CYTOKININ Biosynthesis.pptx
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Cytokinins are plant growth hormones that promote cell division. They were first isolated in the 1950s and have an adenine ring structure. There are two main types: adenine-type cytokinins like kinetin and zeatin, and phenylurea-type cytokinins like TDZ. Cytokinins induce cell division, delay senescence, promote nutrient movement and chloroplast development. They are synthesized by the enzyme isopentenyltransferase, which transfers an isopentenyl group to AMP. Cytokinins can also be produced through the degradation of tRNAs in plants and bacteria.
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Cytokinins
Presentation for Plant Physiology. I was in charge of creating and designing the presentation as well as formating the images and information. Our projec won our class competition in regards to overall look and presentation.
Molecular And Biochemical Steps In Synthesis Of Auxin In Plant
This document summarizes the molecular and biochemical steps in the synthesis of auxin in plants. It discusses the major pathways of auxin biosynthesis, including the tryptophan-dependent indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway and tryptamine pathway. The document also reviews the transport of auxin in plants, which is predominantly polar from the apex towards the base in stems and from the base towards the apex in roots. It concludes by discussing evidence that the indole-3-acetamide pathway and/or indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway are the best candidates for the major pathway of auxin biosynthesis in plants based on biochemical and molecular findings.
Cytokinins
The document discusses cytokinins, plant growth hormones that promote cell division. It describes the discovery of kinetin and zeatin as the first synthetic and natural cytokinins. The structure, biosynthesis from adenosine monophosphate, and mechanism of action via receptors are explained. Cytokinins function to promote cell division, enlargement, flowering, delay senescence, and break seed dormancy.
Plant Hormone (Part-1)- Auxin
Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation auxin is described with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
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This presentation will provide a description about the biosynthesis of plant growth regulator- Cytokinins and gibberalins and their role in plant growth and development
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The document summarizes auxin transport and synthetic auxins. It discusses how auxin moves polarly from cell to cell through chemiosmotic transport, driven by influx and efflux carriers like PIN proteins. Several compounds can inhibit this transport. Synthetic auxins are widely used and mimic the effects of natural auxin (IAA), finding applications in agriculture to promote germination, rooting, flowering and fruit set while also acting as herbicides. The mechanisms of auxin-induced growth include cell wall loosening through proton pumping and an increase in extensibility.
Cytokinin
Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division and play important roles in plant growth and development. They are synthesized primarily in root tips and transported upward through the xylem. Cytokinin biosynthesis involves the enzyme adenylate isopentenyltransferase, which catalyzes the first reaction. Cytokinins signal through a phosphorelay pathway involving histidine kinase receptors, Arabidopsis response regulators, and feedback loops to regulate gene expression and cellular responses. Cytokinins promote cell division, axillary bud outgrowth, seed development, delay senescence, and stimulate morphogenesis and shoot initiation.
Plant hormone (Part-2)- Gibberellins
Gibberellins are tetracyclic diterpenoid plant hormones that were first discovered in Japan when investigating a fungus that caused abnormal growth in rice plants. There are currently 136 identified gibberellins derived from plants, fungi, and bacteria. Gibberellins promote stem elongation, seed germination, and flower induction. They are synthesized in the leaves and transported to other parts of the plant where they stimulate growth and developmental processes.
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Cytokinins
Presentation for Plant Physiology. I was in charge of creating and designing the presentation as well as formating the images and information. Our projec won our class competition in regards to overall look and presentation.
Molecular And Biochemical Steps In Synthesis Of Auxin In Plant
This document summarizes the molecular and biochemical steps in the synthesis of auxin in plants. It discusses the major pathways of auxin biosynthesis, including the tryptophan-dependent indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway and tryptamine pathway. The document also reviews the transport of auxin in plants, which is predominantly polar from the apex towards the base in stems and from the base towards the apex in roots. It concludes by discussing evidence that the indole-3-acetamide pathway and/or indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway are the best candidates for the major pathway of auxin biosynthesis in plants based on biochemical and molecular findings.
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This presentation will provide a description about the biosynthesis of plant growth regulator- Cytokinins and gibberalins and their role in plant growth and development
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The document summarizes auxin transport and synthetic auxins. It discusses how auxin moves polarly from cell to cell through chemiosmotic transport, driven by influx and efflux carriers like PIN proteins. Several compounds can inhibit this transport. Synthetic auxins are widely used and mimic the effects of natural auxin (IAA), finding applications in agriculture to promote germination, rooting, flowering and fruit set while also acting as herbicides. The mechanisms of auxin-induced growth include cell wall loosening through proton pumping and an increase in extensibility.
Cytokinin
Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division and play important roles in plant growth and development. They are synthesized primarily in root tips and transported upward through the xylem. Cytokinin biosynthesis involves the enzyme adenylate isopentenyltransferase, which catalyzes the first reaction. Cytokinins signal through a phosphorelay pathway involving histidine kinase receptors, Arabidopsis response regulators, and feedback loops to regulate gene expression and cellular responses. Cytokinins promote cell division, axillary bud outgrowth, seed development, delay senescence, and stimulate morphogenesis and shoot initiation.
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Gibberellins are tetracyclic diterpenoid plant hormones that were first discovered in Japan when investigating a fungus that caused abnormal growth in rice plants. There are currently 136 identified gibberellins derived from plants, fungi, and bacteria. Gibberellins promote stem elongation, seed germination, and flower induction. They are synthesized in the leaves and transported to other parts of the plant where they stimulate growth and developmental processes.
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Plant hormones are naturally occurring organic substances that affect physiological processes. There are five major groups of plant hormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene. In this presentation deals with Cytokinins with its biosynthesis, transport, pathways and physiological effects.
Biosynthesis, translocation, physiological role of cytokinins.pptx
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the presentation encompasses auxin synthesis, conjugation, degradation, polar and lateral transport and signalling and how all of these together have a bearing on programming and design of the whole plant
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This document discusses plant hormones called auxins. It describes auxins as organic substances produced in actively growing plant tissues that influence physiological processes even at low concentrations. The document outlines the discovery of auxins in 1881 and notes they are produced in plant tissues and influence processes like cell elongation, differentiation, ethylene production, root and lateral root formation, fruit development, leaf abscission, secondary growth, and phototropism and gravitropism. It also discusses how auxins are applied to plants based on factors like plant type, age, concentration, and application method.
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This document discusses gibberellins, a class of plant hormones. It was first discovered in 1928 by a Japanese scientist who observed rice plants infected by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi showed excessive stem elongation. There are over 70 known forms of gibberellins that regulate various plant developmental processes such as stem elongation, germination, flowering, and fruit development. Gibberellins are widely distributed in plants and are involved in many physiological roles including stem elongation, bolting, seed germination, breaking bud and tuber dormancy, parthenocarpy, and flowering.
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1. Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division. The first was discovered in 1955 and is called kinetin, derived from degraded herring sperm DNA.
2. Cytokinins are synthesized primarily in root apical meristems but also other growing tissues. They move up through the xylem while auxin moves down.
3. In Arabidopsis, cytokinin signaling involves receptors that phosphorylate histidine phosphotransfer proteins, leading to phosphorylation of ARR transcription factors and expression of genes causing cytokinin responses.
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1. Ethylene is a plant hormone that influences many aspects of plant growth and development. It plays an important role in fruit ripening.
2. Ethylene's effects on plants were observed as far back as ancient Egypt, China, and India, where smoke or burning materials were used to stimulate ripening.
3. Ethylene is produced by plants, bacteria, and fungi. It is involved in processes like stimulating seed germination, root and shoot growth, flowering, leaf and fruit drop, and fruit ripening.
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Auxin is the first plant hormone discovered. It is produced throughout the plant and regulates many growth processes. There are two main pathways for auxin (IAA) biosynthesis - tryptophan-dependent and tryptophan-independent. Auxin's mechanism of action involves binding to receptor proteins and promoting proton pumping, which acidifies the cell wall and activates expansin proteins, leading to cell wall loosening and elongation. The physiological effects of auxin include stimulating cell elongation, controlling apical dominance, initiating root formation, preventing abscission, and promoting callus growth and vascular differentiation.
Auxin
This document discusses plant hormones, specifically auxin. It describes early experiments that identified auxins and their role in phototropism. Auxins are synthesized through multiple pathways and their transport and distribution in plants is facilitated by polar transport. Auxins regulate many developmental processes by stimulating cell division and elongation. The majority of auxin in plants exists in a conjugated, inactive form and free auxin levels are regulated by biosynthesis, conjugation, and degradation pathways.
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Cytokinins
Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division. They were first discovered in 1913 and isolated in the 1950s. There are two main types - adenine-type and phenylurea-type. Cytokinins are produced in roots, fruits, young leaves and developing tissues, and move through xylem and phloem. They stimulate cell division, promote chloroplast maturation, stimulate bud growth, and delay senescence.
Cytokinins
Cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate plant growth and cell division. They were discovered in tobacco plant cultures where they induced cell division. Cytokinins are produced naturally as purine nucleotide derivatives and the most common is zeatin, discovered in corn. They promote cell division, delay senescence, stimulate bud break from dormancy, and influence morphogenesis and tissue differentiation. Cytokinins are synthesized in root tips and transported through xylem to meristematic tissues. The key enzyme adenosine phosphate-isopentenyl transferase catalyzes the first step of cytokinin biosynthesis.
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The biosynthesis of the main auxin in plants (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]) has been elucidated recently and is thought to involve the sequential conversion of Trp to indole-3-pyruvic acid to IAA. However, the pathway leading to a less well studied auxin, phenylacetic acid (PAA), remains unclear. Here, we present evidence from metabolism experiments that PAA is synthesized from the amino acid Phe, via phenylpyruvate. In pea (Pisum sativum), the reverse reaction, phenylpyruvate to Phe, is also demonstrated. However, despite similarities between the pathways leading to IAA and PAA, evidence from mutants in pea and maize (Zea mays) indicate that IAA biosynthetic enzymes are not the main enzymes for PAA biosynthesis. Instead, we identified a putative aromatic aminotransferase (PsArAT) from pea that may function in the PAA synthesis pathway.
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This document discusses gibberellins, a class of plant hormones. It was first discovered in 1928 by a Japanese scientist who observed rice plants infected by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi showed excessive stem elongation. There are over 70 known forms of gibberellins that regulate various plant developmental processes such as stem elongation, germination, flowering, and fruit development. Gibberellins are widely distributed in plants and are involved in many physiological roles including stem elongation, bolting, seed germination, breaking bud and tuber dormancy, parthenocarpy, and flowering.
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Gibberellins (GAs) are a class of plant hormones that affect several important processes such as seed germination, stem elongation, and flowering. Over 100 GAs have been identified in plants and fungi. GAs are synthesized through the mevalonic acid pathway and non-mevalonic acid pathway. Their biosynthesis involves multiple oxidation and hydroxylation steps. GA signaling involves perception by receptors, signal transduction through second messengers, and regulation of gene expression by transcription factors such as GAMyb. Mutations in GA biosynthesis, signaling, and response genes have helped elucidate the complex GA pathways and gene networks.
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3. In Arabidopsis, cytokinin signaling involves receptors that phosphorylate histidine phosphotransfer proteins, leading to phosphorylation of ARR transcription factors and expression of genes causing cytokinin responses.
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CYTOKININ Biosynthesis.pptx
- 1. CYTOKININ
- 2. Biosynthesis of Cytokinin • Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (Phytohormones) that promote cell division, in plant roots and shoots. • The first cytokinin (Kinetin) was isolated in 1955 by Miller • The first naturally occurring cytokinin (Zeatin) was isolated in 1961 by Miller.. • All cytokinins have a basic Adenine ring structure There are two types of Cytokinins: Adenine type cytokinin (Kinetin, Zeatin and BAP) and phenylurea type cytokinins (TDZ)
- 3. Functions of Cytokinin • Induce cell division in presence of Auxin • Delay senescence of leaves • Promote the movement of nutrients • Promote chloroplast development • Promote cell expansion in leaves • Regulate growth of stems and roots
- 4. Biosynthesis of Cytokins • An enzyme that synthesise cytokinin is called – Isopentenyl – pyrophosphate : AMP transferase or cytokinin synthase • Isopentenyl group of IPP transferred to the AMP with the help of prenyl transferase • The product of this reaction is Isopentenyl adenine ribotide • And is readily converted to Zeatin and other cytokinins
- 5. Cytokinin Biosynthesis • Cytokinins can also be produced by recycled tRNAs in plants and bacteria • tRNAs with anticodons that start with a uridine and carrying an already prenylated adenosine adjacent to the anticodon release on degradation the adenosine as a cytokinin • The prenylation of these adenines is carried out by tRNA- isopentenyltransferase.
- 6. Biosynthesis of cytokinin • Adenosine phosphate-isopentenyl transferase (IPT) catalyzes the first reaction in the biosynthesis of isoprene cytokinins. • It may use ATP,ADP, or AMP as substrates and may use Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) or Hydroxy methyl butenyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) as prenyl donors. • This reaction is the rate-limiting step in cytokinin biosynthesis. • DMADP and HMBDP used in cytokinin biosynthesis are produced by the methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP)
- 7. In Plants and bacteria • Cytokinins can also be produced by recycled tRNAs in plants and bacteria • tRNAs with anticodons that start with a uridine and carrying an already-prenylated adenosine adjacent to the anticodon release on degradation the adenosine as a cytokinin • The prenylation of these adenines is carriedout by tRNA- isopentenyltransferase • Auxin is known to regulate the biosynthesis of cytokinin.
- 8. Synthesis of ABA • https://www.slideshare.net/MandeepSaini45/abscisic-acid- 146268515?qid=5890a752-5e49-49e7-a44a- 90a1cbacd691&v=&b=&from_search=10 • Dt. 22-12-2022 • Abs: 12 and 13
- 9. • Thank you,