This document provides an overview of cysts of the oral facial region, including:
- Definitions of cysts and their growth mechanisms.
- Classification systems based on location, pathogenesis, cell type, epithelial tissues. The main types discussed are radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, and keratocysts.
- Clinical features such as swelling, tooth displacement, pain, and effects on bone. Diagnosis involves radiographic and microscopic examination of cyst contents.
- Management typically involves enucleation or marsupialization. Additional techniques like cryosurgery are used for keratocysts due to their high recurrence rate.
The document discusses cysts of the jaws, including definitions, classifications, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- Cysts are epithelial or non-epithelial lined pathological cavities filled with fluid or semi-fluid. The jaws are a common site.
- Cysts are classified based on origin (odontogenic vs non-odontogenic), lining (epithelial vs non-epithelial), and other factors.
- Diagnosis involves clinical exam, radiography, aspiration of cyst fluid, and biopsy. Radiographs show a radiolucent area with defined borders.
- Treatment aims to remove the cyst lining and prevent recurrence. Common procedures include en
The document summarizes information about periapical cysts, also known as radicular cysts or apical cysts. It defines a periapical cyst as an odontogenic cyst derived from cell rests of Malassez that proliferate in response to inflammation from pulpal necrosis. Periapical cysts typically present as round radiolucencies associated with the apex of a non-vital tooth. Histologically, they contain a lumen lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue wall. Treatment involves extraction of the involved tooth along with cyst enucleation or marsupialization.
1 intro to cyst, classification & pathophysiologyvasanramkumar
This document provides an introduction to cyst classification and physiology. It defines cysts and outlines the World Health Organization's classification system for cysts, dividing them into epithelial cysts such as odontogenic and non-odontogenic cysts, and non-epithelial cysts. The document discusses the pathogenesis, initiation, and enlargement of cysts. It also covers the clinical diagnostic features, investigations including radiographic examinations and aspiration, and incidence of various cysts in different parts of the dental arch.
This seminar consists of various cysts seen in the oral cavity alonh with various classifications and added case repots for better understanding and the various treatment protocols followed for treating various cysts.
4. cyst & cystlike lesion of the jaw (2) (1)qamar olabi
This document provides information on various cysts and tumors that affect the jaw bones. It begins with an introduction and outlines the topics to be covered, including odontogenic cysts, non-odontogenic cysts, and cyst-like lesions. Specific cysts discussed in detail include radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumors, calcifying odontogenic cysts, nasopalatine duct cysts, dermoid cysts, and simple bone cysts. For each cyst, the document provides information on pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, and sometimes treatment.
Radicular cysts are odontogenic cysts that form from cell rests of Malassez in response to inflammation from pulp necrosis. They are commonly found in the maxillary anterior and posterior regions in people aged 20-60 years old. Radicular cysts appear radiolucent on x-rays and are associated with non-vital teeth. Treatment involves root canal therapy or extraction of the offending tooth along with surgical removal of the cyst.
This document discusses various cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It begins by defining cysts and discussing their classification. It then focuses on specific types of cysts including dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts (also called primordial cysts), and Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, which is characterized by multiple odontogenic keratocysts. For each cyst type, the document discusses epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathology, treatment and other relevant details. It provides an in-depth overview of cysts that can develop in the jaw bones and soft tissues of the oral cavity and face.
This document discusses cysts of the jaw, beginning with definitions and classifications. It describes Shear's classification system for cysts, as well as the WHO 1992 classification system, which categorizes cysts as epithelial, non-epithelial, odontogenic, non-odontogenic, and soft tissue cysts. The pathogenesis section explains the processes of cyst initiation, formation, and enlargement, which involves cell proliferation, increased fluid volume and pressure, and bone resorption. Signs and symptoms include pain, swelling, tooth displacement, and pathological bone changes visible on radiographs.
The document discusses cysts of the jaws, including definitions, classifications, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- Cysts are epithelial or non-epithelial lined pathological cavities filled with fluid or semi-fluid. The jaws are a common site.
- Cysts are classified based on origin (odontogenic vs non-odontogenic), lining (epithelial vs non-epithelial), and other factors.
- Diagnosis involves clinical exam, radiography, aspiration of cyst fluid, and biopsy. Radiographs show a radiolucent area with defined borders.
- Treatment aims to remove the cyst lining and prevent recurrence. Common procedures include en
The document summarizes information about periapical cysts, also known as radicular cysts or apical cysts. It defines a periapical cyst as an odontogenic cyst derived from cell rests of Malassez that proliferate in response to inflammation from pulpal necrosis. Periapical cysts typically present as round radiolucencies associated with the apex of a non-vital tooth. Histologically, they contain a lumen lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue wall. Treatment involves extraction of the involved tooth along with cyst enucleation or marsupialization.
1 intro to cyst, classification & pathophysiologyvasanramkumar
This document provides an introduction to cyst classification and physiology. It defines cysts and outlines the World Health Organization's classification system for cysts, dividing them into epithelial cysts such as odontogenic and non-odontogenic cysts, and non-epithelial cysts. The document discusses the pathogenesis, initiation, and enlargement of cysts. It also covers the clinical diagnostic features, investigations including radiographic examinations and aspiration, and incidence of various cysts in different parts of the dental arch.
This seminar consists of various cysts seen in the oral cavity alonh with various classifications and added case repots for better understanding and the various treatment protocols followed for treating various cysts.
4. cyst & cystlike lesion of the jaw (2) (1)qamar olabi
This document provides information on various cysts and tumors that affect the jaw bones. It begins with an introduction and outlines the topics to be covered, including odontogenic cysts, non-odontogenic cysts, and cyst-like lesions. Specific cysts discussed in detail include radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, keratocystic odontogenic tumors, calcifying odontogenic cysts, nasopalatine duct cysts, dermoid cysts, and simple bone cysts. For each cyst, the document provides information on pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic features, and sometimes treatment.
Radicular cysts are odontogenic cysts that form from cell rests of Malassez in response to inflammation from pulp necrosis. They are commonly found in the maxillary anterior and posterior regions in people aged 20-60 years old. Radicular cysts appear radiolucent on x-rays and are associated with non-vital teeth. Treatment involves root canal therapy or extraction of the offending tooth along with surgical removal of the cyst.
This document discusses various cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It begins by defining cysts and discussing their classification. It then focuses on specific types of cysts including dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts (also called primordial cysts), and Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, which is characterized by multiple odontogenic keratocysts. For each cyst type, the document discusses epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathology, treatment and other relevant details. It provides an in-depth overview of cysts that can develop in the jaw bones and soft tissues of the oral cavity and face.
This document discusses cysts of the jaw, beginning with definitions and classifications. It describes Shear's classification system for cysts, as well as the WHO 1992 classification system, which categorizes cysts as epithelial, non-epithelial, odontogenic, non-odontogenic, and soft tissue cysts. The pathogenesis section explains the processes of cyst initiation, formation, and enlargement, which involves cell proliferation, increased fluid volume and pressure, and bone resorption. Signs and symptoms include pain, swelling, tooth displacement, and pathological bone changes visible on radiographs.
DENTIGEROUS CYST- an odontogenic cyst that surrounds the crown of impacted tooth , develops by fluid accumulation between REE(reduced enamel epithelium) and the enamel surface , resulting in a cyst which the crown located within the lumen.
cysts of oral and maxillofacial region.pdfasishkp1
The document discusses various cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It begins by defining cysts and describing their general characteristics such as being fluid-filled cavities lined by epithelium and growing slowly by expansion. It then describes different types of cysts including true cysts lined by epithelium and pseudo cysts not lined by epithelium. The document further classifies cysts based on their location, discusses their pathogenesis, and provides details on specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, eruption cysts, and lateral periodontal cysts including their definitions, clinical features, radiographic appearances, histology, and complications.
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It defines cysts and classifies them based on their origin and location. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance and histology of specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts. Dentigerous cysts are defined as cysts originating from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. Odontogenic keratocysts are distinctive cysts that arise from cell rests of the dental lamina and have more aggressive behavior than other cysts. Complications of cysts include recurrence, development of
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It defines cysts and classifies them based on their origin and location. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance and histology of specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts. Dentigerous cysts are defined as cysts originating from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. Odontogenic keratocysts are distinctive cysts that arise from cell rests of the dental lamina and have more aggressive behavior than other cysts. Complications of cysts include recurrence, development of
This document discusses various developmental cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It provides details on the location, cause, clinical features, radiographic features, histological features, treatment and prognosis for different cysts such as palatal cyst of newborn, nasolabial cyst, globullomaxillary cyst, nasopalatine duct cyst, median palatal cyst, median mandibular cyst, epidermoid cyst, dermoid cyst, thyroglossal duct cyst, branchial cleft cyst, and oral lymphoepithelial cyst.
This document discusses and classifies various cysts of the jaws and neck. It describes 9 main odontogenic cysts including radicular, lateral periodontal, dentigerous, and calcifying odontogenic cysts. It also discusses non-odontogenic cysts such as nasolabial and nasopalatine canal cysts as well as pseudocysts like aneurysmal bone cyst and traumatic bone cyst. Finally, it summarizes 3 main soft tissue cysts of the neck - branchial, dermoid, and thyroglossal tract cysts.
The document discusses several types of non-odontogenic cysts that develop in the oral cavity. It describes nasopalatine duct cysts, which originate from remnants of the nasopalatine duct in the maxilla. These cysts typically appear as well-defined radiolucencies between the central incisors. Median palatal cysts and globulomaxillary cysts are also discussed, which develop from epithelial remnants during fusion of facial processes. Palatal cysts of newborns are extraosseous cysts that commonly appear on the hard palate of infants.
This document defines and classifies different types of cysts that can occur in the oral cavity. It discusses epithelial cysts, which make up over 50% of oral cysts and includes radicular, dentigerous, and odontogenic keratocysts. Nonepithelial cysts are also mentioned. Specific cysts like paradental, nasopalatine, and solitary bone cysts are defined. Treatment options for jaw cysts include enucleation, marsupialization, a combination of both, and enucleation with curettage.
DENTIGEROUS CYST WITH EMPHASIS ON ITS COMPLICATIONSkrishnamohan407
This document discusses dentigerous cysts, including their definition, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiological features, histological features, investigations, treatments, and potential complications. Some key points:
- Dentigerous cysts are developmental odontogenic cysts that occur in association with an unerupted tooth. Fluid accumulates between the reduced enamel epithelium and enamel surface.
- Clinically they usually present in young adults as painless swellings near the mandibular third molar or maxillary canine/third molar areas. Radiologically they appear as well-defined radiolucencies surrounding the crown of an unerupted tooth.
- Histologically the cyst
Non odontogenic cyst and pseudo cyst of the jaw- seminar 2- ORIGINAL.pptxReshmaAmmu11
This document summarizes and classifies different types of cysts. It begins by defining a cyst and outlining the stages of cyst formation. It then separates cysts into two main categories: odontogenic cysts, which are derived from tooth germ remnants, and non-odontogenic cysts, which arise from epithelial remnants of embryonic structures. Several examples of developmental, inflammatory, and miscellaneous cysts are provided within each category. Specific cysts like the nasopalatine duct cyst, median palatal cyst, and antral pseudocyst are then discussed in more detail, covering their clinical features, histology, treatment and differential diagnosis.
This document discusses various types of soft tissue calcification that can occur in the oral and facial regions. It describes dystrophic calcification, idiopathic calcification, and metastatic calcification. Specific examples covered include general dystrophic calcification, calcified lymph nodes, tonsilloliths, cysticercosis, and arterial calcification. The clinical features, radiographic appearance, and management are summarized for each condition.
An overview of various pathological processes affecting the Jaw Bones- Maxilla and Mandible including odontogenic cysts and tumours including their radiological findings!
1) Cysts are pathological cavities that can form in hard or soft tissues and may contain fluid, semisolid, or gaseous material.
2) Cysts are generally classified as intraosseous or soft tissue cysts, and epithelial or non-epithelial cysts.
3) Common intraosseous cysts include odontogenic cysts like dentigerous and radicular cysts arising from dental tissues, and non-odontogenic cysts such as nasopalatine duct cysts arising from other epithelial tissues.
This document provides information on various types of cysts that can occur in the oral cavity. It defines cysts and discusses their parts and classification. It describes the pathogenesis and factors involved in cyst initiation and enlargement. It then examines several specific cysts in more detail, including their definitions, locations, clinical and radiographic features, pathogenesis and complications. The cysts discussed include dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, eruption cysts, calcifying odontogenic cysts, nasopalatine duct cysts and nasolabial cysts. Frequency data on common cyst types is also presented.
This document discusses dentigerous cysts, including their definition, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiological features, histological features, investigation, treatment, and potential complications. A dentigerous cyst is an odontogenic cyst that forms around the crown of an unerupted tooth due to fluid accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and enamel surface. Clinically, they usually appear as asymptomatic swellings but can cause expansion of the bone. Radiographically, they appear as well-defined radiolucencies that surround the crown of an unerupted tooth. Treatment involves surgical removal of the cyst lining either through enucleation or marsupialization along with removal of the associated tooth. Complications can include
Cysts in orofacial regions were discussed. Key points include:
1. Cysts are pathological cavities lined by epithelium and filled with fluid/semi-solid material. Common types are odontogenic cysts like dentigerous and keratocysts.
2. Dentigerous cysts form between reduced enamel epithelium and tooth crown, associated with unerupted teeth. Keratocysts have high recurrence rates due to thin fragile lining.
3. Treatment options are marsupialization to shrink large cysts, and enucleation to remove the cyst lining along with the associated tooth/teeth.
The document provides information about dentigerous cysts, including their definition, characteristics, and pathogenesis. Some key points:
- Dentigerous cysts originate from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. They enclose the crown and are attached to the cementoenamel junction.
- They most commonly occur in males in the first to third decades of life, associated with mandibular third molars or maxillary canines. Large cysts can cause bone expansion and displacement of teeth.
- Radiographically, they appear as well-defined radiolucencies surrounding the crown of an impacted tooth. Histologically, the lining is non-
This document defines periodontics as the branch of dentistry concerned with diseases of the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. It describes the periodontium, which includes the gingiva, periodontal ligaments, cementum, and alveolar bone that surround and support teeth. Dental plaque and calculus are discussed as causes of gum disease like gingivitis and periodontitis. Treatment modalities for various periodontal diseases like scaling and root planing, surgery, and antibiotics are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of fibro-osseous lesions, specifically fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma. It begins with the normal anatomy of bone and then discusses the classification, definition, etiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment of fibrous dysplasia. It notes that fibrous dysplasia is caused by a mutation and can present as monostotic or polyostotic forms. The document then discusses the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, histological features, radiological features, treatment and prognosis of ossifying fibroma. It notes that ossifying fibroma is a benign bone tumor most common in females involving the mandible. The document also provides a
DENTIGEROUS CYST- an odontogenic cyst that surrounds the crown of impacted tooth , develops by fluid accumulation between REE(reduced enamel epithelium) and the enamel surface , resulting in a cyst which the crown located within the lumen.
cysts of oral and maxillofacial region.pdfasishkp1
The document discusses various cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It begins by defining cysts and describing their general characteristics such as being fluid-filled cavities lined by epithelium and growing slowly by expansion. It then describes different types of cysts including true cysts lined by epithelium and pseudo cysts not lined by epithelium. The document further classifies cysts based on their location, discusses their pathogenesis, and provides details on specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, eruption cysts, and lateral periodontal cysts including their definitions, clinical features, radiographic appearances, histology, and complications.
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It defines cysts and classifies them based on their origin and location. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance and histology of specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts. Dentigerous cysts are defined as cysts originating from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. Odontogenic keratocysts are distinctive cysts that arise from cell rests of the dental lamina and have more aggressive behavior than other cysts. Complications of cysts include recurrence, development of
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It defines cysts and classifies them based on their origin and location. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance and histology of specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts. Dentigerous cysts are defined as cysts originating from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. Odontogenic keratocysts are distinctive cysts that arise from cell rests of the dental lamina and have more aggressive behavior than other cysts. Complications of cysts include recurrence, development of
This document discusses various developmental cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It provides details on the location, cause, clinical features, radiographic features, histological features, treatment and prognosis for different cysts such as palatal cyst of newborn, nasolabial cyst, globullomaxillary cyst, nasopalatine duct cyst, median palatal cyst, median mandibular cyst, epidermoid cyst, dermoid cyst, thyroglossal duct cyst, branchial cleft cyst, and oral lymphoepithelial cyst.
This document discusses and classifies various cysts of the jaws and neck. It describes 9 main odontogenic cysts including radicular, lateral periodontal, dentigerous, and calcifying odontogenic cysts. It also discusses non-odontogenic cysts such as nasolabial and nasopalatine canal cysts as well as pseudocysts like aneurysmal bone cyst and traumatic bone cyst. Finally, it summarizes 3 main soft tissue cysts of the neck - branchial, dermoid, and thyroglossal tract cysts.
The document discusses several types of non-odontogenic cysts that develop in the oral cavity. It describes nasopalatine duct cysts, which originate from remnants of the nasopalatine duct in the maxilla. These cysts typically appear as well-defined radiolucencies between the central incisors. Median palatal cysts and globulomaxillary cysts are also discussed, which develop from epithelial remnants during fusion of facial processes. Palatal cysts of newborns are extraosseous cysts that commonly appear on the hard palate of infants.
This document defines and classifies different types of cysts that can occur in the oral cavity. It discusses epithelial cysts, which make up over 50% of oral cysts and includes radicular, dentigerous, and odontogenic keratocysts. Nonepithelial cysts are also mentioned. Specific cysts like paradental, nasopalatine, and solitary bone cysts are defined. Treatment options for jaw cysts include enucleation, marsupialization, a combination of both, and enucleation with curettage.
DENTIGEROUS CYST WITH EMPHASIS ON ITS COMPLICATIONSkrishnamohan407
This document discusses dentigerous cysts, including their definition, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiological features, histological features, investigations, treatments, and potential complications. Some key points:
- Dentigerous cysts are developmental odontogenic cysts that occur in association with an unerupted tooth. Fluid accumulates between the reduced enamel epithelium and enamel surface.
- Clinically they usually present in young adults as painless swellings near the mandibular third molar or maxillary canine/third molar areas. Radiologically they appear as well-defined radiolucencies surrounding the crown of an unerupted tooth.
- Histologically the cyst
Non odontogenic cyst and pseudo cyst of the jaw- seminar 2- ORIGINAL.pptxReshmaAmmu11
This document summarizes and classifies different types of cysts. It begins by defining a cyst and outlining the stages of cyst formation. It then separates cysts into two main categories: odontogenic cysts, which are derived from tooth germ remnants, and non-odontogenic cysts, which arise from epithelial remnants of embryonic structures. Several examples of developmental, inflammatory, and miscellaneous cysts are provided within each category. Specific cysts like the nasopalatine duct cyst, median palatal cyst, and antral pseudocyst are then discussed in more detail, covering their clinical features, histology, treatment and differential diagnosis.
This document discusses various types of soft tissue calcification that can occur in the oral and facial regions. It describes dystrophic calcification, idiopathic calcification, and metastatic calcification. Specific examples covered include general dystrophic calcification, calcified lymph nodes, tonsilloliths, cysticercosis, and arterial calcification. The clinical features, radiographic appearance, and management are summarized for each condition.
An overview of various pathological processes affecting the Jaw Bones- Maxilla and Mandible including odontogenic cysts and tumours including their radiological findings!
1) Cysts are pathological cavities that can form in hard or soft tissues and may contain fluid, semisolid, or gaseous material.
2) Cysts are generally classified as intraosseous or soft tissue cysts, and epithelial or non-epithelial cysts.
3) Common intraosseous cysts include odontogenic cysts like dentigerous and radicular cysts arising from dental tissues, and non-odontogenic cysts such as nasopalatine duct cysts arising from other epithelial tissues.
This document provides information on various types of cysts that can occur in the oral cavity. It defines cysts and discusses their parts and classification. It describes the pathogenesis and factors involved in cyst initiation and enlargement. It then examines several specific cysts in more detail, including their definitions, locations, clinical and radiographic features, pathogenesis and complications. The cysts discussed include dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, eruption cysts, calcifying odontogenic cysts, nasopalatine duct cysts and nasolabial cysts. Frequency data on common cyst types is also presented.
This document discusses dentigerous cysts, including their definition, pathogenesis, clinical features, radiological features, histological features, investigation, treatment, and potential complications. A dentigerous cyst is an odontogenic cyst that forms around the crown of an unerupted tooth due to fluid accumulation between the reduced enamel epithelium and enamel surface. Clinically, they usually appear as asymptomatic swellings but can cause expansion of the bone. Radiographically, they appear as well-defined radiolucencies that surround the crown of an unerupted tooth. Treatment involves surgical removal of the cyst lining either through enucleation or marsupialization along with removal of the associated tooth. Complications can include
Cysts in orofacial regions were discussed. Key points include:
1. Cysts are pathological cavities lined by epithelium and filled with fluid/semi-solid material. Common types are odontogenic cysts like dentigerous and keratocysts.
2. Dentigerous cysts form between reduced enamel epithelium and tooth crown, associated with unerupted teeth. Keratocysts have high recurrence rates due to thin fragile lining.
3. Treatment options are marsupialization to shrink large cysts, and enucleation to remove the cyst lining along with the associated tooth/teeth.
The document provides information about dentigerous cysts, including their definition, characteristics, and pathogenesis. Some key points:
- Dentigerous cysts originate from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. They enclose the crown and are attached to the cementoenamel junction.
- They most commonly occur in males in the first to third decades of life, associated with mandibular third molars or maxillary canines. Large cysts can cause bone expansion and displacement of teeth.
- Radiographically, they appear as well-defined radiolucencies surrounding the crown of an impacted tooth. Histologically, the lining is non-
Similar to CYSTS OF THE ORAL FACIAL REGION.pptx (20)
This document defines periodontics as the branch of dentistry concerned with diseases of the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. It describes the periodontium, which includes the gingiva, periodontal ligaments, cementum, and alveolar bone that surround and support teeth. Dental plaque and calculus are discussed as causes of gum disease like gingivitis and periodontitis. Treatment modalities for various periodontal diseases like scaling and root planing, surgery, and antibiotics are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of fibro-osseous lesions, specifically fibrous dysplasia and ossifying fibroma. It begins with the normal anatomy of bone and then discusses the classification, definition, etiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment of fibrous dysplasia. It notes that fibrous dysplasia is caused by a mutation and can present as monostotic or polyostotic forms. The document then discusses the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, histological features, radiological features, treatment and prognosis of ossifying fibroma. It notes that ossifying fibroma is a benign bone tumor most common in females involving the mandible. The document also provides a
Fibrous dysplasia is a benign skeletal developmental anomaly characterized by the replacement of normal bone by fibrous connective tissue and immature bone. It can involve single bones (monostotic) or multiple bones (polyostotic). The presentation and severity depends on whether one or multiple bones are involved. Diagnosis is made based on clinical features, radiological imaging showing characteristic appearances, and histological examination of biopsied tissue. Treatment involves conservative measures, bisphosphonates, and surgery to correct deformities or prevent fractures. Prognosis is generally good though malignant transformation is a risk, especially in radiated areas.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to form urine and regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, the functional filtering units, composed of a glomerulus and tubule. Urine drains from the kidneys through ureters into the bladder, then exits through the urethra. The bladder stores urine and is lined by transitional epithelium.
The document discusses blood cells and hematopoiesis. It describes the three main blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It details their production rates, lifespans, and the process of hematopoiesis where they are formed in the bone marrow. The document also discusses erythropoiesis, the formation of red blood cells, and the factors that regulate and influence red blood cell production including erythropoietin and iron metabolism. It concludes by covering red blood cell properties and functions, as well as causes and types of anemia.
The document discusses bone tumours and tumour-like conditions. It provides an overview of common bone tumours seen in Zambia, including osteosarcoma, giant cell tumour, and osteoid osteoma. For each tumour, the document outlines characteristics such as incidence, clinical presentation, radiological features, pathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment principles. The goals are to classify bone tumours, describe features of benign and malignant conditions, review common tumours in Zambia, and discuss management approaches.
Blood is a fluid composed of plasma and cells that circulates through the body. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. The three main types of cells suspended in plasma are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. WBCs help defend the body against infection. Platelets help blood clot. Blood performs functions like transport, defense, regulation, and protection. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste. Blood also helps maintain pH, temperature, coagulation, and immunity.
[final] - TB DIAGNOSIS ECHO - 20TH MARCH 2023.pptxAngetileKasanga
Xpert MTB/RIF and TrueNat can rapidly and accurately diagnose TB and rifampicin resistance from sputum samples. LF-LAM has limited use for diagnosing TB in people living with HIV who have low CD4 counts or are seriously ill. While various diagnostic tools are available, quality sputum samples and proper testing procedures are essential for effective TB case detection and treatment.
This document discusses anaemia in pregnancy, defining it as hemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL in the first trimester, 10.5 in the second and third trimesters, and 10 immediately postpartum. It describes the main causes of anaemia in pregnancy as haemodilution and increased iron requirements for fetal growth. Management depends on severity, cause, and gestational age, and may include oral or intravenous iron supplementation, blood transfusions, or treating underlying causes like malaria. The complications of anaemia in pregnancy include increased risks of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.
The document provides guidance on interpreting arterial blood gases and venous blood gases. It discusses when they are indicated, how to systematically approach interpretation, and what pathology can cause abnormalities. Key pieces of information extracted include normal ranges for pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3, and other values. The document outlines the steps to take in interpretation, including evaluating for metabolic vs respiratory causes of acid-base disturbances and looking for evidence of compensation. Common acidosis and alkalosis etiologies are reviewed along with examples of interpreting actual patient blood gas results.
1. The document discusses programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), specifically multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB).
2. MDR-TB is defined as TB resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin, with or without resistance to other drugs. It poses a significant problem as patients who fail treatment have a high risk of death.
3. The epidemiology of MDR-TB in Zambia is described, noting about 1,500 cases annually. Risk factors for development of MDR-TB include poor compliance, physician error, lack of drugs, and failures in TB control programs.
Pneumonia is an acute lung infection that can affect the alveoli and interstitial tissue in different patterns. It is commonly caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and viruses. Risk factors include smoking, age, diseases like COPD, and immunosuppression. Symptoms include fever, cough, difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves tests like CXR, sputum culture, blood tests. Treatment depends on severity and includes oxygen, fluids, and antibiotics chosen based on location and patient factors. Complications can include empyema, abscesses, and respiratory failure.
This document summarizes various issues related to early pregnancy problems and abortion. It defines abortion and discusses causes of early pregnancy loss such as chromosomal abnormalities. It also describes features and management of different types of abortion including threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, missed, anembryonic, and septic abortion. Recurrent miscarriage is discussed as well as causes and methods of induced abortion. The legal context of abortion in Zambia is provided.
This document provides an overview of assisted vaginal deliveries presented by Dr. Kabelenga. It defines assisted vaginal delivery as using vacuum extraction or forceps to help with vaginal birth. Vacuum extraction uses suction cups applied to the fetal head, while forceps use curved blades to grasp the head. Both have indications such as dystocia and fetal distress. Prerequisites for their use include engagement and cervical dilation. Complications can include birth canal trauma or fetal scalp injuries. The document compares vacuum extraction and forceps, noting advantages of each technique.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease where the body is unable to properly control blood glucose levels, leading to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). There are two main types: type 1 diabetes results from an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas causing absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and sometimes relative insulin deficiency, associated with obesity. Long-term complications of high blood sugar include damage to nerves, kidneys, eyes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes affects over 425 million people worldwide and is on the rise due to increasing obesity rates.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
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help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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1. CYSTS OF THE ORALFACIAL
REGION
BY
DR. Kabwe J. KAMINA:
S.C.O.M.F.S
2. DEFINITION OF A CYST OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION
AN ABNORMAL CAVITY IN HARD OR SOFT
TISSUE WHICH CONTAINS FLUID OR SEMIFLUID
OR GAS AND IS OFTEN ENCAPSULATED AND
LINED BY EPITHELIUM (Killey & Kay 1966)
CYST IS A PATHOLOGICAL CAVITY HAVING FLUID,
SEMI-FLUID OR GASEOUS CONTENTS THAT ARE
NOT CREATED BY ACCUMULATED PUS,
FREQUENTLY BUT NOT ALWAYS IS LINED BY
EPITHELIUM (Kramer 1974)
3. GROWTH MECHANISM OF CYSTS OF
THE ORALFACIAL REGION
1. Epithelial Proliferation: Epithelial proliferation (the
central cell degeneration in a proliferating mass of
epithelial cells sets up an osmotic pressure
gradient and causes prostaglandin release. This
promotes fluid accumulation)
2. Internal Hydraulic Pressure: Death and
degeneration of granulation tissue and a similar
progression.
3. Bone Resorption
-
4. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION
CYST CAN BE CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF
1. LOCATION
- Jaw
- Maxillary sinus
- Soft tissue of face and neck
2. PATHOGENESIS
- Developmental
- Inflammatory
5. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION CONT’D
3. CELL TYPE
- Epithelial
- Non- epithelial
4. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
- Odontogenic ( Debris of mallassez, Reduced
enamel epithelium & Dental lamina)
- Non- odontogenic
6. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION CONT’D
1. WHO CLASSIFICATION:
A) DEVELOPMENTAL
A1) Developmental odontogenic
- Primordial (Kerato) cyst
- Gingival cyst
- Eruption cyst
- Dentigerous cyst
7. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION CONT’D
A2) Developmental non- odontogenic:
- Nasopalatine duct ( incisive canal) cyst
- Globulomaxillary cyst
- Nasolabial (Naso alveolar ) cyst
B) INFLAMMATORY
- Radicular cyst (Apical & Lateral)
- Residual cyst
- Paradental cyst
8. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORAL FACIAL REGION CONT’D
2. SHEAR’S CLASSIFICATION:
- Location of the cyst:
1. CYST OF THE JAW
2. CYST ASSOCIATED WITH MAXILLARY
ANTRUM
3. CYSTS OF THE SOFT TISSUES OF THE FACE,
NECK & MOUTH
9. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION CONT’D
1. CYSTS OF THE JAW
1) ODONTOGENIC
1A1) EPITHELIAL
1A11) ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIAL
DEVELOPMENTAL
- Primordial cyst, Dentigerous cyst
- Gingival cyst of infants, Eruption cyst
- Gingival cyst of Adults, Calcifying odontogenic
cyst
- Lateral periodontal cyst
10. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION CONT’D
1B12) ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIAL
INFLAMMATORY.
- Radicular cyst
- Residual cyst
- Inflammatory collateral cyst
- Paradental cyst
11. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION CONT’D
1B) ODONTOGENIC NON- EPITHELIAL:
- Simple bone cyst (traumatic, solitary &
haemorrhagic)
- Aneurysmal cyst
2) NON – ODONTOGENIC CYST
- Nasopalatine cyst, Median palatine cyst, Median
alveolar cyst, Nasolabial cyst, Globulomaxillary
cyst, Median mandibular cyst.
12. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION CONT’D
2. CYSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAXILLARY
ANTRUM.
- Begnin mucosal cysts
- Surgical ciliated cyst of the maxilla
3. CYSTS OF THE SOFT TISSUES OF THE FACE,
NECK & MOUTH
- Dermoid & Epidermoid cysts
- Branchial cleft cyst ( lympho- epithelial cyst)
- Thyroglossal duct cyst
13. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION CONT’D
- Oral cyst with gastro intestinal epithelium
- Anterior median lingual cyst
- Cystic hygroma
- Cysts of the salivary glands
- Parasitic cysts ( Hydatid cyst, cysticeous
cellulosae)
14. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION CONT’D
3. SHAFER’S CLASSIFICATION
1. Primordial cyst
2. Dentigerous cyst & Eruption cyst
3. Periodontal cyst
a) Apical Periodontal cyst
b) Lateral Periodontal cyst
4. Gingival cyst
- Gingival cyst of newborn (Dental lamina cyst)
- Gingival cyst of Adult
15. CLASSIFICATION OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION CONT’D
5. Odontogenic Kerato cyst (Jaw cyst, Basal cell
nevus & Bifid rib syndrome).
6. Calcifying odontogenic cyst
16. GENERAL CLINICAL FEATURES OF
CYSTS OF THE ORALFACIAL REGION
SWELLING.
DISPLACEMENT OR LOOSENING OF TEETH
PAIN (IF INFECTED)
MOST IMPORTANT CLINICAL SIGN IS
EXPANSION OF BONE (In some instances this
may result in an eggshell – like layer of
periosteal new bone overlying the cyst. This
can break on palpation giving rise to the
clinical sign of Eggshell Cracking.
17. GENERAL CLINICAL FEACTURES OF
CYSTS OF THE ORALFACIAL REGION
CONT’D
Fluctuation is elicited by palpation in cysts
laying in soft tissue or has perforated the
overlying bone. If the cyst becomes infected
the clinical presentation is that of an abscess
with pain syndrome
18. GENERAL RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION SIGNS OF CYSTS
- Well Defined Margins: peripheral cortication
(radio-opaque margin) is usual except in
solitary bone cysts. Scalloped margins are
seen in larger lesions. Infection of a cyst tends
to cause loss of well defined margin.
- SHAPE: most have round shape. However,
Keratocyst and solitary bone cysts have a
tendency to grow through the medullary bone
rather than expand the jaw.
19. GENERAL RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION SIGNS OF CYSTS
CONT’D
- LOCULARITY: True locularity (multiple cavities) is
seen occasionally in odontogenic keratocysts.
However, larger cysts of most types may have
multilocular appearance because of ridges in the
bony wall
- EFFECTS UPON ADJACENT STRUCTURES:
Displacement. Roots of teeth may be resorbed
and perforation of the cortical plates at various
point may occur
21. MANAGEMENT OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION
Cysts are essentially treated in two ways:
• Enucleation and primary closure:
- If technically possible this is the operation of
choice
- The whole cyst with its lining is removed
- The resulting cavity is curetted out of any soft
tissue remnants followed by primary closure
22. MANAGEMENT OF CYSTS OF THE
ORALFACIAL REGION CONT’D
• Marsupialisation:
- Applicable in larger cysts and in locations
where there are vital organs/structures
- An opening in the cyst is made so that the
contents drain out and the lining epithelium is
exposed to the mouth
- Has the disadvantages of slow healing,
multiple visits/ reviews of the patient and a
second operation
23. RADICULAR CYSTS
- Synonyms: Dental cyst, Periapical cyst or Apical
cyst.
- The most common
- Tooth responsible for the formation may be
extracted but cyst remains and may well increase
in size subsequent to the extraction – Residual
cyst.
- Develops when epithelial debris of mallassez in a
granuloma at the apex of a non-vital tooth is
stimulated to proliferate.
24. RADICULAR CYSTS CONT’D
- The epithelium forms a ball of mass of cells
which may break down centrally, perhaps due
to lack of nutrients to form a liquefied central
area
- Alternatively the epithelium cells may form
strands and sheets that encompass part of the
granuloma with a similar resulting breakdown
of the enclosed granulomatous content to
form a fluid centre of the cyst
25. RADICULAR CYSTS CONT’D
- This leads to the formation of a
semipermeable lining to the cyst content that
allows fluids to enter the lumen by osmosis
and lead to its gradual enlargement (cyst
degeneration)
26. CLINICAL FEATURES OF RADICULAR
CYSTS
Contained within the alveolar bone around
the apex of a non-vital tooth. A this stage the
bone increases its density peripherally around
the lesion. This is possible because of its slow
rate of growth.
As the cyst grows, there is bone expansion
more evident on the buccal than on the
lingual or palatal aspect.
27. CLINICAL FEATURES OF RADICULAR
CYST CONT’D
The cyst continues to expand and eventually
erodes through the ever-thinning bone buccal
covering until it presents as a soft fluctuant
swelling in the sulcus which often appears
slightly blue in colour.
When the overlying expanded bone is very
thin, palpation may elicit the characteristic
eggshell cracking.
28. CLINICAL FEATURES OF RADICULAR
CYST CONT’D
When infection sets in, this will convert the
cyst into an acute apical abscess
Loosening or displacement of adjacent teeth
is encountered in very large cysts.
Resorption of roots usually results from
repeated infection of the cyst and is relatively
uncommon
Remains painless unless infected
29. DIAGNOSIS OF RADICULAR CYSTS
- Many radicular cysts are found either by
chance Radiographically or because of acute
infection.
- Clinical features that may be present include:
• Usually buccal expansion of bone and hard to
palpation.
• Later it is soft (fluctuant) and bluish in colour.
• The causative tooth will be non-vital
30. DIAGNOSIS OF RADICULAR CYSTS
CONT’D
• Radiographically – round or oval shaped
radiolucency surrounded by a sharply
delineated thin white line of increased bone
density. The affected tooth will show loss of its
apical lamina dura.
• Occasionally there may be evidence of
resorption of adjacent teeth.
31. DIAGNOSIS OF RADICULAR CYSTS
CONT’D
• Repeated infections can cause a haziness in the
sharp radio – opaque delineations of the margin
of the cyst.
• In larger mandibular cysts, there may be clear
evidence of the inferior dental nerve having been
displaced downwards.
• Aspiration of the fluid presents a classic
appearance of a straw-colour in which a shimmer
may be seen due to its cholesterol content.
32. DIAGNOSIS OF RADICULAR CYSTS
CONT’D
• However, if the cyst has been infected, this
characteristic appearance is lost and the fluid
may well consist of pus which may be blood
stained.
• Radicular cysts just like Dentigerous cysts are
associated with a high soluble protein content
than keratocysts but simple cytological
smearing of the suspected keratocysts make
such expensive tests unnecessary.
33. DIAGNOSIS OF RADICULAR CYSTS
CONT’D
• With large cysts especially in the mandible, it
may be prudent to conduct
Histopathologically examination of the lining
(for differential diagnosis)
34. DENTIGEROUS CYSTS
Are developmental: arise when cystic
degeneration occurs in the reduced enamel
epithelium (dental follicle).
Seen around unerupted teeth (therefore most
frequently found in the third molar areas,
upper canine region and less frequently
around the lower second premolars.
35. DENTIGEROUS CYST CONT’D
- May arise in relation to supernumerary
unerupted teeth
Grow slowly and have the same effect on the
surrounding bone (bone expansion initially
and later a soft fluctuant swelling over the
area of unerupted tooth).
Asymptomatic until infected.
The defining feature is the site of attachment
of the cyst to the tooth involved
36. DENTIGEROUS CYST CONT’D
This must be at the level of the
enamelocemental junction with an
encapsulated crown of the tooth involved-
(PERICORONAL RADIOLUCENCY)
The epithelial lining is of even thickness and
may include mucous cells along with focal
areas of keratinisation of the superficial
epithelial cells.
37. KERATOCYSTS
Derived from remnants of the dental
lamina.
Can be found anywhere in the jaws but
the most common site is at the angle of
the mandible.
Unlike other cysts, their epithelium is a
KERATINISING STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM.
38. KERATOCYSTS CONT’D
THEIR CONTENTS ARE THEREFORE FILLED
WITH DESQUAMATED SQUAMES AND KERATIN
which form a semisolid material that has been
likened to cottage cheese.
Their mode of growth is also different from
other cysts in that the lining appears to be
more active with passive fluid ingress. It has a
propensity to grow along the medullary cavity.
39. KERATOCYSTS CONT’D
Are also characterized by the formation of
microcysts or satellite cysts which protrude
into the surrounding fibrous tissue and tend
to be left behind during Enucleation –
increases the risk of recurrence
Active growth of keratocysts appears not to
be evenly distributed. So the cyst does not
expand uniformly as a sphere or oval shaped
lesion.
40. KERATOCYSTS CONT’D
Different rates of activity within areas of the
lining account for the formation of locules
which once the cyst has grown to moderate
size will give rise Radiographically to the
typical multilocular appearance.
They appear to grow selectively within the
looser medulla initially and eventually the
outer cortical plates do show expansion.
41. CLINICAL FEATURES OF KERATOCYSTS
Active growth of keratocysts appears not to be
evenly distributed. So the cyst does not
expand uniformly as a sphere or oval shaped
lesion. Different rates of activity within areas
of the lining account for the formation of
locules which once the cyst has grown to
moderate size will give rise Radiographically to
the typical multilocular appearance.
42. CLINICAL FEATURES OF KERATOCYSTS
CONT’D
They appear to grow selectively within the
looser medulla initially and eventually the
outer cortical plates do show expansion.
Lingual as well as buccal expansion is often
noted.
Infection often only occurs when the cyst is
quite large and where soft tissue trauma
allows the ingress of bacteria.
43. CLINICAL FEATURES OF KERATOCYSTS
CONT’D
Pain, anaesthesia discharge into the mouth,
bad taste and bad breath become additional
clinical features
44. DIAGNOSIS OF KERATOCYSTS
Based on:
- Clinical features
- Radiographic findings: Multilocular
radiolucency
- Results of aspiration: Dirty cream coloured
semisolid material composed of keratinised
squames
- Biopsy: Keratinised stratified squamous
epithelium
45. ADDITIONAL TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
OF KERATOCYSTS
Due to a high recurrence rate use of chemicals
such as mercuric salts and recently
cryosurgery (liquid nitrogen) are used in
addition to enucleation or marsupialisation.
46. NASOPALATINE CYSTS
> Belong to the non-odontogenic group of cysts.
Classified as fissural cysts (most common).
Arise from epithelial remnants within or near the
Nasopalatine foramen.
Clinical features include a swelling of the anterior
aspect of the midline of the hard palate. When
infected cause pain & overlying tenderness, on
occasion discharge forming a sinus
47. DIAGNOSIS OF NASOPALATINE CYSTS
Presence of a midline anterior palatine
swelling is the usual clinical finding.
The normal radiographic image is a round or
inverted pear-shaped radiolucency with sharp
radio-opaque margins.
When large, they can cause separation of the
central incisor roots but the lamina dura
remain intact.
48. DIAGNOSIS OF NASOPALATINE CYSTS
CONT’D
Pulp testing can be carried out to differentiate
from radicular cysts.
TREATMENT OF NASOPALATINE CYSTS:
Enucleation only is performed through a palatal
flap (incision from premolar to premolar).
Marsupialisation is contraindicated in this area (
Can lead to a permanent cavity that will show no
evidence of restoration of the normal contour)