The document summarizes research on the harms of corporal punishment of children and argues that legal reform prohibiting it can be an effective strategy for changing social norms and practices. It describes experiences in Sweden and New Zealand, where legal bans on corporal punishment were accompanied by significant declines in support for the practice and reports of it occurring. While public opinion often lags legal changes initially, studies found dramatic shifts in attitudes and self-reported experiences of corporal punishment over time in both countries following prohibition.
250 words agree or disagrees to each question Q1.The purpo.docxnovabroom
250 words agree or disagrees to each question
Q1.
The purpose of week 7’s forum is to discuss how courts deal with impact Intimate Partner Violators (IPV) and the impact it has, whether it deters further domestic violence or if prosecution has any effect at all. While earning an Associates Degree in Criminal Justice, there was one term mentioned repeatedly when it came to offenders; “Revolving Door”, according to Cambridge dictionary “If you say that a situation is a revolving door, you mean that people or other things are continuously coming and going, rather than staying somewhere” (Cambridge Dictionary, 2019). The same is true of IPV violators, once they receive a sentence that is not serious enough to deter the behavior, the perpetrators go back to committing the same acts. Of course, the severity of the sentence or punishment depends greatly on a couple of factors; “witness testimony, police officers documentation of past events and witness testimony” (Gosselin, 2010). Of course, to protect victims there are victim advocates that provide victims information on their legal rights and in more serious situations victims are protected at undisclosed locations to prevent the violator from coercing the victim from making convicting statements (Gosselin, 2010). Additionally, during the protection period of victims, they also receive counseling and education on abuse in order to help victims connect the dots on their situation and why it is important to separate themselves and in some cases, their children from such an environment.
One case in particular, that supports protecting victims of violence is “Giles vs. California” (2008). In summary, Dwayne Giles was on trial for murdering his girlfriend, he claimed self-defense and because the girlfriend was unavailable to give in court testimony, Giles was found not guilty and acquitted. Whether Giles was guilty or not he was still acquitted because of the lack of security on a victim until the trial.Which brings up the DOORS famework defined as “the potential for physical and psychological harm to self and other family members and includes developmental harm to infants and children.” (McIntosh, 2011). Abusive spouses at times do not even have to be present to make threats on victims, they can manipulate others around the victim, such as mutual friends or family (worse case scenario, the kids) to continue the psychological abuse, making it harder for the victim to testify in court.
The children involved in domestic violence cases even have a tough time testifying in court even if they witnessed the violence, because they still love their parents and as Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003; Medina, Margolin, & Wilcox, 2000 stated “child witnesses of domestic violence have significantly worse…neuro-cognitive outcomes than do nonwitnesses” (Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003; Medina, Margolin, & Wilcox, 2000). How can children be expected to make decisions between parents when they are .
"It works!" "I don't believe there are downsides to spanking!", "Spanking is not hitting and certainly not abuse!" , "It is a normal and necessary part of parenting in my community!". These arguments and many others are commonly used by parents to defend their use of spanking as a discipline technique. While many parents are continuing to spank their children, researchers are starting to reveal meta-analyses that conflict with the ideas behind the arguments in favor of spanking. This 90-minute webinar will provide service professionals with an in-depth look at spanking, the research behind it, and its effects on children's development.
250 words agree or disagrees to each question Q1.The purpo.docxnovabroom
250 words agree or disagrees to each question
Q1.
The purpose of week 7’s forum is to discuss how courts deal with impact Intimate Partner Violators (IPV) and the impact it has, whether it deters further domestic violence or if prosecution has any effect at all. While earning an Associates Degree in Criminal Justice, there was one term mentioned repeatedly when it came to offenders; “Revolving Door”, according to Cambridge dictionary “If you say that a situation is a revolving door, you mean that people or other things are continuously coming and going, rather than staying somewhere” (Cambridge Dictionary, 2019). The same is true of IPV violators, once they receive a sentence that is not serious enough to deter the behavior, the perpetrators go back to committing the same acts. Of course, the severity of the sentence or punishment depends greatly on a couple of factors; “witness testimony, police officers documentation of past events and witness testimony” (Gosselin, 2010). Of course, to protect victims there are victim advocates that provide victims information on their legal rights and in more serious situations victims are protected at undisclosed locations to prevent the violator from coercing the victim from making convicting statements (Gosselin, 2010). Additionally, during the protection period of victims, they also receive counseling and education on abuse in order to help victims connect the dots on their situation and why it is important to separate themselves and in some cases, their children from such an environment.
One case in particular, that supports protecting victims of violence is “Giles vs. California” (2008). In summary, Dwayne Giles was on trial for murdering his girlfriend, he claimed self-defense and because the girlfriend was unavailable to give in court testimony, Giles was found not guilty and acquitted. Whether Giles was guilty or not he was still acquitted because of the lack of security on a victim until the trial.Which brings up the DOORS famework defined as “the potential for physical and psychological harm to self and other family members and includes developmental harm to infants and children.” (McIntosh, 2011). Abusive spouses at times do not even have to be present to make threats on victims, they can manipulate others around the victim, such as mutual friends or family (worse case scenario, the kids) to continue the psychological abuse, making it harder for the victim to testify in court.
The children involved in domestic violence cases even have a tough time testifying in court even if they witnessed the violence, because they still love their parents and as Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003; Medina, Margolin, & Wilcox, 2000 stated “child witnesses of domestic violence have significantly worse…neuro-cognitive outcomes than do nonwitnesses” (Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003; Medina, Margolin, & Wilcox, 2000). How can children be expected to make decisions between parents when they are .
"It works!" "I don't believe there are downsides to spanking!", "Spanking is not hitting and certainly not abuse!" , "It is a normal and necessary part of parenting in my community!". These arguments and many others are commonly used by parents to defend their use of spanking as a discipline technique. While many parents are continuing to spank their children, researchers are starting to reveal meta-analyses that conflict with the ideas behind the arguments in favor of spanking. This 90-minute webinar will provide service professionals with an in-depth look at spanking, the research behind it, and its effects on children's development.
At the End of Their Rope: A Research Note on the Influence of Parental Low Se...George Connolly
The concept of self-control has been used to account for a wide variety of outcomes, both criminal and otherwise. Recently, researchers have started investigating associations between parental selfcontrol and family functioning. This study expands this area of research by assessing the extent to
which parental low self-control and official involvement in juvenile delinquency is associated with parental exasperation among a sample of parents whose children have been processed through a juvenile justice assessment facility. The results indicate that parents who are lower in selfcontrol
and whose children have had more extensive involvement in officially recorded delinquency report greater exasperation regarding their children.
Problem Evaluation Paper 1Problem Evaluation Paper .docxsleeperharwell
Problem Evaluation Paper 1
Problem Evaluation Paper
Alexis Lucca
CJA/355
04/11/2016
Gerald Norris
Problem Evaluation Paper
2
Problem Evaluation Paper
Criminal justice can be said to be the system of governmental institutions and practices
aimed at holding up social control, crime mitigation and deterring, for example giving penalties
to criminals and also rehabilitating them. The career mostly falls in between legal and law
enforcement. Law enforcement is the ones dealing with the criminal behavior causes and societal
response to crime, for example, criminology, and forensic psychology. Policing also falls in this
category. The current issue in the criminal justice field is The Punishment and Criminalization of
young people and children (Martin & Philbin, 1980).
Many children aged 13 and 14 years in the United States who have undergone the
prosecution for adults had continued being sentenced to life imprisonment with no signs of
parole. However, the juveniles continue to being imprisoned despite the fact that their sentence is
unconstitutional hence leading to their death with no review and scrutiny or follow up.
According to (EJI) Equal Justice Initiative undertook in the year 2008, about seventy-three cases
showing that juveniles have died in prison through condemnation followed by minimal review
have been documented. The courts did not consider that the children were young making the
sentences imposed on them mandatory. Most of the children were combined with the crimes
which had been committed by adults and old teenagers leading to the involvement of two-thirds
of children of a younger age (Goodman & Grimming, 2007).
The difference between older teens and young children should then be observed. Below
are then some problems which make this situation to keep on growing. Influence from
dysfunctional backgrounds. This is because of exposure to violence, like mostly most of them
have been subjected to sexual abuse; they have been abandoned or have even been neglected.
Secondly, their parents are drug and dealers, addicts, sex workers and alcoholics. This then
Problem Evaluation Paper
3
makes it clear that these children have been brought up in poor places with lethal violence, where
their parents were not able to afford safety, health and luxuries that every child would require.
It was therefore brought into conclusion by Oklahoma that when a person is a youth,
they are vulnerable to psychological damage and influence, and this has been taken to be more
than a chronological fact. Moreover, the children who have gone through this have some things
in common which disturb them. Protection and treatment from health care providers, police
failure, foster systems, family courts and security agencies of young children. Most of the crimes
committed by these children are mostly.
Running head THE RAMAYANA AND SEI SHONAGON .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: THE RAMAYANA AND SEI SHONAGON 1
Running Head: JUVENILE SYSTEM 4
Tommy K. Bush Sr.
CJ 3325 Juvenile Justice
Dr. Oliver
November 28, 2013
Abstract
In America, it is noted that the American justice system dealing with juveniles has developed over the past century. This has been due to the distinguishing difference existing from the criminal justice system. As a result, the purpose of this article is to articulate why the juvenile justice system is better than the criminal system of justice. The paper is going to give a brief introduction of the juvenile system of justice and later on, state the importance of the juvenile process. An overview of how the juvenile system is adopted across the American State will be shown. This will give the reader a rough awareness of how the justice system has brought change in the country in terms of crime reduction. Giving statistics of the various criminal activities will expand on this point further, and thus, readers will be able to understand why the juvenile justice system is vital. The essay purposes to elaborate why the juvenile justice system is preferred and thus, will give an in-depth understanding of how the system contributes to the youths’ greater amenability to treatment. The conclusion will be a summary of the main ideas and points argued in the essay and emphasize on the importance of juvenile justice systems.
Introduction
In 1899, in Chicago (Illinois), the first juvenile court was established. Policy makers, citizens, and professionals continue debating on why juvenile offenders should be tried and sentenced differently from adult offenders. To the public, the aspect of trying juveniles as adults is a controversial topic. As such, the principle of establishing these juvenile courts was for individualized justice and their main focus was on rehabilitating, caring, and treating the youthful offenders and not punishing them. The juveniles talked about in this case fall under 18 years of age, nonetheless in some American States there is variance in terms of the legal age. According to recent research conducted, it is evident that the human brain continues to develop throughout adolescence. The pre-frontal cortex (part of the brain responsible for function execution and complex reasoning) is not fully matured until the mid-twenties (Scott & Steinberg, 2008). Therefore, for adolescents, their brain is not fully matured hence; their thought and decision-making processes are different from those of the adult. For instance, for adolescents, it is developmentally normative to take greater risks and show susceptibility to influences from their peers than adults. As such, these normal differences contribute to behaviors that have led many adolescents to their involvement with the juvenile justice system. Some of the risk factors .
2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docxBHANU281672
2
Source: Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice: A social, historical and legal perspective (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Introduction
Delinquency and the practice of juvenile justice occur not in a vacuum but in a social context. This does not mean that individual factors such as biological makeup and psychological functioning do not play a role in delinquency or the operation of juvenile justice. Nor does it imply that individuals do not make choices, often conscious choices, to engage in delinquent behaviors. However, it recognizes that individuals and the choices they make cannot be adequately understood without considering the social contexts in which they live and act. Social context also helps shape our views of juvenile crime and the operation of juvenile justice through the portrayal of delinquency and juvenile justice in the media. In fact, much of what most people (including many policy makers) know about juvenile crime and juvenile justice comes from the news media. However, the social context of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice comprises more than the media. In the United States, juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice are influenced by a variety of factors found in the political economy of the United States and in communities, families, schools, peer groups, and other important socializing institutions. How political and economic arrangements and socializing
institutions such as families, schools, communities, and peers influence delinquency is a primary focus of theory and research in the field of criminology. Indeed, courses in criminology, juvenile delinquency, and criminological theory focus attention on how factors such as economic inequality, school failure, residence in high-crime neighborhoods, child-discipline practices, child abuse, association with criminally involved peers, and many other factors are related to delinquency. Explanations of illegal behavior that refer to such factors compose a significant body of criminological theory. Moreover, theories are important, as Stephen Pfohl has noted, because they “provide us with an image of what something is and how we might best act toward it.”1 The development of good theories of delinquency, then, could be used to develop policies that reduce or prevent it. They can also be used to develop effective responses to youths involved in the juvenile justice process. The following reading is intended to help you can a better understanding of the relationship between social context and delinquency and how various risk factors within this social context influence youths’ behavior.
Individual Factors and Delinquency
Many individual factors have been found to be related to delinquent behavior. These factors are often referred to as risk factors because their presence increases the likelihood of delinquency or involvement in the juvenile justice process. These risk factors consist of biological, genetic, or psychological charac.
2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docxlorainedeserre
2
Source: Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice: A social, historical and legal perspective (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Introduction
Delinquency and the practice of juvenile justice occur not in a vacuum but in a social context. This does not mean that individual factors such as biological makeup and psychological functioning do not play a role in delinquency or the operation of juvenile justice. Nor does it imply that individuals do not make choices, often conscious choices, to engage in delinquent behaviors. However, it recognizes that individuals and the choices they make cannot be adequately understood without considering the social contexts in which they live and act. Social context also helps shape our views of juvenile crime and the operation of juvenile justice through the portrayal of delinquency and juvenile justice in the media. In fact, much of what most people (including many policy makers) know about juvenile crime and juvenile justice comes from the news media. However, the social context of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice comprises more than the media. In the United States, juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice are influenced by a variety of factors found in the political economy of the United States and in communities, families, schools, peer groups, and other important socializing institutions. How political and economic arrangements and socializing
institutions such as families, schools, communities, and peers influence delinquency is a primary focus of theory and research in the field of criminology. Indeed, courses in criminology, juvenile delinquency, and criminological theory focus attention on how factors such as economic inequality, school failure, residence in high-crime neighborhoods, child-discipline practices, child abuse, association with criminally involved peers, and many other factors are related to delinquency. Explanations of illegal behavior that refer to such factors compose a significant body of criminological theory. Moreover, theories are important, as Stephen Pfohl has noted, because they “provide us with an image of what something is and how we might best act toward it.”1 The development of good theories of delinquency, then, could be used to develop policies that reduce or prevent it. They can also be used to develop effective responses to youths involved in the juvenile justice process. The following reading is intended to help you can a better understanding of the relationship between social context and delinquency and how various risk factors within this social context influence youths’ behavior.
Individual Factors and Delinquency
Many individual factors have been found to be related to delinquent behavior. These factors are often referred to as risk factors because their presence increases the likelihood of delinquency or involvement in the juvenile justice process. These risk factors consist of biological, genetic, or psychological charac ...
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
Database reports provide us with the ability to further analyze ou.docxwhittemorelucilla
Database reports provide us with the ability to further analyze our data, and provide it in a format that can be used to make business decisions. Discuss the steps that you would take to ensure that we create an effective report. What questions would you ask of the users?
Data presentation should be designed to display correct conclusions. What issues should we think about as we prepare data for presentation? Discuss the different methods that we can use to present data in a report. What role does the audience play in selecting how we present the data?
1 PAGE AND A HALF
.
DataInformationKnowledge1. Discuss the relationship between.docxwhittemorelucilla
Data/Information/Knowledge
1. Discuss the relationship between data, information, and knowledge. Support your discussion with at least 3 academically reviewed articles.
2. Why do organization have information deficiency problem? Suggest ways on how to overcome information deficiency problem.
.
DataHole 12 Score67575554555554555757756555656565556556565565666434686664656566664555575656546555557554556655655465555565546555655467555646457664545665556555644554585456546654565546664566665566666675675665665656766555565486555567676645645575555575665455554655556556575555555455654555655666667665654655556657656558536666536755465655455755755666665545656565655555545545666564656443545655646445567547565654565545565676456544455446455755645655665567565554465466665
State Legislatures
(Part I)
POLS 2212
Legislatures, Policy-Making, and Political Science
• Legislative process is only one part of policy-making
• States are better venue for understanding policy-making
process overall
• Interactions between components are more transparent
• Less ‘political theater’ than national level
• More cases, more variation, more data
• What role do legislatures play in the overall policy-making
process??
• How do legislative-executive relations affect policy outcomes??
Agenda Setting
Formulation /
Negotiation
Adoption /
Enactment
Implementation
Evaluation
Revision /
Termination
• Public attention is focused on an issue
• Collective recognition of problem
Agenda Setting
• Potential solutions are offered
• Some public discourse over options
Formulation / Negotiation
•
Solution
is agreed upon and made into official policy /
law
Adoption / Enactment
• Policy is converted into actionable rules
Implementation
• Fairness, effectiveness, efficiency of policy and rules are
evaluated
Evaluation
• Improvements or changes to policy are made
Revision / Termination
Agenda Setting
• Parties
• Public opinion
• Advocacy groups /
entrepreneurs
Formulation /
Negotiation
• Party leadership
• Interest groups
• Legislature type
• Legislative-executive
relations
Adoption / Enactment
• Legislative-executive
relations
Implementation
• Type of executive
• Bureaucracy
Evaluation
• Social scientists
• Advocacy groups
• Legislative
committees
• State courts
Revision / Termination
• State courts
• Federal courts
‘Professional’
Model
‘Citizen-
Legislator’
Model
Work Load
Nearly full-
time
Part-time
Session
Year-round,
annual
Short-term,
possibly
biannual
Compensation
Medium-high
(over median
for state
employees)
Fairly low
Staff
Large, semi-
permanent
Small, likely
shared
Conceptualizing State Legislatures
Professional Hybrid / Mixture Citizen
State Legislatures
• GA Legislature
• $17k base +per
diem
• $22k – $24k total
Discussion Question
• What are some of the potential benefits /
drawbacks of each of these two models??
State Legislatures and Political Careers (Peverill Squire)
• ‘Career’ Legislatures (Congress)
• Sufficiently high pay
• Minimal incentive to ‘move up’
• Expectation of long tenure
• Heavy time commitment
• ‘Springboard’ Legislatures
• Other positions have higher pay, more prestige
• Expectation of limited tenure
• May be term lim.
DataIDSalaryCompa-ratioMidpoint AgePerformance RatingServiceGenderRaiseDegreeGender1GradeDo not manipuilate Data set on this page, copy to another page to make changes154.50.956573485805.70METhe ongoing question that the weekly assignments will focus on is: Are males and females paid the same for equal work (under the Equal Pay Act)? 228.30.913315280703.90MBNote: to simplfy the analysis, we will assume that jobs within each grade comprise equal work.334.11.100313075513.61FB460.91.06857421001605.51METhe column labels in the table mean:549.21.0254836901605.71MDID – Employee sample number Salary – Salary in thousands 674.11.1066736701204.51MFAge – Age in yearsPerformance Rating - Appraisal rating (employee evaluation score)741.41.0344032100815.71FCService – Years of service (rounded)Gender – 0 = male, 1 = female 822.80.992233290915.81FAMidpoint – salary grade midpoint Raise – percent of last raise9731.089674910010041MFGrade – job/pay gradeDegree (0= BS\BA 1 = MS)1023.31.014233080714.71FAGender1 (Male or Female)Compa-ratio - salary divided by midpoint1124.31.05723411001914.81FA1259.71.0475752952204.50ME1341.81.0444030100214.70FC14251.08523329012161FA1522.60.983233280814.91FA1648.51.213404490405.70MC1763.11.1075727553131FE1836.21.1673131801115.60FB1923.91.039233285104.61MA2035.51.1443144701614.80FB2178.91.1786743951306.31MF2257.61.199484865613.81FD2322.20.964233665613.30FA2453.41.112483075913.80FD2523.61.0282341704040MA2622.30.971232295216.20FA2746.21.156403580703.91MC2874.41.111674495914.40FF2975.61.129675295505.40MF3047.50.9894845901804.30MD3122.90.995232960413.91FA3228.10.906312595405.60MB3363.71.117573590905.51ME3426.90.869312680204.91MB3522.70.987232390415.30FA3624.41.059232775314.30FA3723.81.034232295216.20FA3864.61.1335745951104.50ME3937.31.202312790615.50FB4023.71.031232490206.30MA4140.31.008402580504.30MC4224.41.0592332100815.71FA4372.31.0796742952015.50FF4465.91.1565745901605.21ME4549.91.040483695815.21FD4657.41.0075739752003.91ME47560.982573795505.51ME4868.11.1955734901115.31FE4966.21.1615741952106.60ME5061.71.0835738801204.60ME
Week 1Week 1: Descriptive Statistics, including ProbabilityWhile the lectures will examine our equal pay question from the compa-ratio viewpoint, our weekly assignments will focus onexamining the issue using the salary measure.The purpose of this assignmnent is two fold:1. Demonstrate mastery with Excel tools.2. Develop descriptive statistics to help examine the question.3. Interpret descriptive outcomesThe first issue in examining salary data to determine if we - as a company - are paying males and females equally for doing equal work is to develop somedescriptive statistics to give us something to make a preliminary decision on whether we have an issue or not.1Descriptive Statistics: Develop basic descriptive statistics for SalaryThe first step in analyzing data sets is to find some summary descriptive statistics for key variables. Suggestion: Copy the gender1 and salary columns from the Data tab t.
Database Project Charter/Business Case
Khalia Hart
University of Maryland Global Campus
February 21, 2020
Introduction
A database is an electronic collection of data that is built by a user so that they can access, update particular information in the database coherently or rapidly. Today firms employ integrated technology to increase their capacity to serve more clients, keep information well or effectively, organize activities according to the urgency or priorities, accounting records (Tüttelmann F, 2015). Most of the integrated technology depends on multiple databases that supply information relevant in making the decision. Since the business started using databases, their performance increase because the business decisions they make are sound and practical.
Business Problem
The supply chain management is one of the most complicated processes in the business and often at times due to need of detail it gets hard for the supply chain manager to keep the record of the work covered effectively, have enough data to make the decision and also have enough data to monitor the chain of operation (William, 2019). The supply chain has been so crucial for the business because it determines the performance of the company in the industry by assessing the quality of the product produced in the organization, cost of production, the time and effectiveness of distribution network, and overall production operation of the organization.
Operation management has been named as the leading cause of business failure caused by a lack of a system, which the manager or the supervisor can use to monitor the whole system. This is the problem to solve using the database (William, 2019). Using a database, the manager can observe or watch the entire chain from their office, make better decisions by fore- planning approach of the database also make changes within the system when there is the need to cut costs or making the process effective.
Project Scope
Most business organizations are spread in operation, and this is the challenge that makes the supply chain management complex (Tüttelmann F, 2015). This is because the chain is in different localities, and therefore, coordination of operation among the user or the workers becomes a challenge. Through the database system, the business will enjoy proper coordination using the wide Area Network (LAN). Through the LAN network, the company can link computers and cost-effectively share data and communication. Through this system, the company will have a connection and coordination of the processes within the organization. The number of connected devices will range from 10 to 1000, depending on the type of tools and system that is set to facilitate this connection.
Goals and objectives of the system
The purpose of the system that I want to install in the supply chain management is to;
· Monitoring of the supply chain- the system will enable the manager to monitor the system and every process in the order (Gattor.
Databases selected Multiple databases...Full Text (1223 .docxwhittemorelucilla
Databases selected: Multiple databases...
Full Text (1223 words)
Kraft Reformulates Oreo, Scores in China
Julie Jargon. Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, N.Y.: May 1, 2008. pg. B.1
Abstract (Summary)
Kraft, the world's second largest food company by revenue, reported a 13% drop in first-quarter net income Wednesday
because of high commodity costs and increased spending on product research and marketing. Television commercials
showed kids twisting apart Oreo cookies, licking the cream center and dipping the chocolate cookie halves into glasses of
milk.
(c) 2008 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further reproduction or distribution
is prohibited without permission.
Unlike its iconic American counterpart, the Oreo sold in China is frequently long, thin, four-layered and coated in chocolate. But
both kinds of cookies have one important thing in common: They are now best sellers.
The Oreo has long been the top-selling cookie in the U.S. market. But Kraft Foods Inc. had to reinvent the Oreo to make it sell
well in the world's most populous nation. While Chinese Oreo sales represent a tiny fraction of Kraft's $37.2 billion in annual
revenue, the cookie's journey in China exemplifies the kind of entrepreneurial transformation that Chief Executive Irene
Rosenfeld is trying to spread throughout the food giant.
Kraft, the world's second largest food company by revenue, reported a 13% drop in first-quarter net income Wednesday
because of high commodity costs and increased spending on product research and marketing. Its international business,
which now represents 40% of Kraft's revenue thanks to the company's recent acquisition of Groupe Danone's biscuits
business, was a bright spot in the quarter, aided by the weak dollar. Kraft's profit in the European Union rose 48%, excluding
special charges, and its profit in developing markets rose 57%.
To try to increase growth at the company, Ms. Rosenfeld has been putting more power in the hands of Kraft's various
business units around the globe, telling employees that decisions about Kraft products shouldn't all be made by people at the
Northfield, Ill., headquarters.
To take advantage of the European preference for dark chocolate, Kraft is introducing dark chocolate in Germany under its
Milka brand. Research in Russia showed that consumers there like premium instant coffee, so Kraft is positioning its Carte
Noire freeze-dried coffee as upscale by placing it at film festivals, fashion shows and operas. And in the Philippines, where
iced tea is popular, Kraft last year launched iced-tea-flavored Tang. Ms. Rosenfeld has also been encouraging marketers to
"reframe" product categories, no longer thinking, for example, that an Oreo has to be a round sandwich cookie.
Oreos were first introduced in 1912 in the U.S., but it wasn't until 1996 that Kraft introduced Oreos to Chinese consumers.
Nine years later, a makeover began. Shawn Warren, a 37-year-old .
DATABASE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT & IMPLEMENTATION PLAN1DATABASE SYS.docxwhittemorelucilla
DATABASE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT & IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 1
DATABASE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT & IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 19
Table of Contents
1. Database System Overview 3
1.1 Business Environment 3
1.2 Database system goals and objective 4
2. Entity Relationship Model 7
2.1 Proposed entities 7
2.2 Business rules 8
2.3 Entity–Relationship Model 9
2.3.1 Relationship Types 9
2.3.2 Normalization form 12
2.3.3 Benefit of using database design 14
3. Structured Query Language (SQL) Scripts 15
3.1 Data definition language (DDL) 15
3.2 Data manipulation language (DML) 16
3.3 SQL report 17
3.4 Benefit of using database queries 19
4. Database Administration Plan 20
5. Future Database System Implementation Plan 21
6. References 22
1.
Database System Overview
1.1 Business Environment
Office Depot, Inc is an American retail store company founded in 1986 and headquartered in Florida, United States. The company provides office and school supplies with 1400 retail stores and e-commerce sites. The supply includes everything to their customer like latest technology, core school and office supplies, printing and documenting service, furniture and other services like cell phone repair, tech and marketing service etc.
Recently there were too many complaints from existing and new customer that the online site is super glitch and lagging. Another customer posted that the delivery did not come on the scheduled day. And they cannot track down the order because the website does not have tracking information. Also when the website is down, customer service cannot help to see the order details either and therefore, they feel it’s frustrating to order online and therefore want to cancel the order. One other customer posted in the website grievance section that the “label maker” showed available in the stock even though it was out of stock when verified with the customer service representative. With every product not in stock, we lose opportunity of sale which costs the store. This not only affect customer but also affect company. We are so dependent on the data, most of the time staff has to correct accounting report, sales estimates and invoice customer manually which is very time-consuming in an excel sheet.
In order to solve above issues and avoid sales loss, Office Depot must have a database to store and maintain correct count of the products. This database will help inventory management i.e. tracking products, update inventory, find popular or less popular item, loss prevention, track inventory status and perform data mining. The staff can access this database via a computerized database. (Gerald H., Importance of inventory database retail)1.2 Database system goals and objective
The mission of the company is to become number one retail company by creating inclusive environment and great shopping experience where both customer and employees are respected and valued. To achieve the retail store mission, we are committed to provide secure and robust data base system for ou.
Database Security Assessment Transcript You are a contracting office.docxwhittemorelucilla
Database Security Assessment Transcript You are a contracting officer's technical representative, a Security System Engineer, at a military hospital. Your department's leaders are adopting a new medical health care database management system. And they've tasked you to create a request for proposal for which different vendors will compete to build and provide to the hospital. A Request For Proposal, or RFP, is when an organization sends out a request for estimates on performing a function, delivering a technology, or providing a service or augmenting staff. RFPs are tailored to each endeavor but have common components and are important in the world of IT contracting and for procurement and acquisitions. To complete the RFP, you must determine the technical and security specifications for the system. You'll write the requirements for the overall system and also provide evaluation standards that will be used in rating the vendor's performance. Your learning will help you determine your system's requirements. As you discover methods of attack, you'll write prevention and remediation requirements for the vendor to perform. You must identify the different vulnerabilities the database should be hardened against.
Modern healthcare systems incorporate databases for effective and efficient management of patient healthcare. Databases are vulnerable to cyberattacks and must be designed and built with security controls from the beginning of the life cycle. Although hardening the database early in the life cycle is better, security is often incorporated after deployment, forcing hospital and healthcare IT professionals to play catch-up. Database security requirements should be defined at the requirements stage of acquisition and procurement.
System security engineers and other acquisition personnel can effectively assist vendors in building better healthcare database systems by specifying security requirements up front within the request for proposal (RFP). In this project, you will be developing an RFP for a new medical healthcare database management system.
Parts of your deliverables will be developed through your learning lab. You will submit the following deliverables for this project:
Deliverables
• An RFP, about 10 to 12 pages, in the form of a double-spaced Word document with citations in APA format. The page count does not include figures, diagrams, tables, or citations. There is no penalty for using additional pages. Include a minimum of six references. Include a reference list with the report.
• An MS-Excel spreadsheet with lab results.
There are 11 steps in this project. You will begin with the workplace scenario and continue with Step 1: "Provide an Overview for Vendors."
Step 1: Provide an Overview for Vendors
As the contracting officer's technical representative (COTR), you are the liaison between your hospital and potential vendors. It is your duty to provide vendors with an overview of your organization. To do so, identify infor.
At the End of Their Rope: A Research Note on the Influence of Parental Low Se...George Connolly
The concept of self-control has been used to account for a wide variety of outcomes, both criminal and otherwise. Recently, researchers have started investigating associations between parental selfcontrol and family functioning. This study expands this area of research by assessing the extent to
which parental low self-control and official involvement in juvenile delinquency is associated with parental exasperation among a sample of parents whose children have been processed through a juvenile justice assessment facility. The results indicate that parents who are lower in selfcontrol
and whose children have had more extensive involvement in officially recorded delinquency report greater exasperation regarding their children.
Problem Evaluation Paper 1Problem Evaluation Paper .docxsleeperharwell
Problem Evaluation Paper 1
Problem Evaluation Paper
Alexis Lucca
CJA/355
04/11/2016
Gerald Norris
Problem Evaluation Paper
2
Problem Evaluation Paper
Criminal justice can be said to be the system of governmental institutions and practices
aimed at holding up social control, crime mitigation and deterring, for example giving penalties
to criminals and also rehabilitating them. The career mostly falls in between legal and law
enforcement. Law enforcement is the ones dealing with the criminal behavior causes and societal
response to crime, for example, criminology, and forensic psychology. Policing also falls in this
category. The current issue in the criminal justice field is The Punishment and Criminalization of
young people and children (Martin & Philbin, 1980).
Many children aged 13 and 14 years in the United States who have undergone the
prosecution for adults had continued being sentenced to life imprisonment with no signs of
parole. However, the juveniles continue to being imprisoned despite the fact that their sentence is
unconstitutional hence leading to their death with no review and scrutiny or follow up.
According to (EJI) Equal Justice Initiative undertook in the year 2008, about seventy-three cases
showing that juveniles have died in prison through condemnation followed by minimal review
have been documented. The courts did not consider that the children were young making the
sentences imposed on them mandatory. Most of the children were combined with the crimes
which had been committed by adults and old teenagers leading to the involvement of two-thirds
of children of a younger age (Goodman & Grimming, 2007).
The difference between older teens and young children should then be observed. Below
are then some problems which make this situation to keep on growing. Influence from
dysfunctional backgrounds. This is because of exposure to violence, like mostly most of them
have been subjected to sexual abuse; they have been abandoned or have even been neglected.
Secondly, their parents are drug and dealers, addicts, sex workers and alcoholics. This then
Problem Evaluation Paper
3
makes it clear that these children have been brought up in poor places with lethal violence, where
their parents were not able to afford safety, health and luxuries that every child would require.
It was therefore brought into conclusion by Oklahoma that when a person is a youth,
they are vulnerable to psychological damage and influence, and this has been taken to be more
than a chronological fact. Moreover, the children who have gone through this have some things
in common which disturb them. Protection and treatment from health care providers, police
failure, foster systems, family courts and security agencies of young children. Most of the crimes
committed by these children are mostly.
Running head THE RAMAYANA AND SEI SHONAGON .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: THE RAMAYANA AND SEI SHONAGON 1
Running Head: JUVENILE SYSTEM 4
Tommy K. Bush Sr.
CJ 3325 Juvenile Justice
Dr. Oliver
November 28, 2013
Abstract
In America, it is noted that the American justice system dealing with juveniles has developed over the past century. This has been due to the distinguishing difference existing from the criminal justice system. As a result, the purpose of this article is to articulate why the juvenile justice system is better than the criminal system of justice. The paper is going to give a brief introduction of the juvenile system of justice and later on, state the importance of the juvenile process. An overview of how the juvenile system is adopted across the American State will be shown. This will give the reader a rough awareness of how the justice system has brought change in the country in terms of crime reduction. Giving statistics of the various criminal activities will expand on this point further, and thus, readers will be able to understand why the juvenile justice system is vital. The essay purposes to elaborate why the juvenile justice system is preferred and thus, will give an in-depth understanding of how the system contributes to the youths’ greater amenability to treatment. The conclusion will be a summary of the main ideas and points argued in the essay and emphasize on the importance of juvenile justice systems.
Introduction
In 1899, in Chicago (Illinois), the first juvenile court was established. Policy makers, citizens, and professionals continue debating on why juvenile offenders should be tried and sentenced differently from adult offenders. To the public, the aspect of trying juveniles as adults is a controversial topic. As such, the principle of establishing these juvenile courts was for individualized justice and their main focus was on rehabilitating, caring, and treating the youthful offenders and not punishing them. The juveniles talked about in this case fall under 18 years of age, nonetheless in some American States there is variance in terms of the legal age. According to recent research conducted, it is evident that the human brain continues to develop throughout adolescence. The pre-frontal cortex (part of the brain responsible for function execution and complex reasoning) is not fully matured until the mid-twenties (Scott & Steinberg, 2008). Therefore, for adolescents, their brain is not fully matured hence; their thought and decision-making processes are different from those of the adult. For instance, for adolescents, it is developmentally normative to take greater risks and show susceptibility to influences from their peers than adults. As such, these normal differences contribute to behaviors that have led many adolescents to their involvement with the juvenile justice system. Some of the risk factors .
2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docxBHANU281672
2
Source: Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice: A social, historical and legal perspective (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Introduction
Delinquency and the practice of juvenile justice occur not in a vacuum but in a social context. This does not mean that individual factors such as biological makeup and psychological functioning do not play a role in delinquency or the operation of juvenile justice. Nor does it imply that individuals do not make choices, often conscious choices, to engage in delinquent behaviors. However, it recognizes that individuals and the choices they make cannot be adequately understood without considering the social contexts in which they live and act. Social context also helps shape our views of juvenile crime and the operation of juvenile justice through the portrayal of delinquency and juvenile justice in the media. In fact, much of what most people (including many policy makers) know about juvenile crime and juvenile justice comes from the news media. However, the social context of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice comprises more than the media. In the United States, juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice are influenced by a variety of factors found in the political economy of the United States and in communities, families, schools, peer groups, and other important socializing institutions. How political and economic arrangements and socializing
institutions such as families, schools, communities, and peers influence delinquency is a primary focus of theory and research in the field of criminology. Indeed, courses in criminology, juvenile delinquency, and criminological theory focus attention on how factors such as economic inequality, school failure, residence in high-crime neighborhoods, child-discipline practices, child abuse, association with criminally involved peers, and many other factors are related to delinquency. Explanations of illegal behavior that refer to such factors compose a significant body of criminological theory. Moreover, theories are important, as Stephen Pfohl has noted, because they “provide us with an image of what something is and how we might best act toward it.”1 The development of good theories of delinquency, then, could be used to develop policies that reduce or prevent it. They can also be used to develop effective responses to youths involved in the juvenile justice process. The following reading is intended to help you can a better understanding of the relationship between social context and delinquency and how various risk factors within this social context influence youths’ behavior.
Individual Factors and Delinquency
Many individual factors have been found to be related to delinquent behavior. These factors are often referred to as risk factors because their presence increases the likelihood of delinquency or involvement in the juvenile justice process. These risk factors consist of biological, genetic, or psychological charac.
2Source Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice.docxlorainedeserre
2
Source: Elrod, P., & R. Scott Ryder (2021). Juvenile justice: A social, historical and legal perspective (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Introduction
Delinquency and the practice of juvenile justice occur not in a vacuum but in a social context. This does not mean that individual factors such as biological makeup and psychological functioning do not play a role in delinquency or the operation of juvenile justice. Nor does it imply that individuals do not make choices, often conscious choices, to engage in delinquent behaviors. However, it recognizes that individuals and the choices they make cannot be adequately understood without considering the social contexts in which they live and act. Social context also helps shape our views of juvenile crime and the operation of juvenile justice through the portrayal of delinquency and juvenile justice in the media. In fact, much of what most people (including many policy makers) know about juvenile crime and juvenile justice comes from the news media. However, the social context of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice comprises more than the media. In the United States, juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice are influenced by a variety of factors found in the political economy of the United States and in communities, families, schools, peer groups, and other important socializing institutions. How political and economic arrangements and socializing
institutions such as families, schools, communities, and peers influence delinquency is a primary focus of theory and research in the field of criminology. Indeed, courses in criminology, juvenile delinquency, and criminological theory focus attention on how factors such as economic inequality, school failure, residence in high-crime neighborhoods, child-discipline practices, child abuse, association with criminally involved peers, and many other factors are related to delinquency. Explanations of illegal behavior that refer to such factors compose a significant body of criminological theory. Moreover, theories are important, as Stephen Pfohl has noted, because they “provide us with an image of what something is and how we might best act toward it.”1 The development of good theories of delinquency, then, could be used to develop policies that reduce or prevent it. They can also be used to develop effective responses to youths involved in the juvenile justice process. The following reading is intended to help you can a better understanding of the relationship between social context and delinquency and how various risk factors within this social context influence youths’ behavior.
Individual Factors and Delinquency
Many individual factors have been found to be related to delinquent behavior. These factors are often referred to as risk factors because their presence increases the likelihood of delinquency or involvement in the juvenile justice process. These risk factors consist of biological, genetic, or psychological charac ...
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
Similar to DataClientRoom QualityFood QualityService Quality1GPG2GGG3GGG4GPG5.docx (9)
Database reports provide us with the ability to further analyze ou.docxwhittemorelucilla
Database reports provide us with the ability to further analyze our data, and provide it in a format that can be used to make business decisions. Discuss the steps that you would take to ensure that we create an effective report. What questions would you ask of the users?
Data presentation should be designed to display correct conclusions. What issues should we think about as we prepare data for presentation? Discuss the different methods that we can use to present data in a report. What role does the audience play in selecting how we present the data?
1 PAGE AND A HALF
.
DataInformationKnowledge1. Discuss the relationship between.docxwhittemorelucilla
Data/Information/Knowledge
1. Discuss the relationship between data, information, and knowledge. Support your discussion with at least 3 academically reviewed articles.
2. Why do organization have information deficiency problem? Suggest ways on how to overcome information deficiency problem.
.
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State Legislatures
(Part I)
POLS 2212
Legislatures, Policy-Making, and Political Science
• Legislative process is only one part of policy-making
• States are better venue for understanding policy-making
process overall
• Interactions between components are more transparent
• Less ‘political theater’ than national level
• More cases, more variation, more data
• What role do legislatures play in the overall policy-making
process??
• How do legislative-executive relations affect policy outcomes??
Agenda Setting
Formulation /
Negotiation
Adoption /
Enactment
Implementation
Evaluation
Revision /
Termination
• Public attention is focused on an issue
• Collective recognition of problem
Agenda Setting
• Potential solutions are offered
• Some public discourse over options
Formulation / Negotiation
•
Solution
is agreed upon and made into official policy /
law
Adoption / Enactment
• Policy is converted into actionable rules
Implementation
• Fairness, effectiveness, efficiency of policy and rules are
evaluated
Evaluation
• Improvements or changes to policy are made
Revision / Termination
Agenda Setting
• Parties
• Public opinion
• Advocacy groups /
entrepreneurs
Formulation /
Negotiation
• Party leadership
• Interest groups
• Legislature type
• Legislative-executive
relations
Adoption / Enactment
• Legislative-executive
relations
Implementation
• Type of executive
• Bureaucracy
Evaluation
• Social scientists
• Advocacy groups
• Legislative
committees
• State courts
Revision / Termination
• State courts
• Federal courts
‘Professional’
Model
‘Citizen-
Legislator’
Model
Work Load
Nearly full-
time
Part-time
Session
Year-round,
annual
Short-term,
possibly
biannual
Compensation
Medium-high
(over median
for state
employees)
Fairly low
Staff
Large, semi-
permanent
Small, likely
shared
Conceptualizing State Legislatures
Professional Hybrid / Mixture Citizen
State Legislatures
• GA Legislature
• $17k base +per
diem
• $22k – $24k total
Discussion Question
• What are some of the potential benefits /
drawbacks of each of these two models??
State Legislatures and Political Careers (Peverill Squire)
• ‘Career’ Legislatures (Congress)
• Sufficiently high pay
• Minimal incentive to ‘move up’
• Expectation of long tenure
• Heavy time commitment
• ‘Springboard’ Legislatures
• Other positions have higher pay, more prestige
• Expectation of limited tenure
• May be term lim.
DataIDSalaryCompa-ratioMidpoint AgePerformance RatingServiceGenderRaiseDegreeGender1GradeDo not manipuilate Data set on this page, copy to another page to make changes154.50.956573485805.70METhe ongoing question that the weekly assignments will focus on is: Are males and females paid the same for equal work (under the Equal Pay Act)? 228.30.913315280703.90MBNote: to simplfy the analysis, we will assume that jobs within each grade comprise equal work.334.11.100313075513.61FB460.91.06857421001605.51METhe column labels in the table mean:549.21.0254836901605.71MDID – Employee sample number Salary – Salary in thousands 674.11.1066736701204.51MFAge – Age in yearsPerformance Rating - Appraisal rating (employee evaluation score)741.41.0344032100815.71FCService – Years of service (rounded)Gender – 0 = male, 1 = female 822.80.992233290915.81FAMidpoint – salary grade midpoint Raise – percent of last raise9731.089674910010041MFGrade – job/pay gradeDegree (0= BS\BA 1 = MS)1023.31.014233080714.71FAGender1 (Male or Female)Compa-ratio - salary divided by midpoint1124.31.05723411001914.81FA1259.71.0475752952204.50ME1341.81.0444030100214.70FC14251.08523329012161FA1522.60.983233280814.91FA1648.51.213404490405.70MC1763.11.1075727553131FE1836.21.1673131801115.60FB1923.91.039233285104.61MA2035.51.1443144701614.80FB2178.91.1786743951306.31MF2257.61.199484865613.81FD2322.20.964233665613.30FA2453.41.112483075913.80FD2523.61.0282341704040MA2622.30.971232295216.20FA2746.21.156403580703.91MC2874.41.111674495914.40FF2975.61.129675295505.40MF3047.50.9894845901804.30MD3122.90.995232960413.91FA3228.10.906312595405.60MB3363.71.117573590905.51ME3426.90.869312680204.91MB3522.70.987232390415.30FA3624.41.059232775314.30FA3723.81.034232295216.20FA3864.61.1335745951104.50ME3937.31.202312790615.50FB4023.71.031232490206.30MA4140.31.008402580504.30MC4224.41.0592332100815.71FA4372.31.0796742952015.50FF4465.91.1565745901605.21ME4549.91.040483695815.21FD4657.41.0075739752003.91ME47560.982573795505.51ME4868.11.1955734901115.31FE4966.21.1615741952106.60ME5061.71.0835738801204.60ME
Week 1Week 1: Descriptive Statistics, including ProbabilityWhile the lectures will examine our equal pay question from the compa-ratio viewpoint, our weekly assignments will focus onexamining the issue using the salary measure.The purpose of this assignmnent is two fold:1. Demonstrate mastery with Excel tools.2. Develop descriptive statistics to help examine the question.3. Interpret descriptive outcomesThe first issue in examining salary data to determine if we - as a company - are paying males and females equally for doing equal work is to develop somedescriptive statistics to give us something to make a preliminary decision on whether we have an issue or not.1Descriptive Statistics: Develop basic descriptive statistics for SalaryThe first step in analyzing data sets is to find some summary descriptive statistics for key variables. Suggestion: Copy the gender1 and salary columns from the Data tab t.
Database Project Charter/Business Case
Khalia Hart
University of Maryland Global Campus
February 21, 2020
Introduction
A database is an electronic collection of data that is built by a user so that they can access, update particular information in the database coherently or rapidly. Today firms employ integrated technology to increase their capacity to serve more clients, keep information well or effectively, organize activities according to the urgency or priorities, accounting records (Tüttelmann F, 2015). Most of the integrated technology depends on multiple databases that supply information relevant in making the decision. Since the business started using databases, their performance increase because the business decisions they make are sound and practical.
Business Problem
The supply chain management is one of the most complicated processes in the business and often at times due to need of detail it gets hard for the supply chain manager to keep the record of the work covered effectively, have enough data to make the decision and also have enough data to monitor the chain of operation (William, 2019). The supply chain has been so crucial for the business because it determines the performance of the company in the industry by assessing the quality of the product produced in the organization, cost of production, the time and effectiveness of distribution network, and overall production operation of the organization.
Operation management has been named as the leading cause of business failure caused by a lack of a system, which the manager or the supervisor can use to monitor the whole system. This is the problem to solve using the database (William, 2019). Using a database, the manager can observe or watch the entire chain from their office, make better decisions by fore- planning approach of the database also make changes within the system when there is the need to cut costs or making the process effective.
Project Scope
Most business organizations are spread in operation, and this is the challenge that makes the supply chain management complex (Tüttelmann F, 2015). This is because the chain is in different localities, and therefore, coordination of operation among the user or the workers becomes a challenge. Through the database system, the business will enjoy proper coordination using the wide Area Network (LAN). Through the LAN network, the company can link computers and cost-effectively share data and communication. Through this system, the company will have a connection and coordination of the processes within the organization. The number of connected devices will range from 10 to 1000, depending on the type of tools and system that is set to facilitate this connection.
Goals and objectives of the system
The purpose of the system that I want to install in the supply chain management is to;
· Monitoring of the supply chain- the system will enable the manager to monitor the system and every process in the order (Gattor.
Databases selected Multiple databases...Full Text (1223 .docxwhittemorelucilla
Databases selected: Multiple databases...
Full Text (1223 words)
Kraft Reformulates Oreo, Scores in China
Julie Jargon. Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York, N.Y.: May 1, 2008. pg. B.1
Abstract (Summary)
Kraft, the world's second largest food company by revenue, reported a 13% drop in first-quarter net income Wednesday
because of high commodity costs and increased spending on product research and marketing. Television commercials
showed kids twisting apart Oreo cookies, licking the cream center and dipping the chocolate cookie halves into glasses of
milk.
(c) 2008 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further reproduction or distribution
is prohibited without permission.
Unlike its iconic American counterpart, the Oreo sold in China is frequently long, thin, four-layered and coated in chocolate. But
both kinds of cookies have one important thing in common: They are now best sellers.
The Oreo has long been the top-selling cookie in the U.S. market. But Kraft Foods Inc. had to reinvent the Oreo to make it sell
well in the world's most populous nation. While Chinese Oreo sales represent a tiny fraction of Kraft's $37.2 billion in annual
revenue, the cookie's journey in China exemplifies the kind of entrepreneurial transformation that Chief Executive Irene
Rosenfeld is trying to spread throughout the food giant.
Kraft, the world's second largest food company by revenue, reported a 13% drop in first-quarter net income Wednesday
because of high commodity costs and increased spending on product research and marketing. Its international business,
which now represents 40% of Kraft's revenue thanks to the company's recent acquisition of Groupe Danone's biscuits
business, was a bright spot in the quarter, aided by the weak dollar. Kraft's profit in the European Union rose 48%, excluding
special charges, and its profit in developing markets rose 57%.
To try to increase growth at the company, Ms. Rosenfeld has been putting more power in the hands of Kraft's various
business units around the globe, telling employees that decisions about Kraft products shouldn't all be made by people at the
Northfield, Ill., headquarters.
To take advantage of the European preference for dark chocolate, Kraft is introducing dark chocolate in Germany under its
Milka brand. Research in Russia showed that consumers there like premium instant coffee, so Kraft is positioning its Carte
Noire freeze-dried coffee as upscale by placing it at film festivals, fashion shows and operas. And in the Philippines, where
iced tea is popular, Kraft last year launched iced-tea-flavored Tang. Ms. Rosenfeld has also been encouraging marketers to
"reframe" product categories, no longer thinking, for example, that an Oreo has to be a round sandwich cookie.
Oreos were first introduced in 1912 in the U.S., but it wasn't until 1996 that Kraft introduced Oreos to Chinese consumers.
Nine years later, a makeover began. Shawn Warren, a 37-year-old .
DATABASE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT & IMPLEMENTATION PLAN1DATABASE SYS.docxwhittemorelucilla
DATABASE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT & IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 1
DATABASE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT & IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 19
Table of Contents
1. Database System Overview 3
1.1 Business Environment 3
1.2 Database system goals and objective 4
2. Entity Relationship Model 7
2.1 Proposed entities 7
2.2 Business rules 8
2.3 Entity–Relationship Model 9
2.3.1 Relationship Types 9
2.3.2 Normalization form 12
2.3.3 Benefit of using database design 14
3. Structured Query Language (SQL) Scripts 15
3.1 Data definition language (DDL) 15
3.2 Data manipulation language (DML) 16
3.3 SQL report 17
3.4 Benefit of using database queries 19
4. Database Administration Plan 20
5. Future Database System Implementation Plan 21
6. References 22
1.
Database System Overview
1.1 Business Environment
Office Depot, Inc is an American retail store company founded in 1986 and headquartered in Florida, United States. The company provides office and school supplies with 1400 retail stores and e-commerce sites. The supply includes everything to their customer like latest technology, core school and office supplies, printing and documenting service, furniture and other services like cell phone repair, tech and marketing service etc.
Recently there were too many complaints from existing and new customer that the online site is super glitch and lagging. Another customer posted that the delivery did not come on the scheduled day. And they cannot track down the order because the website does not have tracking information. Also when the website is down, customer service cannot help to see the order details either and therefore, they feel it’s frustrating to order online and therefore want to cancel the order. One other customer posted in the website grievance section that the “label maker” showed available in the stock even though it was out of stock when verified with the customer service representative. With every product not in stock, we lose opportunity of sale which costs the store. This not only affect customer but also affect company. We are so dependent on the data, most of the time staff has to correct accounting report, sales estimates and invoice customer manually which is very time-consuming in an excel sheet.
In order to solve above issues and avoid sales loss, Office Depot must have a database to store and maintain correct count of the products. This database will help inventory management i.e. tracking products, update inventory, find popular or less popular item, loss prevention, track inventory status and perform data mining. The staff can access this database via a computerized database. (Gerald H., Importance of inventory database retail)1.2 Database system goals and objective
The mission of the company is to become number one retail company by creating inclusive environment and great shopping experience where both customer and employees are respected and valued. To achieve the retail store mission, we are committed to provide secure and robust data base system for ou.
Database Security Assessment Transcript You are a contracting office.docxwhittemorelucilla
Database Security Assessment Transcript You are a contracting officer's technical representative, a Security System Engineer, at a military hospital. Your department's leaders are adopting a new medical health care database management system. And they've tasked you to create a request for proposal for which different vendors will compete to build and provide to the hospital. A Request For Proposal, or RFP, is when an organization sends out a request for estimates on performing a function, delivering a technology, or providing a service or augmenting staff. RFPs are tailored to each endeavor but have common components and are important in the world of IT contracting and for procurement and acquisitions. To complete the RFP, you must determine the technical and security specifications for the system. You'll write the requirements for the overall system and also provide evaluation standards that will be used in rating the vendor's performance. Your learning will help you determine your system's requirements. As you discover methods of attack, you'll write prevention and remediation requirements for the vendor to perform. You must identify the different vulnerabilities the database should be hardened against.
Modern healthcare systems incorporate databases for effective and efficient management of patient healthcare. Databases are vulnerable to cyberattacks and must be designed and built with security controls from the beginning of the life cycle. Although hardening the database early in the life cycle is better, security is often incorporated after deployment, forcing hospital and healthcare IT professionals to play catch-up. Database security requirements should be defined at the requirements stage of acquisition and procurement.
System security engineers and other acquisition personnel can effectively assist vendors in building better healthcare database systems by specifying security requirements up front within the request for proposal (RFP). In this project, you will be developing an RFP for a new medical healthcare database management system.
Parts of your deliverables will be developed through your learning lab. You will submit the following deliverables for this project:
Deliverables
• An RFP, about 10 to 12 pages, in the form of a double-spaced Word document with citations in APA format. The page count does not include figures, diagrams, tables, or citations. There is no penalty for using additional pages. Include a minimum of six references. Include a reference list with the report.
• An MS-Excel spreadsheet with lab results.
There are 11 steps in this project. You will begin with the workplace scenario and continue with Step 1: "Provide an Overview for Vendors."
Step 1: Provide an Overview for Vendors
As the contracting officer's technical representative (COTR), you are the liaison between your hospital and potential vendors. It is your duty to provide vendors with an overview of your organization. To do so, identify infor.
Database Design Mid Term ExamSpring 2020Name ________________.docxwhittemorelucilla
Database Design Mid Term Exam
Spring 2020
Name: ____________________________
1. What is a data model?
A. method of storing files on a disk drive
B. simple representation of complex real-world data structures
C. name of system for designing software
D. method of designing invoices for customers
2. A Relationship Database system consists of 3 parts: a client front end for sending information to a command processor, a middle tier that interprets user commands, and a management frame work for storing, organizing and securing data.
a. True
b. False
3. What are the 3 components of a table:
A. Row, column, value
B. Row, top, bottom
C. Column, row, top
D. Top, middle, end
4. What does the column represent in a table?
a. Attribute of the table records
b. A complete record in the table
c. The system log from the database
d. A list of database tables
5. What does a row in the table represent?
a. A complete data record
b. List of system logs
c. A list of file systems on database server
d. The primary keys from all the tables.
6. Which of the following is an example of data definition language (DDL)?
a. UPDATE
b. V$SYSLOG
c. CREATE
d. DETAIN
7 . Which of the following is an example of data manipulation language (DML)?
A. SELECT
B. ABORT
C. GRANT
D. REVOKE
8. A _______ key is an attribute that uniquely identifies a record in a table.
9. A _______ key is an attribute that is a primary key in one table and is used as a reference in a second table to establish a relationship between the two tables.
10. When running a ‘SELECT’ join, what is returned from the table:
A. ROW
B. Column
C. single attribute
D. all tables in the database
11. When running a ‘PROJECT’ join, what is returned from the table:
A. COLUMN
B. ROW
C. Single Attribute
D. a list of tables in the database
12. What are the 3 types of relationships commonly shown on an entity relationship diagram?
A. 1 to 1
B. 1 to Many
C. Many to Many
D. All the above
E. None of the above
13. What is an entity relationship diagram (ERD)?
A. graphical representation of all entities in a database and how the entities are related
b. list of the log files in the database.
C. list of all the tablespace names in a database
D. A diagram that shows how data is written to a physical disk drive.
14. The definition of an attribute in a table that has no value is:
A. ZERO
b. NULL
c. ZILTCH
D. NONE
15. A ____________ attribute can either be stored on retrieve on an ad hoc basis.
16. Briefly describe the advantages and disadvantages of storing a derived attribute?
17. A database can process many types of data classifications. Which of the following is not a data classification or architecture that databases can process:
A. Structured
B. Semi-structured
C. undelimited
D. Unstructured
18. The process by which functional/partial dependency and transitive dependency is removed from a database table is called:
a. sharding
b. normalization
c. defragmentation
d. reallocation
.
Database Justification MemoCreate a 1-page memo for the .docxwhittemorelucilla
Database Justification Memo
C
reate
a
1-page
memo for the project stakeholder
explaining
why they should migrate towards a database driven application system
rather
than a static website.
Discuss
the benefits and drawbacks of the proposed changes
AND
Web Services Memo
Create
a 1-page memo to the project stakeholder on the importance of web services including security considerations, scalability, and compatibility.
.
Database Dump Script(Details of project in file)Mac1) O.docxwhittemorelucilla
Database Dump Script
(Details of project in file)
Mac:
1) Open up the terminal, or if already in MySQL, get out by typing "exit" and pressing enter.
2) Type:
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqldump -u root -p [database name] > /tmp/filename.txt
...where [database name] is the name of the database you want to export. When prompted, type the password. Check the /tmp file for your output.
.
Database Design 1. What is a data model A. method of sto.docxwhittemorelucilla
Database Design
1. What is a data model?
A. method of storing files on a disk drive
B. simple representation of complex real-world data structures
C. name of system for designing software
D. method of designing invoices for customers
2. Which of the following are the most important elements of a security program for databases:
a. Integrity, referential index, user rights
b. Confidentiality. Integrity and Availability
c. Availability, multi-master replication, high-bandwidth
d. DBA, System Admin, and PMO
3. Suppose that you have a table with a number of product sales. The product code may repeat in the table as it is likely the same product could be sold multiple times. If you want to produce a list of the unique products that are sold, you could use which of the following keywords in the SELECT statement:
A. LIKE
B. ORDERED BY
C. DISTINCT
D. DIFFERENT
4. What does the column represent in a table?
a. Attribute of the table records
b. A complete record in the table
c. The system log from the database
d. A list of database tables
5. What does a row in the table represent?
a. A complete data record
b. List of system logs
c. A list of file systems on database server
d. The primary keys from all the tables.
6. Which of the following is an example of data definition language (DDL)?
a. UPDATE
b. V$SYSLOG
c. CREATE
d. DETAIN
7 . Which of the following is an example of data manipulation language (DML)?
A. SELECT
B. ABORT
C. GRANT
D. REVOKE
8. A _____________ key is an attribute that uniquely identifies a record in a table.
9. A _____________ key is an attribute that is a primary key in one table and is used as a reference in a second table to establish a relationship between the two tables.
10. When running a ‘SELECT’ join, what is returned from the table:
A. ROW
B. Column
C. single attribute
D. all tables in the database
11. When running a ‘PROJECT’ join, what is returned from the table:
A. COLUMN
B. ROW
C. Single Attribute
D. a list of tables in the database
12. What are the 3 types of relationships commonly shown on an entity relationship diagram?
A. 1 to 1
B. 1 to Many
C. Many to Many
D. All the above
E. None of the above
13. What is an entity relationship diagram (ERD)?
A. graphical representation of all entities in a database and how the entities are related
b. list of the log files in the database.
C. list of all the tablespace names in a database
D. A diagram that shows how data is written to a physical disk drive.
14. The definition of an attribute in a table that has no value is:
A. ZERO
b. NULL
c. ZILTCH
D. NONE
15. A __________ attribute can either be stored on retrieve on an ad hoc basis.
16. Which of the following is not considered a characteristic of distributed management systems:
a. Concurrency Control
b. Business intelligence
c. Transaction management
d. query optimization
17. A database can process many types of data classifications. Which of the following is not a data class.
Database Administration
*
ObjectivesDiscuss the need for database administrationExplain the DBA’s responsibilities in formulating and enforcing database policies for access privileges, security, disaster planning, and archivingDiscuss the DBA’s administrative responsibilities for DBMS evaluation and selection, DBMS maintenance, data dictionary management, and trainingDiscuss the DBA’s technical responsibilities for database design, testing, and performance tuning
*
*
Introduction
FIGURE 8-1: DBA responsibilities
*
*
Database Policy Formulation and EnforcementDBAFormulates database policiesCommunicates policies to usersEnforces policiesPoliciesAccess privilegesSecurityDisaster planningArchiving
*
*
Access PrivilegesDBADetermines access privileges for all usersEnters appropriate authorization rules in DBMSSQL GRANT statementAccess privilege policyDocumented by DBAApproved by top-level managementCommunicated by DBA to all users
*
*
Access Privileges (continued)
FIGURE 8-2: Permitted and denied access privileges for Sam
*
*
Access Privileges (continued)
FIGURE 8-4: Permitted and denied access privileges for Valerie
*
*
SecurityPrevention of unauthorized access, intentional or accidental, to databaseDBACreates security policies and proceduresObtains management approval of policies and proceduresDistributes policies and procedures to authorized users
*
*
Security (continued)DBMS’s security featuresEncryptionAuthenticationAuthorizationsViewsAdditional security programs may be created or purchasedMonitoring of database usage to detect security violations
*
*
Security (continued)
FIGURE 8-5: Attempted security violation by Brady, who’s not an authorized user
*
*
Security (continued)
FIGURE 8-6: Attempted security violation by Paige, who’s authorized to access some customer data but is not authorized to access customer balances
*
*
Disaster PlanningDamage from physical incidentsSoftware/hardware/electricalNatural disastersDisaster recovery plan: ongoing and emergency actions and procedures to ensure data availability if a disaster occursHard drive failuresRedundant array of inexpensive/independent drives (RAID): database updates replicated to multiple hard drives
*
*
Disaster Planning (continued)Electrical power lossUninterruptible power supply (UPS): power source and power generatorDuplicate backup systemsHot site: completely equipped with duplicate hardware, software, and dataCan switch to hot site in minutes or hoursWarm site: duplicate hardware and software but not dataTakes longer to start processing
*
*
ArchivingGovernmental laws and regulations, for example:Sarbannes-Oxley ActPatriot ActHIPAAAuditing and financial requirementsData archive or archive: place where record of certain corporate data is keptStored on mass storage devicesCopies of archives and database backups must be stored off-site
*
*
Archiving (continued)
FIGURE 8-7: Movement of order 21617 from the.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Social Research: An International Quarterly, Volume 85,
Number 1, Spring
2018, pp. 255-271 (Article)
Published by Johns Hopkins University Press
For additional information about this article
Access provided by Ebsco Publishing (8 May 2018 07:55 GMT)
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/692752
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/692752
social research Vol. 85 : No. 1 : Spring 2018 255
Jo Becker
Corporal Punishment:
Legal Reform as a Route
to Changing Norms
THE TERM “HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES”
TYPICALLY BRINGS TO MIND CHILD
marriage, female genital mutilation/cutting, and so-called
“honor kill-
ings,” but rarely corporal punishment. Yet corporal punishment
is
arguably the most pervasive harmful traditional practice
children expe-
rience today. In nearly every part of the world, parents use
3. physical
punishment to “discipline” their children. Such corporal
punishment
typically takes the form of hitting a child with a bare hand or an
object
such as a stick or paddle. A 2014 survey found that four of
every five
children between the ages of two and 14—an estimated 1 billion
glob-
ally—experience physical punishment in their home on a regular
basis
(UNICEF 2014, 96).
The practice of corporal punishment is rooted in both cultural
norms and religious belief. Parents often believe that corporal
pun-
ishment will teach children good behavior. They hit their
children be-
cause it is socially accepted and because they themselves often
were
hit growing up. Some religious teachings appear to justify the
prac-
tice.1 The adage “spare the rod, spoil the child,” rooted in the
Old Tes-
4. tament Book of Proverbs, suggests not only that corporal
punishment
of children is permitted, but also that it is expected of good
parents.
Influenced by English common law, during the twentieth
century,
more than 70 countries enshrined the rights of parents to
“reason-
able chastisement” in their legal codes (Global Initiative
2015a).
256 social research
Social norm theory suggests that ending harmful practices
depends on changing collective beliefs about the acceptability
and
efficacy of the practice, and that legal reform is of limited
utility,
or even counterproductive (Mackie and LeJeune 2009).
Experience
around female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), for example,
has
found that extended local dialogue about community values can
lead
5. to voluntary abandonment of FGM/C (Gillespie and Melching
2010).
Legal reform as a strategy to end FGM/C has generally been
ineffective
or simply driven the practice underground. As long as FGM/C
remains
the norm for most families, individual parents will continue to
have
their daughters cut, perceiving the social inclusion that FGM/C
offers
to outweigh the risks of potential prosecution. Some scholars
find
that only when attitude change is already underway is legal
reform
effective in reinforcing new norms (Shell-Duncan et al. 2103).
In contrast to the experience of challenging other harmful
traditional practices, this paper argues that legal reform, when
ac-
companied by public education, can be an effective strategy to
end
the corporal punishment of children. Evidence from multiple
coun-
tries has found that when corporal punishment is prohibited by
law,
6. changes in attitudes and practices follow. Nearly all the
countries that
have prohibited corporal punishment have done so ahead of
public
opinion (Global Initiative 2017, 12). Yet change in practice and
atti-
tudes following legal reform can be both swift and dramatic.
THE HARMS OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
Recent research finds that the effects of corporal punishment on
chil-
dren are overwhelmingly negative. Studies have found that
children
who experience corporal punishment are more aggressive
towards
others, and more likely to resort to violence to respond to
conflict
(Ani and Grantham-McGregor 1998). They are more likely to
engage in
delinquent or antisocial behavior, including bullying, lying,
cheating,
truancy, and criminal activity. A German study of more than
45,000
ninth graders, for example, found that children who were
subjected
7. to severe corporal punishment were five times more likely to
become
Corporal Punishment: Legal Reform as a Route to Changing
Norms 257
violent offenders (Pfeiffer 2013, 97). Corporal punishment may
damage children’s mental health, leading to greater anxiety,
depres-
sion, low self-esteem, and hopelessness. It is also linked to
lower IQ
scores and poor school performance (Gershoff 2002). The
damage
extends well into adulthood: adults who experienced corporal
punish-
ment as children are more likely to engage in aggression and
criminal
behavior, as well as domestic violence towards an intimate
partner
or child, and experience higher rates of depression, alcoholism,
and
suicidal tendencies (Afifi et al. 2012).
A meta-analysis of more than 250 published studies examin-
8. ing corporal punishment and its impacts found that not a single
one
demonstrated any benefits to the practice (Global Initiative
2016).
Contrary to popular belief, corporal punishment is not effective
as
a disciplinary measure. One US study, for example, found that
when
children between the ages of two and five were spanked by their
moth-
ers, 73 percent of the children repeated the same behavior for
which
they had been hit within the next 10 minutes (Holden,
Williamson,
and Holland 2014). Corporal punishment also damages parent-
child
relationships; children report that after being physically
punished,
they feel hurt, angry, and frightened of their parents (Dobbs
2005).
When parents physically punish their children, they are often
angry, making it easy for the level of punishment to escalate
beyond
what was intended and cause serious injury, or at times even
9. death.
Shaking babies or toddlers, for example, can lead to permanent
brain
injuries. In the United States alone, over 700 children die each
year
due to physical abuse by parents (US Department of Health and
Hu-
man Services 2017).
THE HUMAN RIGHTS IMPERATIVE
Regardless of the scientific evidence of harm, corporal
punishment
violates the human rights of children. Children, like adults,
have a
right to respect for their dignity and physical integrity and to
equal
protection under the law. Article 19 of the Convention on the
Rights of
the Child obligates governments to take all appropriate
measures “to
258 social research
protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence,
injury
10. or abuse … while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or
any
other person who has the care of that child.” The Committee on
the
Rights of the Child, which monitors compliance with the
Convention,
has stated that this obligation “does not leave room for any
level of
legalized violence against children. Corporal punishment and
other
cruel or degrading forms of punishment are forms of violence
and
States must take all appropriate legislative, administrative,
social and
educational measures to eliminate them” (CRC 2007).
The rationale for legal reform to end corporal punishment of
children is based on several key arguments. One is that children
are
entitled to equal protection under the law, including in the
home. If
hitting an adult is considered assault, hitting a child should not
be
legally permissible either. A second is that as long as corporal
punish-
11. ment is legal, parents and other caregivers are more likely to
believe
it is acceptable to hit children in their care. A third argument is
that
legal prohibition of corporal punishment—particularly when
accom-
panied by public education—will motivate parents to look into
al-
ternative forms of discipline and encourage governments to
provide
appropriate resources and education.
By early 2018, 53 countries had legally prohibited all corporal
punishment of children, including in the home, and 56 more had
stated a commitment to full prohibition (Global Initiative 2018).
Countries enacting bans included most European and Latin
American
countries, and a handful of others in Africa, the Middle East,
and Asia.
No states in the United States ban corporal punishment in the
home.
Studies comparing attitudes and practice related to corporal
punish-
12. ment before and after legal prohibition, however, are primarily
lim-
ited to Europe and New Zealand. The following case studies
explore
experiences in several countries.
Sweden
In 1979, Sweden became the first country in the world to
explicitly
prohibit by law all forms of corporal punishment of children,
including
Corporal Punishment: Legal Reform as a Route to Changing
Norms 259
in the home. When its parliament began to debate prohibition,
they
called it a “signal law,” i.e., a law that signaled an approach
primar-
ily for public education. Its intent was not to prosecute and
imprison
parents, except in the most extreme cases. After the law’s
adoption,
the Ministry of Justice ran a large-scale public education
campaign.
13. Brochures entitled “Can You Bring Up Children Successfully
without
Smacking and Spanking?” were distributed to all households
with
children, information on the issue was printed on milk cartons,
and
children’s and antenatal clinics provided support and
information to
parents. Within just a couple of years, over 90 percent of
Swedish
families were aware of the law (Global Initiative 2015b).
Several studies have found significant changes over time in
attitudes towards corporal punishment among Swedes. In 1965,
for
example, 53 percent of parents indicated support for corporal
pun-
ishment, but in 1999, only 10 percent did so (Janson 2000). A
2014
study on changes in parenting practices in Sweden used over 53
years
of data to compare three cohorts—1958, 1981, and 2011—of
young
to middle-aged adults and their self-reported experiences of
being
14. slapped during childhood. The study found almost no
differences be-
tween the 1958 and 1981 cohorts, but a significant drop between
1981
and 2011. Twenty percent of the 1958 cohort and 18 percent of
the
1981 cohort said they were often slapped by their parents, but
only
2 percent of the 2011 cohort said they were frequently slapped.
The
study concluded that over the 53 years, the likelihood of
participants
being slapped decreased by 93 percent, with almost the entire
de-
cline—92 percent—occurring from 1981 (two years after the
change
in the law) to 2011 (Trifan, Stattin, and Tilton-Weaver 2014).
New Zealand
New Zealand prohibited corporal punishment of children in
2007, after
nearly two years of fierce and acrimonious public debate.
Previously,
a law known as Section 592 explicitly permitted New Zealand
15. parents
to physically punish their children. In the 1980s, targeted
lobbying
led to a prohibition on corporal punishment in childcare centers,
260 social research
institutions, and schools, but there was little interest in banning
it in
the home.
In 1989, New Zealand appointed its first commissioner for chil-
dren, who began to advocate actively for repeal of Section 59
and a
full prohibition on all corporal punishment of children. In 1997,
the
Committee on the Rights of the Child conducted its first review
of
New Zealand’s compliance with the Convention on the Rights
of the
Child, and recommended that New Zealand review its law and
pro-
hibit all corporal punishment of children (CRC 1997).
In response to the Committee on the Rights of the Child’s ini-
16. tial recommendations, New Zealand’s cabinet instructed
government
officials to report on how other countries approached the issue
of
corporal punishment. The Ministry of Justice conducted
research on
public opinions regarding the law, and found that a strong
majority
—80 percent—of parents believed that it was acceptable to
smack a
child, though only 9 percent believed that it was an “effective”
strat-
egy in guiding a child towards better behavior. The Ministry
said pub-
licly that it supported alternative forms of discipline, but that
the
government had no plans to repeal Section 59 (Wood et al.
2008, 172).
In late 2003, the Committee on the Rights of the Child conclud-
ed its second review of New Zealand, criticizing its failure to
repeal
Section 59 and again recommending that the country prohibit
corpo-
17. ral punishment of children (CRC 2003). The same month,
UNICEF pub-
lished a report that placed New Zealand third among the world’s
rich-
est countries in its rate of child deaths from maltreatment. The
report
found that children in New Zealand were six times more likely
to die
from physical abuse as in the other countries surveyed (UNICEF
2003).
After a member of Parliament introduced a bill to repeal Sec-
tion 59, the issue became the focus of public debate. Groups
oppos-
ing the repeal of Section 59 bought full-page ads in newspapers
and
launched a petition campaign that garnered over 200,000
signatures.
Their opposition to the bill focused on three arguments: that
physi-
cal punishment was a necessary and positive aspect of parental
disci-
pline, that the proposed law unnecessarily intruded into family
life,
18. Corporal Punishment: Legal Reform as a Route to Changing
Norms 261
and that the repeal of Section 59 would result in criminal
prosecution
of parents for even minor cases of physical punishment (Wood
2015).
A small core of advocates for the prohibition of corporal pun-
ishment secured support from 140 organizations for abolition.
They
provided politicians in Wellington with briefing sheets and
other ar-
guments in support of repeal, and ensured a significant presence
in
the gallery every time Parliament debated the bill. The
campaign de-
veloped media kits addressing myths and misunderstandings
around
the proposed law, produced media releases, and presented
spokes-
people, including religious leaders, supporting prohibition to
news-
papers, radio, and television (Wood 2011).
Save the Children New Zealand commissioned research on
19. children’s experiences of corporal punishment, finding that 40
per-
cent of five- to seven-year-olds reported being smacked or hit
around
the face or head, and 25 percent had been hit with objects
including
belts, canes, tennis rackets, and spatulas (Dobbs 2005, 44). The
study
also found that many children believed that their parents beat
them
not to provide guidance, but out of anger.
Intense opposition to repeal of Section 59 continued up until
Parliament’s final vote in May 2007. Opponents of the “Anti-
Smacking
Law” organized rallies around the country, coordinated an
extensive
lobbying campaign, and brought international experts to New
Zea-
land to advocate in favor of physical punishment. The day
Parliament
voted to repeal Section 59, over a thousand protesters gathered
in
front of the parliament building, waving banners and chanting
20. slo-
gans opposing the proposed law (Wood 2011).
After the law changed, however, so did public attitudes. Public
opinion surveys over three decades found that in 1981, 89
percent of
the public approved of physical punishment of children. By
2008, a
year following legal reform, approval had dropped to 58
percent, and
after just five more years, to 40 percent. Analysis of the data
found
that the steepest declines occurred during the 1990s after
physical
punishment was banned in schools, and then following the 2007
ban
on corporal punishment in the home (D’Souza et al. 2016).
262 social research
Germany
Germany prohibited all corporal punishment of children in
2000,
accompanied by a 15-month awareness-raising campaign called
21. “More
Respect for Children.” The campaign included billboards,
lectures
and seminars that were covered by the media, and events
including
theater and street parties, emphasizing children’s right to a
nonvio-
lent upbringing (Global Initiative 2015b, 6).
A longitudinal study found that in 1996, 83 percent of Ger-
man parents believed that a “mild slap on the face” was
acceptable,
but by 2008, only 25 percent of parents thought so (Bussman
2009).
Self-reports of children themselves may be more significant. In
1992,
30 percent of young people over the age of 11 reported that they
had
been “thrashed,” while only 3 percent of young people reported
the
same in 2002 (Federal Ministries 2003).
In 1992, a representative survey of thousands of Germans be-
tween ages 16 and 40 found that 26 percent reported that they
had
22. not been physically punished in childhood. In 2011, a similar
sur-
vey found that the percentage had doubled to 52 percent.
Among the
youngest cohort, the percentage was even higher: 63 percent of
16- to
20-year-olds reported that they had never been physically
punished
(Pfeiffer 2013, 97).
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
Two multicountry studies have looked at attitudes and practices
in countries that have banned corporal punishment of children
compared to those that have not. A 1999 study of 14 European
Union
countries, surveying over 10,000 adults in over 200 cities,
found
that people in countries that have banned corporal punishment
of
children were less likely to find corporal punishment acceptable
than people in countries where it was still legal (Gracia and
Herrero
2008). Another study conducted in 2007 interviewed 5,000
parents in
23. five European countries: Sweden, Austria, and Germany, which
had
prohibited corporal punishment; and Spain and France, which
had
not. It found that parents were significantly less likely to report
using
Corporal Punishment: Legal Reform as a Route to Changing
Norms 263
corporal punishment and less likely to find it acceptable in
countries
that had banned corporal punishment, compared to parents
living in
countries where it was still legal. For example, over half the
French
and Spanish parents reported spanking their children, while only
17 percent of those in Austria and Germany, and only 4 percent
of
Swedes, did so. The study concluded that “there can no longer
be any
doubt about the violence-reducing effect of a ban on
childrearing
violence” (Bussman 2009, 20).
24. PUBLIC EDUCATION VS LEGAL REFORM
Governments seeking to end corporal punishment of children
have
several possible avenues. They can rely primarily on public
education,
raising awareness among parents about nonviolent parenting
options
and the harms of corporal punishment. They can rely on legal
reform,
banning corporal punishment, including in the home. Or they
can
combine the two, prohibiting corporal punishment by law while
also
conducting public awareness campaigns.
There is little research that compares the outcomes of relying
solely on public education to the outcomes of legal reform
without pub-
lic education. What research exists suggests that combining the
two
creates the greatest changes in both attitudes and practice. A
2002 study
of 10 countries that had prohibited corporal punishment
concluded:
25. Unless public education is underpinned by legal reform it
can only ever be partially convincing, and limited in its
success. A retained defence of “reasonable chastisement”
serves to undermine professional arguments in favour of
“positive parenting” methods, and allows those wholly
or partly committed to physical punishment a powerful
reason not to adopt less harmful child-rearing practic-
es. Conversely, to introduce legal reform in the absence
of sustained programmes of public education and fam-
ily support for those in need of greater help would be
unacceptable. Removing a parental right “enjoyed” for
264 social research
centuries without helping parents to find effective and
reliable alternatives helps neither parents nor their chil-
dren; the evidence shows that attitudes and practices have
shifted most in countries which have invested in sustained
public education, such as Sweden. (Boyson 2002, 67)
26. ACCELERATING LEGAL REFORM
In 2001, when the Global Initiative to End All Corporal
Punishment
was launched, only 11 countries had legally prohibited all
corporal
punishment of children.3 Since then, the Global Initiative has
used a
range of strategies to accelerate prohibition of corporal
punishment,
working with national campaigns on legislative reform, and
system-
atically using the United Nations treaty bodies and Universal
Periodic
Review (UPR) of UN member countries to promote legal
reform. In
the 16 years following the Global Initiative’s founding, the
number
of states prohibiting all corporal punishment of children more
than
quadrupled, from 11 to 53 (Global Initiative 2018).
As the basis for its advocacy, the Global Initiative tracked the
status of national legislation and court cases regarding corporal
pun-
ishment in every country worldwide. This mapping examined all
27. relevant national legislation, including the settings where
corporal
punishment might be already illegal and what further changes
were
necessary to achieve a comprehensive ban. It also tracked
relevant
court decisions, recommendations from relevant UN bodies, any
com-
mitments that countries had made to ban corporal punishment,
and
new laws under consideration that could be used to prohibit the
prac-
tice (Newell 2015).
The Global Initiative used this information to systematically
brief UN treaty bodies, beginning with the Committee on the
Rights
of the Child. The Global Initiative submitted information for
every
country coming for review before the Committee, and by 2015,
had
submitted 258 briefings (Bower 2015, 21). Based on the Global
Ini-
tiative’s information, the Committee made recommendations to
28. 188
states urging the complete prohibition of corporal punishment
of
Corporal Punishment: Legal Reform as a Route to Changing
Norms 265
children. In over a hundred of these cases, the Committee made
the
recommendation more than once, as states came under
subsequent
reviews. Every few years, representatives of the Global
Initiative met
with the full committee, in order to update it regarding progress
to-
wards global prohibition, and to highlight key issues (Newell
2015).
Encouraged by the Committee on the Rights of the Child’s will-
ingness to take up the issue, the Global Initiative widened its
focus
and began making regular submissions to committees
monitoring
compliance with other human rights treaties, which also began
rec-
29. ommending that states prohibit all corporal punishment of
children.4
In the case of the Committee against Torture, recommendations
to
prohibit corporal punishment increased six-fold after the Global
Ini-
tiative started submitting its briefings (Bower 2015, 54).
In 2008, the UN Human Rights Council initiated the process
of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), under which members
assess
the human rights record of every UN member state every four
years.
Beginning with the first UPR session, the Global Initiative
began sub-
mitting briefings on every state. During the first cycle (2008–
2011),
the Global Initiative submitted briefings on 175 states; in 96
cases,
other states made recommendations on corporal punishment to
the
country under review (Global Initiative 2015c).
The UPR requires states under review to respond to the rec-
ommendations they have received by indicating whether they
30. accept
the recommendation, reject it, or take note of it. Between 2008
and
2015, 129 states received at least one recommendation
regarding cor-
poral punishment. By 2015, 19 of these had banned all corporal
pun-
ishment of children, and an additional 38 had publicly
committed
to legal reform (Bower 2015, 33). An independent assessment of
the
Global Initiative concluded in 2015 that the strategy of utilizing
trea-
ty bodies and the UPR had been particularly influential, and
found a
clear correlation between the interventions of the Global
Initiative in
these venues and the countries that have prohibited corporal
punish-
ment (Bower 2015, 38).
266 social research
The Global Initiative has actively monitored new opportunities
31. for legal reform, supported national organizations in their
advocacy,
and commented on bills and draft laws in dozens of countries.
In
collaboration with Save the Children Sweden, the Global
Initiative
conducted law reform workshops in several regions, and
published
a series of briefing papers on how to campaign for changes in
law. It
also worked with religious leaders to address faith-based
opposition
to abolition, by highlighting universal religious values of
compassion,
justice, equality, and nonviolence (Dodd 2015).
CONCLUSION
Legal reform to prohibit corporal punishment can accelerate
changes
in both attitudes and practice on the issue, even in countries
where
large majorities support corporal punishment. Individual
country
studies have found that public acceptance of corporal
punishment
32. drops—sometimes dramatically—after legal reform prohibiting
the
practice. Comparative studies have also found that parents are
signifi-
cantly less likely to report using corporal punishment and less
likely
to find it acceptable in countries that have banned corporal
punish-
ment, compared to parents living in countries where it was still
legal.
Change is most pronounced in countries that accompany legal
prohi-
bition with public education campaigns.
Could the same result be achieved solely with public education?
Little research is available, though the EU comparative study
found
drops in levels of acceptance of corporal punishment in all
countries
that had banned the practice, regardless of how much they
invested
in public education campaigns. Another question is whether
attitudes
towards corporal punishment change over time—even without
33. legal
action—as people become more aware of violence against
children.
The United States, where all states allow corporal punishment
in the
home, offers an interesting case. Public support for corporal
punish-
ment has remained consistently high in the United States,
despite ac-
tive media coverage of violence against children. In a 1995
survey, 87
percent of US adults said it was “sometimes appropriate” for
parents
Corporal Punishment: Legal Reform as a Route to Changing
Norms 267
to spank their children. In 2013, nearly 20 years later, the
percentage
who gave that response had only dropped a few points, to 81
percent
(Harris Poll 2013).
One limitation of many surveys on corporal punishment is that
they ask parents to self-report on their attitudes and whether or
34. not
they physically punish their children. In countries that have
prohib-
ited the practice, individuals may underreport their use of
corporal
punishment or misrepresent their attitudes, aware that the
practice
is now illegal. Self-reporting by children on their actual
treatment is
likely a better measure. Such studies are fewer in number, but
also
show that the practice of corporal punishment declines when it
is
prohibited by law.
Corporal punishment violates the rights of children, has long-
lasting negative impacts on children’s health and well-being,
and cre-
ates significant socioeconomic costs. Although the practice is
deeply
ingrained in many cultures, the available research shows that
legal
reform—particularly when coupled with public education—can
con-
35. tribute to rapid and lasting change in both attitudes and
practices.
The findings on legal reform and corporal punishment may
have useful implications for changing other social norms.
Factors
to be considered include the perceived benefits to individuals
and
families who continue a practice, perceived costs of abandoning
the
practice, and the degree to which the existing legal regime may
send
a signal that the practice is acceptable and not to be questioned.
An
interesting parallel, for example, may be child labor. Although
pov-
erty is the main driver for families who send their children into
the
workforce, the International Labor Organization has identified
legal
prohibition as a key factor in a significant reduction of global
child
labor rates. Since 2000, the number of children engaged in child
labor
has dropped by more than one-third, from 245 million to 152
36. million
(ILO 2017). In the United States, for example, child labor
persists pri-
marily in just one sector—agriculture—where an exemption in
labor
law allows children to work legally at much younger ages than
in
other sectors. Wages for adult farmworkers in the United States
are
268 social research
very low, creating undeniable pressure for children to work to
help
support the family. However, families may also calculate that
since
child labor in agriculture is legal, it is also acceptable. Changes
in the
law could persuade families to pursue other alternatives.
NOTES
1. E.g., “He that spareth his rod hateth his son; But he that
loveth him
chasteneth him betimes” (Proverbs 13:24); “Do not withhold
disci-
37. pline from a child; if you punish them with the rod, they will
not
die,” (Proverbs 23:13); “A rod and a reprimand impart wisdom,
but a
child left undisciplined disgraces its mother” (Proverbs 29:15).
2. New Zealand’s 1961 Crimes Act, section 59: “(1) Every
parent of a
child ... is justified in using force by way of correction towards
the
child, if the force used is reasonable in the circumstances.”
3. Sweden, Finland, Norway, Austria, Cyprus, Denmark, Latvia,
Croatia,
Bulgaria, Israel, and Germany.
4. These treaty bodies included the Human Rights Committee;
the
Committee against Torture; the Committee on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights; the Committee on the Rights of Persons
with
Disabilities; and the Committee on the Elimination of
Discrimination
against Women.
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and Jitender Sareen. 2012. “Physical Punishment and Mental
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Pediatrics, 130 (2): 184–92.
Ani, C. C. and S. Grantham-McGregor. 1998. “Family and
Personal
Characteristics of Aggressive Nigerian Boys: Differences from
and
Similarities with Western Findings.” Journal of Adolescent
Health,
23(5): 311–17.
Bower, Carol. 2015. Evaluation of the Global Initiative to End
All Corporal
Punishment of Children. London: Global Initiative.
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Boyson, Rowan. 2002. Equal Protection for Children: An
Overview of the
Experience of Countries that Accord Children Full Protection
from Physical
39. Punishment. National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Children.
Bussman, K. D. 2009. The Effect of Banning Corporal
Punishment in Europe: A Five-
Nation Comparison, Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-
Universitat.
Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC). 1997. Concluding
Observations:
New Zealand. CRC/C/15/Add.71.
———. 2003. Concluding Observations: New Zealand.
CRC/C/15/Add.216.
———. 2007. General Comment No. 8 (2006), The Right of the
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Protection from Corporal Punishment and Other Cruel and
Degrading
Treatment. CRC/C/GC/8.
Dobbs, T. 2005. Insights: Children and Young People Speak Out
about Family
Discipline. Wellington: Save the Children New Zealand.
Dodd, Chris. 2015. Telephone interview by Jo Becker,
November 25.
D’Souza, Amanda J., Marie Russell, Beth Wood, Louise Signal,
and Dawn
40. Elder. 2016. “Attitudes to Physical Punishment of Children Are
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Federal Ministry of Justice and Federal Ministry for Family
Affairs,
Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (Germany). 2003. “Violence
in
Upbringing: An Assessment after the Introduction of the Right
to a
Non-violent Upbringing.”
Gershoff, Elizabeth. 2002. “Corporal Punishment by Parents and
Associated Child Behaviors and Experiences: A Meta-analytic
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Gillespie, Diane and Molly Melching. 2010. “The
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Website. Accessed January 2, 2018.
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———. 2015b. The Positive Impact of Prohibition of Corporal
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———. 2015c. “States Actively Pursuing the Issue of Corporal
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———. 2017. Prohibiting all Corporal Punishment of Children:
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———. 2014. Hidden in Plain Sight: A Statistical Analysis of
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Copyright of Social Research is the property of Johns Hopkins
University Press and its
content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted
to a listserv without the
copyright holder's express written permission. However, users
may print, download, or email
articles for individual use.
Sanchez 2
46. Annotated Bibliography Instructions:
Your Annotated Bibliography assignment should consist of two
academic articles that you plan to use in your argument/research
essay. The AB should feature the following information:
1. A creative, original title that coordinates with the title of
your argument/research essay
2. Your thesis statement
3. An accurate MLA citation for the research article(s) you
found
4. An annotation (paragraph) that includes the following
information (think APP+R):
A. What’s the article about?
Give its title, the author’s name, and the article’s
main idea.
B. What’s the point of the article?
Give a brief 2-3 sentence summary of the entire article. In this
section, think about and discuss the kind of evidence that the
author uses to support his or her idea.
C. What’s the proof?
Give at least one quote from the article (with intext
citation) that is relevant to
your essay’s argument/sub-arguments.
And explain how that quote will function in your
essay in one sentence.
D. Reflect on the article and its credibility.
Options (choose two to assess the article’s credibility):
- Does the author have degree(s) in the article’s
subject matter?
- Is the author associated with a reputable
university or college?
- Is the article fairly new or was it published
many years ago?
- How long is the article?
47. - How many sources does the article cite? A few
or very many?
Student Sanchez
Professor Gallego
English 1302- 73010
10 April 2017
The Simplicity of Punishment:
An Annotated Bibliography
Thesis statement: Although giving children no punishment at all
may be a simple option for the parent, guardian, or teacher, I
argue that if you punish a child through verbal, corporal, and
withdrawing privileges they will be more responsible and
mature.
Dhaem, Jeanne. "Responding to Minor Misbehavior through
Verbal and Nonverbal Responses." Beyond Behavior, vol. 21,
no. 3, Spring2012, pp. 29-34. EBSCOhost,
dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.
aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=83304857&site=ehost-live.
The article “Responding to Minor Misbehavior Through Verbal
and Nonverbal Responses” was written by Jeanne Dhae. The
article’s main purpose is to inform and show data on the effects
of two levels of intervention that will help address students’
behavior. The article goes into detail about the method,
48. participants, and procedures used in the tests. It provides
example of what is considered level one interventions and level
two interventions. Then, it lists results after the hypothesis are
tested for six weeks. I will use the quote "I am working out the
problem with you. We are a team and you are responsible for
your own behavior” as an example of verbalized communication
with a child (4). This supports the sub-argument that verbal
punishment can lead to a child being more responsible and
mature. The article is about 5 pages in length, and the author is
a current assistant professor of special education at the William
Patterson University which leads me to believe this is a credible
source and could be used effectively in my essay.
Gregory K, Fritz. "Discipline: A Guide for Parents." Brown
University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter, vol.30,
Nov2014 Supplement, pp. 1-2. EBSCOhost,
dcccd.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.
aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=98856607&site=ehost-live.
The article “Discipline: A Guide for Parents” was written by
Gregory K. Fritz, M.D. The article’s main purpose is to give
guidance to parents on how to discipline their children. The
article explains how delaying children’s privilege can be an
effective way for a parent to discipline their child. The article
gives examples on physical punishment, taking away privileges,
and even positive reinforcement. The article gives a great
example of delaying a privilege as a form of punishment: “if a
child breaks the rule about where he or she can go on his or her
bike, take away the bike for a few days” (2). I will use this
article for this essay to explain how guidelines can help a parent
discipline their children in a better way. The article was
published out of Brown University (an IV league school), and
the author has an M.D. and is a doctor, so the article seems to
be credible enough to use as a support piece of research for my
essay.
49. 2
Option #1: Critical Thinking: Quality at A1 Hotels
A1 Hotels operates luxury hotels throughout the world.
Recently, motivated by some incidents that appeared in the
news, they have been concerned about the quality of service.
The company has been giving the following survey to its clients
after their stay:
1. How would you rate the quality of your room? Select one.
Good(G), Poor(P)
2. How would you rate the quality of your food? Select one.
Good(G), Poor(P)
3. How would you rate the quality of your service? Select one.
Good (G), Poor(P)
Any customer who answered “Poor” to at least one of the three
questions up above is considered to be “dissatisfied.”
Traditionally, 40% of customers have been dissatisfied.
A1 Hotels would like to study customer satisfaction. Therefore,
200 survey responses were recently chosen at random for
analysis. The complete data set is in the file named Hotels.
Managerial Report
Prepare a report (see Module folder) for A1 Hotels that
summarizes your assessment of customer satisfaction. Be sure
to include the following seven items in your report.
1. To summarize the data, compute the proportion of all clients
that
a. Answered “Poor” to room quality.
b. Answered “Poor” to food quality.
c. Answered “Poor” to service quality.
2. Develop the 92% confidence interval for the proportion of all
recent clients that were “dissatisfied.” What is the margin of
error? What are the lower (or left) and upper (or right)
endpoints of the confidence interval? Interpret your results.
50. 3. Develop the 92% confidence interval for the proportion of all
recent clients who answered “Poor” to room quality. What is the
margin of error? What are the lower (or left) and upper (or
right) endpoints of the confidence interval? Interpret your
results.
4. Develop the 92% confidence interval for the proportion of all
recent clients who answered “Poor” to food quality. What is the
margin of error? What are the lower (or left) and upper (or
right) endpoints of the confidence interval? Interpret your
results.
5. Develop the 92% confidence interval for the proportion of all
recent clients who answered “Poor” to service quality. What is
the margin of error? What are the lower (or left) and upper (or
right) endpoints of the confidence interval? Interpret your
results.
6. Conduct a hypothesis test (using either the p-Value Approach
or the Critical Value Approach) to determine if the proportion
of all recent clients is more dissatisfied than the traditional
level of dissatisfaction. Use α = 0.08. Do not forget to include
the correctly worded hypotheses and show all the steps required
to conduct the hypothesis test.
7. What advice would you give to A1 Hotels based upon your
analysis of the data? What is the magnitude of the issue? How
can this study be improved?
Write a report that adheres to the Written Assignment
Requirements under the heading “Expectations for CSU-Global
Written Assignments” found in the CSU-Global Guide to
Writing and APA Requirements (Links to an external site.)Links
to an external site.. As with all written assignments at CSU-
Global, you should have in-text citations and a reference page.
An example paper is provided in the MTH410 Guide to Writing
with Statistics. (link provided in the Modules tab)
Submit your Excel file in addition to your report.
Requirements:
1. Paper must be written in third person.
2. Your paper should be four to five pages in length (counting
51. the title page and references page) and cite and integrate at least
one credible outside source. The CSU-Global Library (Links to
an external site.)Links to an external site.is a great place to find
resources.
3. Include a title page, introduction, body, conclusion, and a
reference page.
4. The introduction should describe or summarize the topic or
problem. It might discuss the importance of the topic or how it
affects you or society as a whole, or it might discuss or describe
the unique terminology associated with the topic.
5. The body of your paper should answer the questions posed in
the problem. Explain how you approached and answered the
question or solved the problem, and, for each question, show all
steps involved. Be sure this is in paragraph format, not
numbered answers like a homework assignment.
6. The conclusion should summarize your thoughts about what
you have determined from the data and your analysis, often with
a broader personal or societal perspective in mind. Nothing new
should be introduced in the conclusion that was not previously
discussed in the body paragraphs.
7. Include any tables of data or calculations, calculated values,
and/or graphs associated with this problem in the body of your
assignment.
8. APA Format
