(d) A tumor contains 110^12 cells. You are treating the tumor to br.pdf

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(d) A tumor contains 1*10^12 cells. You are treating the tumor to bring the number of cells down to 2. What is the probability that (i) one.(ii) Zero.(iii) 4 cells survive?? A tumor contains 1 times 10^12 cells. You are treating the tumor to bring the number of cells down to 2. What is the probability that one zero 4 cells survive? Solution Given total no. tumor cells is = 1* 10^12 (i) The probabilty that one cell survive = 1/ ( 1* 10^12) = 1 * 10^-12 (ii) The probability that Zero cells survive = 0 /(1 * 10^12) = 1 (iii) The probability that 4 cells survive = 4 / ( 1* 10^12) = 4 * 10^-12.

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Turner syndrome is caused by monosomy of the sex chromosomes XO. Why is there no corresponding condition for monosomy of the sex chromosome YO Turner syndrome is caused by monosomy of the sex chromosomes XO. Why is there no corresponding condition for monosomy of the sex chromosome YO Solution Nondisjunction leading to YO cells are non viable.At least one X chromosome is needed for viability. YO condition is lethal hence there are no corresponding conditions for monosomy of the sex chromosome YO..

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What do ev/ebitda ratio and price to cash flow ratio show us and how do they compare? Evaluate the usefulness of these and other market multiple ratios in company evaluations What do ev/ebitda ratio and price to cash flow ratio show us and how do they compare? Evaluate the usefulness of these and other market multiple ratios in company evaluations What do ev/ebitda ratio and price to cash flow ratio show us and how do they compare? Evaluate the usefulness of these and other market multiple ratios in company evaluations What do ev/ebitda ratio and price to cash flow ratio show us and how do they compare? Evaluate the usefulness of these and other market multiple ratios in company evaluations Solution EV/EBITDA ratio (enterprise value divided by earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization) is an important valuation multiple and the reason why it is so popular is that the ratio makes adjustments so that an investor can identify the real cash flow issue associated with a company. The ratio shows the real value of a business and hence can be used to easily compare companies that operate in different countries. Secondly EV/EBITDA ratio is less volatile as items like taxes and interest that can cause a valuation metric to be volatile are not a part of this ratio. Another important point to be noted is that the EV/EBITDA ratio is not affected by changes in capital structure. Price to cash flow ratio (share price divided by cash flow per share) is another useful valuation metric that is used. The ratio makes use of operating cash flow. This ratio is particularly useful for valuing those companies that have positive cash flows but are not profitable because of high amount of non-cash charges like depreciation and amortization. This ratio is useful because of the fact that cash flows cannot easily be manipulated. Other market multiple ratios that can be used are P/E (price-earnings) ratio, price to book ratio, EV/NOPAT ratio and price to sales ratio. These ratios are useful as it helps an investor to determine the market value of the asset relative to a key statistic that bears a logical relationship to the market value of the asset in consideration..

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What are the respiratory and fermentation pathways in Chlamydia pneumoniae? Solution Chlamydophila pneumoniae is, an obligate intracellular bacterium which infects humans and is one of the major cause of pneumonia. It is gram negative bacterium. As it is an obligate parasite it is difficult to distinguish between the host and parasite metabolism. There are major differences in the metabolic pathways in various developmental stages. C. pneumoniae requires oxygen to survive, but requires environments with lower levels of oxygen than present in the atmosphere These bacteria shows metabolism of glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate via glycolysis, which allows them to generate ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation by the enzymes phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase. The TCA cycle is complete in all Chlamydiae thus able to oxidize acetyl-CoA, accompanied by regeneration of the energy-rich molecules NADH, FADH2 and GTP. The electron transport chain of environmental chlamydiae is branched. H+ translocating NADH dehydrogenase, additional terminal oxidases, and cytochrome c oxidases, altogether were suggested to enable these bacteria to build up a proton gradient more efficiently and potentially allow them to respond to changing conditions such as fluctuating oxygen tensions. They also have increased capacities for host-independent production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation..

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You have a piece of circular DNA that can be cut by the restriction nucleases EcoRI, HindIII, and NotI, as indicated in the Figure Below... Answer whether the following statement is TRUE or FALSE. If FALSE, explain why. (a) One piece of DNA will be obtained when this DNA is cut by NotI. (b) A piece of DNA that cannot be cut by EcoRI will be obtained by cutting this DNA with both NotI and HindIII. (c) Two DNA fragments that cannot be cut by HindIII will be obtained when this DNA is cut by EcoRI and NotI. (d)Two DNA fragments of unequal size will be created when this DNA is cut by both HindIII and EcoRI. Notl EcoRI EcoRI HindIII Solution 1. True Yes , if the DNA Is cut by only NotI, then only a single piece of DNA would be formed as there would be a cut in the circular DNA , thus forming a single piece single stranded DNA. 2. False Even if there is a cut with both NotI and HindIII there would be a piece of DNA between NotI and ECoRI which will still remain and won\'t be cut. 3. True Two DNA fragments will be obtained when cut with EcoRI and NotI that cannot be obtained with HindIII. A fragment between NotI and ECoRI and between the two ECoRI. 4. False Three unequal pieces of DNA would be formed. First, the HindIII, would cause a nick and the strand would open and form a single strand. Second, ECoRI would cause two nicks, as it is at two places, thus two more fragments, one between the two ECoRI and the other between the ECoRI and HindIII would be formed..

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Write a 2-3 page report on any one of the following topics. A supporting paper is provided for each topic. However, the report has to be prepared based on general literature beyond the supporting paper. The deadline for the submission of the assignment is 14th January, 12 noon, 2017. Your report should have proper references/bibliography. Plagiarism is strictly prohibited! Topic 1. Impact of invasive species on native species and ecosystems. Supporting paper/s: Gurevitch, Jessica, and Dianna K. Padilla. \"Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions?- Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19.9 (2004): 470-474. Molnar, Jennifer L., et al. \"Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity \" Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6.9 (2008): 485-492. Didham, Raphael K., et al. \"Are invasive species the drivers of ecological change?.\" Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20.9 (2005): 470-474. strayer, David L., et a \"understanding the long-term effects of species invasions.\" Trends in ecology & evolution 21.11 (2006): 645-651. Solution Impact of Invasive species on native species and ecosystems Native species are those originally originated and evolved in the region (Cox, 2004). The native species adapted the environment and co evolved with other species and the ecosystem was also evolved accordingly (Cox, 2004). When a foreign/ alien species is introduced to a new environment by general rule it don’t survive or the new species struggle to adapt the new environment and struggle to make its place in the ecosystem (Dunlap, 1999; Gonzalez-Browne et al., 2016). Surprisingly some species better adopt to new environment i.e. the new environment suits the species more than the original environment (Dunlap, 1999). Few species becomes invasive and the species population booms in the newly invaded territory (Alexander et al., 2014). The invasive species becomes overweighed in the natural balance of the native ecosystem and it inversely impact on the growth of some native species those shares common niches, food, breeding places, resources or the alien species predates on certain native species (Hickman et al., 2013; Kovacs et al., 2012). The invading species can also be a new prey for certain native species which will increase the population of that predating species (Anson and Dickman, 2013; Barber et al., 2008). Not only the direct relation of prey and predator or competition influences native species but the introduction of the invading species can also indirectly influence the abundance of the native species (Mello and Oliveira, 2016). The invasive species also interact with the new environment and the advantages it gets in the new ecotype also put impact on the evolution of the invasive species itself as the invasive species evolve becomes different from its original native state or source species (Zenni et al., 2016). Sometime the invading introduced species becomes free from its natural pathogen and free from immunological burden.

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Why are sex cells (gametes) haploid instead of diploid. Write a brief explanation/describe the what the consequences would be if gametes were diploid instead. Solution Sex cells (gametes) are haploid because they are formed by the process of reductional division called meiosis. Meiosis is a defined as double division of parent cell which results in the formation of 4 daughter cells each having half the number of chromsome than that of parent cell. It is the type of cell division in which chromosome number is reduced from diploid number (2n) to haploid number (n). This type of division is important while the formation of gametes as it maintains constant number of chromsomes generation after generation. If meiosis woulf not occur, gametes with diploid chromosome number will be produced and when these gametes will fuse to form zygote, the resulting zygote will have an abnormal ,double the number of chromosome (tetraploid) than that of the normal number of chromosome found in species. Tetraploidy is very lethal in animals , therefore meiosis is important in maintaining normal chromosome number..

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