The document provides an overview of data communications and networking. It discusses the history of communications technologies from the telegraph to modern networks. It describes key components of networks like clients, servers, and routers. It explains common network types based on scale like LANs, WANs, and intranets/extranets. It also summarizes important network models, standards processes, and trends in networking.
This document provides an overview of data communications and networking. It discusses the history of communications technology and the transition to the Information Age. Key topics covered include the components of networking, different network types, common network models like OSI and TCP/IP, standards, and future trends in networking.
The internet began in the 1950s as a US government network called ARPANET to enable communication in case of nuclear war. In the 1960s, scientists developed packet switching and email, allowing computers to communicate. In the 1970s, protocols like TCP/IP were developed to connect different networks, and the term "internet" was coined. The 1980s saw widespread adoption among researchers, and domains and browsers launched in the 1990s, making the internet publicly accessible. The web, e-commerce, social media, and mobile use transformed the internet in the 2000s into a global communication platform.
This document outlines the major developments in telecommunications and the internet from 1836 to 2011, including the invention of the telegraph, telephone, development of packet switching networks, creation of ARPAnet which laid the foundations for the internet, development of email and network gateways allowing international communication, standardization of TCP/IP, commercialization of the internet, expansion of access and capabilities through multimedia, the World Wide Web revolution, growth of wireless technologies, and the internet's impact on digital literacy and education.
The document outlines the history and development of the internet from 1836 to 2011, including key milestones such as the development of the telegraph, telephone, packet switching networks, ARPANET, email, TCP/IP protocols, the World Wide Web, WiFi, and 4G networks. Major developments include the start of global telecommunications with Sputnik in 1957, the establishment of ARPA and military purposes, the connection of early computer networks in the 1960s and 1970s, the commercialization of the internet in the late 1980s, and the widespread adoption of multimedia and the World Wide Web in the early 1990s.
The document traces the evolution of cellphones from their early development in the 1950s to the present day. It discusses the progression from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks to 3G and 4G networks utilizing increasing digital technologies and data capabilities. The document also outlines the impact of cellphones on society through their use in commerce, social connections, media, and both benefits and restrictions to health and privacy.
This document provides a history of the internet and computers. It discusses the early development of computers in the 1940s-50s for military use. It then covers the creation of ARPANET in the 1960s-70s and its transition to public use. It also discusses the development of personal computers in the 1970s, the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989, and the growth of commercial internet services and browsers in the 1990s. Finally, it covers key components and industries of today's internet such as internet service providers, search engines, social media, and economics.
The document provides an introduction to the internet and the world wide web for a course on website design and development. It discusses the history of the internet and how it originated as a military network before becoming publicly available. It defines key terms like web browser, website, and homepage. It explains that the internet is the underlying infrastructure of hardware, while the world wide web is the software comprising hyperlinked web pages. The internet connects millions of computers and networks globally through protocols like TCP/IP, while the web is governed by HTTP and links files and documents stored on various computers.
This document provides an overview of data communications and networking. It discusses the history of communications technology and the transition to the Information Age. Key topics covered include the components of networking, different network types, common network models like OSI and TCP/IP, standards, and future trends in networking.
The internet began in the 1950s as a US government network called ARPANET to enable communication in case of nuclear war. In the 1960s, scientists developed packet switching and email, allowing computers to communicate. In the 1970s, protocols like TCP/IP were developed to connect different networks, and the term "internet" was coined. The 1980s saw widespread adoption among researchers, and domains and browsers launched in the 1990s, making the internet publicly accessible. The web, e-commerce, social media, and mobile use transformed the internet in the 2000s into a global communication platform.
This document outlines the major developments in telecommunications and the internet from 1836 to 2011, including the invention of the telegraph, telephone, development of packet switching networks, creation of ARPAnet which laid the foundations for the internet, development of email and network gateways allowing international communication, standardization of TCP/IP, commercialization of the internet, expansion of access and capabilities through multimedia, the World Wide Web revolution, growth of wireless technologies, and the internet's impact on digital literacy and education.
The document outlines the history and development of the internet from 1836 to 2011, including key milestones such as the development of the telegraph, telephone, packet switching networks, ARPANET, email, TCP/IP protocols, the World Wide Web, WiFi, and 4G networks. Major developments include the start of global telecommunications with Sputnik in 1957, the establishment of ARPA and military purposes, the connection of early computer networks in the 1960s and 1970s, the commercialization of the internet in the late 1980s, and the widespread adoption of multimedia and the World Wide Web in the early 1990s.
The document traces the evolution of cellphones from their early development in the 1950s to the present day. It discusses the progression from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks to 3G and 4G networks utilizing increasing digital technologies and data capabilities. The document also outlines the impact of cellphones on society through their use in commerce, social connections, media, and both benefits and restrictions to health and privacy.
This document provides a history of the internet and computers. It discusses the early development of computers in the 1940s-50s for military use. It then covers the creation of ARPANET in the 1960s-70s and its transition to public use. It also discusses the development of personal computers in the 1970s, the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989, and the growth of commercial internet services and browsers in the 1990s. Finally, it covers key components and industries of today's internet such as internet service providers, search engines, social media, and economics.
The document provides an introduction to the internet and the world wide web for a course on website design and development. It discusses the history of the internet and how it originated as a military network before becoming publicly available. It defines key terms like web browser, website, and homepage. It explains that the internet is the underlying infrastructure of hardware, while the world wide web is the software comprising hyperlinked web pages. The internet connects millions of computers and networks globally through protocols like TCP/IP, while the web is governed by HTTP and links files and documents stored on various computers.
This document discusses the evolution of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET in 1969 to today's World Wide Web. It describes the various entities that make up the Internet community including users, internet service providers, content providers, infrastructure companies, and government organizations. It also outlines options for connecting to the Internet, such as dial-up, broadband, wireless and mobile connections. Key considerations for selecting a device, connection type, and internet service provider are reviewed.
This document discusses the evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web. It describes how the Internet originated from ARPANET and evolved into a global network. It also discusses the development of the World Wide Web from early text-based pages to today's graphical content. The document outlines the various individuals and groups that make up the Internet community, such as users, internet service providers, and infrastructure companies. It also describes common methods for connecting to the Internet and selecting an internet service provider.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks and the internet. It discusses the early development of packet switching in the 1960s by researchers at MIT, RAND, and the UK. It also describes the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its growth. Subsequent sections discuss the proliferation of networks in the 1980s and 1990s driven by NSFNET and the development of the World Wide Web. The document concludes by outlining some of the key hardware components of networks and benefits and disadvantages of computer networks.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet originated from early computer networks developed by ARPA and DARPA in the 1960s-1970s to connect government and university research computers. It then covers the creation of TCP/IP in the 1970s which established the fundamental communication protocols of the Internet. The document also summarizes the commercial opening of the Internet in the 1990s and the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989-1991 by Tim Berners-Lee, which allowed for easy access to hyperlinked documents and multimedia over the Internet.
This chapter discusses the Internet and the World Wide Web. It covers the evolution of the Internet from ARPANET to today's Internet and the development of the World Wide Web. The chapter outlines the various individuals and organizations that make up the Internet community, such as users, internet service providers, and infrastructure companies. It also describes different options for connecting to the Internet, like broadband, dial-up, Wi-Fi, and mobile wireless. Additional topics include selecting an internet service provider, setting up a computer, searching the internet, and common internet applications.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of the Internet. It describes how the earliest computer networks like ARPANET in the 1960s laid the foundations for the Internet by developing packet switching and the TCP/IP protocol. The Internet grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s from just a few hundred hosts to over a million as TCP/IP became the standard and the World Wide Web launched in 1989. By the early 2000s, there were over 200 million hosts connected to the Internet and it was predicted that 80% of the world would be online by 2010. The creation of the Internet solved challenges around networking, reliability, and data traffic through innovations like packet switching and the best effort service model.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of the Internet. It describes how the earliest computer networks like ARPANET in the 1960s laid the foundations for the Internet by developing packet switching and the TCP/IP protocol. The Internet grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s from just a few hundred hosts to over 100 million by the early 2000s. Key challenges addressed in creating the Internet included building a network infrastructure that was survivable, reliable for message transmission, and could handle increasing data traffic through a best effort service model.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a military network called ARPANET in the 1960s to the present day. It discusses how the Internet has evolved from a research network to a global communication system and details major milestones such as the introduction of TCP/IP, the World Wide Web, email, and broadband. The document also outlines some personal and commercial uses of the Internet as well as both positive and negative influences it can have.
The document provides a history of computing and the internet from the 1600s to present day. It discusses early computers like the adding machine and developments like binary arithmetic. It then outlines the creation of ARPANET in the late 1950s and its goal of decentralized communication. Key developments of the internet are noted like the first email in 1972 and creation of the World Wide Web in 1989. The document also discusses the rise of social media platforms like Facebook and implications of technology like privacy concerns, information overload, and the potential "Evernet" of the future.
The document provides an overview of the history and workings of the internet. It discusses how the internet originated from the ARPANET network developed by the US Department of Defense in 1969. It also describes some of the key developments that led to the popularization and growth of the internet in the 1990s. Furthermore, it outlines several important concepts regarding how the internet functions, such as protocols, IP addresses, and networking devices like modems. Finally, it discusses organizations that manage and standardize the internet as well as some common applications and methods of internet access.
The document outlines the history and evolution of the Internet from its origins in the late 1950s and 1960s as a U.S. military network called ARPANET, to its emergence as a widely used tool for communication, education, and commerce by the 1980s and 1990s. Some key events included the development of packet switching, the establishment of a network of connected university and research sites, and the creation of technologies like email and the World Wide Web that enabled new uses of the Internet. While the Internet has provided significant benefits to research, education and communication, overuse can also negatively impact face-to-face social interaction and family relationships.
This document provides an introduction to online marketing and the history of the internet. It discusses how the internet has changed communications and led to new forms of media. It then outlines the major developments in internet technology from the 1950s to present day, including the creation of ARPANET, email, the world wide web, domains, search engines, social media and more. The document emphasizes that internet marketing is about building relationships and satisfying customer needs online. It explains that the internet can be used for all aspects of marketing from communication to sales to customer service.
The document discusses the history and evolution of the Internet. It began as a network called ARPANET developed by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) in the 1960s to enable communication between computers at universities and research labs. The first message was sent in 1969, but data loss was an issue. In 1973, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed TCP/IP, the communication protocol that allowed for reliable data transmission and became the standard, earning them the title of "Fathers of the Internet." The network expanded in the following decades driven by the development of email in 1971 and the World Wide Web in 1991. It transitioned from a closed military/research network to a global system available to the public and businesses, growing
The document discusses the history and development of the internet and e-commerce. It provides details on the origins of the internet starting in 1962 with DARPA and the development of packet switching. Important developments include ARPANET in 1969, TCP/IP in 1972-1973, the transition to TCP/IP in 1983, and the introduction of the World Wide Web in 1990. The document also discusses the origins of e-commerce, including early online shopping systems from 1979 onward and the rise of Amazon, eBay, and PayPal in the 1990s. It covers trends in social commerce, mobile commerce, and personalization.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet. It explains that the Internet originated from the ARPANET system developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s to link computers. It grew significantly in the 1980s and beyond as more computers and networks were connected. The document also outlines some of the basic services of the Internet like email, file transfer, and the World Wide Web. It notes the rapid growth in the number of devices connected to the Internet over time. Finally, it briefly discusses cybercrime and the need for cyber laws to address illegal activities online.
The document provides information on technology and related topics. It begins with definitions of technology and discusses the evolution of the term from earlier periods which referred to useful arts, to the 1930s when it included tools and machines, to the 21st century when it is applied science. It then covers the evolution of ancient to modern technology, including developments in areas like transportation, communication and infrastructure. Cloud computing and its advantages like lower costs and improved access are outlined, along with challenges around security and data ownership. The telecom sector laws and key players in India are summarized. Impacts of technology on areas such as medicine, defence, infrastructure and the environment are briefly described. Internet crimes involving issues like cyberbullying, stalking, hacking and
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet from the 1950s to present day. It describes how the Internet originated as a US government program called ARPANET to enable communication between researchers. Key developments included the introduction of packet switching in the 1960s, the establishment of TCP/IP protocols in the 1970s, and the creation of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee in the 1990s, which launched the Internet's commercial use and popularity. The document also outlines common modern Internet applications and services such as web browsers, search engines, domain names, and how individuals and businesses connect to access the Internet.
Data Communication Lecture Slides containing a timeline on the history of data communication and the definition ob basic data communication terms and concepts based largely on the book Electronic Communication by Wayne Tomasi.
This document discusses how conceptions of information and information technology have changed over time from the 1950s to present. It outlines key technological developments and trends, including the invention of early computers in the 1950s, introduction of programming languages in the 1960s, RAM chips in the 1970s, and the rise of digital technology and internet in the 2000s. Current trends mentioned include data warehousing, data mining, the world wide web, email, and social networking. However, the document also notes that increased connectivity through information technology has led to new information security issues like cyber attacks and computer viruses.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the internet as well as methods for managing information online. It then discusses the history of internet service providers (ISPs) operating in Pakistan, noting some of the first ISPs established in the country in the 1990s and 2000s. The document goes on to provide details about the proposed "Inter Link" ISP, including its mission statement, services offered, SWOT analysis, marketing strategies, and financial projections.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
This document discusses the evolution of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET in 1969 to today's World Wide Web. It describes the various entities that make up the Internet community including users, internet service providers, content providers, infrastructure companies, and government organizations. It also outlines options for connecting to the Internet, such as dial-up, broadband, wireless and mobile connections. Key considerations for selecting a device, connection type, and internet service provider are reviewed.
This document discusses the evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web. It describes how the Internet originated from ARPANET and evolved into a global network. It also discusses the development of the World Wide Web from early text-based pages to today's graphical content. The document outlines the various individuals and groups that make up the Internet community, such as users, internet service providers, and infrastructure companies. It also describes common methods for connecting to the Internet and selecting an internet service provider.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks and the internet. It discusses the early development of packet switching in the 1960s by researchers at MIT, RAND, and the UK. It also describes the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its growth. Subsequent sections discuss the proliferation of networks in the 1980s and 1990s driven by NSFNET and the development of the World Wide Web. The document concludes by outlining some of the key hardware components of networks and benefits and disadvantages of computer networks.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet originated from early computer networks developed by ARPA and DARPA in the 1960s-1970s to connect government and university research computers. It then covers the creation of TCP/IP in the 1970s which established the fundamental communication protocols of the Internet. The document also summarizes the commercial opening of the Internet in the 1990s and the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989-1991 by Tim Berners-Lee, which allowed for easy access to hyperlinked documents and multimedia over the Internet.
This chapter discusses the Internet and the World Wide Web. It covers the evolution of the Internet from ARPANET to today's Internet and the development of the World Wide Web. The chapter outlines the various individuals and organizations that make up the Internet community, such as users, internet service providers, and infrastructure companies. It also describes different options for connecting to the Internet, like broadband, dial-up, Wi-Fi, and mobile wireless. Additional topics include selecting an internet service provider, setting up a computer, searching the internet, and common internet applications.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of the Internet. It describes how the earliest computer networks like ARPANET in the 1960s laid the foundations for the Internet by developing packet switching and the TCP/IP protocol. The Internet grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s from just a few hundred hosts to over a million as TCP/IP became the standard and the World Wide Web launched in 1989. By the early 2000s, there were over 200 million hosts connected to the Internet and it was predicted that 80% of the world would be online by 2010. The creation of the Internet solved challenges around networking, reliability, and data traffic through innovations like packet switching and the best effort service model.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of the Internet. It describes how the earliest computer networks like ARPANET in the 1960s laid the foundations for the Internet by developing packet switching and the TCP/IP protocol. The Internet grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s from just a few hundred hosts to over 100 million by the early 2000s. Key challenges addressed in creating the Internet included building a network infrastructure that was survivable, reliable for message transmission, and could handle increasing data traffic through a best effort service model.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a military network called ARPANET in the 1960s to the present day. It discusses how the Internet has evolved from a research network to a global communication system and details major milestones such as the introduction of TCP/IP, the World Wide Web, email, and broadband. The document also outlines some personal and commercial uses of the Internet as well as both positive and negative influences it can have.
The document provides a history of computing and the internet from the 1600s to present day. It discusses early computers like the adding machine and developments like binary arithmetic. It then outlines the creation of ARPANET in the late 1950s and its goal of decentralized communication. Key developments of the internet are noted like the first email in 1972 and creation of the World Wide Web in 1989. The document also discusses the rise of social media platforms like Facebook and implications of technology like privacy concerns, information overload, and the potential "Evernet" of the future.
The document provides an overview of the history and workings of the internet. It discusses how the internet originated from the ARPANET network developed by the US Department of Defense in 1969. It also describes some of the key developments that led to the popularization and growth of the internet in the 1990s. Furthermore, it outlines several important concepts regarding how the internet functions, such as protocols, IP addresses, and networking devices like modems. Finally, it discusses organizations that manage and standardize the internet as well as some common applications and methods of internet access.
The document outlines the history and evolution of the Internet from its origins in the late 1950s and 1960s as a U.S. military network called ARPANET, to its emergence as a widely used tool for communication, education, and commerce by the 1980s and 1990s. Some key events included the development of packet switching, the establishment of a network of connected university and research sites, and the creation of technologies like email and the World Wide Web that enabled new uses of the Internet. While the Internet has provided significant benefits to research, education and communication, overuse can also negatively impact face-to-face social interaction and family relationships.
This document provides an introduction to online marketing and the history of the internet. It discusses how the internet has changed communications and led to new forms of media. It then outlines the major developments in internet technology from the 1950s to present day, including the creation of ARPANET, email, the world wide web, domains, search engines, social media and more. The document emphasizes that internet marketing is about building relationships and satisfying customer needs online. It explains that the internet can be used for all aspects of marketing from communication to sales to customer service.
The document discusses the history and evolution of the Internet. It began as a network called ARPANET developed by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) in the 1960s to enable communication between computers at universities and research labs. The first message was sent in 1969, but data loss was an issue. In 1973, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed TCP/IP, the communication protocol that allowed for reliable data transmission and became the standard, earning them the title of "Fathers of the Internet." The network expanded in the following decades driven by the development of email in 1971 and the World Wide Web in 1991. It transitioned from a closed military/research network to a global system available to the public and businesses, growing
The document discusses the history and development of the internet and e-commerce. It provides details on the origins of the internet starting in 1962 with DARPA and the development of packet switching. Important developments include ARPANET in 1969, TCP/IP in 1972-1973, the transition to TCP/IP in 1983, and the introduction of the World Wide Web in 1990. The document also discusses the origins of e-commerce, including early online shopping systems from 1979 onward and the rise of Amazon, eBay, and PayPal in the 1990s. It covers trends in social commerce, mobile commerce, and personalization.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet. It explains that the Internet originated from the ARPANET system developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s to link computers. It grew significantly in the 1980s and beyond as more computers and networks were connected. The document also outlines some of the basic services of the Internet like email, file transfer, and the World Wide Web. It notes the rapid growth in the number of devices connected to the Internet over time. Finally, it briefly discusses cybercrime and the need for cyber laws to address illegal activities online.
The document provides information on technology and related topics. It begins with definitions of technology and discusses the evolution of the term from earlier periods which referred to useful arts, to the 1930s when it included tools and machines, to the 21st century when it is applied science. It then covers the evolution of ancient to modern technology, including developments in areas like transportation, communication and infrastructure. Cloud computing and its advantages like lower costs and improved access are outlined, along with challenges around security and data ownership. The telecom sector laws and key players in India are summarized. Impacts of technology on areas such as medicine, defence, infrastructure and the environment are briefly described. Internet crimes involving issues like cyberbullying, stalking, hacking and
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet from the 1950s to present day. It describes how the Internet originated as a US government program called ARPANET to enable communication between researchers. Key developments included the introduction of packet switching in the 1960s, the establishment of TCP/IP protocols in the 1970s, and the creation of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee in the 1990s, which launched the Internet's commercial use and popularity. The document also outlines common modern Internet applications and services such as web browsers, search engines, domain names, and how individuals and businesses connect to access the Internet.
Data Communication Lecture Slides containing a timeline on the history of data communication and the definition ob basic data communication terms and concepts based largely on the book Electronic Communication by Wayne Tomasi.
This document discusses how conceptions of information and information technology have changed over time from the 1950s to present. It outlines key technological developments and trends, including the invention of early computers in the 1950s, introduction of programming languages in the 1960s, RAM chips in the 1970s, and the rise of digital technology and internet in the 2000s. Current trends mentioned include data warehousing, data mining, the world wide web, email, and social networking. However, the document also notes that increased connectivity through information technology has led to new information security issues like cyber attacks and computer viruses.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the internet as well as methods for managing information online. It then discusses the history of internet service providers (ISPs) operating in Pakistan, noting some of the first ISPs established in the country in the 1990s and 2000s. The document goes on to provide details about the proposed "Inter Link" ISP, including its mission statement, services offered, SWOT analysis, marketing strategies, and financial projections.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
2. 2
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3. 3
Chapter 1. Learning Objectives
• Be aware of the history of communications,
information systems and the Internet
• Be aware of the applications of data communications
networks
• Be familiar with the major components of and types
of networks
• Understand the role of network layers
• Be familiar with the role of network standards
• Be aware of three key trends in communications and
networking
4. 4
Chapter 1. Outline
• Introduction: The Information Society
• Brief histories of:
– communications, info systems and the Internet
• Data Communications Networks
– network components, network types
• Network Models
– OSI model, Internet model, message transmission using layers
• Network Standards
– importance of standards, standards making, common standards
• Future Trends
– pervasive networking, integration of voice, video, and data, new
information services
6. 6
The Information Age
• Human economic activity can be divided
into three broad epochs:
– 1. The long period in which agricultural and
other types of subsistence activities dominated
– 2. The period since the industrial revolution (ca.
1780) in which machines began to replace
human labor
– 3. The “Information Age” in which human
activities are increasingly dependent on the
storage and flow of vast amounts of
information.
7. 7
Information Economics
• Historically, we can say that economic activity is due
to the effects of three factors:
– 1. Land
– 2. Labor (strategic preindustrial resource)
– 3. Capital (strategic resource of the industrial age)
• With the rise of information technologies,
information must now be viewed as a fourth,
strategically important economic factor.
• Information is used to determine how the other three
factors are best allocated and has value in and of
itself.
8. 8
The Collapsing Information Lag
• Electronic communications has greatly sped up the
rate of transmission of information, beginning with
the telegraph in the 1840s.
• Information that took days or weeks to be transmitted
during the 1700s could be transmitted in minutes or
hours by 1900.
• Today, telecommunications networks transmit huge
quantities of information in a fraction of a second.
• In fact, the growth of telecommunications and
especially computer networks has been the strongest
contributor to the globalization phenomenon we are
experiencing today.
12. 12
1892 Canadian Government
starts regulating telephone
system
1910 US Government begins to
regulate telephone system
1915 Transcontinental and
transatlantic phone service
begins
1951 Direct-dialed long distance
service begins
1962 Telstar satellite starts
relaying international phone
calls
13. 13
1968 Carterfone decision allows
use of non-Bell equipment
1970 MCI permitted to provide
long distance services
1984 The Modified Final
Judgment: AT&T broken up;
long distance market
deregulated
1984 Cell phones come into
service
1996 US Telecom Act: local
telecom markets deregulated
14. 14
20th Century Advances in Phone Technology
• 1915: 1st transcontinental and transatlantic phone connections.
• 1919: The Strowger (stepper) switch began to be used, along
with rotary dial phones, enabling automatic connections.
• 1948: Microwave trunk lines first put in service in Canada.
• 1962: Telecommunications via satellite began with Telstar. Fax
services and digital transmission (T-carriers) also introduced
• 1969: Picturefone services introduced but fail commercially
• 1976: Packet-switched data communications begins
• 1984: Cellular telephone communications begins
16. 16
The Telephone: from Invention to Regulation
• In many ways, the late 19th century was like the
late 20th century: a time of technological change
and invention.
• Invented in 1876, telephone use grew rapidly. By
1900, millions of phones were in use in the U.S.
• By 1910, the Bell System had become a de facto
monopoly. Its president argued that it was a
“natural monopoly”.
• Telephone regulation began in 1892 in Canada and
1910 in the US.
• In 1934, the FCC was established in the US to
regulate interstate the telephone business.
17. 17
Deregulating the Telephone Industry
1968-1984
• 1968: Carterfone court decision allowing non-Bell
customer premises equipment
• 1970: MCI wins court case; begins providing some
long distance services
• 1984: Results of consent decree by US federal court:
– 1.Divestiture: AT&T was broken up into a long distance
company (AT&T) & 7 Regional Bell Operating Companies
(RBOCs).
– 2. Deregulation: the long distance (IXC, interexchange
carrier) market became competitive. MCI & Sprint enter LD
market (among others).
– (Note that local exchange service (LEC) markets remained an
RBOC monopoly service).
19. 19
1996: US Telecom Competition and
Deregulation Act
• http://www.fcc.gov/telecom.html
• Act replaces all current laws, FCC regulations,
1984 consent decree, and overrules state laws
• Main goal was opening local markets to
competition. To date, though, local competition
has been slow to take hold…
– Large IXCs were expected to move into the local
markets, but this has not yet happened
– Likewise, RBOCs were expected to move into long
distance markets, but they are prohibited from doing so
before competition begins in local markets
20. 20
Competitive Telecom Markets: A
Worldwide Trend
• The Internet market is extremely competitive with
5000 Internet Service Providers in the US alone.
Heavy competition in this area may lead to a shake
out in the near future.
• In 1997, a World Trade Organization agreement
included commitments by 68 countries to open,
deregulate or lessen regulation in their telecom
markets.
22. 22
A Brief History of Information
Systems
• 1950s: Batch processing mainframes
• 1960s: Data communications over phone lines
became common and mainframes became multi-
user systems
• 1970s: Online real-time, transaction oriented
systems replaced batch processing. DBMSs
become common
• 1980s: The PC revolution
• 1990s: PC LANs become common
• 2000: Networking everywhere
23. 23
IS and Business: Wal-Mart vs. Macy’s
• Macy’s: bankrupt in the early 1990s. Partly due to
an inability to keep close track of inventory.
Macy’s lack of an up-to-date inventory system
resulted in long restocking delays and lost sales.
• Wal-Mart in contrast uses huge numbers of
computers: 34 mainframes, 5000 network file
servers, 18,000 PCs, 90,000 handheld inventory
computers and 100,000 networked cash registers.
• Wal-Mart’s greater command of information over
sales allowed a more sophisticated approach to
purchasing, resulting in lower prices for its goods
and increased sales.
25. 25
Internet Milestones
• Originally called ARPANET, the Internet began in
1969 as a military-academic network in the US
(originally 4 nodes).
• 1983, Milnet (for military) split off. Internet is used for
academic, education and research purposes only
• 1986 NSFNet created as US Internet backbone
• Early 1990s, commercial access to the Internet begins.
Government funding of the backbone ends in 1994.
• As of early 2001, the Internet had an estimated 40
million servers and 400 million users. Growth in the
use of the Internet continues at a rapid rate
26. 26
Internet Domain Names
• Format = computer name(s) + domain name:
computer.domain or computer.computer.domain
for example, http://auckland.massey.ac.nz/
• Domain names are strictly controlled to prevent
duplication
• Initially, when the Internet existed exclusively in
the US, six top level domains were available:
.edu, .com, .gov, .mil, .org and .net
• As the Internet has become a global network,
international top level domains have been added
using two letter country codes such as:
.ca, .au, .uk, .de, .nz
http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm
28. 28
Datacom Basics
• Data Communications: the movement of computer
information from one point to another by means of
electrical or optical transmission systems (called
networks).
• Telecommunications: broader term that includes the
transmission of voice and video, as well as data, and
may imply longer distances.
• Although once considered separate phenomenon,
telecom & datacom are in the process of “converging”
into a single “broadband” communications technology.
29. 29
Network Components
• Local area networks contain three basic hardware
components (see Figure 1-1):
– Servers (also called hosts or host computers)
– Clients
– Circuits
• Clients and Servers typically work together in client-
server networks. Networks without servers are called
peer-to-peer networks.
• Routers are specialized devices responsible for moving
information between networks, are also a common
network component.
• Server types: file servers, print servers, Web servers, e-
mail and directory servers.
31. 31
Network Types (Figure 1-2)
• A common way of thinking about networks is by the
scale of the network. 4 common network types are:
– Local Area Networks (LANs) which typically occupy a room
or building, usually include a group of PCs that share a circuit.
– Backbone Networks, have a scale of a few hundred meters to a
few kilometers. Include a high speed backbone linking the
LANs at various locations.
– Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) which typically have a
scale of a few kilometers to a few tens of kilometers &
connects LANs and BNs at different locations, often using
leased lines or other commercial services to transmit data.
– Wide Area Networks (WANs) have a scale of hundreds or
thousands of kilometers. Like MANs, leased circuits or other
commercially available services are used to transmit data.
33. 33
Intranets and Extranets
• Intranets are networks that have been set
up so that Web sites or other applications
can be used over private networks.
• Extranets also use Internet technology by
providing customer access to secure
corporate Web sites. Extranet access is
usually controlled using passwords, but
newer technologies such as smart cards are
also being used.
35. 35
Multi-layer Network Models
• The process of transferring a message
between sender and receiver is more easily
implemented by breaking it down into
simpler components.
• Instead of a single layer, a group of layers
are used, dividing up the tasks required for
network communications.
• The two most important such network
models are the OSI and Internet models.
36. 36
The OSI Networking Reference Model
• Stands for Open Systems Interconnection
• Created by the International Standards
Organization (ISO) as a framework for
computer network standards
• Released in 1984, the model has 7 layers
(see Figure 1-3).
37. 37
The OSI 7-layer Model
Application: provides a set of utilities used by application
programs
Presentation: formats data for presentation to the user, provides
data interfaces, data compression and translation between
different data formats
Session: responsible for initiating, maintaining and terminating
each logical session between sender and receiver
Transport: deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the
message for network transport, and maintaining the logical
connections between sender and receiver
Network: responsible for making routing decisions
Data Link: deals with message delineation, error control and
network medium access control
Physical: defines how individual bits are formatted to be
transmitted through the network
38. 38
The Internet (TCP/IP) Protocol Suite
• Stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol. Used on the Internet.
• TCP/IP’s 5 layer suite was developed to solve to
the problem of internetworking
• Network layers can also be placed in three groups:
– application layer (includes the application layer),
– internetwork layer (includes the transport and network
layers)
– hardware layer (includes the data link and physical
layers).
• See Figure 1-3.
39. 39
The Internet’s 5-Layer Model
Application: used by application program
Transport: responsible for establishing end-to-end
connections, translates domain names into
numeric addresses and segments messages
Network*: responsible for end-to-end addressing
and routing, determines destination address if
unknown
Data Link*: deals with message delineation, error
control & network access
Physical*: defines how information will be
transmitted through the network
*same as corresponding layer in OSI model
41. 41
Message Transmission Using Layers
(Figure 1-4)
• Network model layers use protocols, i.e., sets of rules
to define how to communicate at each layer and how
to interface with adjacent layers.
• Generally, messages travel down all network layers.
• When a message is sent to the next layer, that layer
places it in an envelope and adds addressing
information related to that layer.
• At the receiving end, messages travels up through the
network layers, each layer removing the envelopes
added when the message was sent.
43. 43
Networking Example: clicking on a
WWW hyperlink
• Clicking on a hyperlink starts an HTTP request-response
cycle. First, the user’s browser sends an HTTP request.
• The HTTP request is then handed to the transport layer’s TCP
protocol and placed in a TCP segment.
• The TCP segment is placed in an IP (network layer) packet.
• The IP packet is next placed in a Data Link layer (such as
Ethernet) frame and sent out over the network media as a
series of 1s and 0s defined by the physical layer.
• On the web server, this process occurs in reverse, each layer
removing the overhead information added by each layer until
the HTTP request is finally produced for the server to read.
• The server then sends an HTTP response back to the client
which is sent back to the user’s browser.
45. 45
Why Standards?
• Standards provide a fixed way for hardware
and/or software systems to communicate.
• For example, USB enables two pieces of
equipment to interface even though they are
manufactured by different companies.
• By allowing hardware and software from
different companies to interconnect,
standards help promote competition.
46. 46
Types of Standards
• There are two main types of standards:
• Formal: a standard developed by an industry
or government standards-making body
• De facto: standards that emerge in the
marketplace and are widely used, but lack
official backing by a standards-making body
47. 47
The Standardization Processes Three Steps
• Specification: developing the nomenclature
and identifying the problems to be
addressed.
• Identification of choices: identify solutions
to the problems and choose the “optimum”
solution.
• Acceptance: defining the solution, getting it
recognized by industry so that a uniform
solution is accepted.
48. 48
Some Major Standards Making Bodies
• ISO: International Organization for Standardization
(www.iso.ch)
• ITU-T: International Telecommunications Union –
Telecom Group (www.itu.int)
• ANSI: American National Standards Institute
(www.ansi.org)
• IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(see standards.ieee.org)
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force (www.ietf.org)
49. 49
Fig. 1-5. Some data communications standards
Layer Common Standards
5. Application layer HTTP, HTML (Web)
MPEG, H.323 (audio/video)
IMAP, POP (e-mail)
4. Transport layer TCP (Internet)
SPX (Novell LANs)
3. Network layer IP (Internet)
IPX (Novell LANs)
2. Data link layer Ethernet (LAN)
PPP (dial-up via modem)
1. Physical layer RS-232c cable (LAN)
Category 5 twisted pair (LAN)
V.92 (56 kbps modem)
52. 52
Three Emerging Trends in Networking
• Pervasive Networking
• The Integration of Voice, Video and Data
• New Information Services
53. 53
Pervasive Networking
• The pervasive networking means:
– network use will continue to grow
exponentially
– network access is everywhere
– many new types of devices will have network
capability
• Data rates for all kinds of networking will
also continue to grow exponentially,
reaching Gigabit per second ranges later in
this decade (see Figure 1-6)
55. 55
The Integration of Voice, Video & Data
• Also called convergence, integration means that
telecom systems that were previously transmitted
using separate networks will merge into a single,
high speed, multimedia network in the near future.
• The first step is the integration of voice and data,
which is already underway.
• Later, video will merge with voice and data. This
step will take longer partly due to the high data
rates required for video.
56. 56
New Information Services
• With the World Wide Web, many new types
of information services becoming available.
• Another trend is the growth of Application
Service Providers (ASPs) that develop
systems for companies, such as providing
and operating a payroll system for a
company that does not have one of its own.