This document provides an overview of various types of cybercrimes: - Computer fraud includes altering data to conceal unauthorized transactions. Cyber extortion occurs when hackers demand money to stop crippling attacks on websites and networks. - Cyberterrorism aims to create terror through computer-based attacks, while obscene online content may be legal depending on location. - Harassment and revenge pornography target individuals, and drug traffickers increasingly sell illegal substances online. - Weak laws in some developing countries allow cybercriminals to evade detection, though law enforcement uses deception to catch criminals when possible. The global cost of cybercrime is estimated at $445 billion annually.

2. Introduction
• Computer crime, or cybercrime, is any crime that involves
a computer and a network.
• The computer may have been used in the commission of a
crime, or it may be the target.
• Defination : "Offences that are committed against individuals
or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally
harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental
harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly, using
modern telecommunication networks such as Internet (Chat
rooms, emails, notice boards and groups) and mobile phones
(SMS/MMS)". Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security
and financial health.

3. • Issues surrounding these types of crimes have become
high-profile, particularly those
surrounding hacking, copyright infringement, child
pornography, and child grooming.
• There are also problems
of privacy when confidential information is intercepted
or disclosed, lawfully or otherwise.
• Cybercrime against women:- Crimes targeted against
women with a motive to intentionally harm the victim
psychologically and physically, using modern
telecommunication networks such as internet and
mobile phones.
• A report (sponsored by UN) estimates that the
annual damage to the global economy is at $445
billion
Introduction

4. Fraud and financial crimes
• Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact
intended to let another to do or refrain from doing something
which causes loss.
• This requires little technical expertise and is common form of theft
by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data,
or by entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized
processes;
• Altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to
conceal unauthorized transactions. This is difficult to detect
Altering or deleting stored data;
• Other forms of fraud may be facilitated using computer systems,
including bank fraud, carding, identity theft, extortion, and theft of
classified information.

5. Cyber extortion
Cyber extortion occurs when a website, e-mail server, or computer system is
subjected to or threatened with repeated denial of service or other attacks by
hackers.
These hackers demand money in return for promising to stop the attacks and to
offer "protection". According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, cyber
extortionists are increasingly attacking corporate websites and networks, crippling
their ability to operate and demanding payments to restore their service.
More than 20 cases are reported each month and many go unreported in order to
keep the victim's name out of the public domain. Perpetrators typically use
a distributed denial-of-service attack.

6. The Sony Pictures Entertainment hack was a release of
confidential data belonging to Sony Pictures Entertainment on
November 24, 2014. The data included personal information about
Sony Pictures employees and their families, e-mails between
employees, information about executive salaries at the company,
copies of (previously) unreleased Sony films, and other information.
The hackers called themselves the "Guardians of Peace" or "GOP"
and demanded the cancellation of the planned release of the
film The Interview, a comedy about a plot to assassinate North
Korean leader Kim Jong-un.
An Example of cyber extortion was the attack on Sony
Pictures of 2014.

7. Cyber terrorism
• Cyberterrorism is the act of Internet terrorism in terrorist activities,
including acts of deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer
networks, especially of personal computers attached to the Internet,
by the means of tools such as computer viruses.
• A cyber terrorist is someone who intimidates or coerces a government
or organization to advance his or her political or social objectives by
launching a computer-based attack against computers, networks, or
the information stored on them.
• As such, a simple propaganda in the Internet, that there will be bomb
attacks during the holidays can be considered cyber terrorism.
• As well there are also hacking activities directed towards individuals,
families, organized by groups within networks, tending to cause fear
among people, demonstrate power, collecting information relevant for
ruining peoples' lives, robberies, blackmailing etc.

8. • Cyberterrorism in general, can be defined as an act of
terrorism committed through the use of cyberspace or
computer resources.
• But there is a growing concern IT officials that such intrusions
are part of an organized effort by cyber terrorists, foreign
intelligence services, or other groups to map potential
security holes in critical systems.
However, there is an old saying that death or loss of property are
the side products of terrorism, the main purpose of such incidents
is to create terror in peoples mind. If any incident in the cyber
world can create terror, it may be called a Cyber-terrorism.

9. Obscene or offensive content
• The content of websites and other electronic communications
may be distasteful, obscene or offensive for a variety of reasons.
In some instances these communications may be legal.
• The extent to which these communications are unlawful varies
greatly between countries, and even within nations. It is a
sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in
arbitrating between groups with strong beliefs.
• One area of Internet pornography that has been the target of
the strongest efforts at curtailment is child pornography.
• The Internet is being highly used by its abusers to reach and
abuse children sexually, worldwide.

10. Harassment
Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way, harassment directs
obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals focusing for
example on gender, race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation.
This often occurs in chat rooms, through newsgroups, and by sending hate e-
mail to interested parties.
Harassment targeting women and children in the internet also includes revenge
pornography. There are instances where committing a crime using a computer
can lead to an enhanced sentence.

11. Drug trafficking
• "Drug traffickers are increasingly taking advantage of the Internet"
according to cyber authorities and personnel.
• To sell their illegal substances through encrypted e-mail and other
Internet Technology.
• Some drug traffickers arrange deals at internet cafes, use courier
Web sites to track illegal packages of pills, and swap recipes for
amphetamines in restricted-access chat rooms.
• The rise in Internet drug trades could also be attributed to the lack
of face-to-face communication. These virtual exchanges allow more
intimidated individuals to more comfortably purchase illegal drugs.
The sketchy effects that are often associated with drug trades are
severely minimized and the filtering process that comes with
physical interaction fades away.

12. • Due to easily exploitable laws, cybercriminals use developing countries in
order to evade detection and prosecution from law enforcement.
• In developing countries, such as the Philippines, laws against cybercrime
are weak or sometimes nonexistent.
• These weak laws allow cybercriminals to strike from international borders
and remain undetected.
• Even when identified, these criminals avoid being punished or extradited to
a country, such as the United States, that has developed laws that allow for
prosecution.
Legislation

13. While this proves difficult in some cases, agencies, such as the FBI, have
used deception and subterfuge to catch criminals. For example, two
Russian hackers had been evading the FBI for some time. The FBI set up a
fake computing company based in Seattle, Washington. They proceeded to
lure the two Russian men into the United States by offering them work
with this company. Upon completion of the interview, the suspects were
arrested outside of the building. Clever tricks like this are sometimes a
necessary part of catching cybercriminals when weak legislation makes it
impossible otherwise.
Legislation

14. Case law

18. Cyber crime rate worldwide

19. Thanking you