﺣﻭﺙﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ
• Identifies potential “gaps in knowledge”
ﺗﺣﺩﺩ"ﺍﻟﻔﺟﻭﺍﺕﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ"
• Establishes “a need” for current and/or future research
projects ﺗﻭﺿﺢ"ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ"ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕﺍﻟﺑﺣﺛﻳﺔﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔﻭ/ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳﺔ
48. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ
What are the
different steps of
literature review
proces
ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ؟ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ 4848
KaoutherToumi
49. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
4949
Planning to the
research
ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
5 important steps
5ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ
KaoutherToumi
50. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
5050
Step 1
• See Section1 for research
problem definition .
• Defining the research
problem helps to identify
the objective (,)ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ the
discipline (ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ )ﻣﻳﺩﺍﻥ as
well as the type ()ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ of
the literature review.
• Ask yourself : what kind
of review am I writing?
ﻣﺎﻧﻭﻉﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔﺍﻟﺗﻲﺍﻧﺎﺑﺻﺩﺩ
ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺗﻬﺎ؟
Planning to
research
ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
KaoutherToumi
51. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
5151
Step 1
• Objective ( )ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ: to what
research question my
literature review is
responding ﻣﺎﻫﻲﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ؟
• Type ()ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ What type of
review am I conducting? Will
my review emphasize theory
methodology, qualitative or
quantitative studies ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ؟ﺍﻭﺍﻟﺗﺟﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ؟
• Discipline ( ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ )ﻣﻳﺩﺍﻥ :
What academic discipline(s) will
be included (economics,
sociology, psychology, fiqh,
etc... ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ؟ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ؟ﻓﻘﻪ؟ﻋﻠﻡﺍﺟﺗﻣﺎﻉ
KaoutherToumi
Planning to the
research
ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
52. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
5252
Step 2
What references do I
need to gather?
ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ
ﺃﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ؟
Planning
ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
KaoutherToumi
53. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
5353
Step 2
• Collect current research on
your topic from different
sources: ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ :
• Journal articles ﺣﺛﻳﺔﺑ ﻭﺭﻗﺎﺕ
ﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﺟﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ
• Peer-reviewed? ﺣﻛﻣﺔﻣ؟
• « ranked »? ﻣﺻﻧﻔﺔ؟
• Books ﻛﺗﺏ
• Sometimes: conference
papers, working papers.. ﻓﻲ
ﺣﻳﺎﻥﺍﻷ ﺑﻌﺽ:ﻟﻣﺅﺗﻣﺭﺍﺕﺍ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ
ﻟﻌﻣﻝﺍ ﻭﻭﺭﻗﺎﺕ
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
54. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
5454
Step 2
• Collect current research on your topic from different sources:
• www.researchgate.net
• scholar.google.fr
• books.google.fr
• https://www.academia.edu/
• https://www.ssrn.com/en/
• https:// www.sciencedirect.com
• https:// www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/
• https://www.springer.com/
• https:// www.proquest.com
KaoutherToumi
55. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
5555
Quality journal in economics and
finance : ﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﻣﺟﻼﺕ
ﺫﺍﺕﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻭﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻳﻳﺭ
• Classement français des
revues en economie, finance
et management ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻧﺳﻲ : classement CNRS,
FNEGE, HCERES.
• International ranking ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ
:ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ABS or ABDC ranking.
• Journal citation report
(Impact factor)
http://www.sciencegateway.o
rg/impact/
• Harzing’s Publish and Perish
https://harzing.com/resource
s/journal-quality-list
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
56. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
5656
Step 2
Journals in fiqh muamalat/Islamic
Finance and Economics (examples)
• ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ ﻣﺟﻠﺔ
• ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ :ﻋﺑﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻙ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺟﻠﺔ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ
• ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
• ISRA International Journal of Islamic
Finance
• ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺻﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﻭﺙ ﻣﺟﻠﺔ
• Etc.
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﻣﻌﺎ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻛﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
KaoutherToumi
57. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
5757
Step 2
Journals in Islamic Finance and
economics (examples)
• Accounting Commerce and Finance:
The Islamic Perspective Journal
• International Journal of Islamic and
Middle Eastern Finance and
Management
• Islamic Economic Studies
• Journal of Islamic Accounting and
Business Research
• Journal of Islamic Economics,
Banking and Finance
• Journal of Islamic Marketing
• Review of Islamic Economics
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
58. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
5858
KaoutherToumi
»
«
59. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ
5959
Step 2
• for each research article you read,
please note :
• Who is the author?
• What is the author's main
objective?
• What is the author’s theoretical
perspective? Research
methodology?
• What is the principal conclusion?
• What does this study add to your
project?
• What are the strengths and
weaknesses of the author’s work?
• Will your work address any of the
weaknesses identified?
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
60. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
6060
Step 2
ﻣﺭﺟﻊ ﻛﻝ ﺗﻠﺧﻳﺹ
ﺍﻟﻣﺅﻟﻑ؟ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻥ
ﻟﻠﻣﺅﻟﻑ؟ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ
ﻣﻧﻬﺟﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺅﻟﻑ؟ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ؟
ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ؟ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺗﺿﻳﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻣﺎﻣﺷﺭﻭﻋﻙ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺛﻲ؟
ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺑﺣﺙ
ﺍﻟﻣﺅﻟﻑ؟
ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻣﻠﻙ ﺳﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻫﻝ
ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ؟
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
61. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
6161
Step 2
Select only relevant references
to your project. ﺍﺧﺗﺭﻓﻘﻁﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ
ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔﻟﺑﺣﺛﻙ
Use “research question” to
distinguish between MERELY
INTERESTING vs. ACTUALLY
RELEVANT contributions for
your topic ﺳﺅﺍﻝﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙﻫﻭ
ﺍﻟﺑﻭﺻﻠﺔ
Resist to the temptation to
incorporate every thing. ﻻ
ﻟﺩﻣﺞﻛﻝﺷﻲء.
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﻣﻌﺎ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻛﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
KaoutherToumi
62. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
6262
Step 2
This step helps to identify The
big scholars and the big players
in the field of research.
ﻫﺫﻩﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩﻋﻠﻰﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء
ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻳﻥﺍﻟﻛﺑﺎﺭﻓﻲﻣﺟﺎﻝﺑﺣﺛﻙ
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
63. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
6363
Step 3
How can I assess the
existing literature?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﻲ ﻛﻳﻑ
ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ؟
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
KaoutherToumi
64. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
64
KaoutherTOUMI
64
Step 3
Analyzing is:
- Summarize and synthesize
ﺍﻟﺗﻠﺧﻳﺹﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﻟﻳﻑ
- Compare and critique
ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔﻭﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
KaoutherToumi
65. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
6565
What do we know
about the immediate
subject?
What are the key
arguments, key
concepts, etc.?
What are the existing
debates/theories?
What common
methodologies are
used?
Summary
and
synthesis What is new, different,
or controversial?
What views need
further testing?
What evidence is
lacking, inconclusive,
contradicting, or too
limited?
What research designs
or methods seem
unsatisfactory?
Comparison
and critique
Evaluates the “strength”
and “weaknesses” of
previous researches.
KaoutherToumi
67. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
6767
Sample Language for “Summary and Synthesis” “ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﻟﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﺧﻳﺹ”
- Badis et al. (2012) have demonstrated…
- Early work by Hassan and Graves (2013) showed that…
- Elsayed and Stern (2007) and Martinez et al. (2014) studied the profitability of
banks…
- Additional recent work by Parry et. al (2017) deals with…
Sample Language for « Comparison and Critique » « ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ »
- In this ambitious but simple research of Mellouli and Nacer (2012) showed that ..
- These general results, reflecting the higher profitability of IBs in Bahrain, are
similar to those reported by Rosenblatt and Roll (2015),…
- A recent work by Hasna et. Al (2018) shows a different result when comparing
with Azadivar and Parry (2017) study.
Example
KaoutherToumi
68. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
6868
Step 4
A researcher should
consider the overall
picture that emerges.
What kinds of
conversations are scholars
having about your topic in
general?
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
KaoutherToumi
69. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
6969
Step 4:
When a researcher finish to analyze
relevant references, he should have
responses to all these questions: ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ
ﻳﺟﺏ ، ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ ﻳﻧﺗﻬﻲ
ﺍﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻟﻛﻝ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﺩﻳﻪ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ:
• What do researchers KNOW about this
field?
ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻭﻥ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ؟
• What do researchers NOT KNOW?
ﻣﺎﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻭﻥ؟ ﻳﻌﺭﻓﻪ ﻻ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
• Why should we (further) study this
topic?
ﻋﻠﻳﻧﺎ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔﻫﺫﺍﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ؟
• What will my study contribute?
ﺑﺣﺛﻲ؟ ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
70. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
7070
Step 5
How will a researcher arrange
the information he has
accumulated?
ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﻛﻳﻑ
ﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ؟ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
71. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
7171
Step 5
• You should not present
each source one by one!!
• Some organizational
structure :
• Topical
• Chronological
• Distant to close
• Debate
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
72. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
7272
Step 5
• Topical ﺣﺳﺏ ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ
ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺿﻳﻊ/
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺿﻳﻊ
• Most common approach.
• This approach breaks the
field into a number of
topics, sub-topics.
• Discusses each sub-
section individually.
KaoutherToumi
Three important areas of this field have
received attention: A, B, C.
• A has been approached from two
perspectives...
• The most important developments in
terms of B have been…
• C has also been an important area of
study in this field.
Example
73. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
7373
Step 5
• Chronological ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ
ﺯﻣﻧﻲ
• This approach lists
studies in terms of
chronological
development.
KaoutherToumi
• This subject was first studied by ‘X
(author)’, who argued/found…
• In (date), author Y
modified/extended/contradicted ‘X
author’ work by…
• Today, research by author Z represents
the current state of the field...
Example
74. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
7474
Step 5
• Distant to close ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﻥ
• Studies are organized in terms of their relevance to the current study.
• This approach starts by describing studies with general similarities
and ends with studies most relevant to the specific topic.
• Most useful for studies of methods or mathemathical or statistical
models.
KaoutherToumi
75. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
7575
Step 5
• Debate ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ
ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻅﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺎﺕ/
ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ/
• This structure
emphasizes various
strands of research in
which proponents of
various models
openly criticize one
another.
KaoutherToumi
• There have been two (three, four, etc.)
distinct approaches to this problem.
• The first debate/appraoch explains
that…
• The second debate/appraoch argues
that the first model is wrong for three
reasons. Instead, the second model
claims…
Example
76. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
7676
Step 5 : Basic rule for
citation:
If it’s not your own idea,
document it!
• In general, you should
paraphrase (restate in
your own words) the
author’s main idea + add
the name(s) of author(s).
• Recommendation: Please
use mendley desktop to
manage references!
https://www.mendeley.co
m/download-desktop/
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
77. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
7777
Step 5
• The rationale of academic
citation is to enable other
researchers to follow the
author’s footsteps and track
sources down ﻥّﻛﻳﻣﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷﻬﺎﺩ
ﺑﺎﺣﺛﻳﻥﺁﺧﺭﻳﻥﻣﻥﺍﺗﺑﺎﻉﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙﻭﺗﺗﺑﻊﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ. .
• You should use references to
justify and support your
arguments as well as to
demonstrate your familiarity
with the main authors in a
field ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷﻬﺎﺩﺑﺎﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊﻳﺳﺎﻋﺩﻋﻠﻰ
ﺗﺑﺭﻳﺭﺣﺟﺟﻙﻭﺩﻋﻣﻬﺎﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔﺇﻟﻰ
ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭﻣﻌﺭﻓﺗﻙﺑﺎﻟﻣﺅﻟﻔﻳﻥﺍﻟﻣﺷﻬﻭﺭﻳﻥ
ﻓﻲﻣﺟﺎﻝﻣﺎ
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
78. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
7878
Step 5
• Please follow the
guidelines of the
university of Ez-Zitouna
regarding the citations in
your dissertation!
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
79. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
7979
Step 5
KaoutherToumi
80. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
8080
Step 5
• Clearly distinguish
between others’
contributions and your
own contribution.
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
81. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
8181
Step 6
Formulate hypotheses
(in a deductive approach
ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ )
ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻓﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ
KaoutherToumi
Planning
ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ
2. Searching for
references ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ
5. Organizing and
writing the review
ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ
6. Formulate
hypotheses
82. 2.4. How can I do a literature review? ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ
KaoutherToumi
82
Inductive approach
ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ
Deductive approach
ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ
Specific observation
special case
Theory, general rule
ﻭﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ
ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺑﻬﺩﻑ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺣﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻣﻳﻣﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺃﻣ ﺗﺳﺗﻧﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕﻧﻬﺎ
ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﺛﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ
ﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺑﺣﺛﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﺣﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ
Hypotheses.
Must be tested
propositions.
Not necessary to
be tested Literature
review
83. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ
8383
1.Planning
2. Search the
literature
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organize and
write the review
6. Formulate
hypotheses
Step 6
A research hypothesis is :
• a tentative explanation of the
research problem, derived
from the literature review
ﻣﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﺷﺭﺡ ﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻁﻼﻉ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ
• a statement of expectation or
prediction that will be
tested/proved by research ﺑﻳﺎﻥ
ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺑﺅ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﻗﻊ/ﺇﺛﺑﺎﺗﻪ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻥ
KaoutherToumi
84. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ
8484
Step 6
• The research question, when
stated as one sentence, is
your research hypothesis.
• A research hypothesis should
be stated in a declarative
form.
• A hypothesis should be clear
and brief. ﻳﺟﺏﺃﻥﺗﻛﻭﻥﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺔ
ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺔﻭﻣﻭﺟﺯﺓ.
• A hypothesis must be testable
(we could measure the
variables) ﻳﺟﺏﺃﻥﺗﻛﻭﻥﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺔ
ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔﻟﻼﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ)ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎﻗﻳﺎﺱﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ(
KaoutherToumi
1.Planning
2. Search the
literature
3. Analyzing relevant
references
ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organize and
write the review
6. Formulate
hypotheses
85. 2.4. How can I do a literature review?
ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ
8585
KaoutherToumi
87. Rememberthat the third step in the methodologyof
researchis to…
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
(Review concepts and theories)
(Review previous research findings)
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
87
1. ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
3. ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ
5. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝﺎﺕ
6. ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ
4. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻊ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ
ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
If deductive logic,
3. formulate hypotheses
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
3.ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
ﻓﻲ6.
88. 3.1. Definition of the research design
• When designing research we need to ask:
“given this research question, what we need to
answer the research question in a convincing way
and clearly”?
.. ﻣﺎﻧﺣﺗﺎﺟﻪﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔﻋﻠﻰﺳﺅﺍﻝﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔﻣﻘﻧﻌﺔﻭﺑﻭﺿﻭﺡ ..
KaoutherToumi
88
89. 3.1. Definition of the research design
• A research design is: ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ
• a plan that specifies the sources and types of
information relevant to the research problem
ﺧﻁﺔﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺗﺣﺩﺩﺑﺎﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ.
• a strategy specifying which approach (qualitative or
quantitative) that will be used for collecting and
analyzing the data
ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳﺔﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ)ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ(ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻟﺟﻣﻊ.
KaoutherToumi
89
90. 3.1. Definition of the research design
• Whether you choose qualitative or quantitative analysis will
depend on several things
: ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ ﺑﻳﻥﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲﻋﻠﻰ
• Your preferred philosophical approach (conductive or inductive).
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻣﻧﻬﺞ)ﺍﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ ﺑﺣﺙ.(
• Your skills and abilities with methods of data collection (if
needed) and analysis. ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻊ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ ﺗﻣﻛﻥ.
• The topic or issue you are interested in. ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ.
• How you frame your research question.ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺳﺅﺍﻝ ﻁﺭﺡ ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ
KaoutherToumi
90
91. 3.1. Definition of the research design
i. What is the study about?
ii. What approach will I use in my study?
iii. What will be the population and the sample?
iv. What are the variables of the study?
v. What periods of time will the study include and
region?
vi. What type of data is required?
vii. Where can the data be found?
viii. What techniques of data collection will be used?
ix. How will the data be analyzed?
KaoutherToumi
91
A clear statement of the research problem
The population/sample to beThe population/sample to be
studied
The period/The region
Techniques to be used to gather data
Methods to be used in processingMethods to be used in processing
and analyzing data.
Research design must, at least,
contain
A researcher should ask many questions
when designing his research:
The variables to be measured
Qualitative or quantitative approach
92. 3.1. Definition of the research design
i. ﻣﺎﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ؟ ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ ﻫﻭ
ii. ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺍﺳﺗﻲ؟ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ ﻫﻭ
iii. ﻣﺎﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ؟ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﻫﻲ
iv. ﻣﺎﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ؟
v. ﻣﺎﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﺗﺷﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ؟
vi. ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ؟ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎ
vii. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ؟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺛﻭﺭ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻳﻥ
viii. ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ؟
ix. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺳﻳﺗﻡ ﻛﻳﻑ؟
KaoutherToumi
92
ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﻳﺎﻥﻻﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ
ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ
ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ
ﻭ ﻭﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ
ﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺟﺏﻋﻠﻰﺑﺣﺛﻪ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻛﺛﻳﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﻳﻁﺭﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺟﺏ:
ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ
94. 3.1. Definition of the research design
a. the population
KaoutherToumi
94
Population
95. 3.1. Definition of the research design
b. the sample
KaoutherToumi
95
Sample
96. 3.1. Definition of the research design
d. Research approachesResearchapproaches
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixte
KaoutherToumi
96
What?
How? Who?
=> To understand the nature or a
quality of a phneomenon
Why? How much?
=> To evaluate the magnitude of
causal relationship (effect) between
two variables.
If the research
question is : Exploratory research or
Descriptive research
Hypothesis-testing research=
explicative research
If the research
question is :
99. 3.1. Definition of the research design
d. Research approaches
KaoutherToumi
99
100. 3.1. Definition of the research design
d. Research approaches
KaoutherToumi
100
ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ/ﺍﻭ
ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺑﻲ
101. 3.1. Definition of the research design
d. Research approaches
KaoutherToumi
101
102. 3.1. Definition of the research design
e. types of data
KaoutherToumi
102
Primary
Data
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ
• Original data collected for the first time to
conduct the research ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﺑﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎﻻﻭﻝﻣﺭﺓ)ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺻﺎء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ ﻁﺭﻳﻖ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ(...ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﻠﺟﺄ ﻻ ،
ﻗﺻﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ
• Sure about sources of data ﻣﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ
• Time consuming process ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻊ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ
ﻁﻭﻳﻼ ﻭﻗﺗﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ
Secondary
data
• Those which have already been collected by
someone else ﻓﻲ ﻭﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺳﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻳﻥ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺋﺎﺕ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻧﺷﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ .ﺳﺟﻼﺕ
• Not sure about sources of data ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻋﺩﻡ
ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ
• No time consuming process ﻁﻭﻳﻼ ﻭﻗﺗﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ ﻻﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ
103. 3.1. Definition of the research design
e. Methods of collecting data
KaoutherToumi
103
Primary data
Qualitative
research
ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
Data are collected
via :
Interview
Observation
Quantitative
research
ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
Data are collected
via :
Surveys
Secondary
data
Quantitative
research
ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
Data are
collected from
financial
databases or
other sources
105. Rememberthat the fourth step in the methodologyof
researchis to…
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
(Review concepts and theories)
(Review previous research findings)
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
105
1. ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
3. ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ
5. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝﺎﺕ
6. ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ
4. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻊ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ
ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
If deductive logic,
3. formulate hypotheses
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
3.ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
ﻓﻲ6.
106. 4.1. Purpose of data collection
• The purpose of data collection is to obain
information in order to investigate empirically
the research
ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻊ ﻣﻥﻋﻠﻰﺃﺟﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺇﺟﺭﺍء
106106
KaoutherToumi
108. 4.2. Methods of collecting data
KaoutherToumi
108
a. Interview method to collect primary data for qualitative
research
The interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal
stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses. This method can be used
through personal interviews and, if possible, through telephone interviews.
109. 4.2. Methods of collecting data
KaoutherToumi
109
a. Interview method to collect primary data for qualitative
research
3 types of
interviews
depending
on the
nature of
questions
Unstructured interviews
(for exploratory research )
Semi-structured interviews
(for exploratory research and explicative research)
Structured interviews
(for descriptive research and explicative research )
110. 4.2. Methods of collecting data
KaoutherToumi
110
b. Observation method to collect primary data for
qualitative research
Observation becomes a scientific tool and the method of data collection for the
researcher, when it serves a formulated research problem, is systematically
planned and recorded and is subjected to checks and controls on validity and
reliability. Under the observation method, the information is sought by way of
investigator’s own direct observation without asking from the respondent.
111. 4.2. Methods of collecting data
KaoutherToumi
111
b. Observation method to collect primary data for
qualitative research
2 types of
observation in
social sciences
depending upon
the observer’s
sharing or not
sharing the life of
the group he is
observing.
(used in
exploratory
research)
Participant Observation
The observer observes by making himself, more
or less, a member of the group he is observing so
that he can experience what the members of the
group experience.
Non-participant observation
The observer observes as a detached emissary
without any attempt on his part to experience
through participation what others feel.
112. 4.2. Methods of collecting data
KaoutherToumi
112
c. Collection of data through questionnaires (survey)
In this method, a questionnaire is sent to the persons concerned with a request
to answer the same set of questions and return the questionnaire. It consists of a
number of questions set in a predetermined order. The questionnaire is sent to
respondents who are expected to read and understand the questions and write
down the reply in the space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself.
The respondents have to answer the questions on their own.
113. 4.2. Methods of collecting data
KaoutherToumi
113
c. Collection of primary data through questionnaires
(survey)
3 types of
questions in a
questionnaire
Closed (or multiple choice) questions ask the respondent
to choose, among a possible set of answers, the response that most
closely represents his/her viewpoint. The respondent is usually
asked to tick or circle the chosen answer. Questions of this kind may
offer simple alternatives such as ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. They may also require
that the respondent chooses among several answer categories, that
he/she uses a frequency scale, an importance scale, or an
agreement scale.
Open-ended or free-response questions are not
followed by any choices and the respondent must answer by
supplying a response, usually by entering a number, a word, or a
short text.
A contingency question is a special case of a closed-ended
question because it applies only to a subgroup of respondents. The
relevance of the question for a subgroup is determined by asking a
filter question. The filter question directs the subgroup to answer a
relevant set of specialized questions and instructs other
respondents to skip to a later section of the questionnaire.
114. 4.2. Methods of collecting data
KaoutherToumi
114
d. Collection of data for research in fiqh ﺟﻣﻊﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕﺣﻭﺙﻟﻠﺑﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ
ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ)ﻓﻘ ؛ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ؛ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭﻪ
ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺙ ؛ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﺁﻳﺎﺕﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ(...
115. 4.2. Methods of collecting data
KaoutherToumi
115
d. Collection of secondary data
Examples of financial databases that offers financial data for
researchers (for free):
IFSB data : https://www.ifsb.org/psifi_03.php
World bank open data : https://data.worldbank.org/
IMF data : https://www.imf.org/en/Data
117. Rememberthat the fifth step in the methodologyof
researchis to…
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
(Review concepts and theories)
(Review previous research findings)
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
117
1. ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
3. ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ
5. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝﺎﺕ
6. ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ
4. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻊ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ
ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
If deductive logic,
3. formulate hypotheses
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
3.ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
ﻓﻲ6.
118. 5.1. Diversityof data analysismethods
Several methods exist to analyse data in order to solve the
research problem:
KaoutherToumi
118118
• Analyse factorielle en composantes principales
• Analyse factorielle des correspondances
• Analyse typologique
• Etc.
Analyse qualitative
exploratoire
• Analyse du contenu
• Résumé/synthèse
• Analyse thématique
• Etc.
Autres analyses
qualitatives
• Régression linéaire
• Analyse discriminante
• Régression sur données de panel
• Etc.
Analyse
quantitative
119. 5.1. Diversityof data analysismethods
• Most research articles do not describe why a method was
chosen, or compare it to alternatives. ﻣﻌﻅﻡﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕﺍﻟﺑﺣﺛﻳﺔﻻ
ﺗﺻﻑﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍﺗﻡﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﻋﻠﻰﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ
• For your MSc thesis, you will normally be expected to provide
explicit reasons for method choice. ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔﺍﻟﻰﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔﺍﻟﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﻳﺭ،
ﻳﺟﺏﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡﺃﺳﺑﺎﺏﻭﺍﺿﺣﺔﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ
• Example : “The interview method was chosen because how managers
understand the concept of competitive advantage is not understood.
Consequently, a postal survey could not be devised that would investigate
the issue in sufficient depth.”
KaoutherToumi
119119
120. 5.2. examples of softwares for data analysis
KaoutherToumi
120
Quantitative data analysis
- Free open-source softwares for data analysis
• R : https://www.r-project.org/
• Grtel : http://gretl.sourceforge.net/
- Paying software
• SPSS
• STATA
Qualitative data analysis
• NVIVO: https://www.qsrinternational.com/nvivo/home
• MAXQDA : https://www.maxqda.com/
• Atlas.ti: https://atlasti.com/
122. Rememberthat the sixth step in the methodologyof
researchis to…
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
(Review concepts and theories)
(Review previous research findings)
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
122
1. ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
3. ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ
5. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝﺎﺕ
6. ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ
4. ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻣﻊ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ
ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ
ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
If deductive logic,
3. formulate hypotheses
If inductive logic,
formulate propositions
in 6.
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
3.ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
، ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺎﺕ ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ
ﻓﻲ6.
123. 6.1 Results interpretation
• It consists in presenting a synopsis of the results followed
by an explanation of key findings.
• In deductive explicative research, researcher should :
• Present obtained results
• compare obtained results with suggested hypotheses => validate
or not validate the research hypotheses. In another term,
researcher should find reponses to his research question.
• compare obtained results with results of those of previous
empirical literature.
• Discuss the results
KaoutherToumi
123123
124. 6.2 Reportwriting/Structure of the finalreport ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ/ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ
Typical structure of deductive
research:
a) Title, Author, author
affiliation
b) Abstract, keywords
c) Introduction
d) Theoretical
background/literature
review
e) Hypotheses development
f) Research design
g) Analysis and results
h) Discussion and conclusion
i) References
KaoutherToumi
124124
Typical structure of inductive
research:
a) Title, Author, author
affiliation
b) Abstract, keywords
c) Introduction
d) Literature and concepts
review
e) Research design
f) Analysis and results
g) Discussion, suggestion of
propositions and
conclusion
h) References
125. 6.3 Reportwriting/the abstract
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ/ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ
An abstract summarizes, usually in one paragraph, the major
aspects of the entire research in a prescribed sequence that
includes:
1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you
investigated.
2) The basic design of the study.
3) Major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis.
4) A brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.
ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺧﺹ:
ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ ﺗﺳﻠﺳﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﻧﺏ ﻳﻠﺧﺹ ، ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ:
1(ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺗﻬﺎ ﻗﻣﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻭﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ.
2(ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ.
3(ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ.
4(ﻣﻠﺧﺹﻣﻭﺟﺯﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﺎﺗﻙ.
KaoutherToumi
125125
126. 6.4 Reportwriting/the structure ofthe introduction
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ/ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
1. Presents an overview on existing researches on the subject and highlights
the importance of the subject. ﺗﻘﺩﻡﻟﻣﺣﺔﻋﺎﻣﺔﻋﻥﺍﻷﺑﺣﺎﺙﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓﺣﻭﻝﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉﻭﺗﺑﺭﺯﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ
2. Reveals « a Gap » in existing research ﺗﻛﺷﻑﻋﻥ»ﺍﻟﻔﺟﻭﺓ«ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓﻓﻲﺍﻟﺑﺣﻭﺙ
ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ
3. Indicates why it is important to study this Gap of research ﺗﺷﻳﺭﺇﻟﻰﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙﻭﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔﻓﺟﻭﺓﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
4. Formulates the research problem + the research question (?) ﺗﻁﺭﺡﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ+ﺳﺅﺍﻝﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ)؟(
5. States the objective of your research ﺗﺷﻳﺭﺇﻟﻰﻫﺩﻑﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
6. Describes brifely methods and important results ﺗﺻﻑﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞﻭﻁﺭﻕﺟﻣﻊ
ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕﻭﺣﻠﻳﻝﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ
7. Indicates your contributions and the implications of the research ﺗﺷﻳﺭﺇﻟﻰ
ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺎﺗﻙﺍﻟﺑﺣﺛﻳﺔﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺗﺑﺔﻋﻥﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
8. Gives a brief overview of the structure of your work (plan) ﺗﻌﻁﻲﻟﻣﺣﺔ
ﻣﻭﺟﺯﺓﻋﻥﻫﻳﻛﻝﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ
KaoutherToumi
126126
127. 6.5 Reportwriting/the conclusion
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ/ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ
A conclusion is not an abstract. For most research papers, one or
two well-developed paragraphs is sufficient for a conclusion.
- A conclusion should:
- Synthetizes key points of the research
- Presents limits of the research
- recommends new areas for future research.
ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﻣﻠﺧﺹ ﻟﻳﺳﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ.
ﺃﻥ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ:
1.ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻠﺧﺹ
2.ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺗﻌﺭﺽ
3.ﺗﻭﺻﻲﺑﺎﻓﻛﺎﺭﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ.
KaoutherToumi
127127