This document discusses traction and train movement. It covers:
1. Types of railway services including city/urban, suburban, and main line passenger services as well as freight services.
2. Speed-time curves which show the speed of a train over time and can be used to analyze train movement. Typical curves include periods of constant acceleration, acceleration on a speed curve, free running, coasting, and braking.
3. Simplified speed-time curves which use simpler geometric shapes like trapezoids or quadrilaterals to approximate actual speed-time curves for analysis purposes.
Este documento fornece informações sobre teoria, cálculo e dicas práticas para a construção de transformadores de pequena potência. Ele discute os principais componentes de um transformador, como o núcleo e os enrolamentos primário e secundário. O documento também fornece fórmulas para calcular a seção do núcleo, o número de espiras e a bitola dos fios, com um exemplo numérico ilustrativo.
This document discusses plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and grid-enabled vehicles (GEVs), which can be charged from the electric grid and allow bidirectional power flow to discharge energy back to the grid. There are three types of GEVs: hybrid or fuel cell vehicles, battery-powered or plug-in hybrid vehicles, and solar vehicles. GEVs have lower operating costs and reduce emissions and oil dependence, but disadvantages include high battery costs, limited charging infrastructure, potential grid overloading, and fire risks.
The document describes a project report on three phase fault analysis with auto reset. It includes a block diagram of the project, descriptions of the hardware components used including transformers, voltage regulators, 555 timers, and relays. It also includes schematic and layout diagrams and details on testing the hardware. The system is designed to automatically disconnect the three phase power supply in the event of a fault, with the supply automatically resetting for temporary faults but remaining tripped for permanent faults.
This document compares salient-pole and non-salient-pole motors. Salient-pole motors can have more than 4 poles and operate from 100 to 1500 RPM while non-salient-pole motors are limited to 2 to 4 poles and operate above 1500 RPM. Both motor types use rotor cooling.
This document describes the modeling and simulation of a brushless DC motor drive system in MATLAB/Simulink. It includes models of the BLDC motor, three-phase inverter, current controller, speed controller and reference current generator. The motor is modeled using a three-phase variable model. A PI controller is used to control the current and an outer speed loop controls the rotor speed. Simulation results can be used to predict system behavior and determine controller parameters.
Power system analysis material -Mathankumar.s VMKVECMathankumar S
This document provides an overview of power systems, including different types of power generation sources like thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, gas turbine, and diesel power plants. It also describes the basic components of a power system such as generators, transformers, transmission lines, and loads. Additionally, it discusses the voltage structure of electric power systems including generating stations, transmission systems, and distribution systems. Finally, it introduces the need for system analysis in planning and operating power systems, and distinguishes between steady state and transient state stability analysis.
This document discusses traction and train movement. It covers:
1. Types of railway services including city/urban, suburban, and main line passenger services as well as freight services.
2. Speed-time curves which show the speed of a train over time and can be used to analyze train movement. Typical curves include periods of constant acceleration, acceleration on a speed curve, free running, coasting, and braking.
3. Simplified speed-time curves which use simpler geometric shapes like trapezoids or quadrilaterals to approximate actual speed-time curves for analysis purposes.
Este documento fornece informações sobre teoria, cálculo e dicas práticas para a construção de transformadores de pequena potência. Ele discute os principais componentes de um transformador, como o núcleo e os enrolamentos primário e secundário. O documento também fornece fórmulas para calcular a seção do núcleo, o número de espiras e a bitola dos fios, com um exemplo numérico ilustrativo.
This document discusses plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and grid-enabled vehicles (GEVs), which can be charged from the electric grid and allow bidirectional power flow to discharge energy back to the grid. There are three types of GEVs: hybrid or fuel cell vehicles, battery-powered or plug-in hybrid vehicles, and solar vehicles. GEVs have lower operating costs and reduce emissions and oil dependence, but disadvantages include high battery costs, limited charging infrastructure, potential grid overloading, and fire risks.
The document describes a project report on three phase fault analysis with auto reset. It includes a block diagram of the project, descriptions of the hardware components used including transformers, voltage regulators, 555 timers, and relays. It also includes schematic and layout diagrams and details on testing the hardware. The system is designed to automatically disconnect the three phase power supply in the event of a fault, with the supply automatically resetting for temporary faults but remaining tripped for permanent faults.
This document compares salient-pole and non-salient-pole motors. Salient-pole motors can have more than 4 poles and operate from 100 to 1500 RPM while non-salient-pole motors are limited to 2 to 4 poles and operate above 1500 RPM. Both motor types use rotor cooling.
This document describes the modeling and simulation of a brushless DC motor drive system in MATLAB/Simulink. It includes models of the BLDC motor, three-phase inverter, current controller, speed controller and reference current generator. The motor is modeled using a three-phase variable model. A PI controller is used to control the current and an outer speed loop controls the rotor speed. Simulation results can be used to predict system behavior and determine controller parameters.
Power system analysis material -Mathankumar.s VMKVECMathankumar S
This document provides an overview of power systems, including different types of power generation sources like thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, gas turbine, and diesel power plants. It also describes the basic components of a power system such as generators, transformers, transmission lines, and loads. Additionally, it discusses the voltage structure of electric power systems including generating stations, transmission systems, and distribution systems. Finally, it introduces the need for system analysis in planning and operating power systems, and distinguishes between steady state and transient state stability analysis.
1. The document discusses electric drives and their components. Electric drives use electric motors as prime movers and include a power source, power modulator, motor, control unit, and sensing unit.
2. Power modulators can be converters, variable impedance circuits, or switching circuits. Converters provide adjustable voltage/current/frequency to control motor speed and torque. Variable impedance circuits and switching circuits are used to control motor parameters.
3. Electric drives are classified as individual drives, group drives, or multimotor drives depending on how many motors are used to drive different loads. Individual drives use one motor for all loads while group drives use one motor connected to multiple loads through pulleys. Multimotor
While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP (SPEED BREAKER
Classification Of Power System StabilityAravind Shaji
The Slide Deals With Power System Stability. Contents Include
Power System Stability Overview
Power System Stability: A Proposed Definition
Need of Stability Classification
Classification of stability
Power System Stability Classification
Rotor Angle Stability
Voltage Stability
Frequency Stability
Rotor Angle Stability vs. Voltage Stability
References
This document provides an overview of a course on electrical drives and control. It includes 5 units that cover topics such as drive motor characteristics, starting methods, speed control of DC and AC drives using conventional and solid state methods. The introduction defines electric drives and lists their basic elements and functions. It also describes factors that influence the choice of electrical drives such as steady state operation requirements, transient operation requirements, cost considerations, and environmental factors. Heating and cooling curves are also introduced to explain temperature rise in electric machines.
El documento presenta un curso sobre electrónica de potencia dividido en 11 unidades que cubren temas como dispositivos semiconductores de potencia, amplificadores de potencia, convertidores AC/DC, DC/DC y DC/AC. La unidad 7 se enfoca en convertidores AC/DC y describe diferentes tipos de rectificadores monofásicos y polifásicos, incluyendo su funcionamiento, cálculos y aplicaciones.
The field of power systems operation and control including renewable energy (RE) along with power, quality is considered as one of the major technical challenges among the researchers and practicing engineers. Several types of renewable energy resources are available on earth such as solar, wind, Geo-thermal, hydro, etc. The foremost resources of renewable energy are - Sunlight and Wind. The wind energy is always a center of attraction for power engineers. In the wind energy system, the pitch angle of turbine blades is playing an important role in controlling the power output of the system. The pitch angle imposes two types of control on the wind turbine system: aerodynamic torque and the rotational velocity of the turbine system. These parameters directly affect the performance of the wind power generation system in terms of the profile of power, voltage, and current. Conventionally, PID control-based system modeling has been used to evaluate the optimal pitch angle for a given wind pattern. However, PID based Pitch Angle Identification require regular tuning against variation in wind velocity and significant large time for tuning. Thus, Artificial Intelligence could provide a better solution in comparison to PID Based tuning strategy. The present work shows the evaluation of the optimal pitch angle of the wind turbines for variable wind velocity using the Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy. The test results are obtained by MATLAB Simulink modeling of the wind power generation system. The simulation shows that fuzzy logic control will provide an optimal pitch angle to obtain more efficient solutions. The existing fuzzy control-based simulation model solutions can be utilized as a testbed for evaluating the optimal pitch Angle of any geographical region. In the present work, the optimal pitch angle of Various Geographical regions of India.
The document discusses various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for wind energy systems. It describes three main MPPT control methods: tip speed ratio control, power signal feedback control, and hill-climb search control. For each control method, it provides the basic principles, block diagrams, and examples of implementations for different types of wind turbine generators including permanent magnet synchronous generators, squirrel cage induction generators, and doubly fed induction generators.
“MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF DC-DC CONVERTER FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM” Final...8381801685
This project portrays a comparative analysis of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System. The electrolysis method which increases the hydrogen production and storage rate from wind-PV systems. It has been proved that DC-DC converter with transformer has the desirable features for electrolyser application. The converter operates in lagging PF mode for a very wide change in load and supply voltage variations, thus ensuring ZVS for all the primary switches. The peak current through the switches decreases with load current.This paper portrays a comparative analysis of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System . The simulation and experimental results show that the power gain obtained by this method clearly increases the hydrogen production and storage rate from wind-PV systems. It has been proved that DC-DC converter with transformer has the desirable features for electrolyser application. Theoretical predictions of the selected configuration have been compared with the MATLAB simulation results. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the output of the inverter is nearly sinusoidal. The output of rectifier is pure DC due to the presence of LC filter at the output. It can be seen that the efficiency of DC-DC converter with transformer is 15% higher than the converter without transformer.
Unit iv field oriented control ,solid state ac drives,ME PE&DDr SOUNDIRARAJ N
This document provides an overview of vector control techniques for induction machines. It begins with an introduction to vector control and its advantages over scalar control. It then draws an analogy between vector control of induction machines and separately excited DC motor drives. The document covers direct and indirect methods of vector control, including details on the control strategies, equivalent circuits, and phasor diagrams. It also discusses direct torque and flux control as an advanced scalar control technique.
The document discusses current source inverters (CSI). Some key points:
- A CSI converts DC input current to AC output current of adjustable frequency. The output current amplitude is independent of load but output voltage depends on load.
- Thyristors are commonly used as switches in CSI due to their ability to withstand reverse voltage. A basic single-phase CSI circuit uses capacitors for commutation.
- CSIs are useful for supplying high power factor loads where impedance remains constant. They provide inherent short-circuit protection and have simpler commutation than voltage source inverters.
Utilization of electrical energy Unit 4 ElectricTraction.pdfhomanathmore
1. The document discusses different types of traction systems used in India, including electric and non-electric systems. Electric traction systems involve the use of electric energy and can be further divided into self-contained vehicles that receive power onboard or vehicles that receive power from an external distribution network.
2. Four main types of track electrification systems are described: direct current (DC), single phase alternating current (AC), three phase AC, and composite systems. DC is commonly used at voltages up to 3000V for trams and trains. Single phase AC systems operate at 15-25kV and 162⁄3 Hz. Three phase AC systems provide power at 3000-3600V and 162⁄3 Hz to induction motors.
Abt meter, Availability Tariff Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis.
This document summarizes the modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in Simulink. It describes how a PMSM is modeled in the rotor synchronous reference frame using Park equations. It discusses how the electromagnetic torque produced by the motor depends on the quadrature stator current. It also describes how the speed is controlled by controlling the electromagnetic torque through regulating the quadrature current. Finally, it presents the simulation results for the currents, torque, and speed of the modeled PMSM motor.
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
Three phase inverter - 180 and 120 Degree Mode of ConductionMalarselvamV
The document describes the operation of a 3-phase inverter that generates 3-phase AC voltage from a DC source using switches in both 180 degree and 120 degree conduction modes. In the 180 degree mode, each switch is closed for 180 degrees before the next switch closes. In the 120 degree mode, each switch is closed for 120 degrees. Tables show the switch states and resulting phase and line voltages for each 60 degree period. While the output waveforms are not pure sine waves, they approximate the desired 3-phase voltages. The inverter circuit provides a simple example for understanding 3-phase inverter operation.
This document discusses a multilevel inverter project for drive applications. Multilevel inverters can operate at higher voltages and produce lower harmonic components. The project involves simulating a 3-phase 3-level cascaded H-bridge inverter in MATLAB Simulink. A DSP processor is used to generate switching signals, which are then sent to a gate driver circuit to drive the inverter. Hardware implementation of a 3-level inverter gate driver is presented, along with gate drive pulses and dead band generation. Future work includes implementing a 3-phase 3-level inverter for motor speed control and comparing THD of sine and space vector modulation.
A reluctance motor is a type of electric motor that induces non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor. The rotor does not have any windings. It generates torque through magnetic reluctance.
Reluctance motor sub types include synchronous, variable, switched and variable stepping.
Reluctance motors can deliver high power density at low cost, making them attractive for many applications. Disadvantages include high torque ripple (the difference between maximum and minimum torque during one revolution) when operated at low speed, and noise due to torque ripple.
Os transformadores são dispositivos elétricos que transferem energia entre circuitos elétricos, elevando ou diminuindo tensões. Eles são constituídos por enrolamentos primário e secundário em torno de um núcleo magnético, e existem diversos tipos com finalidades e construções específicas.
1. The document discusses electric drives and their components. Electric drives use electric motors as prime movers and include a power source, power modulator, motor, control unit, and sensing unit.
2. Power modulators can be converters, variable impedance circuits, or switching circuits. Converters provide adjustable voltage/current/frequency to control motor speed and torque. Variable impedance circuits and switching circuits are used to control motor parameters.
3. Electric drives are classified as individual drives, group drives, or multimotor drives depending on how many motors are used to drive different loads. Individual drives use one motor for all loads while group drives use one motor connected to multiple loads through pulleys. Multimotor
While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP (SPEED BREAKER
Classification Of Power System StabilityAravind Shaji
The Slide Deals With Power System Stability. Contents Include
Power System Stability Overview
Power System Stability: A Proposed Definition
Need of Stability Classification
Classification of stability
Power System Stability Classification
Rotor Angle Stability
Voltage Stability
Frequency Stability
Rotor Angle Stability vs. Voltage Stability
References
This document provides an overview of a course on electrical drives and control. It includes 5 units that cover topics such as drive motor characteristics, starting methods, speed control of DC and AC drives using conventional and solid state methods. The introduction defines electric drives and lists their basic elements and functions. It also describes factors that influence the choice of electrical drives such as steady state operation requirements, transient operation requirements, cost considerations, and environmental factors. Heating and cooling curves are also introduced to explain temperature rise in electric machines.
El documento presenta un curso sobre electrónica de potencia dividido en 11 unidades que cubren temas como dispositivos semiconductores de potencia, amplificadores de potencia, convertidores AC/DC, DC/DC y DC/AC. La unidad 7 se enfoca en convertidores AC/DC y describe diferentes tipos de rectificadores monofásicos y polifásicos, incluyendo su funcionamiento, cálculos y aplicaciones.
The field of power systems operation and control including renewable energy (RE) along with power, quality is considered as one of the major technical challenges among the researchers and practicing engineers. Several types of renewable energy resources are available on earth such as solar, wind, Geo-thermal, hydro, etc. The foremost resources of renewable energy are - Sunlight and Wind. The wind energy is always a center of attraction for power engineers. In the wind energy system, the pitch angle of turbine blades is playing an important role in controlling the power output of the system. The pitch angle imposes two types of control on the wind turbine system: aerodynamic torque and the rotational velocity of the turbine system. These parameters directly affect the performance of the wind power generation system in terms of the profile of power, voltage, and current. Conventionally, PID control-based system modeling has been used to evaluate the optimal pitch angle for a given wind pattern. However, PID based Pitch Angle Identification require regular tuning against variation in wind velocity and significant large time for tuning. Thus, Artificial Intelligence could provide a better solution in comparison to PID Based tuning strategy. The present work shows the evaluation of the optimal pitch angle of the wind turbines for variable wind velocity using the Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy. The test results are obtained by MATLAB Simulink modeling of the wind power generation system. The simulation shows that fuzzy logic control will provide an optimal pitch angle to obtain more efficient solutions. The existing fuzzy control-based simulation model solutions can be utilized as a testbed for evaluating the optimal pitch Angle of any geographical region. In the present work, the optimal pitch angle of Various Geographical regions of India.
The document discusses various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for wind energy systems. It describes three main MPPT control methods: tip speed ratio control, power signal feedback control, and hill-climb search control. For each control method, it provides the basic principles, block diagrams, and examples of implementations for different types of wind turbine generators including permanent magnet synchronous generators, squirrel cage induction generators, and doubly fed induction generators.
“MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF DC-DC CONVERTER FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM” Final...8381801685
This project portrays a comparative analysis of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System. The electrolysis method which increases the hydrogen production and storage rate from wind-PV systems. It has been proved that DC-DC converter with transformer has the desirable features for electrolyser application. The converter operates in lagging PF mode for a very wide change in load and supply voltage variations, thus ensuring ZVS for all the primary switches. The peak current through the switches decreases with load current.This paper portrays a comparative analysis of DC-DC Converters for Renewable Energy System . The simulation and experimental results show that the power gain obtained by this method clearly increases the hydrogen production and storage rate from wind-PV systems. It has been proved that DC-DC converter with transformer has the desirable features for electrolyser application. Theoretical predictions of the selected configuration have been compared with the MATLAB simulation results. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the output of the inverter is nearly sinusoidal. The output of rectifier is pure DC due to the presence of LC filter at the output. It can be seen that the efficiency of DC-DC converter with transformer is 15% higher than the converter without transformer.
Unit iv field oriented control ,solid state ac drives,ME PE&DDr SOUNDIRARAJ N
This document provides an overview of vector control techniques for induction machines. It begins with an introduction to vector control and its advantages over scalar control. It then draws an analogy between vector control of induction machines and separately excited DC motor drives. The document covers direct and indirect methods of vector control, including details on the control strategies, equivalent circuits, and phasor diagrams. It also discusses direct torque and flux control as an advanced scalar control technique.
The document discusses current source inverters (CSI). Some key points:
- A CSI converts DC input current to AC output current of adjustable frequency. The output current amplitude is independent of load but output voltage depends on load.
- Thyristors are commonly used as switches in CSI due to their ability to withstand reverse voltage. A basic single-phase CSI circuit uses capacitors for commutation.
- CSIs are useful for supplying high power factor loads where impedance remains constant. They provide inherent short-circuit protection and have simpler commutation than voltage source inverters.
Utilization of electrical energy Unit 4 ElectricTraction.pdfhomanathmore
1. The document discusses different types of traction systems used in India, including electric and non-electric systems. Electric traction systems involve the use of electric energy and can be further divided into self-contained vehicles that receive power onboard or vehicles that receive power from an external distribution network.
2. Four main types of track electrification systems are described: direct current (DC), single phase alternating current (AC), three phase AC, and composite systems. DC is commonly used at voltages up to 3000V for trams and trains. Single phase AC systems operate at 15-25kV and 162⁄3 Hz. Three phase AC systems provide power at 3000-3600V and 162⁄3 Hz to induction motors.
Abt meter, Availability Tariff Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis.
This document summarizes the modeling of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in Simulink. It describes how a PMSM is modeled in the rotor synchronous reference frame using Park equations. It discusses how the electromagnetic torque produced by the motor depends on the quadrature stator current. It also describes how the speed is controlled by controlling the electromagnetic torque through regulating the quadrature current. Finally, it presents the simulation results for the currents, torque, and speed of the modeled PMSM motor.
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
Three phase inverter - 180 and 120 Degree Mode of ConductionMalarselvamV
The document describes the operation of a 3-phase inverter that generates 3-phase AC voltage from a DC source using switches in both 180 degree and 120 degree conduction modes. In the 180 degree mode, each switch is closed for 180 degrees before the next switch closes. In the 120 degree mode, each switch is closed for 120 degrees. Tables show the switch states and resulting phase and line voltages for each 60 degree period. While the output waveforms are not pure sine waves, they approximate the desired 3-phase voltages. The inverter circuit provides a simple example for understanding 3-phase inverter operation.
This document discusses a multilevel inverter project for drive applications. Multilevel inverters can operate at higher voltages and produce lower harmonic components. The project involves simulating a 3-phase 3-level cascaded H-bridge inverter in MATLAB Simulink. A DSP processor is used to generate switching signals, which are then sent to a gate driver circuit to drive the inverter. Hardware implementation of a 3-level inverter gate driver is presented, along with gate drive pulses and dead band generation. Future work includes implementing a 3-phase 3-level inverter for motor speed control and comparing THD of sine and space vector modulation.
A reluctance motor is a type of electric motor that induces non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor. The rotor does not have any windings. It generates torque through magnetic reluctance.
Reluctance motor sub types include synchronous, variable, switched and variable stepping.
Reluctance motors can deliver high power density at low cost, making them attractive for many applications. Disadvantages include high torque ripple (the difference between maximum and minimum torque during one revolution) when operated at low speed, and noise due to torque ripple.
Os transformadores são dispositivos elétricos que transferem energia entre circuitos elétricos, elevando ou diminuindo tensões. Eles são constituídos por enrolamentos primário e secundário em torno de um núcleo magnético, e existem diversos tipos com finalidades e construções específicas.
Akım Transformatörleri Nedir?
Akım Transformatörleri Nasıl?
Neden Akım Transformatörleri?
Akım Transformatörleri Nerede Üretilmektedir?
Akım Transformatörleri Ne Zaman Kullanılır?
Akım Transformatörleri Kim Üretir?
7. Transformatörler, gerilimi alçaltma ve yükseltme şekline göre iki çeşittir: Alçaltıcı Transformatörler : Primer sargısına uygulanan gerilimi sekonder sargısından daha alçak bir şekilde aldığımızda bu tip transformatörlere alçaltıcı tip transformatörler denir.Alçaltıcı transformatörlerde PRİMER sargısı İNCE KESİT ÇOK SİPİR dir. SEKONDER sargı KALIN KESİT AZ SİPİR dir
8.
9. Yükseltici Transformatörler : Primer sargısına uygulanan gerilimi sekonder sargısından daha yüksek bir şekilde aldığımızda bu tip transformatörlere yükseltici tip transformatörler denir. Yükseltici transformatörlerde PRİMER sargısı KALIN KESİT AZ SİPİR SEKONDER SARGI İNCE KESİT ÇOK SİPİR dir
14. ÖRNEK-1 Dönüştürme oranı 5 olan bir transformatörün sekonder gerilimi 110 volttur. Bu transformatörün primer gerilimini hesaplayınız.
15. ÖRNEK 2 Bir transformatörün primer sipir sayısı 500, primer gerilimi 220 volt, sekonder gerilimi ise 110 volt olduğuna göre; a) Dönüştürme oranını bulunuz. b) Sekonder sipir sayısını bulunuz.
18. REZERVE ( YAĞ GENİŞLEME) TANKLI TRANSFORMATÖR VE ELEMANLARI Demir Nüve : Manyetik akı oluşmasını sağlar. Primer Sargılar : İnce ve çok sipirli olup transformatörün YG giriş kısmıdır. Sekonder Sargılar : Kalın ve az sipirli olup, transformatörün AG çıkış kısmıdır. İzolasyon Yağı : Sarımlar sargılar arası ve gövde tank arası izolasyonu ve soğutmayı sağlar. Ana tank : Sargıların, nüvenin ve yağın bulunduğu kısımdır
21. Rezerve Tankı : Genleşme ve yedek yağ tankıdır.rezerve tankı ana tank üzerine konulur.bir boru ile ana tanka bağlanır.ana tankın 10/1 i kadardır.bir yanında yağ seviye göstergesi bulunur. Yağ Seviye Göstergesi :Rezerve yağ servisini görmek içindir. Radyatör : Transformatör yağının soğutmasını sağlar. Tekerlekler : Transformatörü taşımaya yarar.
22. YG , AG buşingi : YG ve AG fazlarının bağlantı terminallerdir. Ark boynuzu : Enerji nakil hatlarında bir gerilim yükselmesinde transformatörü koruyan elemanlardır. Termometre : Transformatörün ısı derecesini gösterir. Gerilim Kademe Komütatörü : YG gerilim seviyesini ayarlamaya yarar Taşıma Kancaları : Transformatörü montaj ve demontaj işleminde kaldırmaya yarar.
23.
24.
25. TENEFFÜS TERTİBATI :Hacim değişimlerinde oluşan basınçlı havanın dışarı atılması yada vakum oluştuğunda dışarıdan hava alınması esnasında havadaki nemi tutan silikajelin bulunduğu kısımdır.
28. Teneffüs tertibatında bulunan silicagel miktarının 4/5 i pembeleştiği zaman, silicagel aktivitesini kaybeder. Ancak kurutularak tekrar aktif hale getirilir. Bu işlem birkaç defa tekrarlanabilir. Kurutma işlemi 100-150 °C’ lik ısıda gerçekleştirilir.
29. ÖNEMLİ UYARI Transformatöre silicagel monte edilmiş ise yağ rezerve tankının kapağındaki conta alınmaz. Eğer silicagel yok ise, yağ rezerve kapağındaki conta alınır.
31. YAĞ GENLEŞME TANKI (REZERVE TANK) OLMAYAN TRANSFORMATÖRLERDİR ANA TANK DİZAYNI SICAKTA OLUŞACAK BASINCA VE SOĞUKTA OLUŞACAK VAKUMA MUKAVEMET GÖSTERECEK SEKİLDE YAPILMIŞTIR.
33. manyetik devresi ve sargıları yalıtıcı bir sıvıya daldırılmamış olan bir transformatördür. Sargılar cam elyaf takviyeli epoksi ile örtülmüş ve yalıtılmıştır. Soğutma ortamı havadır. günümüzde yaygın kullanımı olan (36 kV gerilim seviyesi de dahil) sargıları epoksi reçine ile örtülmüş dökme reçineli kuru tip transformatörler üretilmeye başlanmıştır.
34. KULLANIM YERLERİNE GÖRE TRANSFOMATÖR ÇEŞİTLERİ A) DİREK TİPİ TRANSFORMATÖR B) BİNA TİPİ TRANSFORMATÖRLER * KÖŞK TİPİ *KULE TİPİ *YER ALTI KÖŞKÜ
35. DİREK TİPİ TRANSFORMATÖRLER İletim hatlarında gelen orta gerilimi tüketicilerin kullanabileceği alçak gerilime düşüren ve direklerin üzerine monte edilen trafolara direk tipi trafolar denir. Bu tip trafo merkezleri genellikle küçük yerleşim birimleri ile ana dağıtım trafosuna uzak aboneleri beslemek için kullanılır. Trafo ve donanım direk üzerine monte edilmiştir Bir kısım elemanlar ise direğin yanında bulunan alçak gerilim panosuna monte edilmiştir Yapı olarak demir direklerden oluştuğu gibi beton direklerden de oluşabilir
36. Yeni yapılacak olan direk tipi trafolar için ise beton direkler daha çok tercih edilmektedir. Bakımları kolay ve gövdeye kaçak olma olasılığı çok düşük olmasındandır. Trafo gücüne göre platform boyutu belirlenir Direk tipi trafolar orta gerilimi tüketicilerin kullanabileceği alçak gerilimi düşürür. Türkiye’de gerilim değeri olarak fazlar arası gerilim değeri 380 volttur Bu yüzden direk tipi trafolar orta gerilim değeri olan 36 kV’luk gerilim 0,4kV’a düşürür Direk tipi trafolar 400kVA kadar kurulur. İhtiyaca bağlı olarak 50 kVA , 100 kVA, 160kVA, 250kVA ve 400kVA olarak imal edilir
48. ÜÇGEN BAĞLANTI Üçgen bağlantı için her faz sargısının giriş ucu öteki sargının çıkış ucu ile birleştirilir. Bağlantı noktalarından alınan uçlar, 3 fazlı gerilim hattına bağlanır. Bağlantının yapılışı hem primer hem de sekonder için aynıdır. Üçgen bağlantıda NÖTR ucu bulunmaz.
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50. YILDIZ BAĞLANTI Yıldız bağlantı yapmak için trafonun her faz sargısının çıkış uçları birbirine bağlanır. Buna yıldız noktası denir. Bu yıldız noktası da şebekenin yıldız noktası ile birleştirilir. Boşta kalan uçlar, 3 fazlı gerilim hattına bağlanır. Yıldız bağlantıda NÖTR ucu vardır.
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52. ZİGZAG BAĞLANTI Bu bağlantı trafonun sadece sekonder sargılarında uygulanır. Bağlantı için sekonderde aynı fazın eşit gerilimli iki sargısı bulunmalıdır. Zikzak bağlantıda sekonderin her fazının bir sargısı, öteki fazlardan birinin başka bir sargısı ile seri bağlanır. Yıldız bağlantının ö zelliklerini taşır 160 KVA e kadar olan dağıtım trafolarında uygulanır.
55. Grup Açıları Bir trafoda primerin bir fazına, gerilim tatbik edildiğinde aynı fazın sekonderinde bir gerilim indüklenir. İndüklenen gerilimler arasında bir faz farkı oluşur. Oluşan bu faz farkına grup açısı denir. Bağlantı gruplarında grup açısı 30°'ye bölünerek bir sabite olarak verilir. ÖRNEK (0 derece) Grup açısı 0x30 = 0 derece olarak bulunur. (30 derece) Grup açısı 1x30 = 30 derece olarak bulunur.
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57. Genellikle güç trafoları bağlantı şekilleri iki harf bir rakamla belirtilir. Örneğin: Yd 1 gibi. Birinci harf primer sargının bağlantı şeklini gösterir. Yukarıdaki örnekte Y=Yıldız. İkinci harf sekonder sargının bağlantı şeklini gösterir. Yukarıdaki örnekte d=üçgen. Rakam primer ve sekonder gerilimleri arasındaki faz farkını gösterir.(Grup Açısı) ÖRNEK DYN11 Primer ÜÇGEN bağlantı sekonder YILDIZ bağlantı yıldız noktasından NÖTR ucu çıkartılmış 11x30=330 derece grup açısı var
77. Yalıtım direnci ölçen cihzlara MEGAOHMMETRE ya da kısaca MEGGER adı verilir. Dinamolu, bataryalı ve motorlu olmak üzere başlıca üç farklı türü vardır. Megger ölçü aletleri 500-1000-2500-5000-10000-15000 V. Gerilim kademeleri olan ve DC gerilim üreten cihazlardır. Uygulamada dinamolu ve bataryalı meggerlerle 1 dakika süreli ölçüm yapılır .
80. 2500 ve 5000 v. luk megerler daha ziyade YG cihazlarının (Güç transformatörleri, ölçü transformatörleri, kesici v.s.) izolasyon ölçmelerinde kullanılırlar. 500 ve 1000 v. luk megerler ise AG şebekelerinde izolasyon ölçmelerinde kullanılır.
89. İzolasyon yağını teste tabi tutmak ve teknik karakteristikleri hakkında genel bilgiye sahip olmak için usulüne uygun olarak aldığımız yağ, numune yağıdır.
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92. Yağın İzolasyon Değerleri Yüksek gerilim tekniğinde kullanılan sıvı izolasyon maddelerinin çoğu mineral yağlardır. Saf yağın delinme (dielektrik) dayanımı 200Kv./cm .dir.
96. Ark boynuzları: Buşingleri Aşırı gerilim yükselmelerine karşı korumak için kullanılan bir elemandır. Buşingin alt ve üstünde olmak üzere birbirinin karşısında eğik galvanizli demir çubuklardır. Alttaki demir çubuk ayarlanabilir.
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98. Ark Boynuzları Atlama Mesafeleri: Gerilimi Ark boynuzları aralığı VDE 0111/261 6,3Kv………………...6cm. 15,8Kv……………….11,5cm. 30Kv…………………22cm. Not: Bu değerler deniz seviyesinden 1000 m yüksekliğe kadar geçerlidir.
99. KADEME DEĞİŞİMİ TRANSFORMATÖRÜN SEKONDER GERİLİMİ ZAMAN ZAMAN DÜŞÜK VEYA YÜKSEK OLABİLİR SEKONDER GERİLİMİMİZİ SABİT TUTMAMIZ GEREKECEĞİNDEN GERİLİM AYARLAMAK İÇİN KADEME DEĞİŞİMİ YAPILIR KADEME DEĞİŞİMİ TRANSFORMATÖRÜN PRİMER TARAFINDA YAPILIR KADEME DEĞİŞİMİ KADEME KOMİTATÖRÜNÜN ÇEVRİLMESİ İLE YAPILIR KADEME DEĞİŞTİRME ASLINSA PRİMERDEKİ SİPİR SAYISINI DEĞİŞTİRMEK DEMEKTİR
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101. Kaide olarak trafo dağıtım panosunda gerilim düşük ise, trafo kademesi gerilimi düşük olan kademeye gerilim yüksek ise, trafo kademesi gerilimi yüksek olan kademeye alınacaktır
111. ÖNCE ORTAK %Uk YI BULALIM %UK: 510/(100/3,4)X(160/4,6)X(250/4) =%4,02 ŞİMDİ ÜZERLERİNE ALACAKLARI YÜK 1. TRAFO 100X4,02/3,4 =118 KVA 2.TRAFO 160X4,02/4,6 =140 KVA 3.TRAFO 250X4,02/4 =252 KVA SONUÇ 1. TRAFO AŞIRI YÜKLENMİŞ 2. TRAFO DÜŞÜK YÜKLENMİŞ 3. TRAFO TAM YÜKLENMİŞ
114. BUCHOLZ RÖLESİ Bucholz rölesi, genleşme deposu bulunan trafolar için kullanılır. Bucholz rölesi, genleşme deposu ile tank arasındaki boru üzerine monte edilir. Çalışma prensibi olarak; trafonun herhangi bir iç arızasında meydana gelen gaz, genleşme kabına doğru hareket ederek bucholz rölesinin haznesinde toplanır ve şamandırayı hareket ettirerek kontakların kapanmasını sağlar. Bucholz rölesi, trafoda meydana gelen arızanın henüz başlangıç safhasında ve fazla tahribata meydan vermeden önleyen bir koruma sistemidir. Elektrik dağıtım sistemlerimizde 630 kVA ve üzerindeki güçte olan trafolar da kullanılan Bucholz rölesi, devre kesicisini veya yük ayırıcısını açtırarak trafoyu devre dışı eder.
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116. BUCHOLZ DA GAZ TOPLANMIŞSA 1- Siyah ve gri renkli yanan gazın tespiti halinde izolasyon yağının delinme sonucu yandığını bakır sargılardan üzerine sarılmış katı maddelerin delinmesi sonucu tanka veya sipirler kendi arasında delindiğini elektriki testlerde arızanın sipir kısa devresi veya sargı-nüve, sargı tank arızası şeklinde oluştuğu teyidini vermelidir TTR ve DC direnç testleri titizlikle yapılmalı 2-Bucholzdan alınan birikmiş gaz numunesinin yakılması sırasında mavi alev oluşursa trafo bağlantı noktalarının birinde buşing merkez iletkeni sargı iletkenine bağlantı noktasında-kademe sargı uçlarının bağlantı noktasında kopukluk vardır 3-Bucholz haznesinden alınan gazın yakılmasıyla sarı alev bulunması halinde bakır iletkenlerin yandığı veya ark geçirdiği söylenebilir 4-Beyaz renkli yanan gazın oluşması kağıt izolasyonunun yandığını veya kavrulduğunu gösterir.
117. TERMİK RÖLE trafonun aşırı yüklenmesi yada sargıların kısa devre yapması halinde tankın içerisinde bulunan izolasyon yağı aşırı ısınır. Bu ısınma trafoyu tehlikeli bir hale sokmaya başlayınca devreye termik röle girer termik rölenin 2 kontağı bulunur. yağ sıcaklığı 60 derece ye gelince bir kontağı kapanır ve fanları devreye alır ısının 85 derece ye çıkması sonucunda diğer kontağını da kapatır ve bağlı olduğu kesiciyi açtırır.
120. Bütün elektrik makinelerinde olduğu gibi transformatörler de çalışmaları sırasında ısınırlar. Bu ısınma transformatörün özellikle sargılarında ve demir nüvesinde oluşan kayıpların bir sonucudur. Döner makinelerde soğutmayı az da olsa sağlayan hava akımlarının oluşmasına karşın, duran makine olan transformatör daha olumsuz şartlarda çalışır. Transformatörlerin soğutma yöntemi harf simgelerle belirtilir. Her simge 4 harften oluşur.
121. ONAN: Isınan yağı içindeki normal sirkülasyon yardımı ile soğutma ONAF: Fanla soğutma OFAF: Hem fanla hem de yağ sirkülasyon pompası ile soğutma
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124. TRAFONUN BOŞTA ÇALIŞMASI Transformatörün boş çalışma deneyinde; DEMİR KAYIPLARI BULUNUR Pfe transformatörün boş veya yüklü olması demir kayıplarını etkilemez.
125. TRAFONUN KISA DEVRE ÇALIŞMASI Transformatörün kısa devre olması istenmeyen bir durum olup sadece deney amaçlı yapılr. TRAFONUN BAKIR KAYIPLARI BULUNUR Pcu KISA DEVRE GERİLİM DEĞERİ BULUNUR %Uk
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