Data communication refers to the electronic transmission of data between computers or other electronic devices. Standard telephone lines were historically used for data communication by connecting modems to computers on each end. Modems convert digital data to analog signals for transmission over telephone lines and back to digital signals on the receiving end. While telephone lines allowed early long-distance data communication, digital telephone lines and dedicated network cables now provide faster transmission speeds.
Classification of Networks
Major Types of Networks
Topologies of Network for Local Area Networks
P2P Networks
Client to Server Network
Mesh topology
star topology
bus topology
Data communications (DC) is the process of using computing and communication technologies to transfer data from one place to another, and vice versa. It enables the movement of electronic or digital data between two or more nodes, regardless of geographical location, technological medium or data contents.
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Transmission Modes in Computer Networks
There are three modes of transmission, namely: simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. The transmission mode defines the direction of signal flow between two connected devices.
This Presentation consists of various Network Devices
Hub, Router, Repeater, Bridge, Brouter, Gateway, NIC etc. It is very helpful for B.tech, BCA, MCA, M.Tech students and for those who is interested in networking.
Modem is a network device that enables a computer to transfer data from telephone lines to computers and computers to telephone lines.
The word modem is derived from modulator and demodulator.
Modem performs modulation and demodulation.
Classification of Networks
Major Types of Networks
Topologies of Network for Local Area Networks
P2P Networks
Client to Server Network
Mesh topology
star topology
bus topology
Data communications (DC) is the process of using computing and communication technologies to transfer data from one place to another, and vice versa. It enables the movement of electronic or digital data between two or more nodes, regardless of geographical location, technological medium or data contents.
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Transmission Modes in Computer Networks
There are three modes of transmission, namely: simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. The transmission mode defines the direction of signal flow between two connected devices.
This Presentation consists of various Network Devices
Hub, Router, Repeater, Bridge, Brouter, Gateway, NIC etc. It is very helpful for B.tech, BCA, MCA, M.Tech students and for those who is interested in networking.
Modem is a network device that enables a computer to transfer data from telephone lines to computers and computers to telephone lines.
The word modem is derived from modulator and demodulator.
Modem performs modulation and demodulation.
In data communication,
Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver.
We use different types of cables or waves to transmit data.
Data is transmitted normally through electrical or electromagnetic signals.
Synchronous optical networking (SONET) is a standardized digital communication protocol that is used to transmit a large volume of data over relatively long distances using a fiber optic medium. With SONET, multiple digital data streams are transferred at the same time over optical fiber using LEDs and laser beams.
Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is performed and delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
2. Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 2
It is an application of telecommunications
technology for the purpose of transmitting data.
It transmit data especially to, from , or between
computers.
It refers to the moving or transferring of data
between two electronic devices.
3. Brief History of Data Communication
1838: Samuel Morse & Alfred Veil Invent Morse
Code Telegraph System
1876: Alexander Graham Bell invented
Telephone
1910: Howard Krum developed Start/Stop
Synchronization.
1930: Development of ASCII transmission Code
1945: Allied Governments develop the First Large
Computer
1950: IBM releases its first computer IBM 710
1960: IBM releases the First Commercial Computer IBM
360
Than from IC and microchips till SS7, Data communication is so
easy that today data is transferred in fraction of seconds.
Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 3
4. Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 4
At least Two Devices ready to communicate
A Transmission Medium
A set of Rules & Procedure for proper communication
(Protocol)
Standard Data Representation
Transmission of bits either Serial or Parallel
Bit synchronization using Start/stop bits in case of
Asynchronous Transmission
In Synchronous Transmission the agreed pattern of Flag
Signal encoding rules viz. NRZ or RZ
Other higher layer protocol
Requirements of Data Communications
5. Communications Channels
A communications channel is a pathway over
which information can be conveyed.
It may be defined by a physical wire that
connects communicating devices, or by a radio,
laser, or other radiated energy source that has no
obvious physical presence.
Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 5
6. Types of Communication
Microwave Communications:
• Line-of-sight devices which must be placed in relatively
high locations.
• Information is converted to a microwave signal, sent
through the air to a receiver, and recovered.
Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 6
7. Satellite transmission:
• Communications satellites are relay stations that
receive signals from one earth station and rebroadcast them
to another.
• They use microwave signals.
Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 7
8. Telephone circuits are often used to transfer data.
Telephone networks use circuit switching. The telephone
network had its beginnings in the late 1800s. The entire
network, which is referred to as the plain old telephone system
(POTS), was originally an analog system using analog signals
to transmit voice.
Networks commonly use dedicated media to transmit data.
However, the public telephone system can also be used for
data communications.
Standard phone lines transmit data much more slowly than
network media.
Data Communications over Standard
Telephone Lines
Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 8
9. Devices such as modems make phone lines practical for
data transmission over long distances.
Most telephone lines are analog, not digital.
Modem converts it from analog format to digital format.
Data Communications over Standard Telephone Lines
- Modems
Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 9
10. As PCs transmit and receive data in digital format, a
device called a modem is needed to convert digital data to
analog format for transmission over phone lines
(MOdulation).
When receiving data from another computer, the modem
converts it from analog format to digital format
(DEModulation).
Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 10
11. `
The analog signal
(audible)
is sent through
telephone lines.
MODEM MODEM 011010001011010001
Digital signal
Digital signal
This modem converts
digital to analog.
This modem converts
analog to digital.
Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 11
12. When choosing a modem, consider the following
factors:
Transmission speed: The speed at which the modem
sends data - which is measured in bits per second.
Data compression: The technology the modem uses
to shrink data so it can be transmitted faster.
Error correction: The method the modem uses to
ensure data is sent and received without errors.
Internal versus external: It describes whether or not
the modem fits inside the PC case.
Data Communications over Standard Telephone Lines -
Choosing a Modem
Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 12
13. Telephone companies are now installing digital
telephone lines which are dedicated to transmitting data
in digital format.
Digital phone lines transmit data at much higher speeds
than standard analog phone lines.
Often, data travels across analog lines and digital lines.
In such cases, data may need to be converted from one
format to another multiple times before reaching its
destination.
Using Digital Telephone Lines
Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 13
15. Data Communication with standard
telephones lines By Muhammad
Ahtsham 15
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