Cyborg insects can be used as Spy insects in various fields....Future of world

1. By
P. ARUNKUMAR
and
Dr. K. ELANGO
Insects used as spy

2. Tiny creatures- King of world

3. Cyborgs/Spy insects
Neural Interface
Micro Air Vehicles(MAV)
Sensor implantation
HI MEMS
Applications
Case studies
SYNOPSIS

4. Who can obtain secret information and reports all the
information about the situation at the place

5. Human being- artificially transformed into machine by providing proper interface between man
and computer and cyborg known as “Cyber Organism”
Part human and part machine(robot)
Hybrid of neurons and wires or circuits
“Cyborg” - coined by Manfred Clynes & Nathan Kline
Part Human
Part Machine

6. • Cyborgs are combination of a living
organism and a machine
• Not necessarily to be a Human; it can be a
bird, dog, insect or any other living thing
• Part of living things
• Robot is basically a machine that is very
advanced
• It is often automated
• Not alive

7. Human cyborg Animal cyborg
Developed by Defence Advanced
Research Program Agency (DARPA)-
U.S.A because of its use as a spy agent
in army
Well developed because of
advancement in technology

8. Implantation of electrodes into the brain, optic lobes, muscles of insects
electrically stimulating the muscles could make the legs extend or retract,
lower, lift or fly
Cyborg Insect or Spy Insect
Living insect Sensor
Cyborg Insect
(Mehta et al., 2017)

9. Insects used for Cyborgs/ Spy
1)Tobacco horn worm- Manducta sexta (Bozkurt et al., 2008)
2)Flower beetle- Mecynorrhina torquata or
Mecynorrhina polyphemus (Doan, 2015)

10. 4)American grasshopper- Schistocerca americana (Mehta et al., 2018)
5)Madagascar Hissing roach (Dutta, 2019)

11. Reasons to choose insects
(Sato et al., 2010)
Flight performance Increasingly understood
muscular and nervous systems
Complete metamorphosis Locomotion

12. through artificially generated electrical
signals
(Khan and Lonkar, 2012)
Real-time data acquisition and processing
Direct communication pathway between brain and
external device
Designed to restore
sensory function
transmit sensory information to the brain
stimulate the brain

13. Sensor
Consist of a sensor implanted in the brain of insect and a device that
analyses brain signals
Signals generated by brain are interpreted and translated to computer
commands
(Khan and Lonkar, 2012)
Computer

14. Micro Air Vehicles
Used for missions of surveillance measurements in situations
where larger vehicles are not practical

15. Weight of the payload components
 video cameras
 chemical sensors
 electronics
 communication devices

17. Optic Lobe
Activation of wing
muscles
Wing
muscles
Interconnected with
Stimulus created
in optic lobe
(Sato et al., 2010)

18. ellum
oved
Elytra removed
Dorsal longitudinal muscles,
DLM
Dorso ventral muscles,
DVM
Optic lobe

19. (Sato et al., 2010)
Front view of dissected beetle head showing the brain and
optic lobe implant sites
Cross-section of thorax showing the posterior pronotum implant,
the basalar muscle implant (muscular stimulator)
X & bars- implant sites and approximate implant length
Cross-section of mesothorax also showing the basalar
muscle stimulator site

21. Hybrid Insect Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (HI-MEMS) also known as Cybug
program
MEMS consist of
 Control system
 Power system
(Bozkurt et al., 2008)
From Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of cyborg insects
controlled by humans

22. (Bozkurt et al., 2008)

23. HI MEMS History
( Stahl, 2014)
HI-MEMS program initiated its research in 2007 at Three locations
Flower beetleUniversity of Michigan
Tobacco hawkmoth
June beetles
Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University
University of California at Berkeley

24. (Bozkurt et al., 2008)

25. TYPE LOCATION Survival rate (%) Average life time
(days)
Neural probe Brain 82 20
Si chip
(1.5mm × 3mm ×
0.5mm)
Dorsal abdomen 80 21
Dorsal thorax 50 14
Ventral abdomen 40 21
Ventral thorax 20 14
Drug dosing tube
(200 µm)
Dorsal thorax 79 22
(Sato et al., 2008)
Table- Summary of implant survival by implant type and insertion location
for cyborg beetle

26. Applications
Military context-
Explosive detection
Search and rescue Surveillance
Military context-
Information
gathering

27. FIELD OF APPLICATION USES
Search and rescue • Roaches are sent to disaster zones to seek out humans trapped
under rubble (Dutta, 2019)
• Used to rescue the lives of disaster victims
Military context-
Explosive detection
• Cyborg insects can sniff out bombs
Eg: Cyborg locusts developed to chemical sensing (Mehta et al., 2017)
Military context-
Information gathering
• Remote controlled cyborg beetles could be spy on terrorists (Sato
and Maharbiz, 2010)

28. Behaving cyborg locusts for chemical sensing
Olfactory sensing capability of locusts- Schistocerca americana for standoff
detection of target chemicals.
Locust trainig
Palp- video recording
Palp opening response for different odor combinations
(Mehta et al., 2017)

29. Cyborg locusts developed to chemical sensing (Mehta et al., 2017)
Sniff out bombs (similar functional group)
Advantages:
(Mehta et al., 2017)

30. DOI: 10.1109/MEMSYS.2010.5442570
Source: Conference: 23rd Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2010

31. Flexible Neuroprosthetic Probes
(FNPs)
Weight- Half a gram
(Tsang et al., 2010)
FNP- Flexible Neuroprosthetic Probes
Probe- made of polyimide polymer coated
with gold and carbon nanotubes
Impedance- much closer to that of nerve tissue

32. Carbon Nanotube-Enhanced Flexible Neuro prosthetic
Probe- implanted into abdomen of Manducta sexta
(Tsang et al., 2010)

33. • One end of the probe is a ring that clamps around the VNC
• Inside the ring- five electrodes
• Stimulation at one side of VNC
• Moth’s abdomen turned left or right based on
signal delivered
WORKING OF (FNPs)
Pupa with inserted FNP Enclosed adult moth with
FNP inserted at the pupal
stage
Dissected adult moth showing the growth
of connective tissue around the nerve cord
(Tsang et al., 2010)

34. Low current required- to control the moth and they were able to pick up nerve
signals
Less weight of FNP
Low current- less damaging to the moth
ADVANTAGES
(Tsang et al., 2010)

35. Result:
(Tsang et al., 2010)
First remote flight control of moth- using multisite neural stimulation
on the central neural system of moth with a microfabricated FNP

36. DOI: 10.1109/MEMSYS.2015.7051142
Source: Conference: 28th Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2015

37. Top view- two micro header for power connection
and stimulus outputs with a micro battery
Bottom view- Chipcon TI CC2431 microcontroller and ceramic
chip antenna mounted on backpack
Wireless Neuromuscular stimulator
Live beetle
Stimulation electrodes
Wireless backpack assembly
(Doan, 2015)

38. (Doan, 2015)
Flower beetle- Mecynorrhina torquata (used as live insect)
Other terminals of electrodes- inserted into the outputs of
backpack (mounted on beetle)
Two electrodes- implanted into each subalar muscle of the
beetle (depth ~ 3 mm)
Sealed with beeswax

39. Free flight experiment
Cyborg beetle- commanded by custom software BeetleCommander
Remote controller- send commands to software wirelessly via Bluetooth
transceiver connected to the laptop
Flight command button- pressed- BeetleCommander sends command with
predefined stimulus to backpack
Cyborg beetle- gently released to fly in a closed motion capture room
After implantation
Generates an electrical stimulus to the left or right subalar
muscle.
(Doan, 2015)

40. a) Freely flying cyborg beetle- controlled by a custom
software, BeetleCommander v1.8, running on the operator
laptop.
b) Laptop- sends control signal to the cyborg beetle- wirelessly
c) Remote controller- input to issue the command to laptop via
Bluetooth transceiver.
d) 3D motion capture system
(Doan, 2015)

41. Result:
Hovering and landing- controlled by individual
(Doan, 2015)
Achievement of thrust control- wirelessly stimulating
subalar muscle for decelerating the untethered flying beetle

42. DOI: 10.1109/MEMSYS.2009.4805357
Source: Conference: 22th Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2009

43. Radio Frequency Receiver
Implant site 2 (right)
(Sato et al., 2009)

44. Live Flower beetle- Mecynorrhina torquata or Mecynorrhina Polyphemus used
Six electrodes implanted
 Left and right optic lobes
 Brain
 Posterior pronotum
 Right and left basalar flight muscles.
Initiation and cessation of flight- optic lobe stimulation
Muscular stimulation- right or left basalar flight muscles
Left or right turn
(Sato et al., 2009)

46. First-ever wireless flight control microsystem using RF
receiver on live beetle
Flight initiation and cessation- accomplished by neural
stimulation of both optic lobes and basalar flight muscles
Result:
(Sato et al., 2009)

47. DOI: 10.1109/MEMSYS.2008.4443617
Source: Conference: 22th Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2009

48. Flexible probe
Silicon probe
Battery unit for power
Close-up view of the tip
Hole for muscle growth Flexibility of the probe
Probe
Probe
(Bozkurt et al., 2008)

49. Pupa- 7 days before emergence selected
MEMS- inserted into thorax of pupa
Cuticle healing & sealing of insertion points
Muscles grew around hole of probes
Moths emerged- with inserted probes
90%- success rate
Live Tobacco horn worm- Manducta sexta used
(Bozkurt et al., 2008)

50. Moth-tethered to flexible cabe
Power- 10 microWatts
(Bozkurt et al., 2008)

52. Result:
Natural implantation of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems
(MEMS)
Flight control of tethered moth using (MEMS)
(Bozkurt et al., 2008)

53. FUTURE SPY

54. Bozkurt, A., Gilmour, D., Stem, A. and Lal, A. 2008. MEMS based Bioelectronic Neuromuscular Interfaces for
insect cyborg flight control. Proc. IEEE MEMS. 56: 160-163.
Bozkurt, A., Paul, S., Pulla, A., Ramkumar, B., Blossey, J., Ewer, R., Gilmour, A. and Lal, A. 2007. Microprobe
Microsystem Platform inserted during early metamorphosis to actuate insect flight muscle. Proc. IEEE MEMS.
pp. 405-408.
Doan, T.T., Li, Y., Cao, F. and Sato, H. 2015. Cyborg Beetle: Thrust control of free flying beetle via a miniature
Wireless Neuromuscular Stimulator. Proc. IEEE MEMS. 9: 1048-1050.
Dutta, A. 2019. Cyborgs: Neuromuscular control of insects. IEEE International Conference on Neural Engineering.
pp.682-685.
Khan, S. and Lonkar, S. 2012. Neural control-cyborg-The Transformation. World Research Journal of Engineering
and Technology. pp.8-10.

55. Mehta, M., Chandak, R., Raman, B. and Chakrabartty, S. 2018. Line demonstrartion: Behaving cyborg locusts
for standoff chemical sensing. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. pp.1-5.
Sato, H., Berry, C. W., Casey, B. E., Lavella, G., Yao, Y., Vanden, J. M. and Maharbiz, M. M. 2008. A Cyborg
Beetle: Insect flight control through an implantable, tetherless microsystem. Proc. IEEE MEMS. 3: 164-
167.
Sato, H., Kolev, S., Goehausen, N., Nyi, M. N., Massey, T. L., Abbeel, P. and Maharbiz, M. M. 2010. Cyborg
beetles: The Remote radio control of insect flight. Proc. IEEE MEMS. pp.1-4
Sato, H. and Maharbiz, M. 2010. Recent developments in the remote radio control of insect flight. Frontiers in
Neuroscience. 303: 1-12.
Sato, H., Peeri, Y., Baghoomian, E., Berry, C. and Maharbiz, M. 2009. Radiocontrolled cyborg beetles: A
radio-frequency system for insect neural flight control. IEEE 22nd International Conference on Micro
Electro Mechanical Systems. pp. 216-219.

56. Stahl, R. 2014. Life is War: The Rhetoric of Biomimesis and the future military. Journal of florida. 26(2): 122-137.
Tsang, W.M., Stone, A., Aldworth, Z., Otten, D., Akinwande, A.I., Daniel, T., Hildebrand, J.G., Levine, R.B. and
Voldman, J. 2010. Remote control of a cyborg moth using carbon nanotube-enhanced flexible neuroprosthetic
probe. Proc. IEEE MEMS. pp. 39-42.
Zheng, N., Qian, M., Jin, M., Zhang, S., Guan, N. and Yang, Q. 2018. Abdominal-waving control of tethered
bumblebees. Proc. IEEE MEMS. pp.1-10.