The document discusses challenges facing space security and sustainability, including orbital debris, lack of situational awareness, and development of anti-satellite weapons. It outlines the US approach of using diplomacy and international cooperation to address these issues through transparency and confidence-building measures, cooperation on space situational awareness data sharing, and developing norms of responsible behavior. The goal is to strengthen stability in space and ensure its long-term sustainability and security through collaborative efforts.
The United States is deeply engaged with the United Nations and other international organizations to promote U.S. national interests. While most Americans are familiar with U.S. leadership at the United Nations as part of the Security Council and as a leading voice in support of human rights, economic development, and humanitarian relief, fewer Americans are aware of the many benefits that stem from U.S. engagement with the many technical and specialized international organizations.
This document provides frequently asked questions about a human rights-based approach to development. It discusses key topics such as:
- The definition of human rights and their universal, indivisible, and interdependent nature.
- The relationship between human rights and development goals, including poverty reduction, governance, and economic growth.
- What a human rights-based approach adds to development work, including helping to resolve conflicts and ensuring national ownership.
- How human rights principles like equality, participation, and accountability should guide development programming in areas such as situation analysis, formulation, capacity development, and monitoring.
This document discusses acid rain, its causes, effects, and ways to reduce it. It begins by defining acid rain as precipitation containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulphuric acids from both natural and man-made sources, primarily the burning of fossil fuels. Approximately 2/3 of sulphur dioxide and 1/4 of nitrogen oxides in the US come from electric power generation burning coal. The document then covers the topics of wet deposition, dry deposition, effects of acid rain, measuring acid rain, reducing acid rain, and restoring damaged environments.
Space Situational Awareness Forum
Following another very successful conference in London in November 2014, Space Situational Awareness 2015 took place in Hyattsville, Maryland in May 2015, with over 60 SSA experts from all over the globe coming together to discuss the most pressing SSA challenges.
With increasing dependence on space-based services, the ability to protect space infrastructure has become essential to our society. Any shutdown of even a part of space infrastructures could have significant consequences for the well-functioning of economic activities and our citizens’ safety, and would impair the provision of emergency services.
However, space infrastructures are increasingly threatened by the risk of collision between spacecraft and more importantly, between spacecraft and space debris. As a matter of fact, space debris has become the most serious threat to the sustainability of certain space activities.
In order to mitigate the risk of collision it is necessary to identify and monitor satellites and space debris, catalogue their positions, and track their movements (trajectory) when a potential risk of collision has been identified, so that satellite operators can be alerted to move their satellites. This activity is known as space surveillance and tracking (SST), and is today mostly based on ground-based sensors such as telescopes and radars.
With a focus on solving the political issues but not ignoring the technical, Space Situational Awareness 2015 the leading gathering of dedicated SSA experts from the USA, Europe and beyond, to discuss and debate the business, political and technical challenges that lie ahead.
Take a look at our previous Space Situation Awareness event…
Who should attend Space Situational Awareness?
Space Situational Awareness 2015 is a community of experts from Government, Space Agencies, Satellite/Spacecraft Operators, Space Lawyers, Space Insurance providers and Defense who are looking to understand and predict the physical location of natural and manmade objects in orbit around the Earth, with the objective of avoiding collisions.
How can you get involved in Space Situational Awareness?
If you feel that you could add to the debate and discussion at Space Situational Awareness, we’d be delighted to hear from you. Please drop us a line on +44(0)7769157787 or email me at adam.plom@coriniumintelligence.com.
Space Law: What Space Sovereignty Means for Operating in the 4th DomainKlisman Murati FRSA
As space has become more contested and competitive the need to maintain effective situational awareness in the 4th domain is more critical than ever. With this in mind, the Pangaea Wire Group hosted a workshop bringing together key stakeholders across the military, government and industry sectors to discuss approaches and strategies for providing a holistic approach to Space Situational Awareness (SSA).
Exploring space debris, space sovereignty, security, space surveillance and tracking (SST), space weather, the impact of new mega-constellations and international partnerships in space.
Gabriel HarrellExplain the specific security challenges in the P.docxhanneloremccaffery
Gabriel Harrell
Explain the specific security challenges in the Port Maritime Environment, Risk-based Management, Megaports Initiative, and the Secure Freight Initiative.
There are a significant number of parts that make up Port Operations and even more security challenges that these different parts have to try and overcome. The greatest security challenge that is faced by every port is from terrorism. This is the case for the port maritime environment due to there being so many security infrastructure points that can target to include airports, bridges, tunnels, rail systems, inland rivers, industrial parks, world trade centers, shipyards, marinas, and other public port facilities (Christopher, 2014). These different infrastructure points are essential to the continued operations of the entire port maritime environment.
The concern for the security of ports against terrorism is that the same threats that face vulnerable land targets can strike the different infrastructure points that make up the port maritime environment. Just a few of these threats from terrorism on ports would include active shooters, the use of small vessels that are explosive-laden known as Water Borne Improvised Explosive Device, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and an attack that utilizes an aircraft or other vessel similar to the 9/11 attacks (DHS, 2015). This is where Risk Management comes into the picture for each individual port and the different infrastructure points at each individual port.
To utilize Risk Based Management is a daunting task that is an ever changing due to the different threats that arise such as the threat on the cyber security infrastructure of ports. Risk Based Management starts with the port security understanding the risks to port infrastructure that has to be identified, assessed, and managed (Christopher, 2014). Being able to determine these risk and threats and to have planning in place to mitigate their effects is essential in the continued uninterrupted operations of ports. One concept that is utilized to determine risk and to mitigate them is the Megaports Initiative.
One of the most effective security measures against terrorism is having partnerships and active communication between different agencies. The Megaports Initiative is a partnership that is between foreign customs and other law enforcement agencies, port authorities, terminal operators, and other relevant entities in partner countries that help to enhance detection capabilities for special nuclear and radioactive materials that are in cargo containers and traveling in the global maritime shipping network (NNSA, 2010). The initiative also is a partnership between the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of State to counter nuclear and radiological threats to the United States and its international partners by installing radiation portal monitors (RPMs) to be able to scan containers that are high-risk that a ...
This presentation was given as part of the Cross-Domain Deterrence Seminar hosted by the Center for Global Security Research at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in November 2014.
The United States is deeply engaged with the United Nations and other international organizations to promote U.S. national interests. While most Americans are familiar with U.S. leadership at the United Nations as part of the Security Council and as a leading voice in support of human rights, economic development, and humanitarian relief, fewer Americans are aware of the many benefits that stem from U.S. engagement with the many technical and specialized international organizations.
This document provides frequently asked questions about a human rights-based approach to development. It discusses key topics such as:
- The definition of human rights and their universal, indivisible, and interdependent nature.
- The relationship between human rights and development goals, including poverty reduction, governance, and economic growth.
- What a human rights-based approach adds to development work, including helping to resolve conflicts and ensuring national ownership.
- How human rights principles like equality, participation, and accountability should guide development programming in areas such as situation analysis, formulation, capacity development, and monitoring.
This document discusses acid rain, its causes, effects, and ways to reduce it. It begins by defining acid rain as precipitation containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulphuric acids from both natural and man-made sources, primarily the burning of fossil fuels. Approximately 2/3 of sulphur dioxide and 1/4 of nitrogen oxides in the US come from electric power generation burning coal. The document then covers the topics of wet deposition, dry deposition, effects of acid rain, measuring acid rain, reducing acid rain, and restoring damaged environments.
Space Situational Awareness Forum
Following another very successful conference in London in November 2014, Space Situational Awareness 2015 took place in Hyattsville, Maryland in May 2015, with over 60 SSA experts from all over the globe coming together to discuss the most pressing SSA challenges.
With increasing dependence on space-based services, the ability to protect space infrastructure has become essential to our society. Any shutdown of even a part of space infrastructures could have significant consequences for the well-functioning of economic activities and our citizens’ safety, and would impair the provision of emergency services.
However, space infrastructures are increasingly threatened by the risk of collision between spacecraft and more importantly, between spacecraft and space debris. As a matter of fact, space debris has become the most serious threat to the sustainability of certain space activities.
In order to mitigate the risk of collision it is necessary to identify and monitor satellites and space debris, catalogue their positions, and track their movements (trajectory) when a potential risk of collision has been identified, so that satellite operators can be alerted to move their satellites. This activity is known as space surveillance and tracking (SST), and is today mostly based on ground-based sensors such as telescopes and radars.
With a focus on solving the political issues but not ignoring the technical, Space Situational Awareness 2015 the leading gathering of dedicated SSA experts from the USA, Europe and beyond, to discuss and debate the business, political and technical challenges that lie ahead.
Take a look at our previous Space Situation Awareness event…
Who should attend Space Situational Awareness?
Space Situational Awareness 2015 is a community of experts from Government, Space Agencies, Satellite/Spacecraft Operators, Space Lawyers, Space Insurance providers and Defense who are looking to understand and predict the physical location of natural and manmade objects in orbit around the Earth, with the objective of avoiding collisions.
How can you get involved in Space Situational Awareness?
If you feel that you could add to the debate and discussion at Space Situational Awareness, we’d be delighted to hear from you. Please drop us a line on +44(0)7769157787 or email me at adam.plom@coriniumintelligence.com.
Space Law: What Space Sovereignty Means for Operating in the 4th DomainKlisman Murati FRSA
As space has become more contested and competitive the need to maintain effective situational awareness in the 4th domain is more critical than ever. With this in mind, the Pangaea Wire Group hosted a workshop bringing together key stakeholders across the military, government and industry sectors to discuss approaches and strategies for providing a holistic approach to Space Situational Awareness (SSA).
Exploring space debris, space sovereignty, security, space surveillance and tracking (SST), space weather, the impact of new mega-constellations and international partnerships in space.
Gabriel HarrellExplain the specific security challenges in the P.docxhanneloremccaffery
Gabriel Harrell
Explain the specific security challenges in the Port Maritime Environment, Risk-based Management, Megaports Initiative, and the Secure Freight Initiative.
There are a significant number of parts that make up Port Operations and even more security challenges that these different parts have to try and overcome. The greatest security challenge that is faced by every port is from terrorism. This is the case for the port maritime environment due to there being so many security infrastructure points that can target to include airports, bridges, tunnels, rail systems, inland rivers, industrial parks, world trade centers, shipyards, marinas, and other public port facilities (Christopher, 2014). These different infrastructure points are essential to the continued operations of the entire port maritime environment.
The concern for the security of ports against terrorism is that the same threats that face vulnerable land targets can strike the different infrastructure points that make up the port maritime environment. Just a few of these threats from terrorism on ports would include active shooters, the use of small vessels that are explosive-laden known as Water Borne Improvised Explosive Device, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and an attack that utilizes an aircraft or other vessel similar to the 9/11 attacks (DHS, 2015). This is where Risk Management comes into the picture for each individual port and the different infrastructure points at each individual port.
To utilize Risk Based Management is a daunting task that is an ever changing due to the different threats that arise such as the threat on the cyber security infrastructure of ports. Risk Based Management starts with the port security understanding the risks to port infrastructure that has to be identified, assessed, and managed (Christopher, 2014). Being able to determine these risk and threats and to have planning in place to mitigate their effects is essential in the continued uninterrupted operations of ports. One concept that is utilized to determine risk and to mitigate them is the Megaports Initiative.
One of the most effective security measures against terrorism is having partnerships and active communication between different agencies. The Megaports Initiative is a partnership that is between foreign customs and other law enforcement agencies, port authorities, terminal operators, and other relevant entities in partner countries that help to enhance detection capabilities for special nuclear and radioactive materials that are in cargo containers and traveling in the global maritime shipping network (NNSA, 2010). The initiative also is a partnership between the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of State to counter nuclear and radiological threats to the United States and its international partners by installing radiation portal monitors (RPMs) to be able to scan containers that are high-risk that a ...
This presentation was given as part of the Cross-Domain Deterrence Seminar hosted by the Center for Global Security Research at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in November 2014.
1. The document is a draft pact between heads of state and government to address global challenges and safeguard the future. It recognizes acute global perils like poverty, inequality, conflict, and climate change threaten present and future generations.
2. It commits to strengthening international cooperation and reforming multilateral institutions to better address political, economic, environmental and technological changes. Specific commitments are made to accelerate progress on the UN Sustainable Development Goals, international peace and security, digital cooperation, and youth empowerment.
3. The pact aims to transform global governance to be more effective, trusted, inclusive and future-focused. It pledges to reform the UN Security Council and other organs, improve responses to global cri
- The document describes the Emergency Asteroid Defence Project (EADP), which aims to develop and deploy the Hypervelocity Asteroid Intercept Vehicle (HAIV) system to protect Earth from asteroids and comets with diameters between 20-300 meters that could cause major damage with only a short warning period.
- The HAIV system would pulverize asteroids and comets using a two-stage impact - first with a kinetic impact vehicle to create a crater, followed by a nuclear explosive device detonated inside the crater to scatter the asteroid into smaller, harmless pieces.
- EADP's goal is to have HAIV systems ready for launch within 1 hour of detection for any short-warning threats between now and
Essay On Conservation Of Environment. Article on conservation of environment...afjzdtooeofvaa
Sample essay on hindrances to environmental conservation. Short Essay About Environmental Conservation Pollution .... Conservation Of Environment Essay Telegraph. Easy Steps How To Write An Environment Conservation Essay MyCoursebay. Essay one step conservation environment - myteacherpages.x.fc2.com. Article on conservation of environment. Methods and Importance of .... Conservation essay finale. Short essay on conservation of environment. Environmental .... PPT - Save environment essay PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... Essay on Conservation of Environment Environment Conservation Essay .... Write an essay on Conservation of Nature Essay Writing English .... Environment Essay. Environmental Issues Essay : Essays on Environmental Issues. Essay on Save Environment 3 Samples - Leverage Edu. Essay - Ways to conserve the environment. Importance of Environment Essay Essay on Importance of Environment .... Environment Essay Guided Discovery Environmentalism Natural Environment. Conservation of environment essay pdf. Essay on Conservation of .... Students make posters on World Nature Conservation Day. Essay On Conservation Of Environment International Writings Save .... Essay on Conservation of Natural Resources Conversation of Natural .... Narrative Essay: Essay on conservation of environment. Argumentative Essay: Environment protection essay. Essay on Environment Conservation Cheap Essay Writing Help .... We and our environment essay. Essay on Environment for Students and Children PDF Download. 5 Major Importance of Environmental Conservation Earth Reminder. Descriptive essay: Essay on conservation of environment. How to protect the nature essay. Short Essay on the Conservation of .... Admission essay: Environmental conservation essay. Essay on Environment Environment Essay for Students and Children in ... Essay On Conservation Of Environment Essay On Conservation Of Environment. Article on conservation of environment. Methods and Importance of ...
1) NGOs and environmental organizations can play an important role in supporting the government's efforts to tackle environmental issues like air and water pollution.
2) There are over 3 million NGOs in India, many of which focus on environmental protection. They help create awareness, apply pressure on polluting industries, and provide data to help develop policies.
3) NGOs can help fill gaps by conducting research, building institutional capacity, and encouraging sustainable lifestyles through public engagement.
This document provides an overview of a World Economic Forum publication titled "Bringing Space Down to Earth". The following key points are made:
- Space technologies are increasingly available and being applied in innovative ways to address challenges like monitoring human rights, climate change, and navigation.
- The publication aims to explain how space-based technologies can help address major societal challenges in an accessible way for non-technical readers.
- It will cover 12 topics like food security, education, disaster management, and climate change through case studies of existing applications of space technologies.
- Space-related business is one of the fastest growing economic sectors, worth over $300 billion globally in 2012. Space assets support many other industries
William Strong1. Explain what is meant by the collaborations bet.docxambersalomon88660
William Strong
1. Explain what is meant by the collaborations between port security and enforcement operations.
Collaborations between port security and enforcement operations is paramount. Although security officers and law enforcement officers have the same mission which is to keep the port secured, one will always have more authority than the other. Port security has a broad spectrum not limited to gate guards, check points, roving patrols and surveillance. Even though port security may seem like an all-in one but there are limits of each section. Private security agencies have a strong foot hold in the fight against terror in the United States.
Enforcement operations are the actions from the planning and briefings that are conducted every day. As enforcement, the unit must go out and enforce the rules, regulations and laws of which are written in the maritime laws and the United States. Enforcement has the responsibility for making arrest and conducting the searches on the vehicle, people and vessels that enter the port.
The communication between the private security and the United States government is a relationship that requires an understanding on which section does what. Communication is paramount in the security world and all sections need to work as a team to succeed.
2. Discuss the priorities detailed in the 2013 DNI Threat Assessment Report?
The Director of National Intelligence covered almost about everything involving the national security on the United States regarding many countries in the Middle East, Europe, Africa and South America. The report also included many categories such as weapons of mass destruction, cybercrime and food. Weapons of mass destruction can be made out of many things and it is difficult to keep track of all the house hold products that can make a bad day for the public. Cybercrime is on the top of the list due to everything is connected to the internet. With cybercrimes that are influenced by other countries, they can harm the Unites States infrastructure by creating a panic in the economy. Food may seem like a small worry but food is a major factor in everyday life. If the food industry would to be contaminated with a virus it could cause an epidemic that could be fatal to thousands.
All sections in the DNI 2013 report are important, many have a higher level of concern due to the lives at risk and the areas that can be affected by a terrorist attack.
Reference
Christopher, K. (2014). Port security management (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Clapper, J. (2013). Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community. Statement for the record. Senate Committee on Armed Service.
Duane LeClair
1. Explain what is meant by the collaborations between port security and enforcement operations.
In order to have and maintain a secure port facility, the port facility security officer, and staff, must have a working relationship with state and local law enforcement departme.
This document analyzes deterrence strategies in cyberspace. It notes a shift in recent US policy from defense-focused to incorporating offensive cyber capabilities and deterrence by punishment. The 2015 DoD Cyber Strategy identifies key threats like Russia, China, North Korea and Iran. It acknowledges offensive cyber operations and enhancing attribution capabilities to reduce anonymity, improving deterrence credibility. The document examines deterrence concepts in cyberspace, difficulties with deterrence, and the need for a cross-domain response to deter high-level threats. It proposes a "4-Point Norms Plan" incorporating norms on critical infrastructure attacks, responding to threats, proportional responses, and justifying actions, to facilitate deterrence and governance.
Disaster Management Systems: Building Capacity for Developing Countries and ...Connie White
Some societies are more disaster prone than others due to their geographic location and the benefits provided by it. Man has co-existed in this sort of high risk/high return relationship with mother nature throughout history. Poorer societies tend to pay a higher price both in lives taken and damage – left with many secondary and equally devastating disasters that are sure to come. We know that for every $1 USD put into preventative measures, we save ~$7 that would have gone into post-disaster recovery and rebuilding efforts. There are many international agencies working to support a variety of needs in these grief stricken areas to help them build capacity and to help these societies better prepare for and respond to the disasters they will face. These efforts are guided by the Millennium Project Goals outlined in 2000. A lot has changed since then with respect to technology, mobile devices and humanitarianism. The objective of this paper is exploit how current efforts are creating capacity on the individual, organizational and 'enabling environment' levels. This paper explores the notion that a more concerted effort can be made at building Information and Communication Disaster Management Capacity in developing countries who are most susceptible due to proximity and to a lack of funds. A 'proof of concept' is provided
The document discusses the risks associated with disasters, noting that disaster risk stems from natural hazards combining with vulnerabilities in exposed populations and assets. It explains that while vulnerability has decreased somewhat due to improvements like better building standards, overall risk has grown globally due to increasing exposure as populations and economic assets concentrate in hazardous areas. Furthermore, marginalized groups tend to be disproportionately affected by disasters due to higher levels of vulnerability and exposure.
Communicating the New Maritime StrategyCappy Surette
“A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower” recognized the economic links of the global system and how any disruption due to regional crises – manmade or natural – can adversely impact the U.S. economy and quality of life. This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent these crises from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the U.S.
Discussion Question Looking over the next five years, in your op.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion Question: Looking over the next five years, in your opinion, what will be the single greatest threat to the nation’s homeland security posture? Explain the reasoning for your selection. How well does DHS’ Fiscal Years 2014-2018 Strategic Plan address this threat?
Instructions: Fully utilize the materials that have been provided to you in order to support your response. Your initial post should be at least 350 words.
Lesson
Week Eight – Risk, Threat and Consequence in the Future
Predicting the future is an activity frequently fraught with uncertainty. Still, it is an activity that those of us who find ourselves within the homeland security enterprise must constantly engage in. Whether it’s those within the intelligence, the emergency response and emergency management communities, or those who might not be sure what role they play (such as academia or the business community), we all make decisions based upon what might occur in the future (whether that be the next moment, week, or years down the road). In addition, the input we provide and predictions we make impact others as well, whether that is our elected leaders who could utilize such information in their decision making process, or simply family members, coworkers, or students. Lastly, any steps taken moving forward must support the current National Preparedness Goal, which is:
A secure and resilient Nation with the capabilities required across the whole community to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the threats and hazards that pose the greatest risk. (DHS, 2015, p. 1)
Therefore, a balancing act of sorts must be taken that keeps an eye on present responsibilities and commitments, while looking ahead to what the future might hold. So in this our final week of class, we will look at factors likely to affect risk, threat and consequences for our communities in the future.
In 2010, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) launched the Strategic Foresight Initiative (SFI) as an ongoing effort to determine those factors that will impact risk factors in the nation as a whole and in our nation’s communities over the next 20 years. The SFI has resulted in the publication of a number of documents. Perhaps the most relevant to this current discussion is Crisis Response and Disaster Resilience 2030: Forging Strategic Action in an Age of Uncertainty. The information found within this report is a culmination of the efforts of literally hundreds of emergency management and homeland security professionals and practitioners. They admit that moving forward; there is both an increased complexity and decreased predictability related to the operating environment our nation will find itself addressing. Therefore, it would behoove us to seriously consider the issues they have highlighted and make needed changes where applicable.
Forces of Change
With the help of technology and other factors, the world in which we live is an extremely interconnected one..
Here is a draft essay on the democratic deficit in the EU:
The European Union (EU) has long been criticized for suffering from a "democratic deficit." This refers to the perception that decision-making power in the EU lies more with unelected bureaucrats and national governments, rather than directly with EU citizens through democratic elections and institutions. There is certainly some validity to this criticism, and efforts have been made over the years to address it, but the EU still faces challenges in fully overcoming the deficit.
One of the main sources of the democratic deficit is that the EU lacks a true European demos - a sense of shared European identity and public sphere. Most citizens still identify more strongly with their nation states than with the EU
This document summarizes a workshop held in Kampala, Uganda that explored the relationship between reparations and development with the aim of strengthening gender-just reparations for victims of human rights violations. The workshop brought together human rights practitioners, transitional justice experts, and development actors to discuss tensions and opportunities for partnership between reparations and development. Key points discussed included leveraging development resources and expertise to support reparations programs, ensuring such programs do not create new divisions, and the need for integrated approaches and coordination between justice and development actors to most effectively deliver redress and support post-conflict recovery.
This document provides an introduction and summary of a legal research paper on space tourism. It discusses the existing international space laws and treaties that govern space travel. It acknowledges that while laws exist, the field of private space tourism is still developing. It then outlines some hypothetical legal scenarios that could arise from space tourism and private space travel becoming more common. Finally, it describes a small pilot survey conducted with medical students in India to gather preliminary data on perspectives about space tourism. The document aims to explore the legal issues and opportunities surrounding the growing concept of space tourism.
International Relations and Disasters - Page Num EditSeth Roach
This document summarizes a research paper that explores the potential for applying the American Incident Command System (ICS) model for disaster response internationally. The author analyzes ICS and other command systems used worldwide to determine if they could be effective models for coordinating multi-jurisdictional disaster responses. The paper uses the 2014 King Fire in California as a case study to show how ICS criteria were effectively applied even during a massive response. The author argues that with increasing globalization, a coordinated international emergency management system is needed and that ICS shows promise as an adaptable framework for multi-national disaster response.
The document provides information about the Space Situational Awareness 2015 conference taking place May 12-13, 2015 in Baltimore, USA. The conference will discuss comprehensive space situational awareness and international collaboration to address technical, operational, legal and political challenges to ensure long term safety, security and sustainability of space activities. It lists speakers from organizations like NASA, US Air Force, UK Space Agency, and Secure World Foundation that will discuss topics like space situational tracking and protection of space assets.
8 Steps To Writing The Perfect Personal EsTiffany Rose
The document discusses the impact of women during the American Civil War. It notes that many women disguised themselves as men to fight in the war, either to be with their husbands/families or show their strength. Women also took on important roles by doing laundry, cooking, and caring for wounded soldiers. Some women even gathered intelligence from enemy operations. The document argues that women played a bigger role in the war than typically recognized and helped prove that women can be just as strong as men.
Death Stars and Droids: Security in Zero GravityEmerson Jones
- An in-depth look at a upcoming possible area of conflict, especially under the guise of the recent announcement by the current presidential administration to stand up a space force by 2020.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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1. The document is a draft pact between heads of state and government to address global challenges and safeguard the future. It recognizes acute global perils like poverty, inequality, conflict, and climate change threaten present and future generations.
2. It commits to strengthening international cooperation and reforming multilateral institutions to better address political, economic, environmental and technological changes. Specific commitments are made to accelerate progress on the UN Sustainable Development Goals, international peace and security, digital cooperation, and youth empowerment.
3. The pact aims to transform global governance to be more effective, trusted, inclusive and future-focused. It pledges to reform the UN Security Council and other organs, improve responses to global cri
- The document describes the Emergency Asteroid Defence Project (EADP), which aims to develop and deploy the Hypervelocity Asteroid Intercept Vehicle (HAIV) system to protect Earth from asteroids and comets with diameters between 20-300 meters that could cause major damage with only a short warning period.
- The HAIV system would pulverize asteroids and comets using a two-stage impact - first with a kinetic impact vehicle to create a crater, followed by a nuclear explosive device detonated inside the crater to scatter the asteroid into smaller, harmless pieces.
- EADP's goal is to have HAIV systems ready for launch within 1 hour of detection for any short-warning threats between now and
Essay On Conservation Of Environment. Article on conservation of environment...afjzdtooeofvaa
Sample essay on hindrances to environmental conservation. Short Essay About Environmental Conservation Pollution .... Conservation Of Environment Essay Telegraph. Easy Steps How To Write An Environment Conservation Essay MyCoursebay. Essay one step conservation environment - myteacherpages.x.fc2.com. Article on conservation of environment. Methods and Importance of .... Conservation essay finale. Short essay on conservation of environment. Environmental .... PPT - Save environment essay PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... Essay on Conservation of Environment Environment Conservation Essay .... Write an essay on Conservation of Nature Essay Writing English .... Environment Essay. Environmental Issues Essay : Essays on Environmental Issues. Essay on Save Environment 3 Samples - Leverage Edu. Essay - Ways to conserve the environment. Importance of Environment Essay Essay on Importance of Environment .... Environment Essay Guided Discovery Environmentalism Natural Environment. Conservation of environment essay pdf. Essay on Conservation of .... Students make posters on World Nature Conservation Day. Essay On Conservation Of Environment International Writings Save .... Essay on Conservation of Natural Resources Conversation of Natural .... Narrative Essay: Essay on conservation of environment. Argumentative Essay: Environment protection essay. Essay on Environment Conservation Cheap Essay Writing Help .... We and our environment essay. Essay on Environment for Students and Children PDF Download. 5 Major Importance of Environmental Conservation Earth Reminder. Descriptive essay: Essay on conservation of environment. How to protect the nature essay. Short Essay on the Conservation of .... Admission essay: Environmental conservation essay. Essay on Environment Environment Essay for Students and Children in ... Essay On Conservation Of Environment Essay On Conservation Of Environment. Article on conservation of environment. Methods and Importance of ...
1) NGOs and environmental organizations can play an important role in supporting the government's efforts to tackle environmental issues like air and water pollution.
2) There are over 3 million NGOs in India, many of which focus on environmental protection. They help create awareness, apply pressure on polluting industries, and provide data to help develop policies.
3) NGOs can help fill gaps by conducting research, building institutional capacity, and encouraging sustainable lifestyles through public engagement.
This document provides an overview of a World Economic Forum publication titled "Bringing Space Down to Earth". The following key points are made:
- Space technologies are increasingly available and being applied in innovative ways to address challenges like monitoring human rights, climate change, and navigation.
- The publication aims to explain how space-based technologies can help address major societal challenges in an accessible way for non-technical readers.
- It will cover 12 topics like food security, education, disaster management, and climate change through case studies of existing applications of space technologies.
- Space-related business is one of the fastest growing economic sectors, worth over $300 billion globally in 2012. Space assets support many other industries
William Strong1. Explain what is meant by the collaborations bet.docxambersalomon88660
William Strong
1. Explain what is meant by the collaborations between port security and enforcement operations.
Collaborations between port security and enforcement operations is paramount. Although security officers and law enforcement officers have the same mission which is to keep the port secured, one will always have more authority than the other. Port security has a broad spectrum not limited to gate guards, check points, roving patrols and surveillance. Even though port security may seem like an all-in one but there are limits of each section. Private security agencies have a strong foot hold in the fight against terror in the United States.
Enforcement operations are the actions from the planning and briefings that are conducted every day. As enforcement, the unit must go out and enforce the rules, regulations and laws of which are written in the maritime laws and the United States. Enforcement has the responsibility for making arrest and conducting the searches on the vehicle, people and vessels that enter the port.
The communication between the private security and the United States government is a relationship that requires an understanding on which section does what. Communication is paramount in the security world and all sections need to work as a team to succeed.
2. Discuss the priorities detailed in the 2013 DNI Threat Assessment Report?
The Director of National Intelligence covered almost about everything involving the national security on the United States regarding many countries in the Middle East, Europe, Africa and South America. The report also included many categories such as weapons of mass destruction, cybercrime and food. Weapons of mass destruction can be made out of many things and it is difficult to keep track of all the house hold products that can make a bad day for the public. Cybercrime is on the top of the list due to everything is connected to the internet. With cybercrimes that are influenced by other countries, they can harm the Unites States infrastructure by creating a panic in the economy. Food may seem like a small worry but food is a major factor in everyday life. If the food industry would to be contaminated with a virus it could cause an epidemic that could be fatal to thousands.
All sections in the DNI 2013 report are important, many have a higher level of concern due to the lives at risk and the areas that can be affected by a terrorist attack.
Reference
Christopher, K. (2014). Port security management (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Clapper, J. (2013). Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community. Statement for the record. Senate Committee on Armed Service.
Duane LeClair
1. Explain what is meant by the collaborations between port security and enforcement operations.
In order to have and maintain a secure port facility, the port facility security officer, and staff, must have a working relationship with state and local law enforcement departme.
This document analyzes deterrence strategies in cyberspace. It notes a shift in recent US policy from defense-focused to incorporating offensive cyber capabilities and deterrence by punishment. The 2015 DoD Cyber Strategy identifies key threats like Russia, China, North Korea and Iran. It acknowledges offensive cyber operations and enhancing attribution capabilities to reduce anonymity, improving deterrence credibility. The document examines deterrence concepts in cyberspace, difficulties with deterrence, and the need for a cross-domain response to deter high-level threats. It proposes a "4-Point Norms Plan" incorporating norms on critical infrastructure attacks, responding to threats, proportional responses, and justifying actions, to facilitate deterrence and governance.
Disaster Management Systems: Building Capacity for Developing Countries and ...Connie White
Some societies are more disaster prone than others due to their geographic location and the benefits provided by it. Man has co-existed in this sort of high risk/high return relationship with mother nature throughout history. Poorer societies tend to pay a higher price both in lives taken and damage – left with many secondary and equally devastating disasters that are sure to come. We know that for every $1 USD put into preventative measures, we save ~$7 that would have gone into post-disaster recovery and rebuilding efforts. There are many international agencies working to support a variety of needs in these grief stricken areas to help them build capacity and to help these societies better prepare for and respond to the disasters they will face. These efforts are guided by the Millennium Project Goals outlined in 2000. A lot has changed since then with respect to technology, mobile devices and humanitarianism. The objective of this paper is exploit how current efforts are creating capacity on the individual, organizational and 'enabling environment' levels. This paper explores the notion that a more concerted effort can be made at building Information and Communication Disaster Management Capacity in developing countries who are most susceptible due to proximity and to a lack of funds. A 'proof of concept' is provided
The document discusses the risks associated with disasters, noting that disaster risk stems from natural hazards combining with vulnerabilities in exposed populations and assets. It explains that while vulnerability has decreased somewhat due to improvements like better building standards, overall risk has grown globally due to increasing exposure as populations and economic assets concentrate in hazardous areas. Furthermore, marginalized groups tend to be disproportionately affected by disasters due to higher levels of vulnerability and exposure.
Communicating the New Maritime StrategyCappy Surette
“A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower” recognized the economic links of the global system and how any disruption due to regional crises – manmade or natural – can adversely impact the U.S. economy and quality of life. This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent these crises from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the U.S.
Discussion Question Looking over the next five years, in your op.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion Question: Looking over the next five years, in your opinion, what will be the single greatest threat to the nation’s homeland security posture? Explain the reasoning for your selection. How well does DHS’ Fiscal Years 2014-2018 Strategic Plan address this threat?
Instructions: Fully utilize the materials that have been provided to you in order to support your response. Your initial post should be at least 350 words.
Lesson
Week Eight – Risk, Threat and Consequence in the Future
Predicting the future is an activity frequently fraught with uncertainty. Still, it is an activity that those of us who find ourselves within the homeland security enterprise must constantly engage in. Whether it’s those within the intelligence, the emergency response and emergency management communities, or those who might not be sure what role they play (such as academia or the business community), we all make decisions based upon what might occur in the future (whether that be the next moment, week, or years down the road). In addition, the input we provide and predictions we make impact others as well, whether that is our elected leaders who could utilize such information in their decision making process, or simply family members, coworkers, or students. Lastly, any steps taken moving forward must support the current National Preparedness Goal, which is:
A secure and resilient Nation with the capabilities required across the whole community to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the threats and hazards that pose the greatest risk. (DHS, 2015, p. 1)
Therefore, a balancing act of sorts must be taken that keeps an eye on present responsibilities and commitments, while looking ahead to what the future might hold. So in this our final week of class, we will look at factors likely to affect risk, threat and consequences for our communities in the future.
In 2010, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) launched the Strategic Foresight Initiative (SFI) as an ongoing effort to determine those factors that will impact risk factors in the nation as a whole and in our nation’s communities over the next 20 years. The SFI has resulted in the publication of a number of documents. Perhaps the most relevant to this current discussion is Crisis Response and Disaster Resilience 2030: Forging Strategic Action in an Age of Uncertainty. The information found within this report is a culmination of the efforts of literally hundreds of emergency management and homeland security professionals and practitioners. They admit that moving forward; there is both an increased complexity and decreased predictability related to the operating environment our nation will find itself addressing. Therefore, it would behoove us to seriously consider the issues they have highlighted and make needed changes where applicable.
Forces of Change
With the help of technology and other factors, the world in which we live is an extremely interconnected one..
Here is a draft essay on the democratic deficit in the EU:
The European Union (EU) has long been criticized for suffering from a "democratic deficit." This refers to the perception that decision-making power in the EU lies more with unelected bureaucrats and national governments, rather than directly with EU citizens through democratic elections and institutions. There is certainly some validity to this criticism, and efforts have been made over the years to address it, but the EU still faces challenges in fully overcoming the deficit.
One of the main sources of the democratic deficit is that the EU lacks a true European demos - a sense of shared European identity and public sphere. Most citizens still identify more strongly with their nation states than with the EU
This document summarizes a workshop held in Kampala, Uganda that explored the relationship between reparations and development with the aim of strengthening gender-just reparations for victims of human rights violations. The workshop brought together human rights practitioners, transitional justice experts, and development actors to discuss tensions and opportunities for partnership between reparations and development. Key points discussed included leveraging development resources and expertise to support reparations programs, ensuring such programs do not create new divisions, and the need for integrated approaches and coordination between justice and development actors to most effectively deliver redress and support post-conflict recovery.
This document provides an introduction and summary of a legal research paper on space tourism. It discusses the existing international space laws and treaties that govern space travel. It acknowledges that while laws exist, the field of private space tourism is still developing. It then outlines some hypothetical legal scenarios that could arise from space tourism and private space travel becoming more common. Finally, it describes a small pilot survey conducted with medical students in India to gather preliminary data on perspectives about space tourism. The document aims to explore the legal issues and opportunities surrounding the growing concept of space tourism.
International Relations and Disasters - Page Num EditSeth Roach
This document summarizes a research paper that explores the potential for applying the American Incident Command System (ICS) model for disaster response internationally. The author analyzes ICS and other command systems used worldwide to determine if they could be effective models for coordinating multi-jurisdictional disaster responses. The paper uses the 2014 King Fire in California as a case study to show how ICS criteria were effectively applied even during a massive response. The author argues that with increasing globalization, a coordinated international emergency management system is needed and that ICS shows promise as an adaptable framework for multi-national disaster response.
The document provides information about the Space Situational Awareness 2015 conference taking place May 12-13, 2015 in Baltimore, USA. The conference will discuss comprehensive space situational awareness and international collaboration to address technical, operational, legal and political challenges to ensure long term safety, security and sustainability of space activities. It lists speakers from organizations like NASA, US Air Force, UK Space Agency, and Secure World Foundation that will discuss topics like space situational tracking and protection of space assets.
8 Steps To Writing The Perfect Personal EsTiffany Rose
The document discusses the impact of women during the American Civil War. It notes that many women disguised themselves as men to fight in the war, either to be with their husbands/families or show their strength. Women also took on important roles by doing laundry, cooking, and caring for wounded soldiers. Some women even gathered intelligence from enemy operations. The document argues that women played a bigger role in the war than typically recognized and helped prove that women can be just as strong as men.
Death Stars and Droids: Security in Zero GravityEmerson Jones
- An in-depth look at a upcoming possible area of conflict, especially under the guise of the recent announcement by the current presidential administration to stand up a space force by 2020.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
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53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
Space Situational Awareness Forum - U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT Presentation
1. Promoting Space Security and Sustainability
Remarks
Mallory Stewart
Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance
Space Situational Awareness 2015: "Accelerating Space Situational Awareness Capabilities"
College Park Marriott Hotel and Conference Center
East Hyattsville, MD
May 12, 2015
Thank you, Dr. [Moriba] Jah, for your kind introduction, and for the opportunity to speak with you today. I’d
like to thank Corinium Global Intelligence and Boeing for inviting me to speak at this important
conference.
This is a great opportunity for the U.S. Department of State to discuss our role in promoting space
security and sustainability. It is especially nice that I can speak with and learn from such an expert,
international audience on these issues without having to travel very far.
Many of the speakers we will hear from today will provide detailed assessments of the risks and
challenges we are facing in space -- risks from debris, some of it caused by on-orbit collisions and from
the rise in man-made debris, and challenges that are larger than any one country can tackle alone. Space
presents a unique environment that complicates our ability to address challenges as difficult as space
debris. Specifically, with the rapid rise in the use of space, ever-evolving technological capabilities, and
the presence of many new actors in space, the challenge of spaceflight is growing more complex by the
day. The difficulty of addressing those challenges is complicated by the sheer number of actors now
involved. And, we all have become increasingly aware that bad actions in space can be difficult to
attribute to any specific party; thus accountability for negligent or irresponsible actions will become even
more difficult in the future.
That is why we believe diplomacy is so important. The U.S. State Department has been tasked by
President Obama with expanding international cooperation to address the challenges we face in outer
space. We are working closely with countries around the world to highlight the necessity of strengthening
the long-term sustainability, safety, and security of space. International cooperation, such as sharing
space situational awareness and best practices in space -- is crucial to preventing uncontrolled chaotic
future in space, and contributes in important ways to a safe and secure space environment.
Today I will briefly discuss some of the challenges we are facing and then discuss what we are doing
through international cooperation and collaboration to tackle those challenges.
Challenges to the Space Environment
2. As this audience well knows, orbital debris is one of the greatest challenges facing the world as more
countries come to use space for their own benefit. There are now more than 20,000 man-made objects
large enough to be tracked in various Earth orbits – from operational satellites, to parts of rocket bodies,
to other pieces of debris resulting from more than half-a-century of space launches. And there are many
more objects, too small to be tracked, that still present a threat to all forms of spaceflight. We are all well
aware of the recent incidents of collisions and near-collisions between spacecraft, including the need to
maneuver the International Space Station to avoid debris.
This debris problem, which is compounded by intentional or negligent actions in space, should be an
alarm bell for all nations. The U.S. Government is particularly concerned that irresponsible behavior in
space significantly increases the threat to all of Earth’s satellites, making the peaceful use of space ever
more difficult.
We should be aware that such irresponsible behavior in space now includes the development and use of
anti-satellite, or ASAT, systems. Even in the development phase, the debris generated by testing of anti-
satellite capabilities creates hazards for all spacefaring actors. Indeed, still today thousands of pieces of
debris from the destructive 2007 Chinese anti-satellite test continue to endanger space assets of all
nations, including China itself and will continue to pose that threat for many years to come. It is estimated
that 50 percent of the debris caused by China’s 2007 test could still be in orbit for another 20 years.
Despite the potential for debris, and the serious international concern voiced by the United States and
others, some nations continue to develop their ASAT systems.
The United States believes that such destructive capabilities are both destabilizing and a threat to the
long-term security and sustainability of outer space. Moreover, in an environment in which warning –
unfortunately- is not the norm, and attribution can be difficult to achieve, there are often limited means to
prevent or address the destructive effect or any resulting debris generated from these new capabilities.
A related issue is the challenge of ensuring that we have situational awareness of the space environment.
A long-standing principle of U.S. and international space policy is that all nations have the right to explore
and use space for peaceful purposes, and for the benefit of all humanity, in accordance with international
law. Strengthening stability depends on having awareness and understanding as to who is using the
space environment, for what purposes, and under what conditions. The inherent warning, attribution, and
accountability hurdles that are exacerbated because of the immense expanse of space, make the need
for situational awareness in space that much greater.
The U.S. National Space Policy directs us to collaborate with other nations, the global commercial sector,
and various private and intergovernmental organizations to improve our shared space situational
awareness – in other words, to improve our collective ability to rapidly detect, warn of, characterize, and
attribute natural and man-made disturbances to space systems. Having this information as early as
possible and as accurately as possible is critical for safe human spaceflight and for ensuring a stable
environment in space that benefits all nations.
3. Having information that enables us to achieve space situational awareness and understanding is
necessary but insufficient unless we can take steps to avoid the perceived threats. In other words, the
challenges of increasing debris in space and the growing complexities of responsible, as well as
irresponsible, space operations lead to another challenge, that of collision avoidance.
Responding to These Challenges
The United States takes these issues seriously, and our National Space Policy reflects the importance we
attach to addressing these challenges. The Department of State, in cooperation with our interagency
colleagues, has been actively working with our allies and partners around the globe to preserve the long-
term security and sustainability of the space environment.
A large part of our international cooperation – in accordance with the President’s National Space Policy
guidance – involves transparency and confidence-building measures (TCBMs) to encourage responsible
actions in, and the peaceful use of, space. TCBMs are pragmatic, voluntary actions, and a means by
which governments can address challenges and share information with the aim of creating mutual
understanding and reducing tensions. Examples of bilateral space-related TCBMs include dialogues on
national security space policies and strategies, expert visits to military satellite flight control centers, and
discussions on mechanisms for information exchanges on natural and debris hazards. Examples of
multilateral space-related TCBMs include joint resolutions and commitments on space security and the
prevention of debris-generating activities, and adoption of international norms or “codes of conduct”.
At a very basic level, our international efforts involve outreach, cooperation, and norms development. I
will briefly speak about each of these.
Outreach
Outreach is often the first step in transparency and confidence building, and we engage in outreach
efforts both multilaterally and bilaterally. We have established 13 formal Space Security Dialogues on a
bilateral basis to discuss these issues with foreign countries, and numerous less-formalized dialogues
with international and domestic partners. These dialogues allow in-depth conversations about the
collective challenges we face, and encourage collaborative brainstorming on how we can work together to
develop and implement solutions to these issues.
Outreach also involves notifications. Currently the United States provides notifications of potential
conjunctions to other government and commercial satellite operators through our cooperative
relationships and the web site space-track.org.
Cooperation
Outreach also entails cooperation. The Department of State also works with the Department of Defense
on the dissemination of orbital tracking information through lines of communication established in space
situational awareness (SSA) cooperation agreements with foreign partners.
4. In fact, the Department of State is working with the Department of Defense’s (DoD’s) U.S. Strategic
Command (USSTRATCOM) to implement its first SSA Sharing Strategy that promotes sharing more
information on a more timely basis with the broadest range of partners in an interactive way. The
foundations for these cooperative efforts are those SSA sharing agreements and arrangements that
provide for enhanced exchanges of unclassified information. To date, the United States has signed 11
SSA sharing agreements and arrangements with national governments and international
intergovernmental organizations, and 47 with commercial entities.
Beyond these foundational agreements and arrangements, State is working with USSTRATCOM and
others in the national security community to foster the development of routine operational partnerships,
creating a true data-sharing environment that extends to the robust sharing of spaceflight information.
This work supports broader U.S. efforts to ensure that data from sensors and spacecraft operated by
Allies and other governmental and private sector sources can be aggregated and processed into
actionable information.
Finally, in addition to outreach and cooperation, the adoption of norms of
responsible behavior is instrumental to our space policy:
The United States continues to lead the development of international standards to minimize debris,
building upon the foundation of the U.N. Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines. The United States has been
engaged for more than three years in a multilateral study of the long-term sustainability of outer space
activities within the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses
of Outer Space, or UNCOPUOS. Scheduled for completion in 2016, this effort is examining the feasibility
of voluntary “best practices guidelines” to help reduce operational risks to all space systems.
In addition, the United States supports a number of multilateral initiatives to establish consensus
guidelines – “rules of the road” – for responsible space activities that support U.S. and international
security interests. For example:
Assistant Secretary Frank Rose served as the U.S. expert for the United Nations Group of
Governmental Experts (GGE) study of outer space transparency and confidence-building measures.
That group published a consensus report in 2013 endorsing voluntary, non-legally binding TCBMs to
strengthen sustainability and security in space.
Additionally, for the past several years the United States has worked with the European Union and
other nations to advance an International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities. We will
participate in negotiations this year and hopefully develop a Code of Conduct that enhances the
security and sustainability of space. This Code would be a voluntary, “top-down” commitment that
complements and expands upon the approach of the UNCOPUOS efforts to develop long-term
sustainability guidelines. The Code could help solidify safe operational practices, reduce the chance
of collisions or other harmful interference with nations’ activities, contribute to our awareness of the
space environment through notifications, and strengthen stability in space by helping establish norms
for responsible behavior.
5. Among the draft Code’s most important commitments is for subscribers to minimize, to the greatest
extent possible, the creation of space debris, in particular, the creation of long-lived space debris and
to refrain from any action that brings about, directly or indirectly, damage, or destruction of space
objects, unless required and allowed under the international law right of self-defense..
Conclusion
In sum, solving foreign policy problems today requires us to think both regionally and globally, to see the
intersections and connections linking nations and regions, and to bring people together as partners to
solve shared problems. Partnership in space endeavors entails shared responsibility and shared
commitment. We have made it clear in our bilateral and multilateral dialogues with other nations that
solving the challenges of orbital debris, situational awareness, collision avoidance, and encouraging
responsible and peaceful behavior in space, as well as precluding irresponsible behavior in space, are
the duties of all who are, or will be, engaged in space activities. This includes not only “established”
space-faring nations, but also those countries just beginning to explore and use space. Although we hope
we are on our way to resolving some of these challenges technologically, issues of warning, attribution,
accountability, and transparency remain.
The world has become more reliant on space capabilities and space-derived information than ever
before. Ensuring the long-term sustainability and security of the space environment is vital to the future of
the entire international community, and space situational awareness is foundational to achieving that
goal.
Thank you for your time and attention.
Source: http://www.state.gov/t/avc/rls/2015/242325.htm