D5 oil and natural gas industry julee

SECTOR
STUDY
Submitted by:
Group Number: 5
Julee Dutta(13030241192)
Manikaran Singh(13030241156)
Ruchita Upadhyay(13030241172)
Milin Kapoor(13030241158)
Harsh Kumar(13030241154)
Ankit Sharma(13030241197)
OIL & NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY

Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology
[Constituent ofSYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY -Accredited by NAAC with 'A'Grade]
Established undersection 3 ofthe UGC Act, 1956 vide notification No. F 9-12/2001-U 3 ofGovernment ofIndia
OIL & NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY Group5_Div_D : Page 2
Final Report: Oil and Natural Gas Sector in India
( A Constituent of the Symbiosis International University, Pune)
Sector Study : Oil and Natural Gas Sector in India
Submitted by Team Number : D5
S.No PRN Student Name Official use only Team Leader
1 13030241197 Ankit Sharma Julee Dutta
2 13030241154 Harsh Kumar
3 13030241172 Ruchita Upadhyay
4 13030241192 Julee Dutta
5 13030241156 Manikaran Singh
6 13030241158 Milin Kapoor
Batch: 2013 – 15 Semester: 3 Subject : DOMAIN STUDY 2 (Manufacturing)
Date of Submission: 8th
September 2014

Contents
Abstract.........................................................................................................................................5
1 Oil And Natural Gas Industry In Indian Economy ..........................................................................5
1.1 Economy Of India: Overview....................................................................................................5
1.2 Industry Sector Of Indian Economy...........................................................................................6
1.3 Oil & Gas Sector......................................................................................................................6
1.4 Key Trends In Recent Years......................................................................................................6
2 Current Scenario Of Oil & Natural Gas Sector...............................................................................7
2.1 Current Market Situation - Oil...................................................................................................8
2.2 Current Market Situation - Gas..................................................................................................8
2.3 Growth Of Oil & Natural Gas Industry ......................................................................................8
2.4 Key Government Entities In The Indian Oil And Gas Industry Company Name............................9
2.5 Key Private Entities In The Indian Oil And Gas Industry Company Name .................................10
2.6 Key International Oil And Gas Companies Operating In India...................................................10
2.7 World-Wide Production Of Oil & Natural Gas .........................................................................10
2.8 World-Wide Consumption Of Oil & Natural Gas .....................................................................11
2.9 The Pinnacle Risks For Oil And Gas Companies ......................................................................12
2.10 Swot Analysis ......................................................................................................................13
3 Product Lines in Oil And Natural Gas Industry ............................................................................14
3.1 Major Producers & Their ImportantProducts In India...............................................................14
3.2 Petrol and Diesel - The Vital Products .....................................................................................15
4 Manufacturing Process...............................................................................................................17
4.1 Separation.............................................................................................................................18
4.2 Conversion.............................................................................................................................19
4.3 Purification ............................................................................................................................20
4.4 End products..........................................................................................................................21
4.5 Processing Unitsin Refineries..................................................................................................22
4.6 Auxiliary facilities required in refineries...................................................................................22
4.7 Process Control while refining the oil.......................................................................................23
5 Government Initiatives ...............................................................................................................24

5.1 Regulations in Petroleum & Natural Gas Sector .......................................................................25
5.2 New Initiatives in the Government Budget ...............................................................................26
6 Research and Development in oil and gas industry .......................................................................26
6.1 Technological innovation........................................................................................................26
6.2 Alternative Energy Research...................................................................................................28
7 Future Outlook...........................................................................................................................29
7.1 Resource quality and Technology............................................................................................30
7.2 Geopolitics.............................................................................................................................30
8 Comparison Of Major Competitors..............................................................................................31
9 Job Market And Required Skills...................................................................................................34
10 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................36
References ...................................................................................................................................38

INDIAN OIL AND NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY
Abstract
The Indian Oil and Natural Gas sector is a crucial core industry of India under Ministry of
Petroleum and Natural Gas lead by Shri Dharmendra Pradhan. India is the fourth-largest
consumer of oil and petroleum products in the world. Its energy demand is expected to reach
1,464 million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE) by 2035 from 559 MTOE in 2012. India's share
in global energy consumption is expected to double in next 20 years.[1]
The oil and the natural gas industry include the processing plants refining the crude oil to
petroleum products and the natural gas. The energy has the most complex operations pertaining
to the manufacturing of the petroleum products and natural gas. This includes the operations
from the extraction of the crude oil from the ground, transportation of the crude oil to the
refinery , refining of the petroleum products and natural gas and then transportation to the
distribution plants. Manufacturing in this industry happens in a process that includes intake of
the crude oil and after the complete process the final product is delivered. This is a part of the
Process Industry.
India offers plentiful skilled workforce at much competitive wages compared to other competitor
countries. Several domestic companies have discovered natural gas in deep waters as well.
Taking all this into account, there is significant expansion opportunity for the sector in the
coming decade. India’s choice of energy partners, however, most notably Iran led to concerns
radiating from the US. A key issue today is the proposed gas pipeline that will run from
Turkmenistan to India through politically unstable Afghanistan and also through Pakistan.
1 Oil And Natural Gas Industry In Indian Economy
1.1 Economy Of India: Overview
India is 10th largest in the world by nominal GDP and the 3rd largest by purchasing power parity
(PPP). The country is one of the G-20 chief economies, a associate of BRICS and a developing
economy that is among the top 20 international traders according to the World Trade
Organization. The country's economic growth progressed at a rapid pace, with relatively large
increases in per-capita incomes. Mumbai is trade and financial capital of India. GDP has grown
by 4.7% in 2013.

GDP (per capita):
1.2 Industry Sector Of Indian Economy
Industry records for 26% of GDP and employs 22% of the total staff. India's industrial
manufacturing GDP output in 2012 was 10th largest in the world on current US dollar basis
($239.5 billion), and 9th largest on inflation adjusted constant 2005 US dollar basis ($197.1
billion).[1]
1.3 Oil & Gas Sector
India is the 6th largest customer of oil and the 9th largest crude oil importer. India’s oil and gas
sector contributes over 15% to the GDP.[2]
According to Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, India has a total reserve of 1201 million
metric tonnes of crude oil and1437 billion cubic metres of natural gas as on 01 April 2012. The
total number of exploratory and development wells drilled in onshore and offshore areas during
2012-2013 timeframe was 428 and 1019 thousand metres respectively.[2]
Crude oil production during 2012-2013 timeframe was 33.69 million metric tonnes and gross
production of Natural Gas in the country was 47.51 billion cubic metres during 2012-2013. The
production of petroleum products during 2012-2013 was 151.898 million metric tonnes (Ministry
of Petroleum & Natural Gas).[2] However, due to huge demand-supply gap in oil and gas in
India, it imports more than 60% of its crude oil requirement.
1.4 Key Trends In Recent Years
Following are some of the imperative trends being observed in recent years:
 The technology supply chain will enhance the requirement for cyber risk
management:
GDP GDP (per
capita)
$1.87 trillion
(2013)
$1,504 (2013)
$5.07 trillion(PPP
2013)
$4,077(PPP
2013)
[1]
[1]
Sectoral GDP Contribution in Indian Economy
13.70%
21.50%
64.80%
Agriculture
sector
Industry
Sector
Services
Sector

Oil and gas companies recognize that clinch networked infrastructures allows them to
more efficiently function their business, and so, they increasingly rely upon vendor
materials, products and services.[3]
 Cyber risk management is becoming more customized:
Every oil and gas company stands to be hacked, and only so much can be done to thwart
this menace. Companies must create matchless approaches to curtail the impact of an
attempted attack, and protect critical assets.[3]
 Future competitive advantages depend on technological innovation:
Oil and gas companies did not innovate beyond what was required to pull resources
successfully. However, there has been a noticeable shift as companies begin to view
technology as a new frontier for competitive advantage.[3]
 Striking the right balance between strong cyber risk management and regulation is
becoming more challenging:
Regulations help companies secure themselves from cyber threats. However each
company has unique vulnerabilities that come with its specific business processes. Often
there are competing priorities between addressing what is required by regulation and
what is genuinely needed at the time to effectively protect the company’s systems from
cyber intrusions.[3]
 An aging workforce is creating unique risk management, infrastructure, and HR
challenges:
The oil and gas industry is facing a wincing talent pool for those with specialized
expertise. Most individuals who have the institutional and technological knowledge
about their organization’s specific cyber risks and operations.[3]
 Data will continue to create differentiators:
Oil and gas companies are facing an bang in the amount and types of data that their assets
generate, yet they risk being less competitive if they do not make this data work for them.
Organizations must also understand that while their data presents business opportunities,
it also raises certain challenges. It rises a trade-off between business intelligence
opportunity and information security risks.[3]
2 Current Scenario Of Oil & Natural Gas Sector
As on March, 2013, there are a total of 20 refineries in the country (17 in the Public Sector and 3
in the private sector). Total established crude oil refining capacity in the country was 187 million
tonnes per annum. There was an addition of 5 million tonnes per annum to the installed refining
capacity due to IOC refinery at Panipat, HPCL refinery at Mumbai and CPCL, Manali
refinery.[2]

2.1 Current Market Situation - Oil
 Indian Oil and Gas sector is controlled by state owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
(ONGC) which accounts for approx. 60% of India’s crude oil.[4]
 The Indian Oil and Gas industry plays an imperative role in the Indian economy with key
refineries and gas companies in the country.
 The Indian Oil industry consumption was around 3.57 mn barrels per day (b/d) in 2012
compared to around 3.27 mn b/d in 2012 and is expected to reach 4.20 mn b/d by
2017.[4]
 Indian Refinery industry has approximately 21 refineries with total oil refinery capacity
being around 3.6 mn b/d which is expected to reach 4.29 mn b/d by 2016.[4]
 India imports around 70% of total oil needs, from countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE,
etc, and has spent USD $91,490 million in 2012 on imports.[4]
2.2 Current Market Situation - Gas
 Indian Natural Gas consumption was approx 69.1 billion cubic meter (BCM) during
2012. It is likely to grow by 110 BCM by 2022.[4]
 India imports 24% of total gas needs from Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Qatar
and has spent USD $8,405 million on imports in 2012.[4]
2.3 Growth Of Oil & Natural Gas Industry

2.4 Key Government Entities In The Indian Oil And Gas Industry Company Name
Company Activities Total turnover in India in USD $
ONGC Oil and gas production 12 billion
Oil India Crude oil production 1.6 billion
Indian Oil corporation Petroleum products 54.6 billion
BPCL Oil production 26.4 billion
HPCL Refinery 23.8 billion
GAIL Natural gas 5 billion
[5]

2.5 Key Private Entities In The Indian Oil And Gas Industry Company Name
Company Activities Total turnover in India USD $
Reliance Industries
Limited
Natural gas 43 billion
Essar Oil Refinery 9.61 billion
Adani Gas Gas distribution 5.37 billion
Cairn Energy Oil exploration 1.6 billion
[5]
2.6 Key International Oil And Gas Companies Operating In India
Company Ownership Global Turnover (USD billion)
Cairn Energy India
Pvt. Ltd.
Private Sector 1.5 (H114)
Shell Private Sector 341.9
(Nine months 2013)
BG Group Private Sector 13.7
(Nine months 2013)
BP Private Sector 285.4
(Nine Months 2013)
[5]
2.7 World-Wide Production Of Oil & Natural Gas
S.No. Geography Production of Oil (Thousand
Barrels Per Day) (2013)
Production of
Natural Gas
(Thousand Barrels
Per Day) (2013)
1 North America 19,282.90 30,812
2 Central and South
America
7,941.80 5,738
3 Europe 13,563.60 10,183
4 Middle East 27,169.90 19,292
5 Africa 9,352.90 7,489
6 Asia and Oceanic 8,925.20 17,227
7 Others 3,790.10 28,125.00
World Production 90,026.40 118,866
[6]

World-wide Production of Oil World-wide Production of Natural Gas
[6]
2.8 World-Wide Consumption Of Oil & Natural Gas
S.No. Geography Consumption of Oil (Thousand
Barrels Per Day) (2013)
Consumption of Natural Gas
(Billion Cubic Feet) (2013)
1 North America 23,304.70 31,015
2 Central and South
America
7,047.30 5,577
3 Europe 14297 18,684
4 Middle East 8,033.50 14,826
5 Africa 3,574.00 4,275
6 Asia and Oceanic 29,381.00 23,625
7 Others 4,688.10 3,744.00
World Production 90,325.60 101,746
[6]
22%
9%
15%30%
10%
10%
4%
North
America
Central and
South
America
Europe
Middle East
Africa
26%
5%
9%
16%
6%
14%
24%
North
America
Central and
South
America
Europe
Middle East
Africa
Asiaand
Oceanic

World-wide Consumption of Oil World-wide Consumption of Natural Gas
[6]
2.9 The Pinnacle Risks For Oil And Gas Companies
 Access to reserves: Oil and natural gas sector reports difficulties in managing the risks
associated with the expansion of government’s role.
 Vague energy policies: Energy policies are in a continued state of fluctuation in the key
geographies.
 Cost constraint: At present, increasing costs are being driven both by factors and the
end of “easy oil".
 Deteriorating fiscal terms: The use by governments of tax claims as a pressure point to
force oil companies appears to be mounting.
 Health, safety and environmental risks: Health, safety and environmental issues have
climbed on the oil and gas industry’s schedule, reflecting both increased public pressure
and more complex operational challenges.
 Human capital dearth: 22% of oil and gas respondents indicated a lack of qualified
personnel was impacting their operations.[7]
 New operative challenges: Majorly, accidents occur after some change in the system or
in the way it is operated. While most companies have management of change procedures
on their books, these procedures are not always followed.[8]
 Alarming climatic change: Risks related to climate concerns cannot be fully managed
exclusively as a regulatory acquiescence issue.[8]
26%
8%
16%
9%
4%
32%
5%
North America
Central and
South America
Europe
Middle East
Africa
Asiaand
Oceanic
Others
31%
5%18%
15%
4%
23%
4%
North America
Central and
South America
Europe
Middle East
Africa
Asiaand
Oceanic
Others

 Price instability: The unrest in the Middle East and North Africa region in the first half
of 2012 resulted in an oil price surge. Given the increase in exploration and production
costs, volatility on the downside causes an equal or greater challenge.[7]
 Competing novel technologies: In addition to new technologies for exploration and
production, the sector is impacted by technological progress, such as alternative power
generation and the electrification of energy delivery.[8]
2.10 Swot Analysis
[4]
Strengths
•India is the worlds fifth biggest energy consumer
and continuesto grow rapidly
•Majornaturalgasdiscoveries by a numberof
domestic companieshold significant medium to
long-term potential.
•Demand forpetroleum products
•Increase in demand foroil and gas
•High exploration portfolio
Weaknesses
•The oil and gas sector is dominated by state-
controlled enterprises, although the government has
taken steps in recent years to deregulate the
industry and encourage greater foreign
participation
•Increase in oil prices
•Inadequate and slowly developing infrastructure
•Lack of awareness in safety issues
•Environmentalissues
Opportunities
•Liquefied naturalgas(LNG) imports are still set
to grow rapidly over the longer term as domestic
consumption expands
•India hasfreed gasoline retail price controls
•Untapped domestic oil and gaspotential
•Strong domestic energy demand growth
•High recovery ratesfrom existing projects
Threats
•Increased competition within government and
private players
•Continuinggovernment interference
•Changes in nationalenergy policies
SWOT

3 Product Lines in Oil And Natural Gas Industry
Oil and natural gas touch our lives in countless ways every day. Together, they supply more than
60 percent of our nation’s energy. There are number of many product lines in this sector. The
critical ones have been revealed under.
3.1 Major Producers & Their Important Products In India
[9]
Reliance
Industries
• LPG
• Propylene
• Naptha
• Gasoline
• ATF
• SKO
• HSD
• Sulphur
• Petroleum
coke
• Petrochem
ical
polymers
ONGC
• Oil crude
• Natural
Gas
• Naptha
• LPG
• C2/C3
• SKO
• Low
sulphur
• HSD
• Motor
spirit
• Mineral
oil
GAILIndia
• Propane
• Pentane
• Naptha
• MFO
• Hydrogen
ated C4
Mix
• Propylene
BPCL
• LPG
• SKO
• Motor
Spirit
• HSD
• Naphtha
• FO
• LDO
• LSHS
• ATF
IOCLLtd.
• Indane gas
• Auto gas
• Natural
gas
• Petrol
• Diesel
• ATF
• Marine
fuels
• Kerosene
• Bulk
• Industrial
fuels
• Bitumen
• Petro-
chemicals
• Special
products
• Crude oil
HPCL
• Petrol
• Diesel
• Lubricants
• LPG
• ATF
• Bitumen
• Furnace
oil
Index
 LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas
 ATF: Air Turbine Fuel
 SKO: Superior Kerosene Oil
 HSD: High Speed Diesel
 C2/C3: Ethane/Propane
 MFO: Marine Fuel oil
 FO: Fuel Oil
 LDO: Light Diesel Oil
 LSHS: Low Sulphur Heavy Stock
References for above table:
 Ril.com
 Ongcindia.com
 Gailonline.com
 Bharatpetroleum.co.in
 Iocl.com
 Hindustanpetroleum.com

3.2 Petrol and Diesel - The Vital Products
Petrol is the major product of all the oil refineries in India. Transport sector accounts for 70% of
diesel, and 99.6% of petrol consumption in India. Two-wheelers account for 61.42% of the total
petrol sales while cars account for 34.33%. Three-wheelers account for only 2.34%.[10]
Petrol is produced in oil refineries. Roughly 19 gallons of Petrol is derived from a 42 gallon
barrel of crude oil.
Quality petrol should be stable almost indefinitely if stored properly. Such storage should be in
an airtight container (to prevent oxidation or water vapours mixing) that can withstand the
vapour pressure of the petrol without venting (to prevent the loss of the more volatile fractions)
at a stable cool temperature (to reduce the excess pressure from liquid expansion, and to reduce
the rate of any decomposition reactions).
Further, energy is obtained from the combustion of petrol by the conversion of a hydrocarbon to
carbon dioxide and water. The combustion of octane follows this reaction:
2 C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
The Government of India in October 2007 decided to make 5% ethanol blending (with gasoline)
mandatory. Currently, 10% Ethanol blended product (E10) is being sold in various parts of the
country.
Diesel, as compared to petrol which accounts 70% of the transport sector, and is used in various
fields as source of energy (e.g. railways, power stations etc.). Diesel fuel is produced from
various sources, the most common being petroleum. Other sources include biomass, animal fats,
biogas, natural gas, and coal.
Diesel is composed of about 75% saturated hydrocarbons (primarily paraffins including n-, iso-,
and cycloparaffins) and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkylbenzenes).
The average chemical formula for common diesel fuel is C12H23, ranging from approx. C10H20 to
C15H28. When discussed in terms of motor fuel, diesel is said to be more fuel efficient, giving
almost 1.5 times fuel efficiency of petrol.

Further, following table shows a comparison of petrol and diesel on various parameters:
Parameters Diesel Petrol
Uses In diesel engines, heating
systems
In petrol engines
Made from Petroleum/crude oil Petroleum/crude oil
Energy Content 38.6MJ/litre 34.6MJ/litre
Made by Fractional distillation Fractional distillation
Torque (for 10L engine) 1000Nm @ 2000rpm 300Nm @ 4000 rpm
Power (for 10L engine) 490Hp @ 3500 rpm 600Hp @5500 rpm
Power=torque*RPM More torque at low speeds Runs at higher RPM
Auto ignition temperature 210 deg. C 246 deg. C
Carbon emission Diesel fuel produces
approximately 13% more
CO2, compared to petrol
Lower than diesel
Viscosity Increase at lower temperature No change
Ignition type Direct Spark
[11]

4 Manufacturing Process
Following figure shows the Generic Process schematic for refining crude oil:
[12]
Crude oil1
is the term for “unprocessed” oil, the stuff that comes out of the ground. It is also
known as petroleum. Crude oil is a fossil fuel, which means it’s a result of naturally decayed
plants and animals, which lived millions of years ago. Crude oil is a mix of various
hydrocarbons. There are various classes of hydrocarbons in crude oil that need to be extracted,
separated before use.
The oil refining process starts with crude oil that is transported to refineries by pipeline, ship or
tankers. The transportation of crude oil is a critical process and is done under high security, if
any fault is found then a whole batch of tankers is rejected. At the refinery, it’s treated and
converted into consumer and industrial products.
1
Since crude oil is the only raw material for various products we obtain, and, our project process is refining, not
manufacturing, so we have not limited ourselves to any one product. Reason being, for all products the refining
process is same, thus, we have explained the refining process in detail.

Three major refinery processes change crude oil into finished products:
4.1 Separation
The first process starts with separation of hydrocarbons from naturally occurring form that’s
crude oil. This is known as separation and is accomplished by applying heat through a process
called Distillation.
It is performed in a series of distillation towers, with the bottom product from each tower feeding
the next. A furnace at the bottom of each distillation tower heats and vaporizes the crude oil
mixture. The feed section that is the bottom part of the tower is the hottest point in the distillation
tower and can reach as high as 750 degrees Fahrenheit. Components that are still liquid at this
elevated temperature become the tower’s bottom product. Components that are in vapor form
rise up the tower through a series of distillation stages. The temperature decreases as the vapors
rise through the tower and the components condense.
The yield from a distillation tower refers to the relative percentage of each of the separated
components, known as “product streams”, which varies according to the characteristics of the
crude being processed. Because a liquid’s boiling point decreases at lower pressures, the final
distillation steps are performed in a vacuum to maximize liquid recovery. Products from the
distillation tower range from gases at the top to very heavy, viscous liquids at the bottom. In all
cases, these product streams are still considered “unfinished “and require further processing to
become useful products.
Separation Conversion Purification

[13]
4.2 Conversion
Distillation separates the crude oil into separate components. However, the products do not
naturally exist in crude in the same proportions as the product mix that consumers demand. The
biggest differences is that there is too little gasoline and too much heavy oil naturally occurring
in crude oil. That is why conversion processes are so important. Their primary purpose is to
convert low valued heavy oil into high valued gasoline.
All products in the refinery are based on the same building blocks, carbon and hydrogen chains,
which are called hydrocarbons. The longer the carbon chain, the heavier the product will be, so
it’s necessary to break these long chains into simpler chains. This is the function of the Fluidized
catalytic Crackers (FCCs), cokers and hydrocarbons. In addition to breaking chains, there are
times when we want to change the form of the chain or put chains together. This is where the
Catalytic Reformer and Alkylation are necessary. Specialized catalysts are of critical importance
in most of these processes.
The FCC is usually the key conversion unit. It uses a catalyst (a material that helps make a
chemical reaction go faster, occur at a lower temperature, or controls which reactions occur) to
convert gas oil into a mix of Liquefied Petroleum Gas, gasoline and diesel. The FCC catalyst
promotes the reaction that breaks the heavier chains in the right place to make as much gasoline

as possible. However, even with the catalyst, the reactions require a lot of heat, therefore the
FCC reactor operates at about 1000 degrees Fahrenheit.
The heaviest material in the refinery is Vacuum Tower bottoms (VTB) or “resid”. If allowed to
cool to room temperature, it would become a solid. Some resid is actually sold into the paving
asphalt market as a blend component Resid is too heavy and has too many contaminants to
process in the FCC. The Delayed Coker is used to convert this heavy material into more valuable
products. The delayed coker uses huge temperature to break the hydrocarbon chains. Delayed
coking reactions are less selective that FCC reactions. Delayed coking also produces a relatively
low valued petroleum coke as a by-product.
In some refineries, the FCC and delayed cokers are supplemented by Hydrocracking. Similar to
the FCC, the hydrocarbon uses high temperature and a catalyst to get the desired reactions. In
hydrocracking, the catalyst is much finer and moves together with the gas oil. The catalyst,
whereas in the FCC the catalyst is much finer and moves together with the gas oil. The
composition differ. In hydrocracking, the reactions take place at high temperatures in the
presence of high concentrations of hydrogen. The hydrocracker produces products with low
sulfur levels. The light liquid produced can be sent directly to catalytic reforming and the other
liquid products can be blended directly into jet fuel and diesel.
The conversion processes that have been discussed up to this point have focused on reducing the
length of some hydrocarbon chains. However, there are other hydrocarbons chains that are too
short. Butane is product as a byproduct of other conversion units. The alkylation unit (Alky)
takes two butanes and combines them into a longer chain using a catalyst.
The last conversion process is catalytic reforming. The purpose of the reformer is to increase
the octane number of gasoline blend components and to generate hydrogen for use in the refinery
hydro-treaters. The same length carbon chains can have very different octane numbers based on
the shape of the chain. Straight chains, or paraffins, have a relatively low octane number, while
rings, or aromatics have high octane numbers. At high temperature and in the presence of
hydrogen, the catalyst will reform paraffins into aromatics, thus the name catalytic reforming.
Some of the aromatics produced are sent to petro-chemical manufacturers, where they are
converted to plastics and fabrics.
4.3 Purification
Once crude oil has been through separation and conversion, the resulting products are ready for
purification, which is principally sulfur removal. This is done by Hydrotreating, a process similar
to Hydrocracking but without converting heavy molecules into lighter ones. In Hydrotreating,
unfinished products are contacted with hydrogen under heat and high pressure in the presence of
a catalyst, resulting in hydrogen sulfide and desulfurized product. The catalyst accelerates the

rate at which the sulfur removal reaction occurs. In each case sulfur removal is essential to
meeting product quality specifications and environmental standards. Other, units in the refinery
remove sulfur, primarily in the form of hydrogen sulfide, through extraction, which is a second
method of purification. Whether through hydrotreatment or extraction, desulfurization produces
hydrogen sulfide. Sulfur recovery converts hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur and water. The
residual sulfur is sold as a refinery by product.
4.4 End products
Modern refinery and petrochemical technology can transform crude oil into literally thousands of
useful products. From powering our cars and heating our homes, to supplying petrochemical
feedstocks for producing plastics and medicines, crude oil is an essential part of our daily lives. It
is a key ingredient is making thousands of products that make our lives easier – and in many
cases – helps us live better and longer lives.
[13]

4.5 Processing Units in Refineries
 Crude Oil Distillation unit: distills the incoming crude oil into various fractions for
further processing
 Vacuum Distillation unit: further distills the residue oil from the bottom of the crude oil
distillation unit
 Naphtha Hydrotreater unit: uses hydrogen to desulfurize the naphtha fraction from the
crude oil distillation or other units within the refinery
 Catalytic Reforming unit: converts the desulfurized naphtha molecules into higher-
octane molecules to produce reformate, which is a component of the end-product
gasoline or petrol
 Alkylation unit: converts isobutane and butylenes into alkylate, which is a very high-
octane component of the end-product gasoline or petrol
 Isomerization unit: converts linear molecules such as normal pentane into higher-octane
branched molecules for blending into the end-product gasoline. Also used to convert
linear normal butane into isobutane for use in the alkylation unit
 Distillate Hydrotreater unit: uses hydrogen to desulfurize some of the other distilled
fractions from the crude oil distillation unit (such as diesel oil)
 Merox (mercaptan oxidizer) or similar units: desulfurize LPG, kerosene or jet fuel by
oxidizing undesired mercaptans to organic disulphides
 Amine gas treater, Claus unit, and tail gas treatment for converting hydrogen
sulphide gas from the hydrotreaters into end-product elemental Sulphur
 Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit: upgrades the heavier, higher-boiling fractions
from the crude oil distillation by converting them into lighter and lower boiling, more
valuable products
 Hydrocracker unit: uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions from the crude oil
distillation and the vacuum distillation units into lighter, more valuable products
 Visbreaker unit upgrades heavy residual oils from the vacuum distillation unit by
thermally cracking them into lighter, more valuable reduced viscosity products
 Delayed coking and Fluid coker units: convert very heavy residual oils into end-
product petroleum coke as well as naphtha and diesel oil by-products
4.6 Auxiliary facilities required in refineries
 Steam reformer unit: converts natural gas into hydrogen for the hydrotreaters and/or the
Hydrocracker
 Sour water stripper unit: Uses steam to remove hydrogen sulfide gas from various
wastewater streams for subsequent conversion into end-product sulfur in the Claus unit
 Utility units such as cooling towers for furnishing circulating cooling water, steam
generators, instrument air systems for pneumatically operated control valves and an
electrical substation

 Wastewater collection and treating systems consisting of API separators, dissolved air
flotation (DAF) units and some type of further treatment (such as an activated sludge
biotreater) to make the wastewaters suitable for reuse or for disposal
 Liquefied gas (LPG) storage vessels for propane and similar gaseous fuels at a pressure
sufficient to maintain them in liquid form. These are usually spherical vessels or bullets
(horizontal vessels with rounded ends)
 Storage tanks for crude oil and finished products, usually vertical, cylindrical vessels
with some sort of vapour emission control and surrounded by an earthen berm to contain
liquid spills
4.7 Process Control while refining the oil
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Networks
For controlling the operations in the plant with better reliability and redundancy IT process plays
an important role in the oil industry. SCADA is one of the major IT improvements deployed in
oil refineries for controlling the process.
Following shows snapshot of SCADA system at IOCL oil refinery.

Other IT enablement services used in the Oil refining industry are:
 High redundant networks
 Fast Telecommunication networks
 Centralized control system
 Pipelining control system
5 Government Initiatives
The expert assessment committee of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India,
has specified its approval to IOCL’s Rs 4,320 crore (US$ 718.56 million) liquefied natural gas
(LNG) terminal project at Ennore, near Chennai. The proposed facility’s capacity will be five
million tonnes per annum (MTPA). The terminal is expandable to 10–15 MTPA. This is part of
the company’s Rs 56,000 crore (US$ 9.31 billion) INVESTMENT plan during the 12th Five-
Year Plan Period (2012–17). [2]
The Cabinet Committee on INVESTMENTS (CCI) cleared projects worth Rs 7,947 crore (US$
1.32 billion) in the sector in December 2013. The projects involve companies such as Chennai
Petroleum Corporation Ltd (CPCL), IOCL and HPCL. The Rs 2,379 crore (US$ 395.72 million)
Assam renewal project taken up by ONGC has also been cleared. The panel also gave the go-

ahead to a Rs 5,200 crore (US$ 864.88 million) worth LNG terminal project of Gujarat State
Petroleum Corporation Ltd (GSPC) at Mundra, as per Mr Moily. [2]
Financial Objectives:
 To ensure adequate return on the capital employed and maintain a reasonable annual
dividend on equity capital.
 To ensure maximum economy in expenditure.
 To manage and operate all facilities in an efficient manner so as to generate adequate
internal resources to meet revenue cost and requirements for project investment, without
budgetary support.
 To develop long-term corporate plans to provide for adequate growth of the
Corporation’s business.
 To reduce the cost of production of petroleum products by means of systematic cost
control measures and thereby sustain market leadership through cost competitiveness.
 To complete all planned projects within the scheduled time and approved cost.
5.1 Regulations in Petroleum & Natural Gas Sector
There are certain sectoral policy regulations that are required to be adhered to. The sectoral
policy/regulations that are applicable for the exploration and production (E&P) activities in India
are as follows [2]:
 Statutes governing the upstream sector, viz. the Oil Field (Regulation and Development)
Act, 1948 and Petroleum and Natural Gas Rules 1959 which govern grant of Petroleum
Exploration Licenses and Mining Leases, royalty etc.
 New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP)-allotment of exploration blocks only through
international competitive bidding.
 Coal Bed Methane(CBM) Policy- allotment of coal blocks for extraction of methane gas
from coal seams through international competitive bidding.
The sectoral policy/ regulations applicable for refining and marketing activities in India are as
follows [2]:
 Statutes governing industrial production, viz. The Industries (Development And
Regulation) Act, 1951, and rules framed there under, and the Petroleum Act, 1934, which
relate to import, transport, storage, production, refining and blending of petroleum.
 The marketing regulations prescribe that for gaining marketing rights for transportation
fuel by the private investors, including for foreign investment, a threshold of investment
(Rs.2000 crore) should have been made and/ or be committed to make
 A number of specific product-wise regulations and rules framed under the Petroleum Act,
1934, all of which have a thrust on controlling adulteration and ensuring quality of the
product.

5.2 New Initiatives in the Government Budget
 Guidelines are provided by the government for granting marketing rights of CNG and for
the setting up of CNG stations at various places. The guidelines have provided
preferential status to city gas distribution entities with regard to supply of domestic
natural gas for CNG (for transport) and PNG (for domestic).
 Uniform guidelines provided by the government for utilization of domestic gas.
 Pipeline tariff policy given.
 Policy on EOI for new pipelines given. India has at present about 15,000 km of gas
pipeline systems. It provided this EOI to companies to complete the gas grid across the
country. This includes an additional 15,000 km of pipelines.[2]
 Concessional rate of Basic Customs Duty at 5 per cent provided on machinery,
equipment, etc. required for the initial setting up of compressed biogas plants (Bio-
CNG).[2]
 Full exemption is provided from the excise duty on the plant machinery and all the other
equipment required for the initial setting up of compressed biogas plants (Bio-CNG) to
increase the motivation for the companies to go for biogas plants to manufacture natural
gas
6 Research and Development in oil and gas industry
The future of companies in the oil and gas industry depends heavily on the critical factor of
research and development. R&D efforts create new technologies, products and processes that
help preserve the environment, ensure public health and safety and affect all aspects of the
industry from oil and gas extraction to distribution and sale of the final product.
The oil and gas industry companies in India have research and development teams who are
responsible for ensuring that the firm remains at the forefront of advanced production, innovation
and maintenance technologies, and drives innovation across the business.[14]
6.1 Technological innovation
 The oil and gas Industry focuses on technology research on serious issues in production
and the key areas in future development, and has made many advances in fresh offshore
oil exploration fields and technologies.[15]
 Some of the areas where oil Industry is studying includes refining processes, lubricants
and grease formulations, fuels, biotechnology, pipeline transportations, engine
assessment, tribiological and emission studies, and applied metallurgy. Refining
technology R&D activities are targeted in the regions of crude evaluation, process
optimization, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) , lube processing ,hydro processing,
catalysis, reside up gradation, distillation simulation and modeling, material failure
analysis and technical services to operating units and remaining life evaluation.[15]

 Lubricant Technology
Lubricant Technologies deals with new generation, high performance lubricants for
automotive sector, multi-grade railroad lubricant for Indian Railways with proven
identifications of fuel and oil savings, transformer oils for power generation industry,
marine lubricant technology ,synthetic lubricants for applications such as anti-micro
pitting, turbo generator and fire resistant hydraulic liquid, low PAH rubber process oils
for tyre industry, ecofriendly, nontoxic and biodegradable agricultural spray oil for
protection as pesticides for crops, wide range of food grade lubricants and high
performance greases are some of the Top-of-the-Shelf Products developed at R&D
Centre in India.[15]
 Refining Technology
Intensive efforts from rudiments to commercialization counting setting up of laboratory
facilities, pilot plants, modeling & simulation have given rise to development of globally
competitive refining technologies. Trouble-free commercialization of technologies in oil
refineries in India has been developed for scale-up and process designs. [15]
 Nano Technology
Over the past few years, one of the frontline areas of with potential commercial /
industrial applications has been observed through Nanotechnology. The research
activities are concentrated on implementation of nano-additive systems in different
product platforms linked to energies, lubricants and catalysts to gain higher performance
characteristics such as higher catalyst efficiency,friction & wear protection. Amenities for
synthesis of active nano-materials at bench / pilot scale and dedicated characterization &
evaluation techniques of countless nano-materials have been developed.[15]
 Fuels and Emission Research
Oil Industry R&D gives utmost position to enhancing the quality of energies by
integrating state- of- the-art additives to facilitate engine performance and protect the
environment. Major motivation is given to develop sustainable fuels and exhaust after
treatment devices (ATDs) for a cleaner environment. Lubricants suitable for substitute
fuels are evaluated for their effectiveness.[15]This provides the platform for future-ready
alternatives and their compatible lubricants. Introduction of newly developed fuel
additives and ATDs has been enabled through collaborative studies with OEMs and
various agencies on vehicles under extreme conditions and conducting emission tests as
per European and Indian driving cycles.
 Analytical Research
Detailed and short evaluation of crude oil, characterization of petroleum products,
characterization of catalyst, technical and support services, instrumental analysis,
engineering services, pipeline Design and Network, training, business developments and
technology transfer are some areas to support various research and developmental

activities related to all the core research areas such as Lubricant technology, Refining
technology, Catalysts, Alternative Energy, Petrochemicals, etc.[15]
6.2 Alternative Energy Research
The industry is toiling to become an integrated energy company and not just restrict itself to oil
and gas. So companies are doing research in renewable and alternate energy sources beyond
hydrocarbons, which can be brought to market some of these, include:
 Generating Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen is a clean source of energy. IOCL, nodal organization of the Indian
hydrocarbon sector has been instrumental in ushering in research on Hydrogen fuel in the
country. Also, ONGC is working on producing Hydrogen through thermo-chemical
processes through decomposition of water by utilizing waste nuclear and/or solar heat.
[16]
 Exploration for Uranium
Secondary uranium mineralization at shallow depths has been observed in several
proliferous basins in the world. Researches have helped in identification of some
potential areas with appreciable presence of Uranium. To determine the existence of
Uranium and other value added minerals OEC has commenced drilling of shallow holes
(up to 500 m) for collection of cores and logs. [16]
 Harnessing Solar Energy
Solar Energy can be converted to heat and/or electricity using solar thermal or
photovoltaic route. Many petrol pumps are equipped with SPV system. Some oil
company colonies have solar water heaters, solar cookers, solar lanterns, gobar gas
plants, enriched choolhas, efficient kerosene stoves and lanterns. All these will act as
impetuses for others to imitate. There are numerous means to generate electricity using
solar energy. One of the approaches is using a combination of solar dish with a sterling
engine to generate electricity without water. Presently, OEC is working on field
performance assessment of solar thermal dish stirling engine system which was
developed by a US company.[16]
 Bio-fuel Initiative
With the inflating demand for energy for development and the mounting concern for
climate change and the necessity to bound emissions of greenhouse gas, it is essential to
come up with efficient and cleaner ways to make use of our coal reserves. Research is
underway to recognize the specific consortia that can work on different seams/reservoirs.

OEC and IOCL had taken the initiative to carry out research on development of
biotechnological process for conversion of lignite/ coal to methane gas and humic acid.
IndianOil’s domestic portfolio comprises of nine oil & gas blocks and two Coal Bed
Methane blocks. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has also introduced
five R&D projects in thermo-chemical conversion of biomass, synthesis of fuel from
biomass, leafy biomass and kitchen/vegetable wastes generating biomass, pyrolysis and
bio-fuel. [16]
 Hydro Power
Hydro De-Sulphurisation (DHDS) catalyst, a distinct Indicat catalyst for Bharat Stage -
IV compliant Diesel, IndVi catalyst for enhanced distillate and FCC throughput, and
adsorbent centred deep sulphurisation procedure for gasoline and diesel streams are some
of the in-house technologies and catalysts industrialized by Indian Oil.
Floating turbines can be utilised to harness the kinetic energy of flowing streams of rivers
or tail-race of existing dams to produce electricity for running un-electrified homes as
well as meeting distributed power requirement for agriculture and industrial applications.
OEC is working with M/s Natural Power Concepts (NPC), USA for field trials of their
lately developed In-stream Auger Turbine (IAT) in Indian conditions. These turbines will
be deployed in India on successful completion of field trials. [16]
 Geothermal Energy
Similar to oil drilling process geothermal energy can be harnessed by extracting Heat from
the Earth by drilling water or steam wells. Deep and hot aquifers in the sedimentary basin
can be used as source of Geothermal Energy. A Belgium based company M/s. Talboom is
collaborating with OEC to set up a pilot power project in Cambay basin [16].
7 Future Outlook
Following has been discussed the predictions for the near future, mid-term and long-term future
for oil and natural gas sector
 The use of petroleum products is significantly reduced through the use of alternatives
sources of energy solar energy, the hydro energy and wind energy but these are not
reliable if the current conditions in the global atmosphere are referred.
 For any future outlook provided the factors of resource quality, technology and
geopolitics affect this industry, the government policies and stocks the most than the
other factors.[17]
Following are the factors that affect the long term future of this industry:

7.1 Resource quality and Technology
 Exploration trends for resources have shown that the research will follow the industry’s
perception of the “next best resource base” to explore and develop, that helps to
incorporate both the scale and quality of resource and the cost of its development.[19]
 Deepwater exploration is one of the areas of research for exploring resources.
 It is expected to be likely followed by two very different trends, both of which are
showing signs of emergence. First is the move to the unexplored arctic frontier of ice
bound continental reserves and the other to a re-exploration of the onshore and shallow
waters of the world with new images and new technology. [18]
 The crude oil and natural gas resources have been used to run ships and airplanes, heat
the homes, fuel the cars, carpet the floors and clothe the bodies. It is estimated that only
maximum of 50 years worth of petroleum reserves is left.[18]
 It is expected that the technological innovations will help to tap into new supplies of oil
and natural gas in deeper water and harsher environments. This is being verified in the
Deepwater exploration.[19]
 Research is being done to turn previously uneconomic or environmentally difficult or
remote hydrocarbons into marketable energy products that can be used. Gasification
technology capable of creating clean, synthetic gas from coal and other environmentally
sensitive fuels is being work on and Exxon has done this through producing a white fuel
capable of providing energy without producing any smoke.[18]
 Fossil fuel exploration is other area of retrieving energy from fossil fuels available from
the ground. Research is done to improve the efficiency and reduce the costs of solar
energy
 Replacing some of the oil and coal applications with natural gas to meet the current
energy needs more cheaply and cleanly will only help in the short term. [18]
 The use of these products if it can be reduced with electric energy. It can significantly
reduce the use of petroleum but the fact still needs to be referred that more of electric
energy will need to be produced as the demand for electric energy will increase to the
most if this happens.
 Inclusion and use of electric is increasing and that can reduce the demand. Companies are
working on research to find an alternative to petroleum but no effective alternative has
been identified and researched as electric.
7.2 Geopolitics
 The Chinese government levied a $2.50-per-ton tax on high sulfur coal but it did not
have any taxation on the use of gas [19]
 There is an increase in pressure to find even less carbon-rich alternatives, and to greatly
improve the efficiency of all energy resources with a wide variety of clean fuels for
future[19]
 The use and demand of natural gas for electric power generation grows and this also
affects the regulatory issues and the economic returns of the companies

 Higher rates of economic growth have lead to the increased consumption of natural gas,
with their increasing effects on the housing starts, the commercial floor space needed and
industrial output.[19]
 India imports 80% of all crude oil from other nations that it consumes.
 Upstream companies include companies engaged in exploration and production of crude
oil and the downstream ones are involved in refining, processing and marketing of the
other products derived from crude oil after refining.
 With the rise in crude oil prices, both subsidy and losses are bound to increase. This
decision to defer the increase in natural gas prices will affect the earnings of upstream oil
companies for a short-term.
 The deferment will have a short-term impact on earnings of upstream companies such as
ONGC, Reliance Industries and Oil India
 Oil companies have been given a lot of room by the government to increase petrol and
diesel prices, which will increase their revenues.
 The market is awaiting clarity on government policies on gas pricing and deregulation of
diesel and petrol prices but in the wake of high inflation and looming poor monsoon, it is
a speculation to have such reforms
 The companies have invested in exploration projects, as these can be hugely profitable in
the long run
 The Global supply, especially from OPEC countries, is another factor that can affect the
oil and natural gas prices. Russia is one of the largest natural gas producing countries.
The political environment and its political relations with other nations in the Ukraine
incident do not provide a very good image of the supply of natural gas in this year.[20]
 Reduction in supply increases prices of crude oil and natural gas will reduce the revenue
of oil companies
8 Comparison Of Major Competitors
Following is the competitive analysis of major players in the sector, their market shares and
competitive moves
 India has a largely state-controlled Oil and Gas sector.
 Key Government Entities in the Indian Oil and Gas Industry include ONGC ,Oil India,
Indian Oil corporation, BPCL,HPCL,GAIL
 Key Private Entities in the Indian Oil and Gas Industry include Reliance Industries
Limited, Essar Oil, Adani Gas ,Cairn Energy
 It has been found that the companies are more driven to find natural gas reserves and
have plants to respond to the increasing demand of natural gas as an alternative to
petroleum.

Cairn India
 It had given a net profit of Rs 12,431 crore in 2013-14 that was more by 4.30% from its
Rs 11,919 crore given in the previous year[20]
 The company has received environmental approvals to ramp up capacity by 50% and
increase production.
Reliance Industries
 Privately owned domestic conglomerate
 Participates in the Indian exploration and refining segments
Oil India
 India's second largest public sector exploration and production company with presence in
56 blocks in the country
 It reported a revenue of Rs 9,229.75 crore and net profit of Rs 2,941.98 crore in the year
2013-14. [20]
 It completed acquisition of interest in the Giant Gas Field in Rovuma Area 1 Offshore
Block in Mozambique in a joint venture with ONGC
 This area includes 2.6 million acres in the deepwater Rovuma Basin
offshore Mozambique and it represents the largest gas discovery offshore on East Africa
Indian Oil Corporation (IOC)
 It is the largest diesel supplier in India.
 The government is reluctant to increase fuel prices further. But it will do so in the future.
IOC will be the biggest gainer when that happens.
 Apart from setting up the state-of-the-art facilities to raise product quality to global
standards, it has taken chartering of ships for crude oil imports on its own and is
expanding its supply of crudes and upgrading its refineries to handle a wider array of
crudes that even include high- sulphur types.[15]
 It entered a number of Joint Ventures, that turned to be highly profitable.
 A wholly-owned subsidiary, Indian Oil Technologies Ltd., is established to
commercialize the innovations and technologies developed by Indian Oil's R&D Centre,
across the globe.[15]
 The merger of Indian Oil Blending Ltd., wholly owned subsidiary was done.[15]
 It is working on strengthening its existing overseas marketing ventures and
simultaneously scouting new opportunities for marketing and export of petroleum
products to new energy markets in Asia and Africa.
 Indian Oil is working from a pure sectoral company with dominance in downstream in
India to a vertically integrated, transnational energy company. [15]

 It implemented a master plan to integrate its core refining business with petrochemical
activities, with making large investments in E&P and import/marketing ventures for oil
and gas in India and abroad. This will help it emerge as a major player in petrochemicals
in India.[15]
 It has developed in-house capabilities that have helped it to undertake all the pipeline
projects on its own and even offer expertise in techno- economic feasibility studies,
design and detailed engineering, project execution, operations, maintenance and
consultancy services. [15]
GAIL (India) Limited
 Largest state-owned natural gas processing and distribution company in India
 Has taken up the Energy Highway project for Eastern India. The city gas distribution
network would be laid in Patna during the first phase of the Jagdishpur – Phulpur - Haldia
project. [23]
 Priority shall be assigned to cities of Gaya, Mujaffarpur and Bhagalpur. [23]
 In addition to transport and households sector, the pipeline will supply natural gas to
several industries in the region including Fertilizer, Power, Steel and other Large,
Medium and Small industries. [23]
 The work shall be taken up in other cities in a phased manner based on demand
assessment and techno-economic feasibility in those cities. The City Gas Distribution
network is expected to touch 40% of the State’s population.[23]
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
 ONGC accounts for 70% of the country's crude oil and natural gas production.
 It has started a redevelopment project in Mumbai and is expected to play a significant
role in other transitional pipeline projects. [21]
 ONGC will benefit from the proposed gas price increase.
 It accounts for two- thirds of the nation’s crude oil and natural gas production. It is
diversifying into refining and oil distribution.
 It has a Business Development & Joint Ventures Group that takes decisions
on continuous scanning to identify synergistic business opportunities, evaluates that
viability of these opportunities and implements these opportunities for ONGC to expand
its operations in the entire value chain of hydrocarbons and other domains of energy in
India.[22]
 ONGC has decided to invest Rs. 5219 crore towards Daman Development project to
enhance its production of Natural Gas and Condensate in the Tapti Daman Block in the
Arabian Sea. ONGC is working on exploring resources for natural gas that has an
increasing demand with the decreasing crude oil reserves and increasing prices of curde
oil imports. [22]

 It signed Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs) for two on land exploration blocks in
Myanmar on 8th
August, 2014 to increase its business overseas.[22]
9 Job Market And Required Skills
Riding on the back of bright prospects of Oil and Gas in India, the sector seems to be creating a
good number of job opportunities. Currently over 12000 people are working for this sector and
the number is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6-8% in the coming years, as evident from the
country’s soaring fuel needs.
Both the onshore and offshore jobs are available for Petroleum engineers, Geoscientists, Pipeline
engineers, Reservoir engineers, Design engineers, Shipping officers, Geologists, Drilling
supervisors, Pipe stress engineers, Reservoir managers and many more categories.
Human and Technical Skills required for some of the major roles:
Senior Drilling Engineer:
 15 + years' Drilling Engineering experience
 B.S degree in Petroleum Engineering.
 Proven ability to handle multiple concurrent projects
 Proven record prioritizing workload and delivering results
 Ability to help coach and mentor.
 Excellent written and verbal communication skills across all levels of staff.
 Strong analytical and problem skills
 Team worker
Senior Reservoir Engineer:
 BS in Petroleum Engineering
 4+ years of reservoir engineering (E&P experience)
 Understanding of full life-cycle project economic analysis
 Proficiency in classical reservoir engineering
 Strong computer skills (ARIES, EXCEL, Advanced Decline Analysis, etc.)
 Team Player
 Excellent writing and verbal skills.
Preventive Maintenance engineer:
 Degree in Mechanical, Petroleum Engineering or equivalent.
 Minimum 5 years' experience in operations, maintenance and installation of surface
wellhead, production tree and subsurface equipment systems including knowledge of
critical well barrier components.

 In-depth knowledge of wellheads, production trees and other critical subsurface
equipment, their operation, installation and maintenance thereof.
 In depth knowledge of key standards related to the qualification, certification and
subsequent testing of all upstream production safety critical equipment.
 Good PC skills a must, including proficiency in Excel, Word, Project, and Visio.
 Strong technical communication skills both verbal and written in English.
 Ability to handle multiple tasks in a high volume environment where accuracy and
urgency are both required.
 Knowledge in use of engineering guidelines, relevant Engineering tools, Business
Management System and relevant codes & standards (i.e. ISO 13628), technical
documents preparation, solutions to technical issues, and understanding how changes
affect the system as a whole.
Geologist (oil and gas):
 Bachelor's Degree, Master's Degree or other higher Degree in Engineering or Pure or
Applied Science. Preferred MSc or MA in Geology.
 7+ years of related Oil & Gas experience as a Geologist
 Basic skill in estimation of project requirements such as timeline, staffing, etc.
 Professional analysis and skillful use of tools, processes and resources
 Customer oriented, actively communicates with internal and/or external customers to
ensure service level meets with expectations and handles customer dissatisfaction
professionally, monitor performance and takes ownership for customer needs
Senior Petro-Physicist:
 Permeability and PI prediction
 3D Geo-Modelling and Up-scaling
 Magnetic Resonance
 Borehole Image Processing and Analysis
 Analysis Techniques – Thin Bed Analysis, Tensor Petrophysics, Statistical
Methodologies
 Chalk Reservoirs
 Strong Communication
 Multi-discipline team leadership and awareness of wider corporate objectives
 BSc in Gephysics or Physics based engineering discipline
 MSc in Geoscience or Petroleum Engineering
Refining Engineer:
 A Mechanical, Civil or Electrical Degree essential.

 A minimum of 4 years post degree engineering experience essential, preferably working
in an oil and gas industry position.
 Strong MS Office skills, report writing experience, and interfacing with different
functional departments highly desired.
 Ability to utilise AutoCad 2012 (or other acceptable means) for drafting of ISO, Ortho,
foundations, etc., along with EcoSys (as a Project Management tool), and the PPM
Database highly desired.
 Highly organized with demonstrated ability to conduct research and write effectively.
 Can work independently and also be an excellent team player, with the ability to work
with all levels within the Company to accomplish goals.
 Ability to achieve expectations for work quality and productivity essential.[24][25]
10 Conclusion
The oil and gas sector is fairly well developed in India, and is poised to contribute a large share
to India’s energy basket over following 15–20 years. A conservative estimate of seven per cent
growth within the Indian economy is anticipated to or so double India’s per capita energy
consumption over following twenty years. Since energy demand and economic process square
measure virtually interlinked, the Indian oil and gas sector, that provides the country with a
major portion of its energy requirements, has been known as a key metric that may drive future
GDP growth.
The main future opportunities for the world embrace assessing the practicability of using non-
standard fuels like coal bed paraffin, atomic number 1 and bio diesel. The sector should
conjointly lay larger target developing heart infrastructure, with specific attention on town gas
distribution networks, and also the construction of strategic storage facilities as a safeguard
against short term disruptions in fuel supply.
The development and application of advanced technology is vital to the modern industry task of
finding and developing oil and gas resources. New and better technology has made it possible for
the industry to economically develop large oil and gas deposits offshore. Drilling oil and gas
wells in thousands of feet of water adds significantly to the complexity, cost, and potential risks.
Technology permits the trade to induce a lot of oil or gas out of every deposit that it finds. Newer
stimulation technologies, treatment fluids and increased recovery techniques change the oil or
gas to maneuver a lot of simply to manufacturing wells. Hydraulic fracturing techniques produce
tiny cracks from the wellbore into the reservoir rock. These fractures function a "highway" for
the hydrocarbons to succeed in manufacturing wells. Horizontal-drilling technologies permit a

reservoir to be penetrated horizontally instead of vertically, gap a lot of the reservoir to the well
and enhancing recovery.
Technology has enhanced environmental protection as well. Directional drilling provides greatly
increased flexibility in well placement, so that a well can be placed in the area where it will have
the least possible environmental effect and still reach a reservoir that might be miles away
laterally. Several wells can be drilled from a single location, dramatically decreasing the amount
of land surface area required to develop a field. [26][27]
Technological innovation has been the hallmark of the crude trade from its earliest days. crude
engineers and geologists area unit perpetually challenged to find out additional regarding
wherever oil and gas area unit found, the way to get the rocks to present up the hydrocarbons
they contain, the way to get the oil or gas out of the bottom with efficiency, and the way to try to
to all of it whereas minimizing environmental impacts. a crucial a part of SPE's mission is to
help the trade during this method through the gathering and dissemination of technical data. By
learning what others have done with success, or perhaps tried and unsuccessful, engineers area
unit authorised to form following technological breakthrough which will still improve the
industry's ability to provide the oil and gas that the planet wants.

References
1. http://www.ibef.org/industry/oil-gas-india.aspx
2. http://petroleum.nic.in/
3. http://www.energydigital.com/utilities/2637/Top-6-trends-for-oil-and-gas-industry-in-2014
4. http://di.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/DIBD/sektoranalyser/The%20Indian%20Oil%20%20Gas%
20Industry_2013.pdf
5. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/pmreleases.aspx?mincode=20
6. http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/
7. http://www.kpmg.com/global/en/industry/energy-natural-resources/oil-gas/pages/default.aspx
8. http://mitei.mit.edu/news/risk-management-oil-and-gas-industry
9. References mentioned in text box
10. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Transport-sector-accounts-for-70-
of-diesel-99-6-of-petrol-consumption-in-India/articleshow/29567168.cms
11. www.diffen.com
12. http://www.processengr.com/ppt_presentations/oil_refinery_processes.pdf
13. http://www.exxonmobil.com/Europe-English/Files/Simple_Guide_to_oil_refining.pdf
14. Research http://www.slideshare.net/raghunathanjanarthanan/research-development-in-oil-
gas-industry-24910983
15. http://www.iocl.com/aboutus/research_development.aspx
16. http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/ongcindia/Home/Initiatives/ONGC+Energy+Cent
re/
17. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation
18. http://pipelinesinternational.com/
19. http://www.netl.doe.gov/19 Altenergy.org
20. http://www.oilgasmonitor.com/
21. http://businesstoday.intoday.in/
22. http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/ongcindia/home/
23. http://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/ongcindia/home/
24. http://www.earthworks-jobs.com/ws/ws1296.html
25. http://www.oilcareers.com/content/categories/petroleum.asp
26. http://www.oil-gas-news.com/index.php?module=article&view=18
27. http://www.ibef.org/download/Oil-Gas-Sector-040213.pdf

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