This paper focused on consumer ethnocentrism and purchase intention of home-grown wheat flour
among commercial bakers in Nigeria. Despite the improved wheat flour production in Nigeria recently, the
majority of wheat flour consumers (commercial bakers) still prefer the foreign-grown wheat flour to the homegrown
wheat flour. This preference may not be unconnected to distrust for locally made products in terms of
quality.
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
Analysis of Yam Marketing in Akoko North-East Local Government Area of Ondo S...Ochuko Siemuri
The study analysed the marketing of yam in Akoko North East Local Government Area of Ondo State. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of yam marketers and determined the marketing margin, marketing cost, markup, operational efficiency and the constraints faced by yam marketers in the area. Data used for the study were generated through the administration of structured questionnaire. A total of 90 respondents comprising of 30 yam wholesalers and 60 retailers, were randomly sampled from three purposively selected major yam markets. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Concentration Ratio, Gini Coefficient and Operational Efficiency Model. The results showed variation in marketing cost, marketing margin, marketing profit, and markup for both wholesale and retail yam markets. Gini Coefficients of 0.307 and 0.307 were obtained for wholesaler and retailer respectively. This indicated high level of competition in the industry. Retailers were more operationally efficient than wholesalers, but wholesalers’ marketing profit and markup were higher than that of retailers. Wholesalers complained of insecurity, price uncertainty, high cost of yam and, transportation cost. Also, high capital requirement is considered as a serious constraint, while retailers complained of high cost of yam, price uncertainty, capital intensity and insecurity as very serious constraints. Alleviating some of the challenges, would therefore lead to more efficiency in yam business, while improving on the welfare of yam marketers.
Drivers of Improved Cassava Variety Adoption among Farmers in Oyo State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Low cassava productivity in Nigeria has been linked to low adoption of modern technologies amongst farmers, creating a large gap between the current and the potential yield of cassava. Therefore, this study examined the level of adoption of improved cassava variety (TME 419) and its drivers among cassava farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected from 236 cassava farmers with the aid of structured questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and logit regression model. Results showed that cassava farmers in Oyo state were 49 years of age with farming experience of 21 years and farm size of 4 ha. About 69% of surveyed farmers adopted the improved cassava variety while the adoption coefficient was 0.66. The likelihood of adopting improved cassava varieties was significantly influenced by education, household size, primary occupation, farming experience, farm size, land ownership and age. Therefore, increasing the years of farmers’ education, farm size, ownership of land, entry of younger farmers, household size and non-farm occupation will increase the likelihood of adopting improved cassava variety among farmers.
This document discusses banana production, demand, supply, marketing and export potential in Pakistan. Some key points:
- Pakistan is a major banana producer, with most production occurring in Sindh province. However, production and exports face challenges like poor crop management, lack of cold storage and an inefficient price mechanism.
- There is potential to increase banana exports to nearby markets in the Middle East and Central Asia, as these regions currently import large volumes of bananas. However, Pakistan will need to address post-harvest handling and quality issues to compete internationally.
- Improving infrastructure for transportation, storage, and implementing quality standards could help make the banana industry more efficient and open new export opportunities.
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
Competitiveness and Comparative Advantage of Cocoa Marketing in NigeriaPremier Publishers
In Nigeria, there is a dearth of information on the competitiveness and the effects of policies on cocoa marketing. This study therefore examined competitiveness and the effects of policies on cocoa marketing in Southern Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 102 cocoa marketers from the study area and the data collected from the selected marketers were analysed using Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). Results indicated that cocoa marketing was privately profitable with Private Cost Ratio ranging between 0.18 – 0.40 among the cocoa marketing actors investigated. Furthermore, the result showed that Nigeria had comparative advantage in the marketing of cocoa with Social Cost Benefit of 0.17 – 0.34 among the cocoa marketing actors. The policy indicator, Nominal Protection Coefficient on output (0.90 - 0.98) showed that cocoa marketers did not derive incentives from government. The study therefore recommended that efforts should be made by cocoa stakeholders to strengthen subsidizing inputs to cocoa marketers.
This document provides background information on a proposed study of the banana value chain in Mlali Village, Morogoro, Tanzania. It will examine pricing, margins, and losses at different levels of the chain from producers to consumers. Bananas are an important crop in Tanzania, but small farmers face challenges including low prices paid by intermediaries. The study aims to evaluate the chain to help actors improve incomes and livelihoods. It will determine prices, margins, and losses to provide information to support banana farmers and other players in Tanzania and beyond.
This document summarizes the key findings of a workshop on the seed industry in Vietnam. It finds that Vietnam is highly dependent on imported seeds. The seed industry plays an important role in improving agricultural productivity as arable land decreases. Several government policies aim to strengthen seed quality control and management. However, challenges remain including weak research capacity, a lack of coordination between agencies, and inadequate supply of high-quality seeds. The document recommends further strengthening linkages between research, production, and extension to develop Vietnam's seed industry.
Abstract—In Ghana, rural people, mostly farmers, experience food insecurity. In bargaining with marketers, farmers tend to lose profits. The use of traditional weights and measures led to inefficient transactions. These difficulties have negatively affected farmers’ productivity, calories intake, and international competitiveness. This research investigates how standard weights and measures can secure farmers’ profits at local markets. Using a random selection of 312 farmers for the questionnaire survey at two markets, we examine the impact of current pricing methods on farmers’ profits and advantages of standard weights and measures for farmers. The results show that price decision-making was based on three primary methods: (1) traditional weights and measures, (2) negotiation with individual marketers, and (3) negotiation with market queens. Markets queens and traditional measures negatively influenced farmers’ profits. Farmers’ perceptions showed that standard weights and measures would not only increase their profits at local markets but also enhance their international competitiveness.
Analysis of Yam Marketing in Akoko North-East Local Government Area of Ondo S...Ochuko Siemuri
The study analysed the marketing of yam in Akoko North East Local Government Area of Ondo State. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of yam marketers and determined the marketing margin, marketing cost, markup, operational efficiency and the constraints faced by yam marketers in the area. Data used for the study were generated through the administration of structured questionnaire. A total of 90 respondents comprising of 30 yam wholesalers and 60 retailers, were randomly sampled from three purposively selected major yam markets. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Concentration Ratio, Gini Coefficient and Operational Efficiency Model. The results showed variation in marketing cost, marketing margin, marketing profit, and markup for both wholesale and retail yam markets. Gini Coefficients of 0.307 and 0.307 were obtained for wholesaler and retailer respectively. This indicated high level of competition in the industry. Retailers were more operationally efficient than wholesalers, but wholesalers’ marketing profit and markup were higher than that of retailers. Wholesalers complained of insecurity, price uncertainty, high cost of yam and, transportation cost. Also, high capital requirement is considered as a serious constraint, while retailers complained of high cost of yam, price uncertainty, capital intensity and insecurity as very serious constraints. Alleviating some of the challenges, would therefore lead to more efficiency in yam business, while improving on the welfare of yam marketers.
Drivers of Improved Cassava Variety Adoption among Farmers in Oyo State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Low cassava productivity in Nigeria has been linked to low adoption of modern technologies amongst farmers, creating a large gap between the current and the potential yield of cassava. Therefore, this study examined the level of adoption of improved cassava variety (TME 419) and its drivers among cassava farmers in Oyo state, Nigeria. Data collected from 236 cassava farmers with the aid of structured questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics, adoption index and logit regression model. Results showed that cassava farmers in Oyo state were 49 years of age with farming experience of 21 years and farm size of 4 ha. About 69% of surveyed farmers adopted the improved cassava variety while the adoption coefficient was 0.66. The likelihood of adopting improved cassava varieties was significantly influenced by education, household size, primary occupation, farming experience, farm size, land ownership and age. Therefore, increasing the years of farmers’ education, farm size, ownership of land, entry of younger farmers, household size and non-farm occupation will increase the likelihood of adopting improved cassava variety among farmers.
This document discusses banana production, demand, supply, marketing and export potential in Pakistan. Some key points:
- Pakistan is a major banana producer, with most production occurring in Sindh province. However, production and exports face challenges like poor crop management, lack of cold storage and an inefficient price mechanism.
- There is potential to increase banana exports to nearby markets in the Middle East and Central Asia, as these regions currently import large volumes of bananas. However, Pakistan will need to address post-harvest handling and quality issues to compete internationally.
- Improving infrastructure for transportation, storage, and implementing quality standards could help make the banana industry more efficient and open new export opportunities.
Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Ou...ijtsrd
Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is an important crop that plays a major role in food security and poverty reduction to a large proportion of rural farmers in the North West than other parts of Rwanda. However, potato is a perishable product which necessitates an effective choice decision of the market outlet. This paper presents factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions for market outlets in Rwanda. Through a multistage sampling technique, cross sectional data were collected from 585 smallholder potato farmers in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts.Both descriptive statistical methods and econometrics methods were used for data analysis. Multivariate probit model was used to determine the factors influencing smallholder potato farmers’ choice decision to sell to particular market outlets. Results showed that farming experiences, level of education of decision maker, household size, household income, household assets, access to market information and distance to market significantly influenced the smallholder potato farmers’ choice decisions of selling to consumer, retailer, wholesaler, cooperative, collection centres and processors market outlets. The study recommends establishment of structured market systems to improve access to potato market information. This should be supported by agricultural financingfor improved seeds acquisition and other productive inputs to enable farmers to increase surplus potato supplied to market. Improving the farmers’ education in marketing would also help them to effectively deliver potato to efficient market outlet. Patrice Mugenzi | George Owour | Hillary K. Bett "Factors Influencing Smallholder Potato Farmers’ Choice Decisions of Market Outlets in Musanze and Nyabihu Districts, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43632.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/agricultural-engineering/43632/factors-influencing-smallholder-potato-farmers’-choice-decisions-of-market-outlets-in-musanze-and-nyabihu-districts-rwanda-a-multivariate-probit-model/patrice-mugenzi
Competitiveness and Comparative Advantage of Cocoa Marketing in NigeriaPremier Publishers
In Nigeria, there is a dearth of information on the competitiveness and the effects of policies on cocoa marketing. This study therefore examined competitiveness and the effects of policies on cocoa marketing in Southern Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 102 cocoa marketers from the study area and the data collected from the selected marketers were analysed using Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). Results indicated that cocoa marketing was privately profitable with Private Cost Ratio ranging between 0.18 – 0.40 among the cocoa marketing actors investigated. Furthermore, the result showed that Nigeria had comparative advantage in the marketing of cocoa with Social Cost Benefit of 0.17 – 0.34 among the cocoa marketing actors. The policy indicator, Nominal Protection Coefficient on output (0.90 - 0.98) showed that cocoa marketers did not derive incentives from government. The study therefore recommended that efforts should be made by cocoa stakeholders to strengthen subsidizing inputs to cocoa marketers.
This document provides background information on a proposed study of the banana value chain in Mlali Village, Morogoro, Tanzania. It will examine pricing, margins, and losses at different levels of the chain from producers to consumers. Bananas are an important crop in Tanzania, but small farmers face challenges including low prices paid by intermediaries. The study aims to evaluate the chain to help actors improve incomes and livelihoods. It will determine prices, margins, and losses to provide information to support banana farmers and other players in Tanzania and beyond.
This document summarizes the key findings of a workshop on the seed industry in Vietnam. It finds that Vietnam is highly dependent on imported seeds. The seed industry plays an important role in improving agricultural productivity as arable land decreases. Several government policies aim to strengthen seed quality control and management. However, challenges remain including weak research capacity, a lack of coordination between agencies, and inadequate supply of high-quality seeds. The document recommends further strengthening linkages between research, production, and extension to develop Vietnam's seed industry.
The document summarizes changes to seed provision policies in Thailand over the last two decades and their effects on private seed markets. Specifically:
1) While rice seed provision is still dominated by the public sector, the private seed market has grown thanks to strong government support for private sector roles, long-term agricultural research investment, and policies not to compete with private seed trading.
2) The government also actively supports the private sector role in hybrid maize seeds for similar reasons.
3) Key laws and regulations governing seeds aim to promote quality standards while allowing private sector growth, contributing to the thriving of both rice and maize private seed markets.
This document provides an overview of farm inputs and management in India. It discusses key agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. For seeds, it summarizes India's seed industry size, key players, seed replacement rates, export and import policies. For fertilizers, it outlines consumption trends, production, the role of subsidies, and challenges around nutrient use efficiency. For pesticides, it briefly discusses India's pesticide industry and market distribution by product categories. The document aims to educate about the various agricultural inputs and management practices important for Indian agriculture.
The document discusses the role of input policy in transforming agriculture in Vietnam. It analyzes key policies affecting agricultural input use, including land policies from 1981-2003 that transitioned from collective cooperatives to allocating land to individual farmer households. Major input policy changes are described, such as fertilizer and seed prices transitioning from fixed by the government pre-1988 to market-determined post-1989. Current fertilizer policies are outlined, including MARD releasing an approved fertilizer list and being responsible for quality control and inspections.
This document summarizes Thailand's seed industries for rice and maize. For maize, it describes the history of development, current public-private partnerships, and export/import trends. Maize seed production involves collaboration between public universities, the Department of Agriculture, and private companies ranging from large multinationals to SMEs. For rice, it outlines the major producers of certified seeds, production policies, and competitive market structure, while noting ongoing issues with quality certification. Overall, the seed industries in Thailand have benefited from strong public-private partnerships but certification systems could be improved.
Sector Development and Analysis Thailand Seed Industry: Ken Researchkenresearch12
Thailand Seed Industry Outlook to 2018 - Government Support and Technological Advancement to Escalate Productivity” provides a comprehensive analysis of the various aspects such as market size of the seed industry in Thailand. The market is segmented by rice, maize and vegetable seeds, by hybrid or non hybrid seeds and by domestic and imports revenue in the report. The report also includes the competitive landscape of major seed developing companies in Thailand in both domestic and international market and also provides a detailed presentation on the rice seed and the maize seed industry in Thailand. The future outlook of the Thailand seed industry is comprehensively presented in the report along with the major growth drivers, challenges, porter’s five forces, SWOT analysis and macroeconomic variables.
Source: https://www.kenresearch.com/agriculture-food-beverages/agriculture-industry/thailand-seed-industry-market-research-report/610-104.html
Roasted Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea): an emerging income source for ...IFPRI-PIM
This poster was given by Charlie Mbosso (Bioversity International), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
This document provides information on India's agricultural sector, with a focus on crops with export potential. It discusses:
- Agriculture's importance to India's economy and employment.
- India's diverse climate and soil types allow for varied crop production.
- Mango is India's most important fruit, with India the world's largest mango producer. However, India lags in agricultural productivity and export competitiveness compared to other countries.
- The study profiles 16 crops including various fruits, vegetables, spices and commercial crops to understand their export potential based on production, demand, and market requirements. It aims to build industry capacity and establish an online database to promote Indian agricultural exports.
This study examines the role of the private sector in climate-smart agriculture practices among small-scale farmers in Lushoto District, Tanzania. It finds that the local private sector is mostly informal, with agricultural trade dominated by independent traders from Lushoto. Traders play an important role in connecting farmers to markets but also face risks from factors like market oversupply and crop losses. The study also analyzes the seed systems, input supply chains, and challenges around maintaining crop diversity and reducing pesticide use in the region. It concludes with recommendations like developing ICT platforms to help traders, supporting farmer managed seed systems, and prioritizing integrated pest management.
Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers...Premier Publishers
Transforming agricultural output from subsistence to commercial based is being the crucial option for many agriculture dependent developing countries. This study was aimed to assess coffee commercialization trends and factors that affect coffee commercialization level. Primary data was collected from 156 households of three coffee potential districts of Jimma zone through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. The result of the study revealed that the mean coffee consumption level was 21.6 % and the overall mean commercialization level was 68 % which is higher at Manna district (74 %). The results of Tobit model also shows distance to main market and distance to marketing cooperatives, transport cost and land allocated for other crops affects level of coffee commercialization negatively and significantly. However, total land holding of the household head, coffee price and volume of coffee produced affects level of commercialization positively and significantly. It is recommended support towards developing institutional sectors like marketing cooperatives and improving physical access to market places could yield positive results towards coffee commercialization by smallholder coffee producers.
1) Bangladesh has an agriculture-based economy, with agriculture accounting for 23% of GDP. Agricultural production could increase 15-20% through use of quality seeds.
2) Historically, the government produced and supplied seeds, but policies in the 1990s allowed greater private sector involvement in seed production. Several donor projects also aimed to strengthen the seed sector.
3) Currently, both public and private actors are involved in seed production, though public research continues to dominate plant breeding. Overall seed quality remains low due to various institutional weaknesses across the sector. Improving coordination between different actors is needed to enhance seed supply and quality.
Rising Food Prices and Small Farmers Access to SeedSeeds
1) The document discusses the impacts of high food prices on small farmers and proposes policy options to improve farmers' access to quality seed. It summarizes research conducted by IFPRI in India, Kenya, and Mali on how village grain markets serve as important sources of seed for crops grown in dry, risky environments.
2) The research found that local traders in grain markets help preserve valuable landrace varieties and provide farmers with well-adapted seed, even after poor harvests. This challenges the view that grain markets are unreliable seed sources.
3) The briefs propose policy options to improve seed availability, reduce costs, and increase information sharing to help farmers in semi-arid areas cope with food price rises
Scope, issues of agri inputs marketing and promotion mechanism in nepalSuresh Simkhada
This document discusses strategies for agricultural input marketing in Nepal. It outlines direct selling opportunities from increasing commercialization and government policies promoting mechanization and agribusiness. It also mentions working with various NGOs, cooperatives, farmer groups, and on government projects. Some challenges are unstable demand, high costs, product quality issues, and unhealthy competition. The document recommends institutional and product promotions through events and media. It also suggests various sales promotion strategies like online platforms, incentives, sampling, financing, and after-sales support.
An Empirical Analysis of Factors Affecting on Preference for Cashew in Nipaniijtsrd
"Cashew is one of the important dry fruit gaining popularity in the recent past. As information regarding dry fruits is hardly available, the recognition of consumers’ preference for cashew was undertaken. This study was conducted during the year 2018 in Nipani city. The main objective of the study was to study factors influencing on selection of cashew. The primary data was collected from 120 cashew consumers through questionnaire. The data was analyzed by tabular analysis, factor analysis, One Way ANOVA test and descriptive statistics. The result revealed that major factors influencing for cashew preference was reasonable price, taste and quality. The factor analysis result revealed that convenience factor, recommendation factor and quality factor has more influence on the consumers for the cashew preference. The hypothesis result revealed that there is no correlation between preference for cashew and annual income of the consumers. Vivek Mahajan | Dr. Pravin Chavan ""An Empirical Analysis of Factors Affecting on Preference for Cashew in Nipani"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Fostering Innovation, Integration and Inclusion Through Interdisciplinary Practices in Management , March 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23104.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23104/an-empirical-analysis-of-factors-affecting-on-preference-for-cashew-in-nipani/vivek-mahajan"
Comparative Study of Economic Potentials of Cooperative and Non Cooperative M...ijtsrd
Cassava processing greatly influences the price value of cassava produce but processing and marketing through group approach will increase the value addition. Consequently, farmers' income will definitely increase, there will also be increase in savings habit. The study broad objective was to compare the economic potentials of cooperative and non cooperative members in cassava processing and marketing in agricultural zones of Anambra State. The farmers are poor and cannot access the needed agricultural facilities and technologies to enhance their productivity individually, that is why the rationale to compare their economic potentials through group approach becomes vital. Multistage sampling technique was used to determine the sample size of 287 for cassava farmers that were cooperative members and 294 sample size was equally determined for cassava farmers that were not cooperative members. Data obtained were analyzed with both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Evidence from the study revealed that majority of the both respondents were females. The findings also revealed that the cooperative farmers earned more income from cassava processing and marketing more than those cassava farmers that were not cooperative members. In order to enhance the cooperative approach of cassava processing and marketing among the farmers, the farmers should be encouraged to expand their cassava production capacity. As a matter of necessity, the farmers should be provided with micro production loan and credit. The cooperative society should adopt more innovative processing technologies. Also, the cooperative society should be more informed with current market information and seek for alternative access from other markets to dispose processed cassava. Okafor I. P. | Umebali E. E "Comparative Study of Economic Potentials of Cooperative and Non Cooperative Members in Cassava Processing and Marketing in Agricultural Zones of Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25247.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/25247/comparative-study-of-economic-potentials-of-cooperative-and-non-cooperative-members-in-cassava-processing-and-marketing-in-agricultural-zones-of-anambra-state/okafor-i-p
Farmers’ constraints in rice production in South-East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states that constitute the South East Agro-ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the constraints in rice production through the development of extension training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Article Citation:
Emodi AI.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South-East Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 114-123.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0026.pdf
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
This document discusses seeds, cropping, and marketing in agriculture. It notes that seeds must be properly tested and certified to ensure quality and traceability. Spurious and low quality seeds can damage farmer incomes. The document also discusses factors that influence cropping patterns like climate and demand. Different cropping systems are mentioned, including monocropping, intercropping, and crop rotation. Finally, it outlines some key challenges for agricultural marketing like market information, infrastructure, storage, transportation, middlemen, and demand and supply dynamics.
This document summarizes a presentation on seed sector development in Bangladesh. It outlines several key challenges: the large gap between seed supply and demand, with only 20% of demand for quality seed being met; shortcomings in both the public and private sectors; and inadequate knowledge and facilities for farmers. It discusses the key players in the public and private sectors and identifies issues with the current regulatory framework. Recommendations include reviewing policies and laws to better align with the national seed policy, increasing variety development, improving information systems, strengthening the private sector, and reforming the Seed Certification Agency.
Agricultural extension needs of farmers in telfaria production and marketingGabriel Ken
This study aimed to determine the agricultural extension needs of farmers producing and marketing fluted pumpkin (Telfaria) in Enugu North Agricultural Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that most Telfaria farmers had low levels of production and used poor marketing strategies. Majority of farmers lacked extension contact and information on improved production and marketing techniques. Key issues identified included a lack of farm inputs, inadequate marketing channels, and constraints like poor infrastructure, technical difficulties, and financial problems. The study concluded there was a need for greater agricultural extension support to help farmers boost production, access appropriate markets, and overcome constraints through training on better production and marketing practices.
Determinants of Consumers Buying Behaviour in Food Stuff Markets in Idemili S...ijtsrd
This study examined determinants of consumers buying behaviour in food stuff markets in Idemili South Local Government Area, Anambra State. The study was a descriptive survey on a sample of 271 respondents that visit food stuff markets in Idemili South Local Government Area. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and factor analysis with varimax rotation. Findings revealed that freshness of food stuffs, price of food stuffs, quality of food stuffs, variety of food stuffs, packaging of food stuffs, and non seasonal availability of food stuffs have influenced consumers buying behaviour in Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State. However, factor analysis revealed that the main construct that determines consumers buying behaviour in food stuff markets in Idemili South Local Government Area, Anambra State is freshness of food stuffs followed by quality of food stuffs and price of food stuffs with factor loading of 0.954, 0.931 and 0.912 respectively. The study recommends that With respect to freshness of food stuffs, cooperative societies should ensure that there is a good and adequate storage facility to attract more consumer patronage. Farmers should be assisted to boost their food production capacity to enable them sell at competitive price for food stuffs. The farmers should strive to have access to food processing facilities. This will enhance the quality of food stuffs. Farmers should sample their store with food varieties to attract consumers who want to buy more than one food items. Farmers should imbibe the culture of packaging of food stuffs. This has been found to have great influence on consumers buying behaviour in Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State. Irrigation farming should be encouraged by farmers to ensure non seasonal availability of food stuffs in the market. Akonu, Stephanie Chidiogo | Onwumelu, Chinma Maria | Chigbo, Chinyere Frances | Umebali, Emmanuel. E. "Determinants of Consumers Buying Behaviour in Food Stuff Markets in Idemili South Local Government Area, Anambra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50637.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing-management/50637/determinants-of-consumers-buying-behaviour-in-food-stuff-markets-in-idemili-south-local-government-area-anambra/akonu-stephanie-chidiogo
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
The document summarizes changes to seed provision policies in Thailand over the last two decades and their effects on private seed markets. Specifically:
1) While rice seed provision is still dominated by the public sector, the private seed market has grown thanks to strong government support for private sector roles, long-term agricultural research investment, and policies not to compete with private seed trading.
2) The government also actively supports the private sector role in hybrid maize seeds for similar reasons.
3) Key laws and regulations governing seeds aim to promote quality standards while allowing private sector growth, contributing to the thriving of both rice and maize private seed markets.
This document provides an overview of farm inputs and management in India. It discusses key agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides. For seeds, it summarizes India's seed industry size, key players, seed replacement rates, export and import policies. For fertilizers, it outlines consumption trends, production, the role of subsidies, and challenges around nutrient use efficiency. For pesticides, it briefly discusses India's pesticide industry and market distribution by product categories. The document aims to educate about the various agricultural inputs and management practices important for Indian agriculture.
The document discusses the role of input policy in transforming agriculture in Vietnam. It analyzes key policies affecting agricultural input use, including land policies from 1981-2003 that transitioned from collective cooperatives to allocating land to individual farmer households. Major input policy changes are described, such as fertilizer and seed prices transitioning from fixed by the government pre-1988 to market-determined post-1989. Current fertilizer policies are outlined, including MARD releasing an approved fertilizer list and being responsible for quality control and inspections.
This document summarizes Thailand's seed industries for rice and maize. For maize, it describes the history of development, current public-private partnerships, and export/import trends. Maize seed production involves collaboration between public universities, the Department of Agriculture, and private companies ranging from large multinationals to SMEs. For rice, it outlines the major producers of certified seeds, production policies, and competitive market structure, while noting ongoing issues with quality certification. Overall, the seed industries in Thailand have benefited from strong public-private partnerships but certification systems could be improved.
Sector Development and Analysis Thailand Seed Industry: Ken Researchkenresearch12
Thailand Seed Industry Outlook to 2018 - Government Support and Technological Advancement to Escalate Productivity” provides a comprehensive analysis of the various aspects such as market size of the seed industry in Thailand. The market is segmented by rice, maize and vegetable seeds, by hybrid or non hybrid seeds and by domestic and imports revenue in the report. The report also includes the competitive landscape of major seed developing companies in Thailand in both domestic and international market and also provides a detailed presentation on the rice seed and the maize seed industry in Thailand. The future outlook of the Thailand seed industry is comprehensively presented in the report along with the major growth drivers, challenges, porter’s five forces, SWOT analysis and macroeconomic variables.
Source: https://www.kenresearch.com/agriculture-food-beverages/agriculture-industry/thailand-seed-industry-market-research-report/610-104.html
Roasted Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea): an emerging income source for ...IFPRI-PIM
This poster was given by Charlie Mbosso (Bioversity International), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
This document provides information on India's agricultural sector, with a focus on crops with export potential. It discusses:
- Agriculture's importance to India's economy and employment.
- India's diverse climate and soil types allow for varied crop production.
- Mango is India's most important fruit, with India the world's largest mango producer. However, India lags in agricultural productivity and export competitiveness compared to other countries.
- The study profiles 16 crops including various fruits, vegetables, spices and commercial crops to understand their export potential based on production, demand, and market requirements. It aims to build industry capacity and establish an online database to promote Indian agricultural exports.
This study examines the role of the private sector in climate-smart agriculture practices among small-scale farmers in Lushoto District, Tanzania. It finds that the local private sector is mostly informal, with agricultural trade dominated by independent traders from Lushoto. Traders play an important role in connecting farmers to markets but also face risks from factors like market oversupply and crop losses. The study also analyzes the seed systems, input supply chains, and challenges around maintaining crop diversity and reducing pesticide use in the region. It concludes with recommendations like developing ICT platforms to help traders, supporting farmer managed seed systems, and prioritizing integrated pest management.
Trends and determinants of coffee commercialization among smallholder farmers...Premier Publishers
Transforming agricultural output from subsistence to commercial based is being the crucial option for many agriculture dependent developing countries. This study was aimed to assess coffee commercialization trends and factors that affect coffee commercialization level. Primary data was collected from 156 households of three coffee potential districts of Jimma zone through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were used to analyze the data. The result of the study revealed that the mean coffee consumption level was 21.6 % and the overall mean commercialization level was 68 % which is higher at Manna district (74 %). The results of Tobit model also shows distance to main market and distance to marketing cooperatives, transport cost and land allocated for other crops affects level of coffee commercialization negatively and significantly. However, total land holding of the household head, coffee price and volume of coffee produced affects level of commercialization positively and significantly. It is recommended support towards developing institutional sectors like marketing cooperatives and improving physical access to market places could yield positive results towards coffee commercialization by smallholder coffee producers.
1) Bangladesh has an agriculture-based economy, with agriculture accounting for 23% of GDP. Agricultural production could increase 15-20% through use of quality seeds.
2) Historically, the government produced and supplied seeds, but policies in the 1990s allowed greater private sector involvement in seed production. Several donor projects also aimed to strengthen the seed sector.
3) Currently, both public and private actors are involved in seed production, though public research continues to dominate plant breeding. Overall seed quality remains low due to various institutional weaknesses across the sector. Improving coordination between different actors is needed to enhance seed supply and quality.
Rising Food Prices and Small Farmers Access to SeedSeeds
1) The document discusses the impacts of high food prices on small farmers and proposes policy options to improve farmers' access to quality seed. It summarizes research conducted by IFPRI in India, Kenya, and Mali on how village grain markets serve as important sources of seed for crops grown in dry, risky environments.
2) The research found that local traders in grain markets help preserve valuable landrace varieties and provide farmers with well-adapted seed, even after poor harvests. This challenges the view that grain markets are unreliable seed sources.
3) The briefs propose policy options to improve seed availability, reduce costs, and increase information sharing to help farmers in semi-arid areas cope with food price rises
Scope, issues of agri inputs marketing and promotion mechanism in nepalSuresh Simkhada
This document discusses strategies for agricultural input marketing in Nepal. It outlines direct selling opportunities from increasing commercialization and government policies promoting mechanization and agribusiness. It also mentions working with various NGOs, cooperatives, farmer groups, and on government projects. Some challenges are unstable demand, high costs, product quality issues, and unhealthy competition. The document recommends institutional and product promotions through events and media. It also suggests various sales promotion strategies like online platforms, incentives, sampling, financing, and after-sales support.
An Empirical Analysis of Factors Affecting on Preference for Cashew in Nipaniijtsrd
"Cashew is one of the important dry fruit gaining popularity in the recent past. As information regarding dry fruits is hardly available, the recognition of consumers’ preference for cashew was undertaken. This study was conducted during the year 2018 in Nipani city. The main objective of the study was to study factors influencing on selection of cashew. The primary data was collected from 120 cashew consumers through questionnaire. The data was analyzed by tabular analysis, factor analysis, One Way ANOVA test and descriptive statistics. The result revealed that major factors influencing for cashew preference was reasonable price, taste and quality. The factor analysis result revealed that convenience factor, recommendation factor and quality factor has more influence on the consumers for the cashew preference. The hypothesis result revealed that there is no correlation between preference for cashew and annual income of the consumers. Vivek Mahajan | Dr. Pravin Chavan ""An Empirical Analysis of Factors Affecting on Preference for Cashew in Nipani"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Fostering Innovation, Integration and Inclusion Through Interdisciplinary Practices in Management , March 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23104.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23104/an-empirical-analysis-of-factors-affecting-on-preference-for-cashew-in-nipani/vivek-mahajan"
Comparative Study of Economic Potentials of Cooperative and Non Cooperative M...ijtsrd
Cassava processing greatly influences the price value of cassava produce but processing and marketing through group approach will increase the value addition. Consequently, farmers' income will definitely increase, there will also be increase in savings habit. The study broad objective was to compare the economic potentials of cooperative and non cooperative members in cassava processing and marketing in agricultural zones of Anambra State. The farmers are poor and cannot access the needed agricultural facilities and technologies to enhance their productivity individually, that is why the rationale to compare their economic potentials through group approach becomes vital. Multistage sampling technique was used to determine the sample size of 287 for cassava farmers that were cooperative members and 294 sample size was equally determined for cassava farmers that were not cooperative members. Data obtained were analyzed with both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Evidence from the study revealed that majority of the both respondents were females. The findings also revealed that the cooperative farmers earned more income from cassava processing and marketing more than those cassava farmers that were not cooperative members. In order to enhance the cooperative approach of cassava processing and marketing among the farmers, the farmers should be encouraged to expand their cassava production capacity. As a matter of necessity, the farmers should be provided with micro production loan and credit. The cooperative society should adopt more innovative processing technologies. Also, the cooperative society should be more informed with current market information and seek for alternative access from other markets to dispose processed cassava. Okafor I. P. | Umebali E. E "Comparative Study of Economic Potentials of Cooperative and Non Cooperative Members in Cassava Processing and Marketing in Agricultural Zones of Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25247.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/25247/comparative-study-of-economic-potentials-of-cooperative-and-non-cooperative-members-in-cassava-processing-and-marketing-in-agricultural-zones-of-anambra-state/okafor-i-p
Farmers’ constraints in rice production in South-East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states that constitute the South East Agro-ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the constraints in rice production through the development of extension training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
Article Citation:
Emodi AI.
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South-East Nigeria.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(2): 114-123.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0026.pdf
Farmers’ Constraints In Rice Production In South - East Nigeriaresearchagriculture
The study was carried out in South East Nigeria to evaluate the
socioeconomic attributes of rice farmers and identify the major constraints facing the
rice enterprise in the area. The study relied mainly on primary data obtained by
questionnaire and interview administered on a total of 158 farmers across four states
that constitute the South East Agro
-
ecological area. Descriptive statistics was mainly
used to analyze the data collected. Findings show that farmers in rice production were
dominated by married, literate, male farmers. Major constraints to rice production
include poor extension contact, lack of finance, high cost of agrochemical, lack of
inorganic fertilizer, lack of processing facilities/ standard measure for rice, lack of
credit, and delay in supply of improved rice varieties. It was recommended that the
government should expose farmers to skills and knowledge required to overcome the
constraints in rice production through the development of extension
training/ teaching service, development of rural infrastructure, irrigation/storage/
processing facilities and credit supply at affordable interest rates.
This document discusses seeds, cropping, and marketing in agriculture. It notes that seeds must be properly tested and certified to ensure quality and traceability. Spurious and low quality seeds can damage farmer incomes. The document also discusses factors that influence cropping patterns like climate and demand. Different cropping systems are mentioned, including monocropping, intercropping, and crop rotation. Finally, it outlines some key challenges for agricultural marketing like market information, infrastructure, storage, transportation, middlemen, and demand and supply dynamics.
This document summarizes a presentation on seed sector development in Bangladesh. It outlines several key challenges: the large gap between seed supply and demand, with only 20% of demand for quality seed being met; shortcomings in both the public and private sectors; and inadequate knowledge and facilities for farmers. It discusses the key players in the public and private sectors and identifies issues with the current regulatory framework. Recommendations include reviewing policies and laws to better align with the national seed policy, increasing variety development, improving information systems, strengthening the private sector, and reforming the Seed Certification Agency.
Agricultural extension needs of farmers in telfaria production and marketingGabriel Ken
This study aimed to determine the agricultural extension needs of farmers producing and marketing fluted pumpkin (Telfaria) in Enugu North Agricultural Zone of Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that most Telfaria farmers had low levels of production and used poor marketing strategies. Majority of farmers lacked extension contact and information on improved production and marketing techniques. Key issues identified included a lack of farm inputs, inadequate marketing channels, and constraints like poor infrastructure, technical difficulties, and financial problems. The study concluded there was a need for greater agricultural extension support to help farmers boost production, access appropriate markets, and overcome constraints through training on better production and marketing practices.
Determinants of Consumers Buying Behaviour in Food Stuff Markets in Idemili S...ijtsrd
This study examined determinants of consumers buying behaviour in food stuff markets in Idemili South Local Government Area, Anambra State. The study was a descriptive survey on a sample of 271 respondents that visit food stuff markets in Idemili South Local Government Area. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and factor analysis with varimax rotation. Findings revealed that freshness of food stuffs, price of food stuffs, quality of food stuffs, variety of food stuffs, packaging of food stuffs, and non seasonal availability of food stuffs have influenced consumers buying behaviour in Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State. However, factor analysis revealed that the main construct that determines consumers buying behaviour in food stuff markets in Idemili South Local Government Area, Anambra State is freshness of food stuffs followed by quality of food stuffs and price of food stuffs with factor loading of 0.954, 0.931 and 0.912 respectively. The study recommends that With respect to freshness of food stuffs, cooperative societies should ensure that there is a good and adequate storage facility to attract more consumer patronage. Farmers should be assisted to boost their food production capacity to enable them sell at competitive price for food stuffs. The farmers should strive to have access to food processing facilities. This will enhance the quality of food stuffs. Farmers should sample their store with food varieties to attract consumers who want to buy more than one food items. Farmers should imbibe the culture of packaging of food stuffs. This has been found to have great influence on consumers buying behaviour in Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State. Irrigation farming should be encouraged by farmers to ensure non seasonal availability of food stuffs in the market. Akonu, Stephanie Chidiogo | Onwumelu, Chinma Maria | Chigbo, Chinyere Frances | Umebali, Emmanuel. E. "Determinants of Consumers Buying Behaviour in Food Stuff Markets in Idemili South Local Government Area, Anambra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50637.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing-management/50637/determinants-of-consumers-buying-behaviour-in-food-stuff-markets-in-idemili-south-local-government-area-anambra/akonu-stephanie-chidiogo
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
Analysis of Yam Marketing in Akoko North-East Local Government Area of Ondo S...Premier Publishers
The study analysed the marketing of yam in Akoko North East Local Government Area of Ondo State. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of yam marketers and determined the marketing margin, marketing cost, markup, operational efficiency and the constraints faced by yam marketers in the area. Data used for the study were generated through the administration of structured questionnaire. A total of 90 respondents comprising of 30 yam wholesalers and 60 retailers, were randomly sampled from three purposively selected major yam markets. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Concentration Ratio, Gini Coefficient and Operational Efficiency Model. The results showed variation in marketing cost, marketing margin, marketing profit, and markup for both wholesale and retail yam markets. Gini Coefficients of 0.307 and 0.307 were obtained for wholesaler and retailer respectively. This indicated high level of competition in the industry. Retailers were more operationally efficient than wholesalers, but wholesalers’ marketing profit and markup were higher than that of retailers. Wholesalers complained of insecurity, price uncertainty, high cost of yam and, transportation cost. Also, high capital requirement is considered as a serious constraint, while retailers complained of high cost of yam, price uncertainty, capital intensity and insecurity as very serious constraints. Alleviating some of the challenges, would therefore lead to more efficiency in yam business, while improving on the welfare of yam marketers.
Agricultural Marketing and Performance of Agricultural Firms in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This research studied the relationship between agricultural marketing and performance of agricultural firms in Anambra State. Specifically, the study addressed the relationship between transactional marketing and performance of agricultural firms, the relationship between database marketing and performance of agricultural firms, the relationship between interaction marketing and performance of agricultural firms and finally the relationship between network marketing and performance of agricultural firms. The study adopted a survey research design in collecting data questionnaire and personal interviews were used in collecting primary data while documentary sources were used for secondary data. The population of the study was made up of 411 agricultural firms in Anambra state, whereas 30 firms were selected as the sample size with the aid of solvin formular. The data generated for this study were presented with frequencies and percentages, while the stated hypotheses were statistically tested with Pearson motion correlation, which was computed with the aid of the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences SPSS Version 20. Findings from the study showed thattransactional, database, interaction and network marketing that were used as proxies for agricultural marketing all have a significant relationship with sales volume which was used as proxy for performance of agricultural firms. Chibike Onyije Nwuba "Agricultural Marketing and Performance of Agricultural Firms in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38502.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38502/agricultural-marketing-and-performance-of-agricultural-firms-in-anambra-state/chibike-onyije-nwuba
African Smallholder Farmers’ Perceptions and Attitudes towards Genetically Mo...Premier Publishers
As the debate concerning the application of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) technology in commercial agriculture intensifies in Africa, it is appropriate that empirical information about smallholder farmers’ perceptions and attitudes towards GM Crops be investigated as it has the potential of shaping farmers’ adoption decision. This study therefore sought to examine the perceptions and attitude of smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana towards GM crops. The study employed a descriptive survey with Q Methodological procedure applied in guiding data collection. Through multi-stage sampling techniques, 360 smallholder farmers across 10 districts in Northern Ghana were sampled. Descriptive statistics and Q factor analysis were employed in analysing the data gathered. Four-factor solutions were identified as the underlying constructs characterising smallholder farmers’ perceptions towards the cultivation of GM crops. Analysis of the narratives gathered from the smallholder farmers surveyed revealed wide arrays of mixed perceptions towards the cultivation of GM crops. While some farmers held positive and progressive views towards GM crops others held ‘negative, cynical, and dispassionate views towards the cultivation of GM crops. It is recommended that Ghana’s National Biosafety Authority intensify its public education activities to enlighten smallholder farmers about GM crops and Ghana’s agricultural biotechnology policy.
Value addition to plantain by women entrepreneurs in imo state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on value addition to plantain by women entrepreneurs in Imo State, Nigeria. It finds that the women were motivated by factors like past experience, mentors, education and creativity rather than unemployment. The plantain processing involves washing, peeling, slicing, salting, and frying the plantain into chips. This adds value by increasing shelf life. The women sourced startup capital mainly from personal savings and informal loans. On average, the business was profitable, generating a net profit of N388,173 per year and creating four jobs. However, constraints included high costs and scarcity of raw materials, and lack of training and modern technology. The study recommends providing loans and business training to help
Farmers’ Aspiration Indices and Possible Strategies to Improve Sweet Potato ...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research article that investigated farmers' aspiration indices and strategies to improve sweet potato production in South East Nigeria. The study found that the majority of sweet potato farmers were female, married, and had 8 people in their household on average. It also found that farmers highly aspired to invest money in sweet potato farming for future income, increase farm size, increase marketing channels, and mechanize farms. The top strategies identified to improve production were decentralizing training on practices and providing rural infrastructure like roads, electricity, and water. The document recommends establishing information centers, a special funding trust for producing states, and guiding farmers' aspirations through extension services.
Analysis of market participation by rice farmers in southern nigeria.Alexander Decker
This study analyzed factors affecting market participation among smallholder rice farmers in southern Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 150 farmers. Results showed that factors like higher crop production levels, larger land sizes, use of improved seeds, access to market information, group participation, and contractual agreements positively influenced farmers' ability to participate in output markets. However, lack of timely market information, transportation issues, and limited access to extension agents posed challenges. The study concluded that improving smallholder farmers' access to resources, market information, and group participation could help them better commercialize and contribute to economic growth in rural areas.
Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off Farm Activities as ...ijtsrd
The overall purpose of the study was to assess the perception of farming households on off farm activities as a livelihood coping strategy in Wudil local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. At stage one, purposive sampling technique was used to select two 2 wards cikingari and sabongari for the study. At stage two, seven 7 farmers’ cooperatives were picked based on convenience and accessibility. At the final stage, simple random sampling was employed to select ten 10 respondents from each of the farmers’ cooperatives, this give a total of seventy 70 sample size for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used, these were derived from administration of structured questionnaire and review of relevant literatures. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, ranking and standard deviation were used to analyze the four specific objectives. Findings of the research shows that majority 38.57 of the respondents go into fishing activities during off farm season, followed by those who diversify into clay pot making and carpentry work constituting 11.43 , and 10 respectively. As regards the respondents’ perception of off farm income activities those that strongly agreed to the statement “there was reduced level of idleness crime rate as a result of involvement in off farm activities” constitute the highest mean value of X=4.64 , followed by agreement to‘there was improvement in procurement of inputs as a result of involvement in off farm activities’ constitute X=4.37 .It was also revealed that there was a tangible increase in the annual income of respondents after involvement in off farm activities. The major constraints identified were inadequate startup capital, high cost of equipment and transportation and inadequate storage facilities. It is therefore recommended that there should be provision of credit facilities to enable rural dwellers boost their income, subsidized prices of equipment and also provision of stable electricity supply and storage facilities to help preserve perishable products. Elachi M. S | Imam. A | Ngwu S | Ogundele, O. T "Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off-Farm Activities as a Livelihood Coping Strategy in Wudil Lga of Kano State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35696.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/35696/assessment-of-the-perception-of-farming-households-on-offfarm-activities-as-a-livelihood-coping-strategy-in-wudil-lga-of-kano-state-nigeria/elachi-m-s
Determinants of Teff Market Channel Choice in Abay Chomen District, Western E...Premier Publishers
This study analyzes the determinants of Teff market outlet choices in Abay chomen District of Ethiopia. Survey of one hundred eighty-four (184) household heads was conducted in three kebeles of the district in 2016. Multivariate Probit model was used to identify determinants of households’ teff market outlet choice decisions. Farm gate collectors, retailers and wholesaler marketing outlets were used by teff producing farmers in the study area. The model result revealed that age of the households significantly determined the probability of choosing farm gate, retailers and wholesalers market outlets. The study also revealed that sex, land size and quantity of teff produced in 2016 significantly affected the farm gate outlet choice of the smallholders. Additionally, the retailer outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by quantity of teff produced. On the other hand, the wholesale market outlet choice of farmers was significantly determined by education level of the farmers. This implies that the need to invest on improving the education status of farmers; improving the production capacity of farmers that would help smallholder farmers to choose the more rewarding market outlet. Therefore, any policy attempting to benefit smallholder farmers to link with fair market outlets should focus on their educational status and their production capacity.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non C...ijtsrd
This study examined the determinants of agricultural innovations adoption among cooperative and non cooperative farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The research design used in this study is descriptive survey research design. The area of study was Imo State, and data were gotten from the three zones, namely, Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe. Data were generated from a total population of 1184 registered cooperatives and non cooperative farmers. Using Taro Yamane formula, a total of 464 respondents were selected from both cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were employed to address the research questions and to test the promulgated hypothesis. The findings revealed that important determinant of adoption include educational level, annual income, farm experience, frequency of contact, cooperative membership, price of the produce, type of media used, government policy, availability of success stories, frequency of training, attitude to novel ideas, household size, extent of livelihood diversification, availability of markets and parents occupation. Determinants of agricultural innovation adoption were also the same for cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Based on the findings made in the study, the study recommends that cooperative extension services need to be revolutionalized and given adequate attention. This can be achieved by developing new framework for cooperative extension and forging a common ground for both cooperative and agricultural extension work. Apart from recruitment and deployment of competent and well motivated staff, there is the need for provision of work gadget and work tools that are in tune with technological changes. Supervision and retraining of extension staff should also become a priority. Michael, Maureen Chinenye | Ojiagu, Nkechi Cordelia | Umebali, E. Emmanuel "Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30329.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30329/determinants-of-agricultural-innovations-adoption-among-cooperative-and-noncooperative-farmers-in-imo-state-nigeria/michael-maureen-chinenye
Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
The study analyzed the influence of cooperative credit on cassava production. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents in the study area and structured questionnaire was administered for data collection. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the socio economic characteristics of the respondents while multiple regressions using exponential form was used to quantitatively determine the influence of credit obtained and utilized on cassava output. It showed that 36.7 of the respondents were above 60 years of age which can be grouped as aged this revealed that majority of the farmers there are within their prime age and can utilize credit obtained effectively and efficiently. 76.7 of these farmers were males while the remaining 23.3 were females, majority of the respondents were married and 84.2 of them had formal education. Average amount requested by the farmers was N212, 600,000 but N185, 725,000 was approved this shows that the farmers in that location are small scale farmers which they need to upgrade to large scale in order to produce in large quantity and have durable profit. Influence of credit on cassava output showed that 89.7 of the regression was explained by the regessors. The result revealed that the farming experience with credit use, interest rate charged, total expenditure on production, and loan repayment period were the major significant that influence cassava output. Also, the hypothesis results revealed that credit obtained and utilized had significance influence on cassava output. And concluded that cassava production in the study area is worthwhile embarking on and that credit enhances the farmer’s production, which was reflected in their cassava output. Therefore recommended that credit institutions or lending agencies should lend money to the small scale farmers to improve their productivity, financial institutions in the country should see to the smooth spending of the credit received to avoid diversion of credit. Nwafor, Grace Obiageli | Umebali, Emmanuel E. "Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43931.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/43931/influence-of-cooperative-credit-on-cassava-production-in-anambra-state-nigeria/nwafor-grace-obiageli
Consumers’ Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Bio-Fortified Vitamin-A Gar...Premier Publishers
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Customers Ethnocentrism and Purchase Intention of Local Wheat Flour: A Study of Bakers InAnambra State, Nigeria
1. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM)
Volume 4 Issue 11 November 2019, P.P. 91-105
ISSN: 2456-4559
www.ijbmm.com
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 91
Customers Ethnocentrism and Purchase Intention of Local
Wheat Flour: A Study of Bakers InAnambra State, Nigeria.
1
Uloma Happiness Ejiofor,2
Anayo D. Nkamnebe,3
Udoka Stephen Otika
1
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
2
Department of Marketing, NmamdiAzikiwe University, Nigeria.
3
Department of Marketing, Evangel University, Akaeze, Ebonyi State
Abstract: This paper focused on consumer ethnocentrism and purchase intention of home-grown wheat flour
among commercial bakers in Nigeria. Despite the improved wheat flour production in Nigeria recently, the
majority of wheat flour consumers (commercial bakers) still prefer the foreign-grown wheat flour to the home-
grown wheat flour. This preference may not be unconnected to distrust for locally made products in terms of
quality.This has raised a germane questionof how does ethnocentrism could influence purchase intention of
home-grown wheat flour among commercial bakers in Nigeria. In order to fill this gap in literature, this study
examined the nexus among consumer ethnocentrism and purchase intention of home-grown wheat flour in
Nigeria.Survey research design was adopted and the unit of analysis comprised all registered commercial
bakers in Anambra state, Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was employed and questionnaire was the
research instrument.The internal consistency of the instrument was tested using Pearson moment correlation
coefficient while the hypothesized research model was analysed using Multiple Linear Regression. The findings
show that cost and availability is the major determinant of purchase intention. Finance and sustainability is
marginally significant while patriotism is not significant at all. The recommendations of this study have serious
theoretical, empirical, economic and marketing implications for commercial bakers, wheat flour marketers and
policy makers in the Nigerian Export Promotion Council and National Trade Policy Commission.
Keywords: *Consumer Ethnocentrism, *Purchase Intention, Cetscale,*Home-grown Wheat Flour, *Nigeria.
I. Introduction andBackground of the Study
Research on the concept of consumer ethnocentrism is increasing and it became crucial in the process
of understanding consumer behavior in the global market (Renko, et al. 2012). Consumer ethnocentrism is a
result of care and affection for own country and fear of adverse consequences because of high rates of import of
foreign products that could cause serious problems for local economy development. Ethnocentrism is a
sociological idea established more than a century ago by Sumner (1906) as, “the view of things in which one‟s
own group is the centre of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it”. Ardono. (1950),
referred to it as “ethnic centeredness”. Shimp and Sharma (1987) defined consumer ethnocentrism as, “the belief
held by consumers about the appropriateness of, indeed morality of, purchasing foreign-made products”. The
argument behind consumer ethnocentrism is underpinned by a preference for in-group (domestic) products
(Pentz, 2011). Consumer ethnocentrism is believed to be built based on domestic preference and not, a
negativity towards any particular country (Josaissen, 2011). Consumer ethnocentrism has been associated with
“domestic country bias” (Balabanis and Diamantopoulos, 2004). The greater the domestic country bias the
greater the likelihood that the individual will exhibit high levels of ethnocentrism. It is believed that ethnocentric
consumers naturally favour their own countries and automatically reject all foreign products (Carter, 2009).
Consumers are thought to develop patriotic and nationalistic feelings that cause them to want to protect their
domestic economies (Roger and Mason, 2014).
Wheat flour is made by grinding wheat grain kernels into a fine powder which makes up a key
ingredient of many stable foods in the average Nigeria diet, including bread, snacks, pasta, and noodles. Nigeria,
with the total consumption of 4.1 million metric tons in 2015, is one of the highest consumers of wheat in Africa
(Euromonitor International, Baked Goods in Nigeria, (2015). Nigeria's wheat consumption per capita of 0.023
MT/person, however, is currently 16th among its Sub-Saharan peers (EIBGN, 2015). According to International
Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA, 2016), Nigeria currently imports four million tons
of wheat spending $4billion on the commodity every year a figure expected to reach $10 billion by 2030 when
Nigerians are predicted to consume over 10 million metric tons of imported wheat to satisfy their growing
demand for non-traditional foods like bread, pasta, and noodles.
2. Customers Ethnocentrism And Purchase Intention Of Local Wheat Flour: A Study Of Bakers In
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 92
While domestic production of wheat in Nigeria remains low at about 60,000 tons per year, wheat imports in
Nigeria for the 2016-17 marketing year are forecast at 4.972 million tons, up from 4.410 million tons in 2015-
16. According to the (USDA, 2016), Nigeria is currently the thirteenth largest importer of wheat in the world.
However, as a result of the challenges in foreign exchange sourcing and rate, wheat imports declined to 3.4 MT
in 2015(USDA, 2016). The introduction of Accelerated Wheat Production Program in Nigeria has helped to
stimulate local wheat production and encourage usage by bakers. Local wheat production figures increased from
400,000 to 600,000 metric tons whereas the estimated total national demand for wheat stood at about 3.7 million
tons per year. However, consumers have begun to pay attention to domestically grown wheat due to food
preservatives used in wheat kernel prior to international transportation (Jin and Kim, 2011).
Shimp and Sharma (1987) developed an effective instrument for measuring the ethnocentric tendencies
of consumers in deciding whether to purchase foreign or domestic products. This multi-item scale, which was
named „Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale‟ („CETSCALE‟), has been utilized to analyze why some
consumers prefer domestically produced goods to imported goods, even when the latter are cheaper and their
quality is evidently better (Balabanis et al.2001). According to Luque-Martinez et al. (2000), the „CETSCALE‟
instrument, which uses country of origin as one of its explanatory variables, would appear to be a useful tool for
analysis of consumer attitudes, behaviour, and future purchase intentions with respect to foreign and domestic
goods.
Previous studies have shown that consumers tend to use the country of origin as a cue to make
decisions for the purchase of products with or without other product information (Balestrini and Gamble, 2006;
Schnettler et al., 2008). In addition, several studies have reported that consumer ethnocentrism has a positive
influence on consumer preference for domestic products (Jang, 2012; Juric and Worsley, 1998). Few studies, if
any, have examined the influence of ethnocentrism on intention to buy and use domestically grown wheat flour
by Nigerian bakers Against this background, the present study is designed to contribute to the literature in this
area of research bytesting the reliability and validity of „CETSCALE‟ and examining consumers‟ ethnocentric
on purchase intention of domestically grown wheat flour in Nigeria.
1.1 Statement of the Problem
Consumer ethnocentrism refers to consumer biases in favour of domestic over foreign products (Shimp&
Sharma, 1987). The concept is postulated to be one component of a complex, multifaceted construct involving
consumers, cognitive, affective, and normative orientations toward foreign-made products (Shimp, 1984). The
influence of consumer ethnocentrism on consumer attitudes, intentions and actions is well established.
Numerous researches in international marketing found that consumer ethnocentrism has a negative effect on
consumer evaluations of foreign products (Klein, 2002; Klein, Ettenson, & Morris, 1998; Shimp& Sharma,
1987) as well as their attitudes toward foreign products (Sharma, Shimp, & Shin, 1995; Zarkada- Fraser &
Fraser, 2002). In addition, several papers provide evidence that the foreign brand preference is moderated by the
level of consumer ethnocentrism (Batra, Ramaswamy, Alden, Steenkamp, &Ramachander, 2000; Steenkamp,
Batra, & Alden, 2003).In the era of globalization, many companies are seeking to expand their market globally.
The tough competition will require the company to come out with a quality product to face the competition in
the international arena. In some countries, domestic consumers are more ethnocentric and prefer local products
as compared to imported products, as to show their love to the country. But in some instances the consumer
might forgo their ethnocentrism to get the best value for their money. The availability of choice might change
the consumers mind. However, despite the improved wheat production in Nigeria, most bakers are still
purchasing foreign wheat flour, it has not been ascertained what influence theirdecision. Hence, a major
question arises, how ethnocentrism affects purchase intention of domestically grown wheat flour among bakers
in Nigeria?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between ethnocentrism and buying
intention of domestically grown wheat flour in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are:
1 To identify whether ethnocentric tendencies of respondents have impact on their purchase intentions
2. To examine reliability and validity of Cetscale, used in measuring ethnocentric tendencies of
consumers?
1.4 Research Hypotheses
1. Ho1: Ethnocentrism has no significant impact on bakers buying intention of domestically grown wheat flour
in Nigeria
3. Customers Ethnocentrism And Purchase Intention Of Local Wheat Flour: A Study Of Bakers In
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 93
2. Ho2: Cetscale has no significant impact onethnocentric tendencies of bakers buying intention of
domestically grown wheat flour in Nigeria
1.5 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on consumer ethnocentrism and how it influence purchase intention in Anambra
state. The independent variable is consumer ethnocentrism and the dependent variable is purchase intention. The
independent variable; consumer ethnocentrism will be measured with‟ Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies
Scale‟ („CETSCALE‟) developed by Shimp and Sharma (1987).The study is domicile on consumer behavior as
a concept in marketing literature. As this study relates to the activities of bakers in Anambra state, only
registered bakers will be studied, non-registered bakers will not be included in the study. The study will cover
the bakery industry in Anambra State. The choice of the Anambra State is that previous researchers have not
done much using consumer ethnocentrism predict the baker‟s intention to purchase domestically grown wheat
flour. The study is a cross-sectional study and will cover the period from October to April, 2018.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study is as follows: First, it provides the understanding of the determinant of
domestically grown wheat flour in Nigeriafrom baker‟s behaviour perspective. The study will provide useful
information for Nigerian agricultural policy makers, local wheatfarmers and flour millers in Nigeria as well as
marketing companies for foreign brands to understand their customers‟ perception about local and foreign
wheat. The study will also be useful for developing marketing strategies and government trade policies.
Domestic products will be preferred to foreign ones if they attract more ethnocentric customers. The study will
also be useful to the bakers to understand what influence them to purchase domestically grown wheat flour in
Nigeria. The academicians are not left out because the study will be the bases for further study. The study will
be a source of information provider to enable the government to take a rightful decision on how to support
farmers to produce wheat that will be sufficient for bakers. The study will give step for academicians to study
more on the moderating and mediating roles of the variables.
II. Review of Related Literature
Conceptual Framework
2.1 The Concept of Consumer Ethnocentrism
The concept of consumer ethnocentrism has been derived from the general concept of ethnocentrism,
which was first introduced in 1906 bysociologist William Sumner. In the early eighties, Crawford and Lamb
(1981)showed that buying foreign products can cause high emotional involvementespecially when it comes to
national security or loss of jobs. That argumentoffered the concept of ethnocentrism beyond psychological and
socialframeworks, and was recognized in the field of marketing as one of the dynamicfactors in consumer
purchasing choices.Consumer ethnocentrism is defined as “the beliefs held by consumersabout the
appropriateness, indeed morality of purchasing foreign-made productand the loyalty of consumers to the
products manufactured in their homecountry.” (Shimp andSharma, 1987). Consumer ethnocentrism has adirect
and negative impact on consumers' purchase intention towards foreignproducts. These imply that the high
ethnocentric tendencies lead to unfavourableattitude towards lower purchase intentions for foreign products.
According toShimp and Sharma (1987), consumers refuse to buy foreign products becausethey
consider that they are harmful to the national economy and causeunemployment.Herche (1992) found that
consumer ethnocentrism can predictconsumers' preferences to buy domestically produced goods instead of
foreignand that the ethnocentric tendencies are better predictors of purchase behaviourthan demographic or
marketing mix variables. The construct of consumers'ethnocentrism relies on the presumption that the
consumers' patriotic emotionswill have significant effects on attitudes and purchase intentions.
Therefore,Shoham and Brenečić (2003) reported that consumer ethnocentrism had significant impact on
consumers' intentions to purchase domestically producedgoods. Many other studies have examined the impact
of consumer ethnocentrictendencies on purchase intentions. (Yelkur, 2006; Chryssochoidis2007; Nguyen, 2008;
Evanschitzky, 2008; Ranjbairn, 2011)However, the results have been different depending on the characteristics
ofconsumers and countries. Only recently, in the former Yugoslavia several studieshave been conducted that
have examined the impact consumers‟ ethnocentrictendencies on purchasing behavior. (Vida, Damian, 2000;
Ljubić., 2002;Kesić, 2004.; Kesić, 2005; Reardon, 2005; Čutura, 2006;Dmitrović, Vida, 2007; Dmitrović 2009).
2.2 Measuring Consumer Ethnocentrism
Early attempts to develop a scale for measuring consumer ethnocentrism, which included the so-called
„E-scale‟ (Adorno et al.1950) and other adaptations of measures that had originally been developed for
measuring „generic‟ sociological ethnocentrism (Chang and Ritter 1976; Warr et al.1967), turned out to be
inappropriate for measuring the specific construct of consumer ethnocentrism (Shimp and Sharma 1987; Luque-
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Martinez et al. 2000). More recently, Shimp and Sharma (1987) developed the Consumer Ethnocentric
Tendencies Scale‟ („CETSCALE‟). Although other scales have subsequently been suggested and tested,
„CETSCALE‟ has become the most commonly used instrument for measuring consumer ethnocentrism
(Chryssochoidiset al.2007). The scale is comprised of 17 items that are designed to measure consumers‟
evaluations and behavioural tendencies when comparing domestically produced goods with imported products
(Hult and Keillor 1994). Netemeyer et al. (1991) reported strong support for the psychometric properties
(unidimensionality and internal consistency) and nomological validity of the scale when they tested it in samples
of consumers across four developed economies (USA, France, Japan, and Germany). This scale has been widely
used to measure consumer ethnocentrism tendencies in many studies within developed and in the developing
countries (Luque-Martinez, et al., 2000; Kaynak, Kara, 2002; Chryssochoidisetal., 2007; Yeong et al., 2007,
Wong et al., 2008, Vassella, 2011; Ranjbarian,2011, 2011). However, according to Kaynak and Kara (2002), the
validity of „CETSCALE‟ has not yet been fully established in all relevant settings; in particular, few validation
studies have involved developing economies in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East.
2.3 Consumer Purchase Intention
Howard &Sheth, (1967) states that purchase intention is the pre-step that guides clients to actual
purchase actions, and is understood as intention to buy products. According to Keller (2001), consumers‟ buying
decision is very complex. Purchase behaviour is an important key point for consumers during considering and
evaluating of certain product. Moreover, purchase intention is a significant factor use in predicting purchasing
process (Ghosh, 1990). When the consumers decide to purchase the product in certain store, they will be driven
by their intention. According to Fishbein and Azjen (1975), intentions has four elements, the behaviour which is
intended to perform, the target object at which the behaviour is directed, the situation in which the behaviour is
to be performed and the time at which the behaviour is to be performed. Moreover, the inherent intentions of the
beholder (positive or negative) are most likely to determine their consequent behaviours (positive or negative)
towards the object.
The consumers‟ purchase intentions are therefore defined as the likeliness of buying or rejecting any commodity
by the consumers (Whitlar, 1993). As intentions are based on the perceptions the consumers behold for the
product or services at disposal, these intentions are influenced by a number of factors. Ness. (2010), in his study
on identifying the consumer purchase intentions in six European countries found similar results in all countries
regarding the significant effect of consumers‟ perceived value for the product on their behavioural intention to
buy it. Moreover, they found mediating effect of satisfaction in this relationship. Study in Taiwan by Chen
(2007) showed that consumers‟ attitudes and purchase intentions in relation to the organic food are influenced
by four main factors of positive attitude, positive subjective norm, behavioural control and perceived difficulty.
The first three factors play positive role in determining the purchase intentions of the consumers, however,
perceived difficulty is negatively related to the purchase intentions.
2.4 Consumer Ethnocentrism and Purchase Intention
In addition to the proposed relationships between various antecedents and consumer ethnocentrism, it
is suggested that there is a relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and purchase of domestically produced
goods. Klein(1998) reported that ethnocentric consumers prefer domestically produced goods because they
believe that products from their own country are the best. Herche (1992) found that consumer ethnocentrism can
predict consumers‟ preferences to buy domestically produced goods as opposed to foreign products; indeed, he
reported that ethnocentric tendencies are better predictors of import purchase behaviour than demographic and
marketing mix variables. Durvasula(1997) demonstrated that higher levels of consumer ethnocentricity are
associated with more positive beliefs about the virtues of domestically produced goods and stronger attitudes
about the importance of buying such products. ShohamandBrenčič (2003) reported that consumer ethnocentrism
had a significant impact on consumers‟ intentions to purchase domestically produced goods. Taken together, the
above findings suggest that a positive link exists between consumer ethnocentrism and intention to purchase
domestically produced goods.
Besides, the finding of Okechuku (1994) demonstrates that consumers in developed countries prefer
their own domestic goods first. The more customers prefer domestic goods, the less positive they feel about
foreign products. In addition, ethnocentric consumers believe that the purchase of imported products can hurt
the domestic enterprises and cause unemployment as well as be unpatriotic (Netemeyer, 1991; Shimp and
Sharma, 1987). As a result, ethnocentrism gives consumers feelings of belonging and guidelines for buying
behaviour, which can be acceptable to a group and contribute to various evaluations of foreign and domestic
goods. Several studies also have the same conclusion that customers tend to evaluate domestic products more
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favourably than foreign ones. (Balabanis and Diamantopoulos, 2011; Juric and Worsley, 1998). However, in the
recent study, Balabanis(2017) suggest that ethnocentrism has no essential effect on the purchase intention of
convenience or low-cost products.
2.5 Theoretical Framework
2.5 Theory of Planned Behaviour
The theory of planned behaviour is an extension of the theory of reason action (Fishbein and Ajzen
1975). The TPB extended the TRA by adding the perceived behavioural control (PBC) because the TRA has
difficulty in explaining behaviours in which a person does not have volitional control over it. The present study
applied TPB instead of TRA to predict purchase intention. This is because whether to purchase or not is not
entirely under a person‟s volitional control. There are some control factors that may affect individual‟s purchase
intention such as quality, time and money constraint, availability of the product and so on. Hence, it is deemed
to be necessary to examine beyond the attitude and subjective norm construct in the TRA but to explore further
the control factor that possibly influence individual‟s purchase intention. The TPB model posits that intention to
perform a given behaviour is the immediate antecedent of that behaviour (Ajzen 2002). Behavioural intention
refers to the amount of effort a person exerts to engage in behaviour. It captures the motivation factors necessary
to perform a particular behaviour (Courneya, Bobick and Schinke 1999). That is, the more a person intends to
carry out the intended behaviour, the more likely he or she would do so (Armitage and Conner 1999). Intention
is determined by three conceptually independent variables labelled attitude, subjective norms and PBC.
Generally, the more favourable the attitude and subjective norm, and the greater the perceived
behavioural control, the stronger should be the individual‟s intention to perform a particular behaviour (Ajzen
2002).According to Ajzen (1991), attitudetoward behaviour is the person‟s favourable or unfavourable feeling
of performing that behaviour and is determined by behavioural beliefs about the outcome of the behaviour and
evaluation of the outcome. Subjective norm refers to the individual‟s perceptions of social pressure in
performing or not performing a given behaviour and is determined by normative beliefs which assess the social
pressures on the individual about a particular behaviour. Finally, PBCis thought to be a function of control
beliefs about the perceived ease or difficulty of carrying out the intended behaviour and may have both direct
and indirect effects on behaviour.
For the purposes of this study the researchers adopt the theory of plannedbehaviour because it links towhat
influence baker intention to purchase domestically grown wheat flour. The theory has been adopted by
numerous researchers‟ (Courneya, Blanchard, & Laing, 2001; Rhodes, Courneya, & Jones, 2002, Bamberg,
Ajzen, & Schmidt, 2003; Conner & Abraham, 2001)
2.6 Empirical Review
TPM Le, Nguyen, Dinh, and Dang, (2017)studied the effects of country of origin and product
features on customer purchase intention.The study investigated the drivers of purchase intention for imported
powdered milk by using the partial least squares-structural equation model approach to analyse a data survey of
369 customers in Vietnam. The results indicate that product attitude has the strongest positively effect on
purchase intention; meanwhile, the country of origin has indirectly relationship to the purchase intention via
product features. Specifically, group conformity also has significant relationship with purchase intention. Lastly,
ethnocentrism has a negative effect on product quality and purchase intention. They recommend that the paper
be conducted a qualitative study to support the empirical results.
Kamwendo, Corbishley, and Mason (2014) in their studySouth African consumer ethnocentrism and
attitudes towards foreign convenience products.Thestudy looks into the concept of consumer ethnocentrism and
its relationship with product selection and investigates the relationships between consumer ethnocentrism and
South African consumers‟ attitudes towards foreign convenience products. The aim of the study was to
determine the extent to which consumer ethnocentrism affects consumer behaviouramong South African
consumers. Through the use of the CETSCALE questionnaire, an analysis of the levels of consumer
ethnocentrism displayed by consumers of different demographic characteristics was conducted. A research
model highlighting the antecedents to consumer ethnocentrism was developed and tested using an Analysis Of
Variance(ANOVA) test. The study was in the form of a descriptive survey. 500 questionnaires are distributed,
with 476 useable questionnaires being obtained. SPSS 21.0 is used to analyze the data. Non parametric tests are
used as the data was not normally distributed using a Kolmogorov Smirnov test. The research hypotheses were
tested using a nonparametric Chi-square test. The Pearson chi-square test was used to test for the existence of
variances within the responses provided by the respondents to individual question. The study reveals that only
ethnicity has a significant relationship with consumer ethnocentrism. Ethnocentric tendencies are the strongest
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among Black South Africans. Theoretical and practical implications of thestudy are presented with the provision
of suggestions regarding future research.
Suska Riau (2016) wrote on the consumer ethnocentrism and attitude towards domestic product in
pekanbaruoleh.The purpose of the research was to discover high school student ethnocentrism and their attitude
toward domestic product. Base on consumer ethnocentrism questionnaire (CETSCALE) developed by Shimp
and Sharma (1987), 17questions were given to the student from one private high school in Pekanbaru City, Riau
Province. Moreover, question about their attitude, preference, and the reason to choose domestic product also
being questioned. About 118 students participated in this study. The data collected was analysed through
qualitative and quantitative method. The result showed that the study provides support for the CETSCALE‟s
reliability and validity. Mean score on the CETSCALE was 57.20, which is indicating a moderate level. From
the question about country of origin, approximately 60.2% respondents pay attention to the product country of
origin. In relation to the price, 55.1% would buy the domestic product if the price between the domestic and
foreign product is the same. On the other situation 71.2% respondent would buy the domestic product if the
price is cheaper, contrary to only 23.7 % respondent that keep buying domestic product even the price is higher.
It is important to note that even they have high ethnocentrism score, not all of them willing to buy domestic
product when the price is higher. We also gave them opened question asking about what kind of product and
services they prefer domestic made. Nearly 50% mentioned clothes or dress and many respondents refer to
specific kind of clothes or motive such as Batik. Food is chosen by at least 66% respondent as domestic product
they prefer. The most reasons are the cheap prices, same quality, delicious taste for food, and proud to consume
the domestic product. We may conclude that respondent were ethnocentrism at certain product but still
considering the price to make a buying decision.
Nik-Mat, Abd-Ghani, and Al-Ekam(2015)studied the direct drivers of ethnocentric consumer,
intention and actual purchasing behaviour in Malaysia. The study attempts to determine the drivers of actual
purchasing behaviour, intention to purchase domestic products and ethnocentrism. The study employs the cross-
sectional primary data, self-administered on household, selected using stratified random sampling in four
Malaysian regions. A nine factor driver of actual domestic purchasing behaviour (culture openness,
conservatism, collectivism, patriotism, control belief, interest in foreign travel, attitude, ethnocentrism and
intention) were measured utilizing 60 items, using 7-point Likertscale.From 1000 questionnaires distributed, a
sample of 486 were returned representing 48.6 percent response rate. From the fit generated structural model
(SEM analysis), it was found that the drivers of actual purchase behaviour are collectivism, cultural openness
and patriotism; the drivers of intention to purchase domestic product are attitude, control belief, collectivism and
conservatism; and drivers of ethnocentrism are cultural openness, control belief, foreign travel and patriotism. It
also shows that Malaysian consumers scored high in ethnocentrism and patriotism.
Asshidin, Abidina and Borhanb(2016)in their study perceived quality and emotional value that
influence consumer‟s purchase intention towards American and local products. The main purpose of the study
was to investigate the effects of perceived quality and emotional value that influence consumer‟s purchase
intention towards American and local products. The contribution of the study was crucial to the growing body of
international marketing to explain the purchase intention on United States products on top of others in the
context of Malaysian consumers. In other words, the research provides useful information on how the local
Malaysian consumers perceive foreign products. A total of 270 questionnaires we redistributed to students in
higher learning institutions who were chosen randomly among the total population. Sample is mixed between
postgraduate and undergraduate students and does not include international students; as the study is aimed at
comparing American products and local products.Data were then analyzed using descriptive, reliability and
correlation analysis. The reliability result of this study shows that the instruments that have been used in for
measuring various variables in this study were reliable. Meanwhile, for correlation, the result shows moderate
significant relationship between perceived quality and emotional value towards purchase intention.
III. Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
A research design describes the procedures for conducting the study, including when, from whom, and
under what conditions the data will be obtained and analysed for required information. The study will use
descriptive research design with the aid of survey method in obtaining the needed data. Survey research design
was chosen because the sampled elements and the variables that are being studied are simply being observed as
they are without making any attempt to control and manipulate them. Besides, the survey research design also
helps to evaluate the implications and interrelationship of the dependent and independent variables of the study
(Chinedu, 2013).
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3.2 Source of Data
According toValos and Bednall, (2010), they see source of data as data gathered and assembled for a
research project at hand. Data needed for this study was collected from the primary sources. The data for this
study were collected through survey to get an in-depth understanding on how ethnocentrism and product quality
influence baker‟s intention to purchase local wheat flour. Survey involves using pretested questionnaire. The
data will be measured using 5 point likert rating scale.
3.3 Population of the Study and Sample Size
The population of the studycomprise all the registered bakers in Anambrastate. According to the
Association of Registered Bakers in Anambra State (2017), the total number of registered bakers is 210. The
population was a finite one because the association provided the exact number of bakers in the area. But since
the population of the study is finite and few the researchers decided to study the whole population.
3.4 Validity and Reliability of Research Instruments
3.4.1 Validity of Research Instruments
Validity refers to the degree to which a research instrument measures what it attempts to measure that
is, the ability of scale or instrument to measure what it is required to measure (Zikmund 2003) and the integrity
in which constructs are generated (Bryman 2003). More technically, a valid measure of a concept is one that is
(1) closely related to other apparently valid measures; (2) closely related to the known or supposed correlates of
that concept; and (3) not related to measures of unrelated concepts (Emaikwu, 2011). In this study, efforts will
be made to ensure that the instruments that will be used will be valid enough to measure what it supposes
tomeasure. The research instrument will be given to experts to ensure that it is valid enough to measure what it
ought to measure.
3.4.2 Reliability of Research Instruments
Reliability refers to the ability of a research instrument to produce consistent results (Emaikwu, 2011).
It also means that a measurement procedure yields consistent or equivalent scores when the phenomenon being
measured is not changing (Yahya, 2014). The test-retest method was employed to establish the internal
consistency. This involved repeated administration of the same questionnaire. Thus the same questionnaire was
administered twice to same respondents at interval of two weeks. The reliability was established by assessing
the internal consistency of the items representing each construct, using Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient as the statistical tool, the result gave a reliability index of (0.96) indicating a high degree of
consistency.
3.5 Research instrument
The instrument of quantitative research was a highly structured questionnaire with five-point Likert
type of scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) where respondents express their degree of agreement or
no agreement for the statements. The mentioned scale will be theoretically considered as the best solution for
questionnaires because it most accurately reflects the attitude of the individual respondents. (Zelenika, 2000).
The first part of the questionnaire will summarize the basic demographic characteristics, including age, sex,
number of years as a baker, education qualification and marital status.The second part of questionnaire will
consist of Cetscale with a total of 17 statements that will define the degree or intensity of ethnocentric
tendencies of Nigerian bakers.
3.6 Method of Data Analysis
Various analytical tools were used toanalyse the data from the respondents. In the study, the descriptive
statistics such as frequency counts with simple percentage were used to analyse bio-data of the respondents and
the research questions. Factor Analysis was used to decompose the 17 items under the Cetscale into
components and to the test the validation of the scale. Multiple linear regression was used to test the
association/relationship between the factors/components and purchase intentions. All analyses were done
through the application of Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS 23).
4.0 Data Analysis
The sample size for this study is 210 registered Bakers in Anambra State. Thus 210 copies of
questionnaire were distributed to the bakers out of which 180 copies were returned as duly filled and usable.
This represents a response rate of approximately 85.7 per cent which is very high for a study of this nature. This
high response rate was informed by the fact the researcher went round to distribute the questionnaire by herself.
Table 1 contain information on the demographic characteristics of the respondents.
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Table 1: Demographic characteristics of respondents
Frequency PercentValid Percent Cumulative Percent
Sex: Male 106 58.9 58.9 58.9
Female 74 41.1 41.1 100.0
Total 180 100.0 100.0
Age bracket: 20-30 years 39 21.7 21.7 21.7
31-40 years 52 28.9 28.9 50.6
41-50 years 64 35.6 35.6 86.1
above 51 years 25 13.9 13.9 100.0
Total 180 100.0 100.0
No. years as
a Baker:
5-10 years 47 26.1 26.1 26.1
11-15 years 43 23.9 23.9 50.0
16-20 years 59 32.8 32.8 82.8
above 21 years 31 17.2 17.2 100.0
Total 180 100.0 100.0
Education: PLSC 24 13.3 13.3 13.3
O'Level 35 19.4 19.4 32.8
OND/NCE 18 10.0 10.0 42.8
HND/BSc 90 50.0 50.0 92.8
Post- Graduate 13 7.2 7.2 100.0
Total 180 100.0 100.0
Marital
status:
Single 55 30.6 30.6 30.6
Married 117 65.0 65.0 95.6
Divorced 8 4.4 4.4 100.0
Total 180 100.0 100.0
As shown in Table 1, 106(58.9%) respondents are male while 74(41.1%) are females. 39(21.7%) fall
within the age bracket of 20-30 years; 52(28.9%) fall within 31-40 years age bracket; 64(35.6%) are between
41-50 years; while 25(13.9%) are above 51 years. 47(26.1%) have between 5-10 years‟ experience in bakery;
43(23.9%) have been in bakery for between 11-15 years; 59(32.8%) have been in bakery for 16-20 years; while
31(17.2%) have spent above 21 years as bakers. In terms of education, 24(13.3%) have primary education;
35(19.4%) have O‟Level; 18(10.0%) have OND/NCE; 90(50.0%) have HND/BSc while 13(7.2%) have post
graduate qualifications. The significance of this is that majority of the respondents have reasonable/higher
education to give meaningful and valid information relevant to the study. Finally, 55(30.6%) of the respondents
are single; 117(65.0%) are married; while only 8(4.4%) are divorced. Factor analysis was used to validate the
scale and the results are shown below.
Factor Analysis
Table 2 Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation Analysis N Missing N
cetscale1 4.49 .664 180 0
cetscale2 4.14 1.025 180 0
cetscale3 4.32 1.087 180 0
cetscale4 4.26 .934 180 0
cetscale5 3.49 1.343 180 0
cetscale6 3.82 1.318 180 0
cetscale7 4.15 1.033 180 0
cetscale8 4.28 .892 180 0
cetscale9 4.20 .815 180 0
cetscale10 4.23 .996 180 0
cetscale11 4.00 .945 180 0
cetscale12 3.82 1.187 180 0
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cetscale13 4.31 .872 180 0
cetscale14 3.59 1.204 180 0
cetscale15 4.52 .887 180 0
cetscale16 4.27 .830 180 0
cetscale17 4.34 .935 180 0
KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .714
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 1866.792
Df 136
Sig. .000
Communalities
Initial Extraction
cetscale1 1.000 .589
cetscale2 1.000 .812
cetscale3 1.000 .572
cetscale4 1.000 .448
cetscale5 1.000 .736
cetscale6 1.000 .681
cetscale7 1.000 .697
cetscale8 1.000 .682
cetscale9 1.000 .713
cetscale10 1.000 .517
cetscale11 1.000 .566
cetscale12 1.000 .673
cetscale13 1.000 .641
cetscale14 1.000 .758
cetscale15 1.000 .766
cetscale16 1.000 .766
cetscale17 1.000 .631
Extraction Method: Principal Component
Analysis.
Total Variance Explained
Component
Initial Eigenvalues
Extraction Sums of Squared
Loadings
Rotation Sums of
Squared
Loadingsa
Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total
% of
Variance
Cumulativ
e % Total
1 6.491 38.181 38.181 6.491 38.181 38.181 4.124
2 2.062 12.128 50.309 2.062 12.128 50.309 4.332
3 1.441 8.476 58.786 1.441 8.476 58.786 1.930
4 1.254 7.377 66.163 1.254 7.377 66.163 4.076
5 .987 5.807 71.970
6 .808 4.754 76.724
7 .748 4.403 81.127
8 .594 3.492 84.618
9 .587 3.452 88.071
10 .494 2.905 90.976
11 .416 2.444 93.420
12 .295 1.736 95.157
13 .277 1.631 96.788
14 .225 1.322 98.110
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15 .158 .930 99.039
16 .086 .506 99.545
17 .077 .455 100.000
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
a. When components are correlated, sums of squared loadings cannot be added to obtain a total variance.
Pattern Matrixa
Structure Matrix
Component Component
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
cetscale13 .851 cetscale9 .836
cetscale9 .788 cetscale13 .780
cetscale7 .667 .333 cetscale7 .775 .553
cetscale3 .596 .314 cetscale3 .684 .464
cetscale16 .914 cetscale16 .829
cetscale2 .730 .315 cetscale2 .803 .535
cetscale12 .680 cetscale12 .768
cetscale17 .663 cetscale17 .737
cetscale10 .515 cetscale10 .453 .628 .409
cetscale14 .844 cetscale14 .829
cetscale15 .398 .697 -.322 cetscale15 .441 .750
cetscale6 .302 .705 cetscale6 .762
cetscale11 .685 cetscale11 .736
cetscale5 .458 .668 cetscale5 .599 .715
cetscale8 .433 .565 cetscale8 .614 .678
cetscale1 .385 .429 cetscale1 .554 .430 .613
cetscale4 .382 cetscale4 .464 .534
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Extraction Method: Principal Component
Analysis.
Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser
Normalization.
Extraction Method: Principal Component
Analysis.
Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser
Normalization.
a. Rotation converged in 18 iterations.
Component Correlation Matrix
Component 1 2 3 4
1 1.000 .226 .161 .337
2 .226 1.000 .147 .306
3 .161 .147 1.000 .104
4 .337 .306 .104 1.000
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization.
Dependent Variable: PURCHASE_INTENTION
Method: Least Squares
Date: 06/22/18 Time: 12:55
Sample: 1 180
Included observations: 180
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C -2.62E-07 0.065747 -3.99E-06 1.0000
FINANCE 0.112044 0.065930 1.699431 0.0910
COST_AVAILABILIT
Y 0.465649 0.065930 7.062759 0.0000
PATRIOTISM 0.074747 0.065930 1.133735 0.2584
R-squared 0.234969 Mean dependent var 4.07E-17
Adjusted R-squared 0.221929 S.D. dependent var 1.000002
S.E. of regression 0.882085 Akaike info criterion 2.608915
Sum squared resid 136.9411 Schwarz criterion 2.679870
Log likelihood -230.8024 Hannan-Quinn criter. 2.637684
F-statistic 18.01867 Durbin-Watson stat 1.448503
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
The first result in the Factor analysis is the descriptive statistics which shows that all the mean values for the
items are well above 2.5 thresholds since the items were measured on a Five-point Likert. The standard
deviations vary with some above one and some below one. Compared with the mean indicated that respondents
are in agreement with the items on the scale.
The 17 item consumer ethnocentrism scale was subjected to principal component analysis using the
SPSS version 23. Before performing the principal component analysis, the suitability of the data for factor
analysis was ascertained. Inspection of the correlation matrix revealed the presence of many coefficients of 0.3
and above. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was 0.714, well above the recommended threshold of 0.6;
while the Bartlett‟s Test of Sphericity has a Chi Square value that is highly statistically significant at 0.000 level
of significance, thus supporting the factorability of the component matrix. This means that the principal
component analysis (PCA) is reliable and dependable. Next is the list of communalities which show that all the
seven items load very well up to 0.5 and above showing that no item need to eliminated. All the items merit
further analysis.
Principal components analysis revealed the presence of four components with eigenvalues exceeding 1,
explain 38.181%, 12.128%, 8.476%, and 7.377% of the variance respectively. An inspection of the scree plot
showed a clear break in the third component. As shown under Total variance extracted above, the last column,
which the Rotation Sum of Squared Loadings show that while components 1, 2, and 4 load above 4, the third
component just loaded less than 2 showing that this component cannot be retained. The 3 retained components
explain 57.678% of variance. The components extracted show correlations coefficients of 0.226; 0.161; 0.337
and 0.306 which are not very high to convey collinearity. To further support this, Oblimin rotation was
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performed which produced the pattern matrix and the structure matrix which combined in one table for ease of
comparison. Pattern matrix is peculiar to Oblimin rotation and this like the structure matrix shows that four
items load on component one, five items load on component two, while seven components load on component
four. Only two items load on component three. The components and the items loadings on them are shown in
the table below.
Components Items loading Items Name
1 cetscale13 It may cost me in the long run but I prefer to
support Nigerian products.
cetscale9 It is always best to purchase Nigerian products.
cetscale7 A real Nigerian should always buy Nigerian -
made products.
cetscale3 Buy Nigerian -made products, Keep Nigeria
working.
Finance
2 cetscale16 We should buy from foreign countries only
those products that we cannot obtain within our
own country.
cetscale2 Only those products that are unavailable in the
Nigeria should be imported.
cetscale12 Curbs should be put on all imports.
cetscale17 Nigerian consumers who purchase products
made in other countries are responsible for
putting their fellow Nigerians out of work.
cetscale10 There should be very little trading or
purchasing of goods from other countries
unless out of necessity.
Cost & Availability
3 cetscale6 It is not right to purchase foreign products.
cetscale11 Nigerians should not buy foreign products,
because this hurts Nigerian business and causes
unemployment.
cetscale5 Purchasing Nigerian -made products is un
Nigerian.
cetscale8 We should purchase products manufactured in
Nigeria instead of letting other counties get
rich off us.
cetscale1 Nigerian people should always buy Nigerian-
made products instead of imports.
cetscale4 Nigerian products, first, last and foremost. Patriotism
One component that has only 2 items was dropped and only 3 components retained. The 17
ethnocentrism scale used in this study clustered around the select 3 components which centre on finance and
survival, cost and availability, and patriotism. This result is in line with the study of (Jang, 2012;Balabanis and
Diamantopoulos, 2011;Juric and Worsley, 1998) earlier cited in the work.
Next the factors were used to run regression to ascertain their effect on purchase intention of the locally
processed wheat and the result show that cost and availability is the major determinant of purchase intention.
Finance and sustainability is marginally significant while patriotism is not significant at all.
IV. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
The main objective of this study is to validate ethnocentrism scalein the local wheat flour in
Nigeria.Based on this, the 17 item Cetscale was used in the questionnaire to collect data from bakers and
secondary users of locally processed wheat flour. The data collected were subjected to Factor Analysis and four
components were extracted. All the items loaded very well showing that none need to be eliminated. The
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was 0.714, well above the recommended threshold of 0.6; while the Bartlett‟s
Test of Sphericity has a Chi Square value that is highly statistically significant at 0.000 level of significance,
thus supporting the factorability of the component matrix. This means that the principal component analysis
(PCA) is reliable and dependable. Principal components analysis revealed the presence of four components with
eigenvalues exceeding 1, explain 38.181%, 12.128%, 8.476%, and 7.377% of the variance respectively. An
13. Customers Ethnocentrism And Purchase Intention Of Local Wheat Flour: A Study Of Bakers In
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 103
inspection of the scree plot showed a clear break in the third component. As shown under Total variance
extracted above, the last column, which the Rotation Sum of Squared Loadings show that while components 1,
2, and 4 load above 4, the third component just loaded less than 2 showing that this component cannot be
retained. The 3 retained components explain 57.678% of variance.
Based on the analysis, we conclude that the consumer ethnocentrism (Cetscale) can be employed in the
local wheat processing to determine and predict consumer purchase intentions for the wheat flour.The factors
were used to run regression to ascertain their effect on purchase intention of the locally processed wheat and the
result show that cost and availability is the major determinant of purchase intention. Finance and sustainability
is marginally significant while patriotism is not significant at all.
The cetscale used in this study conduced into 3 acceptable components: Finance, cost and availability,
and patriotism. Based on this, it is expected that local producers should make their products readily available
and try to manage the cost of production to be in line with foreign equivalents. The finance border on
sustainability of the country and its systems while patriotism is on me first. Based on this local manufacturers
should have the consumers in mind in their production activities. Government should also try to create a
conducive environment for indigenous manufacturers.
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