- An in-depth look at a upcoming possible area of conflict, especially under the guise of the recent announcement by the current presidential administration to stand up a space force by 2020.
This document discusses several private space exploration companies and their plans to explore and utilize resources in space. It also discusses relevant space law and debates around ownership of celestial resources. Several companies plan missions to the Moon's surface in the 2020s to conduct research and extract water and other resources. There is debate around interpretations of existing space treaties and whether companies can own the resources they extract. Some see potential for a Georgist approach where companies could bid for access rights to areas and share resulting rents internationally.
Space Law: What Space Sovereignty Means for Operating in the 4th DomainKlisman Murati FRSA
As space has become more contested and competitive the need to maintain effective situational awareness in the 4th domain is more critical than ever. With this in mind, the Pangaea Wire Group hosted a workshop bringing together key stakeholders across the military, government and industry sectors to discuss approaches and strategies for providing a holistic approach to Space Situational Awareness (SSA).
Exploring space debris, space sovereignty, security, space surveillance and tracking (SST), space weather, the impact of new mega-constellations and international partnerships in space.
This document analyzes the current status of space law and conventions regarding sovereignty in outer space. It discusses key treaties like the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and the Moon Treaty of 1979. While these treaties established some framework, many challenges remain unaddressed. Issues around defining boundaries between airspace and outer space, liability for damage, and jurisdiction over objects in space continue to be debated. The document concludes more work is still needed to harmonize regulations and reduce ambiguity regarding sovereignty and activities in outer space.
Topic UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRA.docxturveycharlyn
Topic: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRAEL’S CAPITAL
4 pages double spaced
Political Studies: Outline
First section: Topic
1. Paper topic: Write a short paragraph describing your topic. Be very specific.
2. Thesis statement: Write a clear thesis statement about your paper topic.
Second Section: The paper outline
1. Introduction: Outline what your argument in your paper is going to be in a paragraph
2. Section (#): briefly outline what each section of your paper will be about.
· Include your academic citations in their respective sections
· Explain how you will use them in your arguments in one or two sentences
· You should have as many sections in your outline as you expect to have in your paper.
3. Conclusion.
Things you should include in your outline:
1. Specifics on your topic. The more detail you provide the better your grade will be
2. At least six academic sources that are relevant to your topic as well as an explanation of how you will use them. (APA)
Holloway
Canada’s Need to Take Ownersh*t of its Role in Space Exploration
A short paper on international space law
Introduction/Issues
A frozen turd ball was ejected from our orbiting space station and struck a foreign state’s spy satellite. The satellite was knocked out of orbit and crashed to Earth. The foreign state now demands reparations from us. This paper will survey the legal regime for the use of space and states’ obligations with respect to debris causing damage to other objects in space. Then, this paper will analyze the current situation to assess our options for response. This paper concludes that we should pay reparations to the foreign state and develop technologies to reduce our production of dangerous debris in space.
Rules
Given that humanity gained access to space relatively recently, and only a limited number of states actually participate in space exploration, international space law is still in its infancy. Although states have jurisdiction over the airspace immediately above their territory, outer space is understood as a ‘res communis’, meaning that none of it can form part of a state’s sovereign territory.[footnoteRef:1] The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies entered into force in 1967 and forms the basis of international space law.[footnoteRef:2] 103 states, including Canada, have ratified the treaty and another 25 states are signatories.[footnoteRef:3] Article III notes the parties’ desires to promote peace, security, cooperation and understanding with regards to the use and development of space. Article VIII specifies that states maintain jurisdiction over whatever objects or personnel they send into space. [1: Currie, John H. et al, International Law: Doctrine, Practice and Theory, 2nd ed (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2014) at 466. ] [2: Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities o ...
The document discusses challenges facing space security and sustainability, including orbital debris, lack of situational awareness, and development of anti-satellite weapons. It outlines the US approach of using diplomacy and international cooperation to address these issues through transparency and confidence-building measures, cooperation on space situational awareness data sharing, and developing norms of responsible behavior. The goal is to strengthen stability in space and ensure its long-term sustainability and security through collaborative efforts.
- President Ronald Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), nicknamed "Star Wars", in 1983 which envisioned creating a missile defense system to protect the US from nuclear attack.
- The SDI proposed developing new technologies like lasers and particle beams to intercept incoming missiles, replacing the policy of mutual nuclear deterrence between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War.
- Reagan's announcement marked the beginning of extensive research into missile defense, though the technology proposed in 1983 was still far beyond what was feasible at the time.
This document provides an introduction and summary of a legal research paper on space tourism. It discusses the existing international space laws and treaties that govern space travel. It acknowledges that while laws exist, the field of private space tourism is still developing. It then outlines some hypothetical legal scenarios that could arise from space tourism and private space travel becoming more common. Finally, it describes a small pilot survey conducted with medical students in India to gather preliminary data on perspectives about space tourism. The document aims to explore the legal issues and opportunities surrounding the growing concept of space tourism.
The Future of Security in Space - A Thirty-Year US StrategyShareDocView.com
This document outlines a proposed 30-year strategy for US security in space. It identifies four major developments shaping the future of space: 1) space holds vast potential for resources and innovation; 2) space is transitioning from exploration to security and commerce; 3) many more actors are operating in space; and 4) commerce is driving much space activity. The strategy recommends establishing rules for space, a space security alliance, accelerating commerce through regulation and investment, and developing technologies like in-space propulsion to realize space's potential while maintaining security.
This document discusses several private space exploration companies and their plans to explore and utilize resources in space. It also discusses relevant space law and debates around ownership of celestial resources. Several companies plan missions to the Moon's surface in the 2020s to conduct research and extract water and other resources. There is debate around interpretations of existing space treaties and whether companies can own the resources they extract. Some see potential for a Georgist approach where companies could bid for access rights to areas and share resulting rents internationally.
Space Law: What Space Sovereignty Means for Operating in the 4th DomainKlisman Murati FRSA
As space has become more contested and competitive the need to maintain effective situational awareness in the 4th domain is more critical than ever. With this in mind, the Pangaea Wire Group hosted a workshop bringing together key stakeholders across the military, government and industry sectors to discuss approaches and strategies for providing a holistic approach to Space Situational Awareness (SSA).
Exploring space debris, space sovereignty, security, space surveillance and tracking (SST), space weather, the impact of new mega-constellations and international partnerships in space.
This document analyzes the current status of space law and conventions regarding sovereignty in outer space. It discusses key treaties like the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and the Moon Treaty of 1979. While these treaties established some framework, many challenges remain unaddressed. Issues around defining boundaries between airspace and outer space, liability for damage, and jurisdiction over objects in space continue to be debated. The document concludes more work is still needed to harmonize regulations and reduce ambiguity regarding sovereignty and activities in outer space.
Topic UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRA.docxturveycharlyn
Topic: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRAEL’S CAPITAL
4 pages double spaced
Political Studies: Outline
First section: Topic
1. Paper topic: Write a short paragraph describing your topic. Be very specific.
2. Thesis statement: Write a clear thesis statement about your paper topic.
Second Section: The paper outline
1. Introduction: Outline what your argument in your paper is going to be in a paragraph
2. Section (#): briefly outline what each section of your paper will be about.
· Include your academic citations in their respective sections
· Explain how you will use them in your arguments in one or two sentences
· You should have as many sections in your outline as you expect to have in your paper.
3. Conclusion.
Things you should include in your outline:
1. Specifics on your topic. The more detail you provide the better your grade will be
2. At least six academic sources that are relevant to your topic as well as an explanation of how you will use them. (APA)
Holloway
Canada’s Need to Take Ownersh*t of its Role in Space Exploration
A short paper on international space law
Introduction/Issues
A frozen turd ball was ejected from our orbiting space station and struck a foreign state’s spy satellite. The satellite was knocked out of orbit and crashed to Earth. The foreign state now demands reparations from us. This paper will survey the legal regime for the use of space and states’ obligations with respect to debris causing damage to other objects in space. Then, this paper will analyze the current situation to assess our options for response. This paper concludes that we should pay reparations to the foreign state and develop technologies to reduce our production of dangerous debris in space.
Rules
Given that humanity gained access to space relatively recently, and only a limited number of states actually participate in space exploration, international space law is still in its infancy. Although states have jurisdiction over the airspace immediately above their territory, outer space is understood as a ‘res communis’, meaning that none of it can form part of a state’s sovereign territory.[footnoteRef:1] The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies entered into force in 1967 and forms the basis of international space law.[footnoteRef:2] 103 states, including Canada, have ratified the treaty and another 25 states are signatories.[footnoteRef:3] Article III notes the parties’ desires to promote peace, security, cooperation and understanding with regards to the use and development of space. Article VIII specifies that states maintain jurisdiction over whatever objects or personnel they send into space. [1: Currie, John H. et al, International Law: Doctrine, Practice and Theory, 2nd ed (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2014) at 466. ] [2: Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities o ...
The document discusses challenges facing space security and sustainability, including orbital debris, lack of situational awareness, and development of anti-satellite weapons. It outlines the US approach of using diplomacy and international cooperation to address these issues through transparency and confidence-building measures, cooperation on space situational awareness data sharing, and developing norms of responsible behavior. The goal is to strengthen stability in space and ensure its long-term sustainability and security through collaborative efforts.
- President Ronald Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), nicknamed "Star Wars", in 1983 which envisioned creating a missile defense system to protect the US from nuclear attack.
- The SDI proposed developing new technologies like lasers and particle beams to intercept incoming missiles, replacing the policy of mutual nuclear deterrence between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War.
- Reagan's announcement marked the beginning of extensive research into missile defense, though the technology proposed in 1983 was still far beyond what was feasible at the time.
This document provides an introduction and summary of a legal research paper on space tourism. It discusses the existing international space laws and treaties that govern space travel. It acknowledges that while laws exist, the field of private space tourism is still developing. It then outlines some hypothetical legal scenarios that could arise from space tourism and private space travel becoming more common. Finally, it describes a small pilot survey conducted with medical students in India to gather preliminary data on perspectives about space tourism. The document aims to explore the legal issues and opportunities surrounding the growing concept of space tourism.
The Future of Security in Space - A Thirty-Year US StrategyShareDocView.com
This document outlines a proposed 30-year strategy for US security in space. It identifies four major developments shaping the future of space: 1) space holds vast potential for resources and innovation; 2) space is transitioning from exploration to security and commerce; 3) many more actors are operating in space; and 4) commerce is driving much space activity. The strategy recommends establishing rules for space, a space security alliance, accelerating commerce through regulation and investment, and developing technologies like in-space propulsion to realize space's potential while maintaining security.
Equity and Transparency in the New Province of HumanityValnora Leister
This document summarizes Valnora Leister's presentation on ensuring equity and transparency in outer space activities. Leister argues that leading space powers prioritize national military and economic aims over benefiting humanity. She outlines four paths to expand global participation in space: 1) engage civil society, 2) work with emerging space powers, 3) apply principles of international environmental law, and 4) use new governance concepts like "economic governance" and "charter cities" to ensure equity and transparency in shared space resources. Leister concludes that developing a "Universal Law of Humanity" could help realize outer space as the "New Province of Mankind" by replacing the current system based on state supremacy.
Private, non-governmental actors are becoming increasingly active in space activities, driving innovation and expanding our capabilities. However, their ambitions have implications for international and national governance regimes. This lecture was given at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy's 2019 Geopolitics and Global Futures Symposium
“The Earth is the cradle of humanity but mankind cannot stay in the cradle forever” -Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Private companies are actively promoting plans to mine in Outer Space, and for the first time, these are seeming not far-fetched, but probable. Thus, we on Earth are faced with some tricky questions, which may have far-reaching consequences;
Who (if anyone) owns the moon and outer space ?
Who (if anyone) has the right to derive economic benefit from them?
Who gets to decide?
Join writer Angela Dennis, for a discussion of the ‘new space race’; the main players, legal implications, and how Georgism might offer a model to ensure economic justice in extra-terrestrial resource extraction.
Space Mineral Resources A Global Assessment Challenges and OpportunitiesChris Atherton
Slides from Space Mineral Resources A Global Assessment
Challenges and Opportunities by Art Dula, Trustee of the Heinlein prize trust. The slide show was shown just before the main talks, on the 18th of March at the Cunard building in Liverpool as part of the inaugural Northern Space consortium 'A case for space as an economic driver' event.
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientisits 2024-Doomsday-Clock-StatementJoão Soares
The document summarizes the 2024 Doomsday Clock statement from the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. It finds that humanity faces an unprecedented level of danger from nuclear weapons, climate change, disruptive technologies, and other threats. The Doomsday Clock remains set at 90 seconds to midnight, the closest it has ever been to catastrophe. Key threats include an increased risk of nuclear war due to conflicts like Ukraine, an accelerating climate crisis, and dangers from emerging technologies like AI and biotechnology if left unchecked. Urgent global cooperation is needed to reduce threats and move the clock further from midnight.
John DohertyHello Class,Define the nature and varieties .docxchristiandean12115
John Doherty
Hello Class,
Define the nature and varieties of the primary internal Federal Regulatory efforts that govern Weapons of Mass Destruction.
For this week’s forum we are looking at the Federal Regulatory efforts that govern Weapons of Mass Destruction. It is extremely important to have law against Weapons of Mass Destruction. The world learned a lot when the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. The world discovered that Weapons of Mass Destruction were to powerful and had to be regulated. To help regulate Weapons of Mass Destruction there have been a few treaties signed by nations to limit the development of Weapons of Mass Destruction. In 1972 the Biological Weapons Convention treaty was signed. According to Graham (2008), “This treaty bans the development, production, and acquisition of biological and toxin weapons and the delivery systems specifically designed for their dispersal.” The problem with the Biological Weapons Convention treaty though is the fact that some of the things used for these weapons are also used for good. This makes biological weapons very difficult to detect and shutdown. According to Graham (2008), “Moreover, the treaty is not supported at the international level by an overarching strategy for preventing biological weapons proliferation and terrorism.” Another very important treaty is the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. According to Graham (2008), “The number of states that are armed with nuclear weapons or are seeking to develop them is increasing.” With terrorist groups trying their best to obtain Weapons of Mass Destruction and other countries doing their best on building their own Weapons of Mass Destruction the United States needs to make sure that they are preventing this along with the help of their allies. According to Graham (2008), “The United States should work internationally toward strengthening the nonproliferation regime, reaffirming the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons…” The biggest thing it to charge heavy fines and penalties when a nation violates the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (Graham 2008). By having severe penalties when a nation breaks the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty it will help eliminate threat and keep nations in check. According to Graham (2008), “strengthening the International Atomic Energy Agency, to include identifying the limitations to its safeguarding capabilities, and providing the agency with the resources and authorities needed to meet its current and expanding mandate.” Strengthening the International Atomic Energy Agency is extremely important because it will give them more power to protect the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
References
Graham, B. (2008, December). World at Risk - American Biological Safety Association. Retrieved November 9, 2016, from https://www.absa.org/leg/WorldAtRisk.
Mark Metzger
This week, we start our study in the introduction to learning about Regulatory Issues in
Weapons of Mass Destruction. Through .
The document discusses the general characteristics and purpose of national space policy. It explains that national space policy establishes guidelines for government space activities, expresses a nation's interests in space, and considers factors like international law and private sector involvement. It provides examples of how US national space policy has shaped and been shaped by international space law and encouraged the growth of the private space sector over time.
The document discusses the potential consequences of building a National Missile Defense system in the United States. It argues that such a system could be extremely costly, in violation of existing treaties like the ABM Treaty, and could trigger a new arms race. It also questions the necessity of such a system given that no countries currently have the capability to launch a long-range ballistic missile attack against the US. The document concludes that the resources would be better spent on other security measures and cooperating with Russia to reduce nuclear stockpiles and proliferation.
2010 NSBE-AE Space Policy Debate Government Private Space Funding Space Based...George Earle
The Future of Human Spaceflight
Who should fund it?
Why should the US participate?
What is the purpose of the government funding program?
What is NASA's purporse?
Chris johnson remarks at galloway xi on establishing international norms and ...Christopher Johnson
The document discusses the need to establish international norms and rules for space activities given the many ambitious and varied activities being planned in outer space. It summarizes some of the planned activities, including megaconstellations of satellites, commercial space stations, planetary exploration, and more. It then questions whether the existing international space law framework is adequate to address these activities, noting the framework was established 50 years ago and did not anticipate modern commercial activities. The document discusses gaps and silences in the current laws and various pathways to address these, including unilateral and multilateral developments to clarify rights and obligations.
This document provides an overview of a World Economic Forum publication titled "Bringing Space Down to Earth". The following key points are made:
- Space technologies are increasingly available and being applied in innovative ways to address challenges like monitoring human rights, climate change, and navigation.
- The publication aims to explain how space-based technologies can help address major societal challenges in an accessible way for non-technical readers.
- It will cover 12 topics like food security, education, disaster management, and climate change through case studies of existing applications of space technologies.
- Space-related business is one of the fastest growing economic sectors, worth over $300 billion globally in 2012. Space assets support many other industries
The document discusses establishing stability in space through a concept called Mutually Assured Access (MAA). MAA proposes that if all nations have assured access to space capabilities, then no one would take offensive action in space for fear of losing this important access. Currently, the US has superiority in space assets, but this also makes it vulnerable. The document recommends that the US change its view on space control and superiority, loosen technology export controls to encourage other nations' development of space capabilities, and improve international cooperation on space surveillance to increase stability under a MAA framework.
The document summarizes domestic media coverage of the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate from July 2005 to September 2005. It provides a list of over 30 news articles from sources like Reuters, The Economist, and the New York Times that discuss the partnership and reactions to it. Many articles note criticism that the partnership is an attempt by the US and others to undermine the Kyoto Protocol.
This document discusses future challenges for space law and policy. It identifies five main challenges: 1) regulating space debris, as the amount of debris threatens space activities; 2) harmonizing inconsistent national space laws; 3) increasing ratification of UN space treaties; 4) regulating the emerging suborbital space tourism industry; and 5) ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities in light of issues like environmental impacts, orbital congestion, and military use of space. The document argues that addressing these challenges will be important for continued success in space exploration and utilization.
This document provides an overview of space policy and law topics presented at the National Student Space Conference UKSEDS. It discusses the key principles of space law established by the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, including that outer space shall be free for use and exploration by all states and is not subject to national claims of sovereignty. It also summarizes the different types of space law, the distinction between policy and law, and legal issues like the TRW satellite case. Additionally, it covers factors influencing access to space like orbital slots, frequencies, and launch availability. The document discusses whether small satellites present debris risks and issues around international arms regulations and risks of space activities.
Cancellation of the Constellation Program and Future of NASAJohn Knowles
The document discusses the cancellation of NASA's Constellation program by President Obama and the future of American human spaceflight. It outlines the history and goals of the Constellation program, the reasons for its cancellation due to budget cuts, and arguments from supporters of its continuation regarding national defense, jobs, and scientific discovery. Alternatives like privatizing spaceflight are mentioned but seen as insufficient to replace NASA's role. The summary concludes the cancellation leaves NASA without direction and could end America's leadership in space.
Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb by Scot...Syed Fakhar Ul Hassan
The article explains three (The Security Model, The Domestic Politics Model and The Norms Model) models to understand the actions and behavior of states in international political arena. The invention of nuclear weapons altered the world politics, practices, and global norms and set new ones.
- The document describes the Emergency Asteroid Defence Project (EADP), which aims to develop and deploy the Hypervelocity Asteroid Intercept Vehicle (HAIV) system to protect Earth from asteroids and comets with diameters between 20-300 meters that could cause major damage with only a short warning period.
- The HAIV system would pulverize asteroids and comets using a two-stage impact - first with a kinetic impact vehicle to create a crater, followed by a nuclear explosive device detonated inside the crater to scatter the asteroid into smaller, harmless pieces.
- EADP's goal is to have HAIV systems ready for launch within 1 hour of detection for any short-warning threats between now and
[DSC Europe 23] Dragan Vitorovic - AI and Geopolitical StrategyDataScienceConferenc1
A new era of geopolitical competition will be marked by advanced technological development. Great Powers are adopting complex strategies trying to shift the balance of power. AI, as a cornerstone of the strategy for the new century, reflects both the strategic vision and the societal design of China, Russia, the EU, and the United States. What new forms of risks spurring from AI adoption and how Great Powers' competition may look, remains to be seen. This work attempts to provide some insights related to a new cyber-geopolitical landscape.
Conflicts Affecting Economic Trade Between the UnitedSta.docxmaxinesmith73660
Conflicts Affecting Economic Trade Between the UnitedStates and Mexico
Policy Paper Proposal
John Doe
GOVT 2305-2XXX Spring 2018
Dr. J. Mark Skorick
Word Count (206)
On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) became law. NAFTA is an agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada that allows free trade across its borders and brings economic growth between the three countries (Hymson et al. 220). The policy paper will speak specifically on the economic trade between the United States and Mexico. Currently, there are worries about the security of the United States border due to several detrimental matters that have occurred. Some major issues that have occurred since NAFTA became law include: drug smuggling by criminal cartels, human smuggling into the United States, money laundering and sex trafficking, to name a few (Cooper 471-2). While there are some risks that pose a threat to US border security, the United States has greatly benefited from the economic free trade with Mexico (Gallaher 331). Such benefits include: reduced costs of goods, increased job growth, and Mexico becoming one of the largest auto exporters to the United States (Gallaher 332). This policy paper will outline the advantages and disadvantages United States and Mexican foreign policy concerning economic trade policy. The paper will investigate various ways that both the United States and Mexico can improve the border’s security so economic trade can continue seamlessly.
Works Cited
COOPER, JAMES M. "The Rise of Private Actors along the United States-Mexico Border." Wisconsin International Law Journal, vol. 33, no. 3, Winter2015, pp. 470-511. EBSCOhost, dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=113657684&site=ehost-live.
Gallaher, Carolyn. "Mexico, the Failed State Debate, and the Mérida Fix." Geographical Journal, vol. 182, no. 4, Dec. 2016, pp. 331-341. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/geoj.12166.
Hymson, Edward, et al. "Increasing Benefits and Reducing Harm Caused by the North American Free Trade Agreement." Southern Law Journal, vol. 19, no. 1, Fall2009, pp. 219-243. EBSCOhost, dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=48238274&site=ehost-live.
1
Strengthening the United States Cybersecurity Relationship with China
Policy Paper Project
Jane Doe
GOVT 2305-2XXX
Dr. J. Mark Skorick
Spring 2018
Word Count (1636)
The United States and China are intense competitors for global dominance. The U.S. and China are the two largest economies in the world and the two nations are in constant economic competition. The two nations also compete politically and ideologically, with China being a communist state with harsh restrictions on freedom of speech and the U.S. being a representative democracy with strict protections for freedom of speech. As China seeks to surpass the United States in economic.
Equity and Transparency in the New Province of HumanityValnora Leister
This document summarizes Valnora Leister's presentation on ensuring equity and transparency in outer space activities. Leister argues that leading space powers prioritize national military and economic aims over benefiting humanity. She outlines four paths to expand global participation in space: 1) engage civil society, 2) work with emerging space powers, 3) apply principles of international environmental law, and 4) use new governance concepts like "economic governance" and "charter cities" to ensure equity and transparency in shared space resources. Leister concludes that developing a "Universal Law of Humanity" could help realize outer space as the "New Province of Mankind" by replacing the current system based on state supremacy.
Private, non-governmental actors are becoming increasingly active in space activities, driving innovation and expanding our capabilities. However, their ambitions have implications for international and national governance regimes. This lecture was given at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy's 2019 Geopolitics and Global Futures Symposium
“The Earth is the cradle of humanity but mankind cannot stay in the cradle forever” -Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Private companies are actively promoting plans to mine in Outer Space, and for the first time, these are seeming not far-fetched, but probable. Thus, we on Earth are faced with some tricky questions, which may have far-reaching consequences;
Who (if anyone) owns the moon and outer space ?
Who (if anyone) has the right to derive economic benefit from them?
Who gets to decide?
Join writer Angela Dennis, for a discussion of the ‘new space race’; the main players, legal implications, and how Georgism might offer a model to ensure economic justice in extra-terrestrial resource extraction.
Space Mineral Resources A Global Assessment Challenges and OpportunitiesChris Atherton
Slides from Space Mineral Resources A Global Assessment
Challenges and Opportunities by Art Dula, Trustee of the Heinlein prize trust. The slide show was shown just before the main talks, on the 18th of March at the Cunard building in Liverpool as part of the inaugural Northern Space consortium 'A case for space as an economic driver' event.
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientisits 2024-Doomsday-Clock-StatementJoão Soares
The document summarizes the 2024 Doomsday Clock statement from the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. It finds that humanity faces an unprecedented level of danger from nuclear weapons, climate change, disruptive technologies, and other threats. The Doomsday Clock remains set at 90 seconds to midnight, the closest it has ever been to catastrophe. Key threats include an increased risk of nuclear war due to conflicts like Ukraine, an accelerating climate crisis, and dangers from emerging technologies like AI and biotechnology if left unchecked. Urgent global cooperation is needed to reduce threats and move the clock further from midnight.
John DohertyHello Class,Define the nature and varieties .docxchristiandean12115
John Doherty
Hello Class,
Define the nature and varieties of the primary internal Federal Regulatory efforts that govern Weapons of Mass Destruction.
For this week’s forum we are looking at the Federal Regulatory efforts that govern Weapons of Mass Destruction. It is extremely important to have law against Weapons of Mass Destruction. The world learned a lot when the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. The world discovered that Weapons of Mass Destruction were to powerful and had to be regulated. To help regulate Weapons of Mass Destruction there have been a few treaties signed by nations to limit the development of Weapons of Mass Destruction. In 1972 the Biological Weapons Convention treaty was signed. According to Graham (2008), “This treaty bans the development, production, and acquisition of biological and toxin weapons and the delivery systems specifically designed for their dispersal.” The problem with the Biological Weapons Convention treaty though is the fact that some of the things used for these weapons are also used for good. This makes biological weapons very difficult to detect and shutdown. According to Graham (2008), “Moreover, the treaty is not supported at the international level by an overarching strategy for preventing biological weapons proliferation and terrorism.” Another very important treaty is the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. According to Graham (2008), “The number of states that are armed with nuclear weapons or are seeking to develop them is increasing.” With terrorist groups trying their best to obtain Weapons of Mass Destruction and other countries doing their best on building their own Weapons of Mass Destruction the United States needs to make sure that they are preventing this along with the help of their allies. According to Graham (2008), “The United States should work internationally toward strengthening the nonproliferation regime, reaffirming the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons…” The biggest thing it to charge heavy fines and penalties when a nation violates the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (Graham 2008). By having severe penalties when a nation breaks the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty it will help eliminate threat and keep nations in check. According to Graham (2008), “strengthening the International Atomic Energy Agency, to include identifying the limitations to its safeguarding capabilities, and providing the agency with the resources and authorities needed to meet its current and expanding mandate.” Strengthening the International Atomic Energy Agency is extremely important because it will give them more power to protect the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
References
Graham, B. (2008, December). World at Risk - American Biological Safety Association. Retrieved November 9, 2016, from https://www.absa.org/leg/WorldAtRisk.
Mark Metzger
This week, we start our study in the introduction to learning about Regulatory Issues in
Weapons of Mass Destruction. Through .
The document discusses the general characteristics and purpose of national space policy. It explains that national space policy establishes guidelines for government space activities, expresses a nation's interests in space, and considers factors like international law and private sector involvement. It provides examples of how US national space policy has shaped and been shaped by international space law and encouraged the growth of the private space sector over time.
The document discusses the potential consequences of building a National Missile Defense system in the United States. It argues that such a system could be extremely costly, in violation of existing treaties like the ABM Treaty, and could trigger a new arms race. It also questions the necessity of such a system given that no countries currently have the capability to launch a long-range ballistic missile attack against the US. The document concludes that the resources would be better spent on other security measures and cooperating with Russia to reduce nuclear stockpiles and proliferation.
2010 NSBE-AE Space Policy Debate Government Private Space Funding Space Based...George Earle
The Future of Human Spaceflight
Who should fund it?
Why should the US participate?
What is the purpose of the government funding program?
What is NASA's purporse?
Chris johnson remarks at galloway xi on establishing international norms and ...Christopher Johnson
The document discusses the need to establish international norms and rules for space activities given the many ambitious and varied activities being planned in outer space. It summarizes some of the planned activities, including megaconstellations of satellites, commercial space stations, planetary exploration, and more. It then questions whether the existing international space law framework is adequate to address these activities, noting the framework was established 50 years ago and did not anticipate modern commercial activities. The document discusses gaps and silences in the current laws and various pathways to address these, including unilateral and multilateral developments to clarify rights and obligations.
This document provides an overview of a World Economic Forum publication titled "Bringing Space Down to Earth". The following key points are made:
- Space technologies are increasingly available and being applied in innovative ways to address challenges like monitoring human rights, climate change, and navigation.
- The publication aims to explain how space-based technologies can help address major societal challenges in an accessible way for non-technical readers.
- It will cover 12 topics like food security, education, disaster management, and climate change through case studies of existing applications of space technologies.
- Space-related business is one of the fastest growing economic sectors, worth over $300 billion globally in 2012. Space assets support many other industries
The document discusses establishing stability in space through a concept called Mutually Assured Access (MAA). MAA proposes that if all nations have assured access to space capabilities, then no one would take offensive action in space for fear of losing this important access. Currently, the US has superiority in space assets, but this also makes it vulnerable. The document recommends that the US change its view on space control and superiority, loosen technology export controls to encourage other nations' development of space capabilities, and improve international cooperation on space surveillance to increase stability under a MAA framework.
The document summarizes domestic media coverage of the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate from July 2005 to September 2005. It provides a list of over 30 news articles from sources like Reuters, The Economist, and the New York Times that discuss the partnership and reactions to it. Many articles note criticism that the partnership is an attempt by the US and others to undermine the Kyoto Protocol.
This document discusses future challenges for space law and policy. It identifies five main challenges: 1) regulating space debris, as the amount of debris threatens space activities; 2) harmonizing inconsistent national space laws; 3) increasing ratification of UN space treaties; 4) regulating the emerging suborbital space tourism industry; and 5) ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities in light of issues like environmental impacts, orbital congestion, and military use of space. The document argues that addressing these challenges will be important for continued success in space exploration and utilization.
This document provides an overview of space policy and law topics presented at the National Student Space Conference UKSEDS. It discusses the key principles of space law established by the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, including that outer space shall be free for use and exploration by all states and is not subject to national claims of sovereignty. It also summarizes the different types of space law, the distinction between policy and law, and legal issues like the TRW satellite case. Additionally, it covers factors influencing access to space like orbital slots, frequencies, and launch availability. The document discusses whether small satellites present debris risks and issues around international arms regulations and risks of space activities.
Cancellation of the Constellation Program and Future of NASAJohn Knowles
The document discusses the cancellation of NASA's Constellation program by President Obama and the future of American human spaceflight. It outlines the history and goals of the Constellation program, the reasons for its cancellation due to budget cuts, and arguments from supporters of its continuation regarding national defense, jobs, and scientific discovery. Alternatives like privatizing spaceflight are mentioned but seen as insufficient to replace NASA's role. The summary concludes the cancellation leaves NASA without direction and could end America's leadership in space.
Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb by Scot...Syed Fakhar Ul Hassan
The article explains three (The Security Model, The Domestic Politics Model and The Norms Model) models to understand the actions and behavior of states in international political arena. The invention of nuclear weapons altered the world politics, practices, and global norms and set new ones.
- The document describes the Emergency Asteroid Defence Project (EADP), which aims to develop and deploy the Hypervelocity Asteroid Intercept Vehicle (HAIV) system to protect Earth from asteroids and comets with diameters between 20-300 meters that could cause major damage with only a short warning period.
- The HAIV system would pulverize asteroids and comets using a two-stage impact - first with a kinetic impact vehicle to create a crater, followed by a nuclear explosive device detonated inside the crater to scatter the asteroid into smaller, harmless pieces.
- EADP's goal is to have HAIV systems ready for launch within 1 hour of detection for any short-warning threats between now and
[DSC Europe 23] Dragan Vitorovic - AI and Geopolitical StrategyDataScienceConferenc1
A new era of geopolitical competition will be marked by advanced technological development. Great Powers are adopting complex strategies trying to shift the balance of power. AI, as a cornerstone of the strategy for the new century, reflects both the strategic vision and the societal design of China, Russia, the EU, and the United States. What new forms of risks spurring from AI adoption and how Great Powers' competition may look, remains to be seen. This work attempts to provide some insights related to a new cyber-geopolitical landscape.
Conflicts Affecting Economic Trade Between the UnitedSta.docxmaxinesmith73660
Conflicts Affecting Economic Trade Between the UnitedStates and Mexico
Policy Paper Proposal
John Doe
GOVT 2305-2XXX Spring 2018
Dr. J. Mark Skorick
Word Count (206)
On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) became law. NAFTA is an agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada that allows free trade across its borders and brings economic growth between the three countries (Hymson et al. 220). The policy paper will speak specifically on the economic trade between the United States and Mexico. Currently, there are worries about the security of the United States border due to several detrimental matters that have occurred. Some major issues that have occurred since NAFTA became law include: drug smuggling by criminal cartels, human smuggling into the United States, money laundering and sex trafficking, to name a few (Cooper 471-2). While there are some risks that pose a threat to US border security, the United States has greatly benefited from the economic free trade with Mexico (Gallaher 331). Such benefits include: reduced costs of goods, increased job growth, and Mexico becoming one of the largest auto exporters to the United States (Gallaher 332). This policy paper will outline the advantages and disadvantages United States and Mexican foreign policy concerning economic trade policy. The paper will investigate various ways that both the United States and Mexico can improve the border’s security so economic trade can continue seamlessly.
Works Cited
COOPER, JAMES M. "The Rise of Private Actors along the United States-Mexico Border." Wisconsin International Law Journal, vol. 33, no. 3, Winter2015, pp. 470-511. EBSCOhost, dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=113657684&site=ehost-live.
Gallaher, Carolyn. "Mexico, the Failed State Debate, and the Mérida Fix." Geographical Journal, vol. 182, no. 4, Dec. 2016, pp. 331-341. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/geoj.12166.
Hymson, Edward, et al. "Increasing Benefits and Reducing Harm Caused by the North American Free Trade Agreement." Southern Law Journal, vol. 19, no. 1, Fall2009, pp. 219-243. EBSCOhost, dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=48238274&site=ehost-live.
1
Strengthening the United States Cybersecurity Relationship with China
Policy Paper Project
Jane Doe
GOVT 2305-2XXX
Dr. J. Mark Skorick
Spring 2018
Word Count (1636)
The United States and China are intense competitors for global dominance. The U.S. and China are the two largest economies in the world and the two nations are in constant economic competition. The two nations also compete politically and ideologically, with China being a communist state with harsh restrictions on freedom of speech and the U.S. being a representative democracy with strict protections for freedom of speech. As China seeks to surpass the United States in economic.
Similar to Death Stars and Droids: Security in Zero Gravity (20)
FT author
Amanda Chu
US Energy Reporter
PREMIUM
June 20 2024
Good morning and welcome back to Energy Source, coming to you from New York, where the city swelters in its first heatwave of the season.
Nearly 80 million people were under alerts in the US north-east and midwest yesterday as temperatures in some municipalities reached record highs in a test to the country’s rickety power grid.
In other news, the Financial Times has a new Big Read this morning on Russia’s grip on nuclear power. Despite sanctions on its economy, the Kremlin continues to be an unrivalled exporter of nuclear power plants, building more than half of all reactors under construction globally. Read how Moscow is using these projects to wield global influence.
Today’s Energy Source dives into the latest Statistical Review of World Energy, the industry’s annual stocktake of global energy consumption. The report was published for more than 70 years by BP before it was passed over to the Energy Institute last year. The oil major remains a contributor.
Data Drill looks at a new analysis from the World Bank showing gas flaring is at a four-year high.
Thanks for reading,
Amanda
Was this forwarded to you?
If you’re a Premium FT subscriber, sign up here to get this newsletter delivered straight to your inbox.
Sent Tuesdays and Thursdays.
Not a Premium subscriber?
Take out a subscription, or upgrade from standard.
New report offers sobering view of the energy transition
Every year the Statistical Review of World Energy offers a behemoth of data on the state of the global energy market. This year’s findings highlight the world’s insatiable demand for energy and the need to speed up the pace of decarbonisation.
Here are our four main takeaways from this year’s report:
Fossil fuel consumption — and emissions — are at record highs
Countries burnt record amounts of oil and coal last year, sending global fossil fuel consumption and emissions to all-time highs, the Energy Institute reported. Oil demand grew 2.6 per cent, surpassing 100mn barrels per day for the first time.
Meanwhile, the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix declined slightly by half a percentage point, but still made up more than 81 per cent of consumption.
Presentation by Julie Topoleski, CBO’s Director of Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis, at the 16th Annual Meeting of the OECD Working Party of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions.
Causes Supporting Charity for Elderly PeopleSERUDS INDIA
Around 52% of the elder populations in India are living in poverty and poor health problems. In this technological world, they became very backward without having any knowledge about technology. So they’re dependent on working hard for their daily earnings, they’re physically very weak. Thus charity organizations are made to help and raise them and also to give them hope to live.
Donate Us:
https://serudsindia.org/supporting-charity-for-elderly-people-india/
#oldagehome, #donateforeldersinkurnool, #donateforelders, #donationforelders, #donateforoldpeople, #donationforoldpeople, #sponsorforelders, #sponsorforoldpeople, #donationforcharity, #charity, #seruds, #kurnool, #donateforoldagehome, #oldagehomedonation
Disampaikan pada FGD Kepmen Pertahanan tentang Organisasi Profesi JF Analis Pertahanan Negara
Jakarta, 20 Juni 2024
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH. MA.
Deputi Bidang Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN RI
1. Death Stars and Droids:
Security in Zero Gravity
By Emerson Jones, Anna Karditzas, Haddie Hamal, Shynelle Kissi,
and Cathaleen Grimann
2. Space Policy: Requirements & Implications
Global trend: further exploration of space
Alternate energy, revenue sources
Intersection of science and defense policy
Tragedy of the Commons
Depletion of resources
New policies should borrow from past
experiences
Weaknesses, strengths of policy dealing with
international waters
https://www.wired.com/2012/05/opinion-asteroid-mining/
3. Space Policy: Why it is Necessary
Sustainability
Space debris
Overcrowding
Agricultural Resources
Food scarcity solution
Security Issues
Vulnerable satellites
4. Where Are We Now
In 2008, Russia and China proposed the Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of
Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space
Objects (PPWT)
US refused to join, finding several flaws in the treaty’s structure.
2014: submitted new version with many of the same flaws
Trump will likely cut government spending, encourage private industry investment in
space exploration
In the future, the US needs to develop strategies to:
Counter the weaponization of space
5. International Obligations
UN Resolution 1884 (1963)
No WMDs in outer space
Outer Space Treaty (1967)
Art. 1-2: Free access
Art. 4: No WMDs in space, the moon is for peaceful purposes only
(don’t fight on the moon)
Art. 11: Communication (transparency)
Art. 12: Visitation rights
6. U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act (2015)
Spurring Private Aerospace Competitiveness & Entrepreneurship
Commercial Remote Sensing
Office of Space Commerce
Space Resource Commercial Exploration and Utilization
National Space Policy: National Security Space Guidelines (2013)
Information systems and networks for defense & intel ops
Survivability of space capabilities
Tech development and industrial capacity
Mission assurance
Surveillance and intelligence for space situational awareness
Detection, warning, and attribution capabilities for space system disturbances
U.S. Legislation
7. Strengths & Weaknesses of Current 2010 Policy
Strengths:
● Acknowledgement of the key role of the private sector
● Provides a basis for a legal framework and frame of thinking
Weaknesses:
● Policy is largely based on Cold War era preconceptions
● Policy makers are not considering the long term implications of privatized exploration
Ignoring historical lessons: Exploration of the Americas, pursuit of the polar ice caps, and the
United States’ push Westward.
● Protection of assets beyond Earth’s orbit has not been explored by current policy
8. Current Actors in Space
State Actors:
Mexico
Brazil
United States
Canada
China
European Union
Germany
India
Russia
Non-State Actors:
● Blue Origin
● Vulcan Aeronautics
● Space X
● Virgin Galactic
● Boeing
● Lockheed Martin
● Deep Space Industries
● Mars One
● Interplanetary Transport
Systems
● Sierra Nevada Corporation
● Shelton Energy Company
● Bigelow Aeronautics
● Myasishchev Design Bureau
● etc.
Perspective:
● 13 countries have launch
capabilities
● 10 private companies in the
US alone have launch
capability
● Total size of industry world
wide: 324 billion dollars
● Since 1989 FAA has issued
licenses for 230 launches
within the U.S.
9. Recommendations
Space as a driver of globalization needs to be understood as a combination of:
● Distribution problems
● Cooperation problems
● Enforcement problems
In any treaty or institution that the US forms to regulate the weaponization of space, there will be a massive incentive to cheat, even if
there is low uncertainty about behavior, preferences, and the state of the world. New technological developments make non-
proliferation agreements particularly vital to lower the incentive to produce further offensive capabilities.
Russia and China first proposed such a treaty in 2008, but the treaty was inadequate, as was the 2014 revision. It sought to “prevent
the placement of weapons in outer space and the threat or use of force against outer space objects, but it does not define “weapons,”
nor does it prevent against ground-based anti-satellite weapons, nor does it have an enforcement mechanism.
Three R’s of enforcement: retaliation, reputation, reciprocity
For this reason, an anti-satellite and counter-space non-proliferation treaty must be developed. The treaty will require the formation
ttp://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/06/28/article-0-
05F92B8D000005DC-180_306x364.jpg
10. To Wrap Up:
Changing technology and global demographics
Tragedy of the commons - Selfishness and inefficiencies
Space is a great opportunity, despite the challenges it presents.
Expensive
Legal frameworks don’t
consider long term
implications
With the right policies and institutions in place, space exploration and
commercialization is doable.
Policy to address the various distribution, cooperation, and enforcement problems.
○ Increased innovation
○ Multilateral & international
collaborations
11. Sources
Federal Aviation Administration. "Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2016." Government Report. 2016. Online Report.
March 2017.
Garcia, Mark. "Space Debris and Human Spacecraft." NASA. NASA, 13 Apr. 2015. Web. 26 Mar. 2017.
Heathman, Amelia. "The next greatest security threat facing humanity? Space." WIRED UK. WIRED UK, 20 Mar. 2017. Web. 26 Mar. 2017.
Lukaszczyk, Agnieszka. "Space Policy – What is it and Why is it Needed?" Secure World Foundation: Promoting Cooperative Solutions for Space
Sustainability. Lecture.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration . "The President’s 2018 Budget." Government Report. 2017. Online Document.
(R-Colo.), Rep. Doug Lamborn. "Time to get serious about space threats." TheHill. N.p., 04 Feb. 2016. Web. 26 Mar. 2017.
Office of the President. "National Space Policy of the United States of America." 28 June 2010.
<https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/national_space_policy_6-28-10.pdf>.
U.S. Congress. "H.R. 2262." U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act. 25 November 2015.
<https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ90/PLAW-114publ90.pdf>.
United Nations General Assembly. "Outer Space Treaty." Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer
Space, Including the Moon & Other Celestial Bodies. 27 January 1967.
http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2013/stspace/stspace61_0_html/st_space_61E.pdf.
—. "U.N. Resolution 1884." Question of general and complete disarmament. 17 October 1963. <http://www.un-documents.net/a18r1884.htm>.
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. "United Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space, related General Assembly resolutions and
other documents." United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs.
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. "United Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space, related General Assembly resolutions and
other documents." United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs.
http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2013/stspace/stspace61_0_html/st_space_61E.pdf.
Vasani, Harsh. "How China Is Weaponizing Outer Space." The Diplomat. The Diplomat, 22 Jan. 2017. Web. 26 Mar. 2017.
Outer Space Treaty (1967) (Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon & Other Celestial Bodies)
1 & 2: Freedom of access, exploration, and scientific investigation in outer space; no sovereignty claims
Article 4: No nukes or WMDs in orbit/on celestial bodies/in space period; moon is for peaceful purposes only, no military installations/weapons testing/military maneuvers [further detailed in the Moon Agreement]
Article 11: Communicate about outer space activities, keep everyone informed [further detailed in the Registration Convention]
Article 12: Outer space facilities are open to other signatories’ representatives, with advance notice
U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act (2015)
Office of Space Commerce
Just what it sounds like: to coordinate and develop space policy at home and abroad, promote U.S. space commerce, and promote conditions for the economic growth and technological advancement of the U.S. space commerce industry.
Space Resource Commercial Exploration and Utilization
There are two parts of this section that actually matter: one says that any U.S. citizen engaged in “commercial recovery” of an asteroid/space resource can own, transport, use, & sell said resource. The other part is that the U.S. doesn’t “assert sovereignty or sovereign or exclusive rights or jurisdiction over, or the ownership of, any celestial body.”
National Space Policy [NOV2013]
Purpose:
“The United States will employ a variety of measures to help assure the use of space for all responsible parties, and, consistent with the inherent right of self defense, deter others from interference and attack, defend our space systems and contribute to the defense of allied space systems, and, if deterrence fails, defeat efforts to attack them.”
National Security Space Guidelines:
Information systems and networks are essential to support and facilitate defense and intelligence operations during times of peace, crisis, and conflict.
Space capabilities need to be both cost-effective and survivable, so that they can function as needed despite lost or degraded capability in the face of a threat, or the absence of other capabilities.
Again, this reiterates U.S. commitment to the primacy of U.S. commercial space industry, and maintaining a sufficiently advanced supplier base to support critical national security interests.
Maintain space situational awareness to support national and homeland security, civil space agencies, human space flight activities, & commercial and foreign space operations.
Interagency and international cooperation for detection, warning, characterization, and attribution of disturbances to space systems.
Advanced capabilities to respond to security situation changes.
Space predominantly has been used, recently, for peaceful and collaborative means, however, privatization of space has been ignored in the equation. Both W. Bush and Obama agree the private efforts in space must not be impeded, example being US Commercial Space Competitiveness Act (2015). The definition and mode of these efforts have yet to be thought about.
The strengths of President Obama and Bush’s space policy came out of key phrasing similarly used in both documents “competitive commercial space sector is vital to continued progress in space….[and equally importantly] encouraging and facilitating the growth of a U.S. commercial space sector…” Moreover both policies provide a basic framework of legal thinking for weaponization of space in near earth orbits and outlines the uses of space within near earth.
Key word is near earth orbits, whether, we admit it or not much of the cold war still resides in our space policies, and comes from the perspective of state competition. Another weakness is the historical context that policy makers are not considering. Case and point: the exploration of the Americas was carried out via private enterprise. Although the exploration was beneficial to the state, it remained seriously contested for over a 100-years following Christopher Columbus. The current state of the geopolitical environment concerning the poles is still hotly contested. And, lastly in our nation’s history, the example of how the Louisiana Purchase became a factor of US Politics, and spurred military development. This ties into another pitfall in current policy. The fact that there is a lack of mention of anything outside of earth orbit the day is quickly coming that private companies will greatly outpace state run entities.
We can synthesize through historical lessons the fact that with exploration will come militarization. This is due to the inevitability of states trying to protect, its citizens--remember Citizen’s United. Further whether state or private enterprise competition is not always peaceful.
For Perspective I offer this: a total of 13 countries have operational space agencies--operational being defined as launching capabilities of rocket payload systems. Some of these countries may surprise you such as Mexico which sprouted up in 2010, and Iran. Something else of note countries with the means of nuclear capability strongly correlate with countries that have space programs.
Of those 13 countries, 3 are capable of having a astronaut programs U.S., Russia, and China.
However these are publicly funded programs, and as such run into issues particular to programs that have to duel over public dollars.
In the private sector this is not the case private space exploration is now catching up with publicly funded programs exponentially. FAA estimates private space exploration globally is a 324 billion dollar industry. In the US alone there are 10 corporations and companies that plan to or will shortly move outside of earth's orbit. Comparatively to the 3 agency trifecta that makes up the US’s Space power house NASA, NOAA, and the FAA since 1989 (the first private rocket shot into space) FAA has licenced 260 launches by US companies, that number is continuing to grow exponentially as well, as technology becomes cheaper and readily available.
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. "United Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space, related General Assembly resolutions and other documents." United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2013/stspace/stspace61_0_html/st_space_61E.pdf.