This paper is the answer to the assessment questions of the Current Trends In Networking module of BSc. Computing (Information Management) of Anglia Ruskin University
Year 2016 will see 3G subscription surpassing 2G subscription and will be more than 220million.
Countrywide launch by 3G/4G/LTE Services by Indian Telecom Operators will take Broadband Subscriber base to 600million by 2020. Further Digital India Initiative by Government of India to Rural India will take Broadband Subscriber to 1 Billion by 2023.
DIGITALLY CONNECTING RURAL INDIA BY 2018Kumar Ranjan
People in rural India has to first feel, learn benefits of Internet and start consuming Internet driven E-services. Government need to get all of its department ready to deliver various E-Governance and get eco-system ready & contents developed for various E-Services.
ATIC Summit - Community Broadband Workshop 11/13/12Mark Goldstein
The Arizona Telecom & Information Council (ATIC) recently held a Broadband Summit. This is the slide deck from the Community Broadband Workshop that I anchored and put together. Session description was "A primary strategy of the Digital Arizona Program (DAP) is to provide funding, technical assistance, and support to the four rural Councils Of Government (COGS) and/or local communities to create Broadband Planning Committees. These committees and other stakeholder groups will develop and implement plans to expedite deployment of affordable high speed broadband services to their rural communities and to enable those communities and citizens to use next generation Broadband to support 21st Century education and workforce development, create jobs and support economic and community development, enhance public safety as well as health care and government services, and connect their citizens to the world. When you attend this workshop you will learn about resources, strategies, and tools to support the development of your community plans and engagement of your community's stakeholders."
The paper discussed the implementation of the use of
Voice over Internet Protocol services, which is resulting in the
enormous growth of broadband network. The main objective
of this paper is to evaluate the QoS of VOIP for different
broad band networks. Wired, Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX) and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
(UMTS) networks were implemented in OPNET Modeler The
quality is compared using different QoS parameters such as
end-to-end delay, Mean Opion Score (MOS), throughput and
jitter. The VoIP codes used in the measurements of QoS is
G.729A with sampling rate of 8 kbps .The results analyzed and
the performance evaluated will give network operators an
opportunity to select the codec for better services of VoIP for
customer satisfaction.
Causes of Fiber Cut and the Recommendation to Solve the ProblemIOSRJECE
Optical fiber technology has transformed the telecom landscape in Ghana in recent years owing to its overwhelming advantages over the traditional transmission medium. Though the technology is highly immune to electromagnetic wave, it also offers a higher capacity of bandwidth for data and voice activities. The fiber infrastructure in Ghana has experienced a lot of fiber cuts incidences. And this has affected network quality delivery, increased operational expenditure and decline revenue margins of the telcos. This research was carried out in two phases using MTN Ghana (Western and Central Region) as a case study, to establish the root causes and remedial actions to curb it. First, Pareto and Ishakawa analytical tools were applied to the primary source data for the analysis. Secondly, a purposive survey was administered to acquire additional information. It was established that activities of government sponsored projects and private developers were largely responsible for the menace due to; negligence, ignorance, lack of coordination etc. On the bases, it’s recommended that telcos and stakeholders embark on educational campaign to sensitize the public on optical fiber cables whiles the government of Ghana put in measures to build mandatory right-of-way with support from the private sector.
To limit the scope of this white paper, we will assume readers are currently or will soon be using a Cisco Unified Wireless Network with Cisco Light Weight APs, and Wireless LAN Controller in what is also referred to as a Split MAC design. This white paper is focused around the basics of troubleshooting Enterprise Wireless Networks (Wi-Fi), some of the most common issues seen in these environments, and common tools used to troubleshoot Wi-Fi.
Is it possible for 5G to replace fiber optic broadband--c&t rf antennas incAntenna Manufacturer Coco
5G replaces the fiber-optic broadband network, not just a mobile phone problem, which involves all aspects of the next-generation network, from technical standards, transmission modes, down to terminal support, etc., there are too many things to update and iterate!
Year 2016 will see 3G subscription surpassing 2G subscription and will be more than 220million.
Countrywide launch by 3G/4G/LTE Services by Indian Telecom Operators will take Broadband Subscriber base to 600million by 2020. Further Digital India Initiative by Government of India to Rural India will take Broadband Subscriber to 1 Billion by 2023.
DIGITALLY CONNECTING RURAL INDIA BY 2018Kumar Ranjan
People in rural India has to first feel, learn benefits of Internet and start consuming Internet driven E-services. Government need to get all of its department ready to deliver various E-Governance and get eco-system ready & contents developed for various E-Services.
ATIC Summit - Community Broadband Workshop 11/13/12Mark Goldstein
The Arizona Telecom & Information Council (ATIC) recently held a Broadband Summit. This is the slide deck from the Community Broadband Workshop that I anchored and put together. Session description was "A primary strategy of the Digital Arizona Program (DAP) is to provide funding, technical assistance, and support to the four rural Councils Of Government (COGS) and/or local communities to create Broadband Planning Committees. These committees and other stakeholder groups will develop and implement plans to expedite deployment of affordable high speed broadband services to their rural communities and to enable those communities and citizens to use next generation Broadband to support 21st Century education and workforce development, create jobs and support economic and community development, enhance public safety as well as health care and government services, and connect their citizens to the world. When you attend this workshop you will learn about resources, strategies, and tools to support the development of your community plans and engagement of your community's stakeholders."
The paper discussed the implementation of the use of
Voice over Internet Protocol services, which is resulting in the
enormous growth of broadband network. The main objective
of this paper is to evaluate the QoS of VOIP for different
broad band networks. Wired, Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX) and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
(UMTS) networks were implemented in OPNET Modeler The
quality is compared using different QoS parameters such as
end-to-end delay, Mean Opion Score (MOS), throughput and
jitter. The VoIP codes used in the measurements of QoS is
G.729A with sampling rate of 8 kbps .The results analyzed and
the performance evaluated will give network operators an
opportunity to select the codec for better services of VoIP for
customer satisfaction.
Causes of Fiber Cut and the Recommendation to Solve the ProblemIOSRJECE
Optical fiber technology has transformed the telecom landscape in Ghana in recent years owing to its overwhelming advantages over the traditional transmission medium. Though the technology is highly immune to electromagnetic wave, it also offers a higher capacity of bandwidth for data and voice activities. The fiber infrastructure in Ghana has experienced a lot of fiber cuts incidences. And this has affected network quality delivery, increased operational expenditure and decline revenue margins of the telcos. This research was carried out in two phases using MTN Ghana (Western and Central Region) as a case study, to establish the root causes and remedial actions to curb it. First, Pareto and Ishakawa analytical tools were applied to the primary source data for the analysis. Secondly, a purposive survey was administered to acquire additional information. It was established that activities of government sponsored projects and private developers were largely responsible for the menace due to; negligence, ignorance, lack of coordination etc. On the bases, it’s recommended that telcos and stakeholders embark on educational campaign to sensitize the public on optical fiber cables whiles the government of Ghana put in measures to build mandatory right-of-way with support from the private sector.
To limit the scope of this white paper, we will assume readers are currently or will soon be using a Cisco Unified Wireless Network with Cisco Light Weight APs, and Wireless LAN Controller in what is also referred to as a Split MAC design. This white paper is focused around the basics of troubleshooting Enterprise Wireless Networks (Wi-Fi), some of the most common issues seen in these environments, and common tools used to troubleshoot Wi-Fi.
Is it possible for 5G to replace fiber optic broadband--c&t rf antennas incAntenna Manufacturer Coco
5G replaces the fiber-optic broadband network, not just a mobile phone problem, which involves all aspects of the next-generation network, from technical standards, transmission modes, down to terminal support, etc., there are too many things to update and iterate!
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology which was started from late 2010s.
Complete wireless communication
with almost no limitations.
It is highly supportable to WWWW
(Wireless World Wide Web).
Mobile communication has become more popular in last few years due to fast revolution in mobile technology. This revolution is due to very high increase in mobile customers. This revolution is from-
1G - the first generation
2G- the second generation
3G - the third generation
4G - the fourth generation and
5G - the fifth second generation
Most universities are already implementing wired and wireless network that is used to access integrated information systems and the Internet. At present, it is important to do research on the influence of the broadcasting system through the access point for video transmitter learning in the university area. At every university computer network through the access point must also use the cable in its implementation. These networks require cables that will connect and transmit data from one computer to another computer. While wireless networks of computers connected through radio waves. This research will be a test or assessment of how the influence of the network using the WLAN access point for video broadcasting means learning from the server to the client. Instructional video broadcasting from the server to the client via the access point will be used for video broadcasting means of learning. This study aims to understand how to build a wireless network by using an access point. It also builds a computer server as instructional videos, supporting software that can be used for video server that will be emitted by broadcasting via the access point and establish a system of transmitting video from the server to the client via the access point.
Now-a-days the goal of many customers is to have PC at one’s palm.
To support powerful systems we need long range, high speed wireless network called 4G.
It includes several types of broadband wireless communication system access including cellular telephone system.
4G networks are projected to provide speeds of 100 Mbps while moving and 1 Gbps while stationary
In this presentation, we embark on a journey through the evolution of cellular networks, tracing their roots from 1G to the current pinnacle of technology, 5G. We delve into the intricacies of 5G, exploring its foundational principles, technical workings, and the myriad advantages it brings, from lightning-fast data speeds to enabling groundbreaking applications in augmented reality, the Internet of Things, and beyond. However, no exploration of 5G is complete without addressing concerns and misconceptions. We confront conspiracy theories surrounding 5G, including alleged health risks and unfounded associations with the COVID-19 pandemic. By the end, participants will gain a holistic understanding of 5G's transformative potential, appreciating its benefits while dispelling myths that may cloud its advancement.
5G is the fifth generation network of cellular mobile communications, first launched in March of 2019. 5G uses many new technologies that make it faster than 4G. 5G currently can get between 100 Mbit/s and 2 Gbit/s depending on the frequency that is used.
5G Technology stands for the 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G standards. 5G is expected to provide speed upto 10Gbit/s, wider frequency band,
high increased peak bit rate, high system spectral efficiency, ubiquitous connectivity and a significant increase in QoS as
compared to current 4G technology. Evolution of mobile communication technology to 5G is discussed in this review, followed by protocol stack and 5G architecture. A wide comparison is given between the various generations so as to compare why 5G technology is better and needed.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World
In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world.
## Understanding Internet Security
Internet security encompasses the measures and protocols used to protect information, devices, and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a wide range of practices designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Effective internet security is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike, as cyber threats continue to evolve in complexity and scale.
### Key Components of Internet Security
1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it.
2. **Integrity**: Protecting information from being altered or tampered with by unauthorized parties.
3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed.
## Common Internet Security Threats
Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include:
### Malware
Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include:
- **Viruses**: Programs that attach themselves to legitimate software and replicate, spreading to other programs and files.
- **Worms**: Standalone malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers.
- **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software.
- **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
- **Spyware**: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information.
### Phishing
Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information.
### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
Ellisha Heppner, Grant Management Lead, presented an update on APNIC Foundation to the PNG DNS Forum held from 6 to 10 May, 2024 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
1. COURSE NAME: BSc Top Up Computing (Information Management)
MODULE NAME: CURRENT TRENDS IN NETWORKING (ARUBSCL6003)
WORD COUNT: 1,589
2. Page | 1
SECTION 1
1.0 My Location – Federal Housing Authority Estate, Lugbe
Federal Housing Authority Estate, Luge also referred to as FHA, Lugbe is a sub-urban area on the edge
of Abuja city along the Airport road.
As a result of its closeness to the city centre, a well tarred triple-carriage highway linked to the city
centre, and affordable housing options, it became the preferred choice of settlement for the average
and low income earners.
It is a highly residential area, and this has created several opportunities for businesses to spring up
that provide a wide range of service, ranging from Restaurants, Laundry & Dry cleaning, gift shops,
grocery stores, pharmacies, video rentals, internet café & business centres providing internet services
in the area.
It also has a large number of day cares, primary and secondary schools giving rise the high population
of students in the area.
The internet penetration of this location is about 60%, which is above average and there a number of
options available for getting reliable internet connection.
1.1 Available technologies for getting a reliable high speed internet connection
3G Mobile broadband
3G refers to the third generation of mobile telephony (that is, cellular) technology. The third
generation, as the name suggests, follows two earlier generations (SearchTelecom, 2015). This is
based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications use services
and networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)
specifications by the International Telecommunication Union (Clint and Daniel, 2000, p.136 cited
in Wikipedia, 2011).
The availability of this technology provides my location with reliable mobile Internet access, voice
and video calls services. This technology has become ubiquitous in my location such that 95% of
those who have access to the internet use this technology.
4G LTE (Long Term Evolution)
An acronym for Long Term Evolution, LTE is a 4G wireless communications standard developed by
the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) that's designed to provide up to 10x the speeds of
3G networks for mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, netbooks, notebooks and wireless
hotspots. 4G technologies are designed to provide IP-based voice, data and multimedia streaming
at speeds of at least 100 Mbit per second and up to as fast as 1 GBit per second (Beal, n.d.).
Though this technology is not new in my country, it is relatively new to my location.
The challenges of using this technology in my location are that data plans are very expensive
compared to 3G mobile broadband offered by the telecommunications providers. It incurs
additional cost in purchasing compatible devices or upgrading their smart phones to 4G LTE
models. So there is a reluctance of users to switch to this technology.
3. Page | 2
Satellite broadband technology
Just as satellites orbiting the earth provide necessary links for telephone and television service,
they can also provide links for broadband. Satellite broadband is another form of wireless
broadband, and is also useful for serving remote or sparsely populated areas (Broadband.gov,
n.d.).
There are several factors that determine downlink and uplink speeds for a satellite broadband
technology, which includes the internet service provider, the service plan purchased by the
customer, the consumer’s line of sight to the satellite, and weather conditions.
The major drawbacks of this technology in my area are that it is capital intensive to setup,
expensive to maintain monthly bandwidth plans and requires technical expertise to operate and
maintain.
1.2 Problems this location presents
The problems this location presents is the lack of constant power supply. Individuals and business do
not enjoy constant power supply and as a result access to the internet using satellite broadband and
4G LTE can be difficult, as the 4G LTE providers currently offer modems that require power from
mains. There is also the unavailability of a phone company for DSL and no Cable TV in the area for
physical wired connections.
1.3 How the technologies resolve these problems
However, with 3G Mobile broadband technology, users can have internet access with their existing
mobile phones or with 3G modems that only requires to be plugged into the USB port of a laptop. And
with the absence of DSL or cable TV, 3G mobile broadband, 4G LTE & Satellite broadband technologies
can solve the problem of internet access in the location as they are wireless technologies.
1.4 The internet connection I use in my location and reasons for choosing it
In order to access the internet I use a 3G Mobile broadband technology service from Globacom Ltd.,
one of the several mobile telecommunications providers available.
Why I use it
I use it is that it is very convenient in terms of mobility. To access the internet a modem device is used,
which is a little bigger than the size of a flash drive. This makes it very portable and easy to carry from
place to place.
I also use it because the service offers several data plans for me to choose from, so I can choose a
data plan that suites my budget.
And also, the speed of the connection is good enough for above average internet usage. I can use it to
do my research work, stream music and video contents online and make video calls.
1.5 Performance figures of the chosen internet connection
4. Page | 3
I performed a speed test on the internet connection and got the following result.
Fig. 1 Globacom Ltd broadband speed test (Speedtest.net, 2014)
From the speed test result for Globacom Ltd. broadband, the download speed is 5.58 Mbps and the
upload speed is 0.31 Mbps.
This result is considered acceptable for an average mobile broadband internet connection in my
location.
And it costs N5,000 (about $25) for a 12 GB data plan. This is the most cost effective 3G mobile
broadband service provider in my location.
5. Page | 4
SECTION 2
Remote Rural Location – Dervaig Village
2.0 Available options for high speed internet connection in Dervaig village
Considering that this is a remote rural location. The possible options for high speed internet
connection will be:
DSL (ADSL , SDSL)
“DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a common technology for bringing high-bandwidth (broadband)
information to homes and small businesses over standard (copper) telephone lines. DSL comes in
many different flavours, such as SDSL and ADSL2. The most common forms of DSL in the UK, ADSL
(Asymmetric DSL) and ADSL2+, splits a single telephone line into separate voice and data channels,
allowing you to make a phone call while surfing the Internet at the same time.
ADSL offers speeds of up to 8Mbps (Megabits per second) downstream and 448Kbps upstream
(832Kbps on business lines). The technology is cheap, fast and easy to install (doesn't require an
engineer) and reasonably reliable, although performance can suffer due to ISP congestion,
distance from the local exchange (shorter lines are faster but anything over 6.5km is usually slow),
poor home wiring and interference from other electrical devices. Each connection is fixed to a
specific telephone line.
The latest ADSL2+ (ITU G.992.5) technology is capable of pushing download speeds at up to
24Mbps and uploads at up to 1.4Mbps, it also supports port bonding (linking several lines together
for faster speeds) and has an improved range over ADSL. Both ADSL and ADSL2+ are "best efforts"
broadband services, which means that bandwidth is shared between many users and can be highly
variable - especially over long distances and at off-peak times (i.e. busy afternoons will slow the
performance).” (Jackson, n.d.)
Broadband over Power Line (BPL)
According to Jackson, (n.d.) Powerline Communications (PLC) or Broadband over Power Line (BPL)
is a little known technology that allows for the transmission of broadband Internet access to be
conducted along existing national grid power cables, instead of the telephone network, and into
your home or office; It does this by separating out the electricity and internet service into two
separate wavelengths. The technology has been trialled multiple times in the UK and was once
seen as a potential saviour for the country's rural coverage woes.
Jackson, (n.d.) further states that “unfortunately PLC technology is also notorious for producing
high levels of interference (especially at higher frequencies) that can disrupt other services, such
as the radio, and often resulted in serious conflicts with the national telecoms regulator. On top of
that the cost of deployment and service delivery is also known to be high.”
3G Mobile Broadband
Satellite broadband
6. Page | 5
2.1 Problems this location presents
The major problem this location presents is that it is in a rural and remote area where it will be far
from the phone company for DSL and probably no cable TV. These are all wired technologies.
2.2 How the technologies resolve these problems
3G mobile broadband & Satellite broadband technologies can solve the problem of internet access in
the location as they will not require the need for wired connections from provider to the customer.
2.3 The internet connection I will recommend for use by owners of Quinnish House to run their
planned hotel business and reasons for choosing it
To run the planned hotel business of the owners of Quinnish house, I will recommend the use of
satellite broadband technology for reliable and high speed internet connection.
“It's ideal for rural Internet users who want broadband access. Satellite Internet does not use
telephone lines or cable systems, but instead uses a satellite dish for two-way (upload and download)
data communications. Upload speed is about one-tenth of the 500 kbps download speed. Cable and
DSL have higher download speeds, but satellite systems are about 10 times faster than a normal
modem.” (HowStuffWorks, n.d.).
7. Page | 6
REFERENCE LIST
Beal, V., n.d. What is 4G LTE? Webopedia. [online] Webopedia.com. Available at:
<http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/4/4G_LTE.html> [Accessed 13 Apr. 2015].
Broadband.gov, n.d. Types of Broadband Connections - Broadband.gov. [online] Available at:
<http://www.broadband.gov/broadband_types.html#satellite> [Accessed 15 Apr. 2015].
HowStuffWorks, n.d. How does satellite Internet operate? - HowStuffWorks. [online] Available at:
<http://computer.howstuffworks.com/question606.htm> [Accessed 14 Apr. 2015].
Jackson, M., n.d. Broadband DSL and ADSL Internet Access Technology - ISPreview UK. [online]
Ispreview.co.uk. Available at: <http://www.ispreview.co.uk/broadband_DSL.php> [Accessed 14
Apr. 2015].
Jackson, M., n.d. Broadband Powerline Communications Technology - ISPreview UK. [online]
Ispreview.co.uk. Available at: <http://www.ispreview.co.uk/broadband_powerline.php>
[Accessed 14 Apr. 2015].
SearchTelecom, 2015. What is 3G (third generation of mobile telephony)? - Definition from
WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: <http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/3G> [Accessed
13 Apr. 2015].
Speedtest.net, 2014. Speedtest.net by Ookla - The Global Broadband Speed Test. [online] Available at:
<http://www.speedtest.net/> [Accessed 13 Apr. 2015].
Wikipedia, 2011. 3G. [online] Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G> [Accessed 14
Apr. 2015].