The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS) with a focus on relational databases (RDB) and the ER model. It covers key concepts, properties of RDB, and components of the entity relationship model, including symbols used in ER diagrams. Additionally, it discusses the features of Oracle 9i and provides resources for further learning.

1. DBMS(Oracle 9i SQL)
Introduction
Part-1

2. Contents
 DBMS
 DB
 RDB
 Properties of RDB
 Data Model
 ER-Model
 Benefits and Components of ER- Model
 Symbols of ER-Diagram
 Entity Relationship Modeling
Conventions
 RDBMS Features (Oracle 9i)
 Oracle Components
 Bibliography

3. DBMS
DataBase(DB)- A DB is a organized collection of information. It is based on top-down
approach.
DBMS
• It stands for Data Base Management System.
• It is a program/application/software that stores, retrieves and modifies data in DB on
request.
Types of DB
• Hierarchical
• Network
• Relational
• Object relational
• Object oriented relational

4. DB
Structured Data
○ Object relational data
Unstructured Data
 Spreadsheet
 XML
 Word document
 PPT
 Multi-media
■ Mp3
■ Video
■ Graphics etc
DB- It contain data of different formats like structured and unstructured data.

5. Relational Database(RDB) Concept
• Dr. E.F. Codd proposed the relational model for DB systems in 1970.
• It is the basis for the Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).
• The relational model consists of the following:
 Collection of objects or relations
 Set of operators to act on the relations
 Data integrity for accuracy and consistency
RDB- It is a collection of relation or 2-D tables.
e,g,- emp table, student table

6. Properties of RDB
• You do not specify the access route to the tables.
• No need to know how data is stored/arranged physically
Table Name: EMPLOYEES Table Name: DEPARTMENTS
… …

7. Data Models
Entity model
Tables on disk
Oracle
server
Table model
of entity model
Some
idea
popped
• ER-Model (Entity Relationship Model)
• ER- Model is prepared in analysis phase
• It separates the info required and activities performed within a business

8. Benefits and Components of ER- Model
Benefits of ER-Model
○ Documents information
○ Scope of information required
○ DB design understanding
○ Framework for integrating multiple application
Components of ER-Model
○ Entity- Information to be known (Table)
○ Attribute- describe of qualifies entity (column)
○ Relationship- degree/cardinality

9. Symbols of ER-Diagram
1) Hash (#) - Primary mark
2) Hash within parenthesis ((#)) - secondary mark
3) Asterisk (*) - must be known
4) Optional (O) – may be known
6) Soft box- Entity
7) Dash Line – May be
8) Solid line – must be
9) Crow’s foot – Degree one or more
10) Single Line – one and only one

10. • Create an entity relationship diagram from
business specifications or narratives
• Scenario
– “. . . Assign one or more employees to a
department . . .”
– “. . . Some departments do not yet have assigned
employees . . .”
Entity Relationship Model
EMPLOYEE
#*
*
o
number
name
job title
DEPARTMENT
#*
*
o
number
name
location
assigned to
composed of

11. Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions
Entity Soft box
Singular, unique name
Uppercase
Synonym in parentheses
Attribute Singular name
Lowercase
Mandatory marked with “*”
Optional marked with “o”
Unique Identifier (UID)
Primary marked with “#”
Secondary marked with “(#)”
EMPLOYEE
#*
*
o
number
name
job title
DEPARTMENT
#*
*
o
number
name
location
assigned to
composed of
The convention is to read clockwise for degree of relationship

12. RDBMS Features (Oracle 9i)
• Can use PL/SQL
• Supports Java and XML
• Retrieval on optimization techniques
• Security of data
• Access
• usage
• Consistency
• Protection- by locking mechanism

13. Oracle Components
Oracle Server
Oracle DB Oracle Server Instance
When we start ODB then SGA(System Global Area) and oracle background process starts running
SGA is a area of memory where information is shared by DB users
The combination of background process and memory buffer is known as Oracle Instance.

14. SQL Statements
SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
MERGE
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
RENAME
TRUNCATE
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT
GRANT
REVOKE
Data retrieval
Data manipulation language (DML)
Data definition language (DDL)
Transaction control
Data control language (DCL)

15. Bibliography
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A97630_01/server.920/a96540.pdf
Learn oracle from oracle pdf volume-1 book link:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mszgUaw4-
kEz5RF7luQxR8EqkbdrhTEH

16. Thank You